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Wu W, Liu R, Guo S, Song W, Hua Y, Hong M, Zheng J, Zhu Y, Cao P, Duan JA. Mechanism and functional substances of Saiga antelope horn in treating hypertension with liver-yang hyperactivity syndrome explored using network pharmacology and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118193. [PMID: 38636578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Saiga antelope horn (SAH) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating hypertension with liver-yang hyperactivity syndrome (Gan-Yang-Shang-Kang, GYSK), that has a long history of clinical application and precise efficacy, but its mechanism and functional substances are still unknown. Based on the demand for alternative research on the rare and endangered SAH, the group designed and carried out the following studies. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the functional substances and mechanisms of SAH in the treatment of GYSK hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GYSK-SHR model was constructed by administering a decoction of aconite to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Blood pressure (BP), behavioural tests related to GYSK, and pathological changes in the kidneys, heart and aorta were measured to investigate the effects of SAH on GYSK-SHRs. Proteomic analysis was used to identify the keratins and peptides of SAH. Moreover, network pharmacology and plasma metabolomics studies were carried out to reveal the mechanisms by which functional peptides in SAH regulate GYSK-hypertension. RESULTS SAH has a significant antihypertensive effect on GYSK hypertensive animals. It has also been proven to be effective in protecting the function and structural integrity of the kidneys, heart and aorta. Moreover, SAH improved the abnormalities of 31 plasma biomarkers in rats. By constructing a "biomarker-target-peptide" network, 10 functional peptides and two key targets were screened for antihypertensive effects of SAH. The results indicated that SAH may exert a therapeutic effect by re-establishing the imbalance of renin-angiotensin (RAS) system. CONCLUSIONS Functional peptides from keratin contained in SAH are the main material basis for the treatment of GYSK-hypertension and exhibited the protective effect on the GYSK-SHR model through the RAS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Wu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Liu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wencong Song
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yongqing Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Shi CY, Qin GL, Qin YC, Lu LY, Guan DL, Gao LX. A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the endangered tree Kmeria septentrionalis. Sci Data 2024; 11:775. [PMID: 39003271 PMCID: PMC11246460 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Kmeria septentrionalis is a critically endangered tree endemic to Guangxi, China, and is listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List. The lack of genetic information and high-quality genome data has hindered conservation efforts and studies on this species. In this study, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of K. septentrionalis. The genome was initially assembled to be 2.57 Gb, with a contig N50 of 11.93 Mb. Hi-C guided genome assembly allowed us to anchor 98.83% of the total length of the initial contigs onto 19 pseudochromosomes, resulting in a scaffold N50 of 135.08 Mb. The final chromosome-level genome, spaning 2.54 Gb, achieved a BUSCO completeness of 98.9% and contained 1.67 Gb repetitive elements and 35,927 coding genes. This high-quality genome assembly provides a valuable resource for understanding the genetic basis of conservation-related traits and biological properties of this endangered tree species. Furthermore, it lays a critical foundation for evolutionary studies within the Magnoliaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China
| | - Guo-Le Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China
| | - Ying-Can Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China
| | - Lin-Yuan Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China
| | - De-Long Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China.
| | - Li-Xia Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi, 546300, China.
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Aitken SN, Jordan R, Tumas HR. Conserving Evolutionary Potential: Combining Landscape Genomics with Established Methods to Inform Plant Conservation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:707-736. [PMID: 38594931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-044239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Biodiversity conservation requires conserving evolutionary potential-the capacity for wild populations to adapt. Understanding genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics is critical for informing conservation decisions that enhance adaptability and persistence under environmental change. We review how emerging landscape genomic methods provide plant conservation programs with insights into evolutionary dynamics, including local adaptation and its environmental drivers. Landscape genomic approaches that explore relationships between genomic variation and environments complement rather than replace established population genomic and common garden approaches for assessing adaptive phenotypic variation, population structure, gene flow, and demography. Collectively, these approaches inform conservation actions, including genetic rescue, maladaptation prediction, and assisted gene flow. The greatest on-the-ground impacts from such studies will be realized when conservation practitioners are actively engaged in research and monitoring. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics shaping the genetic diversity of wild plant populations will inform plant conservation decisions that enhance the adaptability and persistence of species in an uncertain future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; ,
| | | | - Hayley R Tumas
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; ,
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Wu W, Song W, Zhao J, Guo S, Hong M, Zheng J, Hua Y, Cao P, Liu R, Duan JA. Saiga antelope horn suppresses febrile seizures in rats by regulating neurotransmitters and the arachidonic acid pathway. Chin Med 2024; 19:78. [PMID: 38831318 PMCID: PMC11149251 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saiga antelope horn (SAH) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating febrile seizure (FS) with precise efficacy, but its mechanism of action and functional substances are still unclear. Given the need for further research on SAH, our group conducted studies to elucidate its mechanisms and active substances. METHODS An FS rat pup model was constructed through intraperitoneal injection of LPS and hyperthermia induction. Behavioural indicators of seizures, hippocampal histopathological alterations, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and hippocampal levels of neurotransmitters were observed and measured to investigate the effects of SAH on FS model rats. Hippocampal metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses were conducted to reveal the differential metabolites, key peptides and pathways involved in the suppression of FS by SAH. RESULTS SAH suppressed FS, decreased the inflammatory response and regulated the Glu-GABA balance. Metabolomic analysis revealed 13 biomarkers of FS, of which SAH improved the levels of 8 differential metabolites. Combined with network pharmacology, a "biomarker-core target-key peptide" network was constructed. The peptides of SAH, such as YGQL and LTGGF, could exert therapeutic effects via the arachidonic acid pathway. Molecular docking and ELISA results indicated that functional peptides of SAH could bind to PTGS2 target, inhibiting the generation of AA and its metabolites in hippocampal samples. CONCLUSION In summary, the functional peptides contained in SAH are the main material basis for the treatment of FS, potentially acting through neurotransmitter regulation and the arachidonic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Wu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wencong Song
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yongqing Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Liu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Animal-Derived Chinese Medicine and Functional Peptides International Collaboration Joint Laboratory, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Atağ G, Kaptan D, Yüncü E, Başak Vural K, Mereu P, Pirastru M, Barbato M, Leoni GG, Güler MN, Er T, Eker E, Yazıcı TD, Kılıç MS, Altınışık NE, Çelik EA, Morell Miranda P, Dehasque M, Floridia V, Götherström A, Bilgin CC, Togan İ, Günther T, Özer F, Hadjisterkotis E, Somel M. Population Genomic History of the Endangered Anatolian and Cyprian Mouflons in Relation to Worldwide Wild, Feral, and Domestic Sheep Lineages. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae090. [PMID: 38670119 PMCID: PMC11109821 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Once widespread in their homelands, the Anatolian mouflon (Ovis gmelini anatolica) and the Cyprian mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion) were driven to near extinction during the 20th century and are currently listed as endangered populations by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. While the exact origins of these lineages remain unclear, they have been suggested to be close relatives of domestic sheep or remnants of proto-domestic sheep. Here, we study whole genome sequences of n = 5 Anatolian mouflons and n = 10 Cyprian mouflons in terms of population history and diversity, comparing them with eight other extant sheep lineages. We find reciprocal genetic affinity between Anatolian and Cyprian mouflons and domestic sheep, higher than all other studied wild sheep genomes, including the Iranian mouflon (O. gmelini). Studying diversity indices, we detect a considerable load of short runs of homozygosity blocks (<2 Mb) in both Anatolian and Cyprian mouflons, reflecting small effective population size (Ne). Meanwhile, Ne and mutation load estimates are lower in Cyprian compared with Anatolian mouflons, suggesting the purging of recessive deleterious variants in Cyprian sheep under a small long-term Ne, possibly attributable to founder effects, island isolation, introgression from domestic lineages, or differences in their bottleneck dynamics. Expanding our analyses to worldwide wild and feral Ovis genomes, we observe varying viability metrics among different lineages and a limited consistency between viability metrics and International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status. Factors such as recent inbreeding, introgression, and unique population dynamics may have contributed to the observed disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Atağ
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Kaptan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eren Yüncü
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Başak Vural
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paolo Mereu
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Monica Pirastru
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Barbato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Merve Nur Güler
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elifnaz Eker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tunca Deniz Yazıcı
- Graduate School for Evolution, Ecology and Systematics, Ludwig Maximillian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Muhammed Sıddık Kılıç
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ecem Ayşe Çelik
- Department of Settlement Archeology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pedro Morell Miranda
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Dehasque
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viviana Floridia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anders Götherström
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cemal Can Bilgin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İnci Togan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Torsten Günther
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Füsun Özer
- Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eleftherios Hadjisterkotis
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mehmet Somel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ernest HB, Tell LA, Bishop CA, González AM, Lumsdaine ER. Illuminating the Mysteries of the Smallest Birds: Hummingbird Population Health, Disease Ecology, and Genomics. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:161-185. [PMID: 38358836 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-044308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Hummingbirds share biologically distinctive traits: sustained hovering flight, the smallest bird body size, and high metabolic rates fueled partially by nectar feeding that provides pollination to plant species. Being insectivorous and sometimes serving as prey to larger birds, they fulfill additional important ecological roles. Hummingbird species evolved and radiated into nearly every habitat in the Americas, with a core of species diversity in South America. Population declines of some of their species are increasing their risk of extinction. Threats to population health and genetic diversity are just beginning to be identified, including diseases and hazards caused by humans. We review the disciplines of population health, disease ecology, and genomics as they relate to hummingbirds. We appraise knowledge gaps, causes of morbidity and mortality including disease, and threats to population viability. Finally, we highlight areas of research need and provide ideas for future studies aimed at facilitating hummingbird conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Ernest
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; ,
| | - Lisa A Tell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; ,
| | - Christine A Bishop
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; ,
| | - Ana M González
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; ,
| | - Emily R Lumsdaine
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; ,
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Chaudhary A, Hertel T. Recent Developments and Challenges in Projecting the Impact of Crop Productivity Growth on Biodiversity Considering Market-Mediated Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2627-2635. [PMID: 38285505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The effect of an increase in crop productivity (output per unit of inputs) on biodiversity is hitherto poorly understood. This is because increased productivity of a crop in particular regions leads to increased profit that can encourage expansion of its cultivated area causing land use change and ultimately biodiversity loss, a phenomenon also known as "Jevons paradox" or the "rebound effect". Modeling such consequences in an interconnected and globalized world considering such rebound effects is challenging. Here, we discuss the use of computable general equilibrium (CGE) and other economic models in combination with ecological models to project consequences of crop productivity improvements for biodiversity globally. While these economic models have the advantage of taking into account market-mediated responses, resource constraints, endogenous price responses, and dynamic bilateral patterns of trade, there remain a number of important research and data gaps in these models which must be addressed to improve their performance in assessment of the link between local crop productivity changes and global biodiversity. To this end, we call for breaking the silos and building interdisciplinary networks across the globe to facilitate data sharing and knowledge exchange in order to improve global-to-local-to-global analysis of land, biodiversity, and ecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Thomas Hertel
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Gao K, He Z, Xiong J, Chen Q, Lai B, Liu F, Chen P, Chen M, Luo W, Huang J, Ding W, Wang H, Pu Y, Zheng L, Jiao Y, Zhang M, Tang Z, Yue Q, Yang D, Yan T. Population structure and adaptability analysis of Schizothorax o'connori based on whole-genome resequencing. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:145. [PMID: 38321406 PMCID: PMC10845765 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizothorax o'connori is an endemic fish distributed in the upper and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in China. It has experienced a fourth round of whole gene replication events and is a good model for exploring the genetic differentiation and environmental adaptability of fish in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has led to changes in the river system, thereby affecting gene exchange and population differentiation between fish populations. With the release of fish whole genome data, whole genome resequencing has been widely used in genetic evolutionary analysis and screening of selected genes in fish, which can better elucidate the genetic basis and molecular environmental adaptation mechanisms of fish. Therefore, our purpose of this study was to understand the population structure and adaptive characteristics of S. o'connori using the whole-genome resequencing method. RESULTS The results showed that 23,602,746 SNPs were identified from seven populations, mostly distributed on chromosomes 2 and 23. There was no significant genetic differentiation between the populations, and the genetic diversity was relatively low. However, the Zangga population could be separated from the Bomi, Linzhi, and Milin populations in the cluster analysis. Based on historical dynamics analysis of the population, the size of the ancestral population of S. o'connori was affected by the late accelerated uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Fourth Glacial Age. The selected sites were mostly enriched in pathways related to DNA repair and energy metabolism. CONCLUSION Overall, the whole-genome resequencing analysis provides valuable insights into the population structure and adaptive characteristics of S. o'connori. There was no obvious genetic differentiation at the genome level between the S. o'connori populations upstream and downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The current distribution pattern and genetic diversity are influenced by the late accelerated uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Fourth Ice Age. The selected sites of S. o'connori are enriched in the energy metabolism and DNA repair pathways to adapt to the low temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation environment at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxin Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolin Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingqiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxiang Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Pu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziting Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Yue
- Huadian Tibet Hydropower Development Co.,Ltd, Dagu Hydropower Station, Sangri, 856200, Shannan, China
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Taiming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Smeds L, Huson LSA, Ellegren H. Structural genomic variation in the inbred Scandinavian wolf population contributes to the realized genetic load but is positively affected by immigration. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13652. [PMID: 38333557 PMCID: PMC10848878 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
When populations decrease in size and may become isolated, genomic erosion by loss of diversity from genetic drift and accumulation of deleterious mutations is likely an inevitable consequence. In such cases, immigration (genetic rescue) is necessary to restore levels of genetic diversity and counteract inbreeding depression. Recent work in conservation genomics has studied these processes focusing on the genetic diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms. In contrast, our knowledge about structural genomic variation (insertions, deletions, duplications and inversions) in endangered species is limited. We analysed whole-genome, short-read sequences from 212 wolves from the inbred Scandinavian population and from neighbouring populations in Finland and Russia, and detected >35,000 structural variants (SVs) after stringent quality and genotype frequency filtering; >26,000 high-confidence variants remained after manual curation. The majority of variants were shorter than 1 kb, with a distinct peak in the length distribution of deletions at 190 bp, corresponding to insertion events of SINE/tRNA-Lys elements. The site frequency spectrum of SVs in protein-coding regions was significantly shifted towards rare alleles compared to putatively neutral variants, consistent with purifying selection. The realized genetic load of SVs in protein-coding regions increased with inbreeding levels in the Scandinavian population, but immigration provided a genetic rescue effect by lowering the load and reintroducing ancestral alleles at loci fixed for derived SVs. Our study shows that structural variation comprises a common type of in part deleterious mutations in endangered species and that establishing gene flow is necessary to mitigate the negative consequences of loss of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Smeds
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Lars S. A. Huson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Hans Ellegren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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10
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van Oosterhout C. AI-informed conservation genomics. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:1-4. [PMID: 38151537 PMCID: PMC10798949 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.
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11
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Li S, Yeh C, Jang‐Liaw N, Chang S, Lin Y, Tsai C, Chiu C, Chen C, Ke H, Wang Q, Lu Y, Zheng K, Fan P, Zhang L, Liu Y. Low but highly geographically structured genomic diversity of East Asian Eurasian otters and its conservation implications. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13630. [PMID: 38288030 PMCID: PMC10824276 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Populations of Eurasian otters Lutra lutra, one of the most widely distributed apex predators in Eurasia, have been depleted mainly since the 1950s. However, a lack of information about their genomic diversity and how they are organized geographically in East Asia severely impedes our ability to monitor and conserve them in particular management units. Here, we re-sequenced and analyzed 20 otter genomes spanning continental East Asia, including a population at Kinmen, a small island off the Fujian coast, China. The otters form three genetic clusters (one of L. l. lutra in the north and two of L. l. chinensis in the south), which have diverged in the Holocene. These three clusters should be recognized as three conservation management units to monitor and manage independently. The heterozygosity of the East Asian otters is as low as that of the threatened carnivores sequenced. Historical effective population size trajectories inferred from genomic variations suggest that their low genomic diversity could be partially attributed to changes in the climate since the mid-Pleistocene and anthropogenic intervention since the Holocene. However, no evidence of genetic erosion, mutation load, or high level of inbreeding was detected in the presumably isolated Kinmen Island population. Any future in situ conservation efforts should consider this information for the conservation management units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Hsien Li
- School of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐fen Yeh
- School of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Shih‐Wei Chang
- Division of ZoologyEndemic Species Research InstituteNantouTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsiu Lin
- Division of ZoologyEndemic Species Research InstituteNantouTaiwan
| | - Cheng‐En Tsai
- School of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Cheng Chiu
- School of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Hui‐Ru Ke
- Genomics BioSci & Tech Co., Ltd.New Taipei CityTaiwan
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yiwei Lu
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural HistoryZhejiang Biodiversity Research CenterHangzhouChina
| | - Kaidan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Pengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology/School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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12
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Schmidt C, Hoban S, Jetz W. Conservation macrogenetics: harnessing genetic data to meet conservation commitments. Trends Genet 2023; 39:816-829. [PMID: 37648576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic biodiversity is rapidly gaining attention in global conservation policy. However, for almost all species, conservation relevant, population-level genetic data are lacking, limiting the extent to which genetic diversity can be used for conservation policy and decision-making. Macrogenetics is an emerging discipline that explores the patterns and processes underlying population genetic composition at broad taxonomic and spatial scales by aggregating and reanalyzing thousands of published genetic datasets. Here we argue that focusing macrogenetic tools on conservation needs, or conservation macrogenetics, will enhance decision-making for conservation practice and fill key data gaps for global policy. Conservation macrogenetics provides an empirical basis for better understanding the complexity and resilience of biological systems and, thus, how anthropogenic drivers and policy decisions affect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Chambers EA, Bishop AP, Wang IJ. Individual-based landscape genomics for conservation: An analysis pipeline. Mol Ecol Resour 2023. [PMID: 37883295 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Landscape genomics can harness environmental and genetic data to inform conservation decisions by providing essential insights into how landscapes shape biodiversity. The massive increase in genetic data afforded by the genomic era provides exceptional resolution for answering critical conservation genetics questions. The accessibility of genomic data for non-model systems has also enabled a shift away from population-based sampling to individual-based sampling, which now provides accurate and robust estimates of genetic variation that can be used to examine the spatial structure of genomic diversity, population connectivity and the nature of environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the adoption of individual-based sampling in conservation genetics has been slowed due, in large part, to concerns over how to apply methods developed for population-based sampling to individual-based sampling schemes. Here, we discuss the benefits of individual-based sampling for conservation and describe how landscape genomic methods, paired with individual-based sampling, can answer fundamental conservation questions. We have curated key landscape genomic methods into a user-friendly, open-source workflow, which we provide as a new R package, A Landscape Genomics Analysis Toolkit in R (algatr). The algatr package includes novel added functionality for all of the included methods and extensive vignettes designed with the primary goal of making landscape genomic approaches more accessible and explicitly applicable to conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anne Chambers
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anusha P Bishop
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ian J Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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14
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Dussex N, Kurland S, Olsen RA, Spong G, Ericsson G, Ekblom R, Ryman N, Dalén L, Laikre L. Range-wide and temporal genomic analyses reveal the consequences of near-extinction in Swedish moose. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1035. [PMID: 37848497 PMCID: PMC10582009 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ungulate species have experienced severe declines over the past centuries through overharvesting and habitat loss. Even if many game species have recovered thanks to strict hunting regulation, the genome-wide impacts of overharvesting are still unclear. Here, we examine the temporal and geographical differences in genome-wide diversity in moose (Alces alces) over its whole range in Sweden by sequencing 87 modern and historical genomes. We found limited impact of the 1900s near-extinction event but local variation in inbreeding and load in modern populations, as well as suggestion of a risk of future reduction in genetic diversity and gene flow. Furthermore, we found candidate genes for local adaptation, and rapid temporal allele frequency shifts involving coding genes since the 1980s, possibly due to selective harvesting. Our results highlight that genomic changes potentially impacting fitness can occur over short time scales and underline the need to track both deleterious and selectively advantageous genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dussex
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway.
| | - Sara Kurland
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Remi-André Olsen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Göran Spong
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Ericsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Ekblom
- Wildlife Analysis Unit, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, SE-106 48, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Ryman
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Love Dalén
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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French CM, Bertola LD, Carnaval AC, Economo EP, Kass JM, Lohman DJ, Marske KA, Meier R, Overcast I, Rominger AJ, Staniczenko PPA, Hickerson MJ. Global determinants of insect mitochondrial genetic diversity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5276. [PMID: 37644003 PMCID: PMC10465557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding global patterns of genetic diversity is essential for describing, monitoring, and preserving life on Earth. To date, efforts to map macrogenetic patterns have been restricted to vertebrates, which comprise only a small fraction of Earth's biodiversity. Here, we construct a global map of predicted insect mitochondrial genetic diversity from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences, derived from open data. We calculate the mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and genetic diversity evenness of insect assemblages across the globe, identify their environmental correlates, and make predictions of mitochondrial genetic diversity levels in unsampled areas based on environmental data. Using a large single-locus genetic dataset of over 2 million globally distributed and georeferenced mtDNA sequences, we find that mitochondrial genetic diversity evenness follows a quadratic latitudinal gradient peaking in the subtropics. Both mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and evenness positively correlate with seasonally hot temperatures, as well as climate stability since the last glacial maximum. Our models explain 27.9% and 24.0% of the observed variation in mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and evenness in insects, respectively, making an important step towards understanding global biodiversity patterns in the most diverse animal taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M French
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laura D Bertola
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, N 2200, Denmark
| | - Ana C Carnaval
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jamie M Kass
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
- Macroecology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - David J Lohman
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Rudolf Meier
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaac Overcast
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Rominger
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Michael J Hickerson
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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