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Llamas-Velasco M, Martos-Cabrera L, Butrón B, Sánchez-Pérez J. [Translated article] Low Clinical Relevance of Positive Patch Test Reactions to Limonene and/or Linalool Hydroperoxides in 247 Consecutive Patients with Eczema. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T309-T311. [PMID: 38242436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España.
| | - L Martos-Cabrera
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - B Butrón
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - J Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
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Llamas-Velasco M, Martos-Cabrera L, Butrón B, Sánchez-Pérez J. Low Clinical Relevance of Positive Patch Test Reactions to Limonene and/or Linalool Hydroperoxides in 247 Consecutive Patients with Eczema. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:309-311. [PMID: 37879497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Llamas-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España.
| | - L Martos-Cabrera
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - B Butrón
- Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - J Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, España; Departamento de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, España
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Botvid S, Simonsen AB, Jørgensen C, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Christensen AB, Johansen JD. Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products marketed for children in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 89:374-381. [PMID: 37591237 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are among the most common contact allergens in children. Cosmetic products are the most frequent source of skin exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate exposure to fragrance allergens among Danish children, based on a sample of 1179 cosmetic products marketed for children. METHODS Information regarding cosmetic products marketed to children was obtained using a non-profit smartphone application registry, with data from December 2015 to November 2022. RESULTS The number of validated products was 26 537, of which 1349 marketed for children. After elimination of duplicates, 1179 (4.4%) individual products remained. The majority 53.8% (634/1179) of the products were fragranced. The highest frequency of declared fragrances was found in 'Facial care'-products: 93.0% (80/86), of which 97.7% were lip balms. The highest number of labelled fragrances in one single product (n = 16) was found in a baby perfume. Fragrance mix I (FMI) or II (FMII) allergens were found in 25.3% (298/1179) of the products. Limonene and linalool were the two most frequently labelled fragrance allergens. CONCLUSION Children can be exposed to a vast number of fragrance allergens from scented cosmetic products. Allergens from FM I and FMII are widely used in cosmetic products marketed to children. Patch testing with FMI and FMII remains relevant in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Botvid
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Claus Jørgensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stine Müller
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Beck Christensen
- The Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals (Forbrugerrådet TAENK Kemi), Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- The National Allergy Research Centre (Videncenter for Allergi), Department of Allergy, Dermatology and Venerology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Schubert S, Geier J, Brans R, Heratizadeh A, Kränke B, Schnuch A, Bauer A, Dickel H, Buhl T, Vieluf D, Wagner N, Worm M. Patch testing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in consecutive patients-Results of the IVDK 2018-2020. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37177844 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroperoxides of limonene (Lim-OOHs) and linalool (Lin-OOHs) are potent contact sensitizers. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of positive patch test (PT) reactions to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in consecutive patients, their demographic factors and concomitant reactions. METHODS Between 7/2018 and 12/2020, Lim-OOHs 0.3% pet. and Lin-OOHs 1% pet. were patch tested in 5511 consecutive patients. We assessed PT reactivity and analysed data from patients with either positive or negative PTs to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs. RESULTS Positive PT results to Lim-OOHs (n = 170, 3.1%) and Lin-OOHs (n = 483, 8.8%) were frequent. Most of the positive reactions were weak (LimOOHs n = 134/LinOOHs n = 429), and even more frequently, doubtful (n = 252/n = 578) or irritant reactions (n = 81/n = 178) were documented. PT reactivity to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs was increased in patients with irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The proportion of leg dermatitis and concomitant positive reactions to fragrances and essential oils was increased in patients with reactivity to these hydroperoxides. CONCLUSION The observed reaction pattern suggests that both test preparations display an irritant potential with an increased risk of false positive reactions. Preparations should be chemically monitored in order to reduce irritancy. Mindful interpretation of PT results and aimed patch testing of lower concentrations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annice Heratizadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birger Kränke
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Vieluf
- Department of Allergology, Photodermatology and Occupational Dermatology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Uter W, Wilkinson SM, Aerts O, Bauer A, Borrego L, Brans R, Buhl T, Dickel H, Dugonik A, Filon FL, Garcìa PM, Giménez-Arnau A, Patruno C, Pesonen M, Pónyai G, Rustemeyer T, Schubert S, Schuttelaar MLA, Simon D, Stingeni L, Valiukevičienė S, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Gonçalo M. Patch test results with the European baseline series, 2019/20-Joint European results of the ESSCA and the EBS working groups of the ESCD, and the GEIDAC. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:343-355. [PMID: 35678309 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continual analyses of patch test results with the European baseline series (EBS) serve both contact allergy surveillance and auditing the value of included allergens. OBJECTIVES To present results of current EBS patch testing, obtained in 53 departments in 13 European countries during 2019 and 2020. METHODS Anonymised or pseudonymised individual data and partly aggregated data on demographic/clinical characteristics and patch test rest results with the EBS were prospectively collected and centrally pooled and analysed. RESULTS In 2019 and 2020, 22 581 patients were patch tested with the EBS. Sensitization to nickel remained most common (19.8 [19.2-20.4]% positivity [95% confidence interval]). Fragrance mix I and Myroxylon pereirae yielded very similar results with 6.80 (6.43-7.19)% and 6.62 (6.25-7.00)% positivity, respectively. Formaldehyde at 2% aq. yielded almost one percentage point more positive reactions than 1% concentration (2.49 [2.16-2.85]% vs. 1.59 [1.33-1.88]); methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and MI alone up to around 5% positives. Among the new additions, propolis was most commonly positive (3.48 [3.16-3.82]%), followed by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2.32 [2.0-2.68]%). CONCLUSION Ongoing surveillance on the prevalence of contact sensitization contributes to an up-to-date baseline series containing the most frequent and/or relevant contact sensitizers for routine patch testing in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Dugonik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d´Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Division Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Györgyi Pónyai
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Updated Criteria to Include Contact Allergens in the European Baseline Series With Suggested Additions. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Antelmi A, Boonchai W, Dahlin J, Hamnerius N, Hauksson I, Lejding T, Svedman C. Simultaneous patch testing with fragrance markers in the baseline series and the ingredients of fragrance mixes ‐ an update from southern Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:514-523. [PMID: 35152428 PMCID: PMC9314710 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Regularly updating the prevalence of fragrance contact allergy (CA) is important. Patch testing with fragrance markers in the baseline series and the ingredients of fragrance mixes (FMs) is still debated. Objectives To update the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with fragrance CA. To establish the results of patch testing with individual allergens of FMs. Methods A retrospective analysis of 3539 patients with dermatitis who were patch tested with the baseline series and FMs ingredients during 2016 to 2020 was performed. Results The prevalence of fragrance CA was 13%. About 10% of these patients with fragrance CA would be missed if the individual ingredients were not tested. Unlike hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, there was no decreasing trend of CA to Evernia prunastri (oakmoss) extract after the EU regulation came into force. Patients with CA from only one ingredient of the mixes or having a weak positive reaction to the ingredients were significantly missed when tested with only the fragrance markers in the baseline series. Conclusions Patch testing with individual fragrance allergens is crucial for experts to expand knowledge in the fragrance CA field. The concentrations of the allergens in FMs may need to be adjusted to detect patients with fragrance CA, since some were significantly overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
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Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
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Krijl RC, Ipenburg NA, Franken SM, Rustemeyer T. What is the added value of patch testing with 30 fragrance allergens in addition to the European baseline series? Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:390-397. [PMID: 35122278 PMCID: PMC9302649 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patch testing with the fragrance allergy markers in the European baseline series (EBS) does not identify all patients with fragrance allergy. Hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene have been shown to be useful allergens in detecting fragrance sensitization. Objectives To evaluate the added value of testing with 30 fragrance allergens in addition to the EBS. Methods All patients with suspected fragrance allergy who underwent patch testing at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers between November 2019 and January 2021 to the EBS and fragrance series were included. Results Of 323 patients tested, 162 (50.2%) were found to be fragrance sensitized. The most sensitizing single allergens were the hydroperoxides of linalool (1.0 and 0.5% pet.) and limonene (0.3 and 0.2% pet.). Testing with the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene identified 62 fragrance‐sensitized patients (38.3%) who could not be detected by the common fragrance markers. Of all fragrance‐sensitized patients, 21 (13.0%) would have been missed when not testing with the fragrance series. Conclusions Patch testing with the fragrance series in addition to the EBS is valuable. To reduce the risk of false‐negative reactions, it is advisable to test the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene.
Highlights
Of the 323 patients with suspected fragrance allergy, 162 (50.2%) were found to be fragrance sensitized. Testing with the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene identified 62 fragrance‐sensitized patients (38.3%) who could not be detected by the European baseline series (EBS) fragrance markers. When not tested with the fragrance series, 21 (13.0%) of the sensitized patients would have been missed. Routinely performing patch testing with the fragrance series in addition to linalool and limonene hydroperoxide as part of the EBS is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie C Krijl
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Norbertus A Ipenburg
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie M Franken
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Uter W, Wilkinson SM, Aerts O, Bauer A, Borrego L, Buhl T, Cooper SM, Dickel H, Gallo R, Giménez-Arnau AM, John SM, Navarini AA, Pesonen M, Pónyai G, Rustemeyer T, Schliemann S, Schubert S, Schuttelaar MLA, Valiukevičienė S, Wagner N, Weisshaar E, Gonçalo M. European patch test results with audit allergens as candidates for inclusion in the European Baseline Series, 2019/20 - Joint results of the ESSCA A and the EBS B working groups of the ESCD, and the GEIDAC C. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:379-389. [PMID: 35099073 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, a number of allergens (haptens), henceforth, 'the audit allergens,' were considered as potential additions to the European baseline series (EBS), namely, sodium metabisulfite, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, Compositae mix II (2.5 or 5% pet), linalool hydroperoxides (lin-OOH), limonene hydroperoxides (lim-OOH), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside; Evernia furfuracea (tree moss), was additionally tested by some departments, too. OBJECTIVES To collect further data on patch test reactivity and clinical relevance of the audit allergens in consecutive patients across Europe. METHODS Patch test data covering the audit allergens in 2019 and 2020 were collected by those departments of the ESSCA testing these, as well as further collaborators from the EBS working group of the ESCD, and the Spanish GEIDAC. As patch test outcome, reactions between day (D) 3 and D5 were considered. RESULTS Altogether n=12403 patients were tested with any of the audit allergen. Positive reactions were most common to lin-OOH 1% pet. (8.74 (8.14-9.37)), followed by lin-OOH 0.5% pet., and lim-OOH 0.3% pet (5.41 (4.95-5.89)). Beyond these terpene hydroperoxides, BIT 0.1% pet. was the second most common allergen with 4.72 (4.2-5.28), followed by sodium metabisulfite 1% pet. (3.75 (3.32-4.23)) and Compositae mix 5% pet. (2.31 (1.84-2.87). For some allergens, clinical relevance was frequently difficult to ascertain. CONCLUSIONS Despite many positive patch test reactions, it remains controversial whether lin- and lim-OOH should be tested routinely, while at least the two preservatives BIT and sodium metabisulfite appear suitable. The present results are a basis for further discussion among the ESCD members and ultimately decision on their implementation into routine testing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Centre, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil. Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susan M Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB), Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Györgyi Pónyai
- Semmelweis University, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology-Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, University of Erlangen-, Nuremberg, (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Gopinath H, Manjula B, Karthikeyan K. Fragrance, Sunscreens, Botanicals, and Potential Allergens in Bestseller 'Fairness' Creams in the Indian Market: A Consumer Exposure Study. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:279-283. [PMID: 34446951 PMCID: PMC8375543 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_500_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The skin lightening industry has seen exponential growth in India. Consumers often present to the dermatologist with adverse cutaneous reactions to these 'fairness' (skin lightening) creams. The composition of these creams has not received sufficient attention. Objective To identify fragrance, sunscreens, botanicals and potential allergens in the bestseller 'fairness' creams available in the Indian market. Methods Twenty fairness (or whitening or lightening) creams were selected based on the 'bestseller' creams of one of the largest electronic commerce websites in India, and availability in local stores and unlabelled brands were excluded. Fragrance, sunscreens, botanicals and potential allergens were identified from the ingredient labels. Results Twenty bestseller fairness creams were included. The number of the listed ingredients in the fairness creams ranged from 6 to 49 (mean = 32.2). The most frequently listed ingredients included water, fragrance or parfum, glycerin, tocopherol/tocopherylacetate and titanium dioxide. Hydroquinone, monobenzyl hydroquinone, corticosteroids, tretinoin and mercury were not listed in any of the creams. Unspecified fragrance was listed in 19 (95%) creams and linalool (8,40%) was the most frequent specified fragrance. Titanium dioxide (14, 70 %) was the most common inorganic sunscreen and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (12 creams or 60% of creams) was the most common organic sunscreen. Twenty-seven botanicals were identified. Eight ingredients were potential allergens according to the Indian Cosmetic and Fragrance Series. The cost of the creams ranged from 95 to 1,095 in Indian rupees (mean 300.5). Conclusions Consumers are exposed to a vast range of compounds in the quest for a lighter skin tone. Several potential allergens, particularly fragrance allergens, are present in addition to the eight allergens that were identified with the Indian Cosmetic and Fragrance Series. Increased awareness of the composition of skin lightening creams available in the market and strict regulation of these creams is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Gopinath
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, India
| | - Bodicharla Manjula
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, India
| | - Kaliaperumal Karthikeyan
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
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12
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The European Baseline Series. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Brans R, Jakasa I, Goc S, John SM, Kezic S. Stratum corneum levels of inflammatory mediators and natural moisturizing factor in patch test reactions to thiurams and fragrances and their possible role in discrimination between irritant and allergic reactions to hapten mixtures. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:299-307. [PMID: 33222241 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the irritant properties of the mixes. OBJECTIVE Comparing inflammatory profiles of PT reactions to TM, FM I, FM II, and their constituents and assessing their potential in discrimination of irritant and allergic reactions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of 14 cytokines and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) were determined in stratum corneum samples collected from PT reactions to TM, FM I or II, their constituents, and petrolatum (pet.) control sites in 36 individuals. RESULTS Levels of interleukin (IL)-16, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL10, chemokine (CC motif) ligand (CCL) 17, and CCL22 were significantly increased in reactions (+, ++) to thiurams and fragrances compared to their petrolatum. controls, except for PT reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing in which, however, decreased levels of NMF were observed. In doubtful reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing, NMF was significantly lower than in petrolatum controls. CONCLUSIONS PT reactions to thiurams and fragrances indicate a Th2-skewed inflammation. The inflammatory profiles suggest that weak or doubtful FM I/II reactions without accompanying reaction to a constituent were irritant. IL-16 might be suitable to distinguish irritant from allergic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Goc
- Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy - INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Swen M John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Sukakul T, Charoenpipatsin N, Svedman C, Boonchai W. Prevalence, concomitant reactions, and factors associated with fragrance allergy in Thailand. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:175-182. [PMID: 33075139 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are the most common cause of cosmetic contact allergy. Up-to-date information on contact allergy frequencies and relevance aids primary and secondary preventive measures. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and concomitant reactions in fragrance allergy among Thais. METHODS This retrospective study collected data from 2012 to 2019. The patient characteristics of fragrance and nonfragrance allergy groups were compared. Concurrent positive reactions to fragrance allergens (fragrance mix [FM] I, FM II, Myroxylon pereirae resin and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde) and other baseline-series allergens were analysed. RESULTS Of 1032 patients, 175 (17.0%) had fragrance allergy, with 57.7% of clinical relevance. FM I showed the highest prevalence (9.4%). The associated factors were being elderly, lesions on the extremities, metal allergy history, and long dermatitis duration. Contact allergies to epoxy resin and Compositae plants were significantly associated with fragrance allergy with an odds ratio of 5.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.21-6.80) and an odds ratio of 4.42 (95% CI: 1.58-12.36), respectively. No significant associations between colophonium (previously proposed as a fragrance marker) and fragrance allergens were found. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of fragrance contact allergy remains high and should be considered in old patients presenting with long-standing eczema on the extremities. Unlike reports from other countries, varied, significant, concomitant reactions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Norramon Charoenpipatsin
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Horton E, Uter W, Geier J, Ballmer-Weber B, Bauer A, Bircher A, Dickel H, Giménez-Arnau A, Gonçalo M, John SM, Mahler V, Schuttelaar MLA, Simon D, Sanchez-Perez J, Rustemeyer T, Weisshaar E, Wilkinson M. Developing a cosmetic series: Results from the ESSCA network, 2009-2018. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:82-94. [PMID: 32845019 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable variability across European patch test centres as to which allergens are included in local and national cosmetics series. OBJECTIVES To propose a standardized, evidence-based cosmetic series for Europe based on up-to-date analysis of relevant contact allergens. METHODS We collated data from the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) from 2009 to 2018 to determine which cosmetic allergens produce a high yield of contact allergy. Contact allergens with a prevalence of >0.3% that were considered relevant were included. Rare contact allergens were excluded if deemed no longer relevant or added to a supplemental cosmetic series for further analysis. RESULTS Sensitization prevalences of 39 cosmetic contact allergens were tabulated. Thirty of these allergens yielded >0.3% positive reactions and are therefore included in our proposed European cosmetic series. Six were considered no longer relevant and therefore excluded. Three were included in a supplementary European cosmetic series. An additional nine allergens were included in either the core or supplemental European cosmetic series following literature review. CONCLUSION We have derived a potential European cosmetic series based upon the above methods. This will require ongoing investigation based upon the changing exposure profiles of cosmetic allergens as well as new and evolving substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Horton
- Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Bircher
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy Unit, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Universitat Autónoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabruck, Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB), Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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17
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Dear K, Bala H, Palmer A, Nixon RL. How good is the Australian baseline series at detecting allergic contact dermatitis? Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:51-56. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Dear
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Harini Bala
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Amanda Palmer
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Rosemary Louise Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre Skin Health Institute Melbourne Australia
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18
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Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT. Patch testing with purified and oxidized citronellol. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:372-379. [PMID: 32638395 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation. Citronellol hydroperoxides are formed in large amounts and are the only oxidation products identified as sensitizers in oxidized citronellol. AIM To compare frequencies of contact allergy to purified and oxidized citronellol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series, oxidized linalool, and oxidized limonene. METHODS A total of 658 dermatitis patients were patch tested with purified and oxidized citronellol at 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% petrolatum, respectively. The irritant properties of purified and oxidized citronellol were studied before patch testing. RESULTS Few irritant reactions were observed in the pretest. Purified citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.15%-0.31% of patients, while oxidized citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.61%-4.5%. Among patients reacting to oxidized citronellol, 34%-50% showed concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series and 75%-91% to oxidized linalool or oxidized limonene. CONCLUSION Oxidized citronellol detects more cases of contact allergy than purified citronellol, and these cases are not all detected using fragrance mix II. Patch testing with oxidized citronellol will add to the tools in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Bruze M, Ale I, Andersen KE, Cannavó A, Diepgen T, Elsner P, Goh CL, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, McFadden J, Nixon R, Puangpet P, Sasseville D. Contact Allergy to Fragrance Mix II and Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde: A Retrospective Study by International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis 2020; 31:268-271. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Horton E, Wilkinson M, Aalto‐Korte K, Pesonen M, Bauer A, Chowdhury MM, Cooper S, Cousen P, Crépy M, Larese Filon F F, Gallo R, Geier J, Giménez‐Arnau A, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, Green C, Guarneri F, Ljubojević Hadžavdić S, Johansen JD, Johnston GA, Rustemeyer T, Sánchez‐Pérez J, Thyssen JP, Schuttelaar MA, Stone N, Uter W. A survey of members of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergy and the EU project “StanDerm” to identify allergens tested in cosmetic series across Europe. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 82:195-200. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Horton
- Department of DermatologyChapel Allerton Hospital Leeds UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of DermatologyChapel Allerton Hospital Leeds UK
| | - Kristiina Aalto‐Korte
- Occupational MedicineFinnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational MedicineFinnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) Helsinki Finland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - Susan Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - Philippa Cousen
- Department of Dermatology, The James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough UK
| | - Marie‐Noëlle Crépy
- Department of Occupational MedicineUniversity Hospital of Centre of Paris COCHIN Paris France
| | - Francesca Larese Filon F
- Department of Dermatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della SaluteUnità Operativa di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, Section of Dermatology, DISSALUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Johannes Geier
- Department of Dermatology, Information Network of Department of Dermatology (IVDK)Institute at the University Medical Center Goettingen Goettingen Germany
| | - Ana Giménez‐Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del MarInstitut Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Universitat Autónoma Barcelona Spain
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic of DermatologyUniversity Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven Belgium
| | - Cathy Green
- Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital Dundee UK
| | | | - Suzana Ljubojević Hadžavdić
- Department of Dermatology, University Department of Dermatology and VenerologyZagreb University Hospital Center Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology & Allergy and National Allergy Research CentreHerlev‐Gentofte Hospital Hellerup Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyAmsterdam University Medical Centres Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Dermatology Department of the Hospital de la Princesa Madrid Spain
| | - Marie‐Louise A. Schuttelaar
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Stone
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Gwent Hospital Newport UK
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and EpidemiologyUniversity of Erlangen/Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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21
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_86-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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The European Baseline Series. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_64-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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24
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Hagvall L, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, Isaksson M, Lindberg M, Ryberg K, Stenberg B, Svedman C, Karlberg A, Bråred Christensson J. Contact allergy to citral and its constituents geranial and neral, coupled with reactions to the prehapten and prohapten geraniol. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 82:31-38. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindberg
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital Örebro Sweden
- Department of Health and Medical SciencesÖrebro University Örebro Sweden
| | - Kristina Ryberg
- Department of DermatologyUddevalla Hospital Uddevalla Sweden
| | - Berndt Stenberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Dermatology & VenerologyUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental DermatologyLund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Ann‐Therese Karlberg
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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25
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Verbraucherschutz und Risikobewertung — allergieauslösende Substanzen in Verbraucherprodukten. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Limonene is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to limonene was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that exposure of limonene to oxygen (air) results in the formation of a number of oxidation products, of which the hydroperoxides have a far stronger sensitizing potency than the pure compound. By routine testing of patients suspected of contact dermatitis with hydroperoxides of limonene, high frequencies of positive reactions were found, indicating that these chemicals are important fragrance allergens. It should be realized, however, that a number of "positive" reactions may well be false-positive, irritant responses.
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28
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Paulsen E, Andersen F. Fragrant and sticky allergens from the pinewood: Cohabiting and coreacting. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:374-377. [PMID: 31281968 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tree moss (Pseudevernia furfuracea [L.] Zopf.), a lichen growing on conifers, is a frequent fragrance sensitizer. Previous studies have shown two subgroups of tree moss-allergic patients: a group sensitized to common allergens of tree and oak moss (Evernia prunastri), and another group sensitized to colophonium-derived allergens, which may contaminate tree moss extract. OBJECTIVES To report the results of including tree moss extract in the baseline series and discuss the clinical implications. METHODS Tree moss extract was included in the baseline series and sensitized patients were assessed for concomitant allergy to colophonium and oak moss, and the relevance of these reactions was analyzed. RESULTS Altogether, 22 of 632 patients (3.5%) had positive reactions to tree moss. Eight patients were sensitized to tree moss only (among fragrance allergens) and 75% had relevant reactions to colophonium. Fourteen patients were sensitized to other fragrance allergens as well and 28.5% had relevant colophonium reactions. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of positive tree moss reactions is high enough to justify its inclusion in the baseline series. If tree moss is not included, patients with positive colophonium reactions should be informed of possible (false) cross-reactivity to tree moss to avoid this labeled fragrance allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Paulsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
Linalool is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to linalool was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that exposure of linalool to oxygen (air) results in formation of a number of oxidation products, of which the hydroperoxides have a far stronger sensitizing potency than the pure compound. By routine testing of patients suspected of having contact dermatitis with hydroperoxides of linalool, high frequencies of positive reactions were found, indicating these chemicals are important fragrance allergens. It should be realized, however, that a number of "positive" reactions may well be false-positive, irritant responses.
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Schutte RJ, Zhang X, An N, Ostrov DA, Vukmanović S. Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:174-183. [PMID: 30957232 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin-sensitizing chemical allergens. METHODS Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA-B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. RESULTS Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA-B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA-B*57:01 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schutte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nan An
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Division of Cosmetics, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, CFSAN, FDA, College Park, Maryland
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Exposure source for skin sensitizing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool remains elusive: An analytical market surveillance. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Groot AC. Myroxylon pereirae
resin (balsam of Peru) – A critical review of the literature and assessment of the significance of positive patch test reactions and the usefulness of restrictive diets. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 80:335-353. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Consumer protection and risk assessment: sensitising substances in consumer products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-019-0093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Bennike NH, Heisterberg MS, White IR, Mahler V, Silvestre‐Salvador JF, Giménez‐Arnau A, Johansen JD. Quality of life and disease severity in dermatitis patients with fragrance allergy—A cross‐sectional European questionnaire study. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:89-96. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Maria S. Heisterberg
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Ian R. White
- St John's Institute of DermatologyGuy's and St Thomas’ Hospital London UK
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | | | - Ana Giménez‐Arnau
- Dermatology DepartmentHospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona Spain
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
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An Update on Fragrance Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-019-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oosterhaven JAF, Uter W, Aberer W, Armario-Hita JC, Ballmer-Weber BK, Bauer A, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Elsner P, García-Gavín J, Giménez-Arnau AM, John SM, Kręcisz B, Mahler V, Rustemeyer T, Sadowska-Przytocka A, Sánchez-Pérez J, Simon D, Valiukevičienė S, Weisshaar E, Schuttelaar MLA. European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): Contact allergies in relation to body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 80:263-272. [PMID: 30520058 PMCID: PMC6590142 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Analyses of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) database have focused primarily on the prevalence of contact allergies to the European baseline series, both overall and in subgroups of patients. However, affected body sites have hitherto not been addressed. Objective To determine the prevalence of contact allergies for distinct body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods Analysis of data collected by the ESSCA (www.essca‐dc.org) in consecutively patch tested patients, from 2009 to 2014, in eight European countries was performed. Cases were selected on the basis of the presence of minimally one positive patch test reaction to the baseline series, and a final diagnosis of ACD attributed to only one body site. Results Six thousand two hundred and fifty‐five cases were analysed. The head and hand were the most common single sites that ACD was attributed to. Differences between countries were seen for several body sites. Nickel, fragrance mix I, cobalt and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone were the most frequent allergens reported for various body sites. Conclusions Distinct allergen patterns per body site were observed. However, contact allergies were probably not always relevant for the dermatitis that patients presented with. The possibility of linking positive patch test reactions to relevance, along with affected body sites, should be a useful addition to patch test documentation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jart A F Oosterhaven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Aberer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José C Armario-Hita
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Puerto Real, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Barbara K Ballmer-Weber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich and Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University Allergy Centre, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan García-Gavín
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Complex, Faculty of Medicine, A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela; also: Dermatological Office, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Beata Kręcisz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Bavaria.,Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Social Medicine, Environmental and Occupational Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bennike NH, Palangi L, Christensson JB, Nilsson U, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Hagvall L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hydroperoxides of limonene and dose‐response relationship—A repeated open application test (ROAT) study. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Palangi
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin AllergyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental ScienceStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Silvestre JF, Mercader P, González-Pérez R, Hervella-Garcés M, Sanz-Sánchez T, Córdoba S, Sánchez-Pérez J, Heras-Mendoza F, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gatica-Ortega ME, Pastor-NIeto MA, Zaragoza V, Carrascosa JM, García-Bravo B, Ruiz-González I, Borrego L, Sánchez-Pedreño P, de Frutos JO, Armario-Hita JC, García-Gavín J, Fernández-Redondo V. Sensitization to fragrances in Spain: A 5-year multicentre study (2011-2015). Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:94-100. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Silvestre
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Pedro Mercader
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital General Universitario Jose M Morales Meseguer; Murcia Spain
| | | | | | | | - Susana Córdoba
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada; Fuenlabrada Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Violeta Zaragoza
- Department of Dermatology; Consorci Hospital Universitari de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - Jose M. Carrascosa
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Badalona Spain
| | - Begoña García-Bravo
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Macarena; Sevilla Spain
| | | | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria; Las Palmas Spain
| | | | - Javier O. de Frutos
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Juan García-Gavín
- Department of Dermatology; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo; Vigo Spain
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Wilkinson M, Gonçalo M, Aerts O, Badulici S, Bennike NH, Bruynzeel D, Dickel H, Garcia-Abujeta JL, Giménez-Arnau AM, Hamman C, Isaksson M, Johansen JD, Mahler V, Niklasson B, Orton D, Pigatto P, Ponyai G, Rustemeyer T, Schuttelaar MLA, Spiewak R, Thyssen JP, Uter W. The European baseline series and recommended additions: 2019. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:1-4. [PMID: 30421432 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Niels H Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Curt Hamman
- Contact Dermatitis Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Pigatto
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gyorgyi Ponyai
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Dittmar D, Schuttelaar MLA. Contact sensitization to hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool: Results of consecutive patch testing and clinical relevance. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:101-109. [PMID: 30378131 PMCID: PMC6587870 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool are potent sensitizers. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to both hydroperoxides of limonene and hydroperoxides of linalool, to report clinical relevance, and to investigate patient demographics. Methods A total of 821 patients (35.6% male, mean age 42.4 years ± 17.8 years) were consecutively patch tested with our departmental baseline series and our fragrance series, including hydroperoxides of limonene 0.3% pet. and hydroperoxides of linalool 1.0% pet. The clinical relevance was assessed for all positive reactions. Results Positive patch test reactions to hydroperoxides of limonene and to hydroperoxides of linalool were observed in 77 patients (9.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.4%‐11.4%) and in 96 patients (11.7%, 95%CI: 9.5%‐13.9%), respectively; 38 of these patients (4.6%, 95%CI: 3.2%‐6.0%) reacted to both. Most reactions were considered to be possibly or probably clinically relevant (66.3% and 68.8%, respectively), and a small proportion were deemed to be of certain clinical relevance (18.2% and 19.8%, respectively). Conclusion As compared with previous studies, high numbers of positive reactions to both hydroperoxides of limonene and hydroperoxides of linalool were observed, the majority of which were clinically relevant, supporting their inclusion in the European baseline series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Dittmar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Alinaghi F, Bennike NH, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Prevalence of contact allergy in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Alinaghi
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Alexander Egeberg
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
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Tous-Romero F, Prieto-Barrios M, Andrés-Lencina JJ, de Frutos JO. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by benzyl salicylate in hair products. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:310-311. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Tous-Romero
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
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Uter W, Werfel T, White IR, Johansen JD. Contact Allergy: A Review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061108. [PMID: 29844295 PMCID: PMC6025382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergy is common, affecting 27% of the general population in Europe. Original publications, including case reports, published since 2016 (inclusive) were identified with the aim of collating a full review of current problems in the field. To this end, a literature search employing methods of systematic reviewing was performed in the Medline® and Web of Science™ databases on 28 January 2018, using the search terms (“contact sensitization” or “contact allergy”). Of 446 non-duplicate publications identified by above search, 147 were excluded based on scrutiny of title, abstract and key words. Of the remaining 299 examined in full text, 291 were deemed appropriate for inclusion, and main findings were summarised in topic sections. In conclusion, diverse sources of exposures to chemicals of widely-differing types and structures, continue to induce sensitisation in man and may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Many of the chemicals are “evergreen” but others are “newcomers”. Vigilance and proper investigation (patch testing) are required to detect and inform of the presence of these haptens to which our populations remain exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ian R White
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Can the epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal show new cases of contact allergy? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:399-405. [PMID: 29603274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol is considered to be a prohapten and prehapten with cinnamal as the main metabolite. However, many individuals who are allergic to cinnamyl alcohol do not react to cinnamal. Sensitizing epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal have been identified as metabolites and autoxidation products of cinnamyl alcohol. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of contact allergy to epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal. METHODS Irritative effects of the epoxides were investigated in 12 dermatitis patients. Epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal were patch tested in 393 and 390 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal were patch tested in 607 and 616 patients, respectively. RESULTS Both epoxides were irritants, but no more positive reactions were detected than when testing was performed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal. Late allergic reactions to epoxycinnamyl alcohol were observed. In general, patients with late reactions showed doubtful or positive reactions to cinnamal and fragrance mix I at regular patch testing. CONCLUSION The investigated epoxides are not important haptens in contact allergy to cinnamon fragrance. The high frequency of fragrance allergy among patients included in the irritancy study showed the difficulty of suspecting fragrance allergy on the basis of history; patch testing broadly with fragrance compounds is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Uter W. Extended patch-test screening for fragrance contact allergy: findings and challenges. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:592-593. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit; Department of Dermatology; University Hospital KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Wilkinson M, Gallo R, Goossens A, Johansen JD, Rustemeyer T, Sánchez-Pérez J, Schuttelaar ML, Uter W. A proposal to create an extension to the European baseline series. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 78:101-108. [PMID: 29194657 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current European baseline series consists of 30 allergens, and was last updated in 2015. OBJECTIVES To use data from the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) to propose an extension to the European baseline series in response to changes in environmental exposures. METHODS Data from departmental and national extensions to the baseline series, together with some temporary additions from departments contributing to the ESSCA, were collated during 2013-2014. RESULTS In total, 31689 patients were patch tested in 46 European departments. Many departments and national groups already consider the current European baseline series to be a suboptimal screen, and use their own extensions to it. The haptens tested are heterogeneous, although there are some consistent themes. Potential haptens to include in an extension to the European baseline series comprise sodium metabisulfite, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, additional markers of fragrance allergy, propolis, Compositae mix, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. CONCLUSION In combination with other published work from the ESSCA, changes to the current European baseline series are proposed for discussion. As well as addition of the allergens listed above, it is suggested that primin and clioquinol should be deleted from the series, owing to reduced environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health Sciences (DiSSAL), Università di Genova, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - An Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Free University of Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie L Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Bennike NH, Oturai NB, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Jørgensen C, Christensen AB, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Fragrance contact allergens in 5588 cosmetic products identified through a novel smartphone application. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:79-85. [PMID: 28796916 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 25% of the adult European population suffers from contact allergy, with fragrance substances recognized as one of the main causes. Since 2005, 26 fragrance contact allergens have been mandatory to label in cosmetic products within the EU if present at 10 ppm or above in leave-on and 100 ppm or above in wash-off cosmetics. OBJECTIVE To examine exposure, based on ingredient labelling, to the 26 fragrances in a sample of 5588 fragranced cosmetic products. METHODS The investigated products were identified through a novel, non-profit smartphone application (app), designed to provide information to consumers about chemical substances in cosmetic products. Products registered through the app between December 2015 and October 2016 were label checked according to International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) for the presence of the 26 fragrance substances or the wording 'fragrance/parfum/aroma'. RESULTS The largest product categories investigated were 'cream, lotion and oil' (n = 1192), 'shampoo and conditioner' (n = 968) and 'deodorants' (n = 632). Among cosmetic products labelled to contain at least one of the 26 fragrances, 85.5% and 73.9% contained at least two and at least three of the 26 fragrances, respectively. Linalool (49.5%) and limonene (48.5%) were labelled most often among all investigated products. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC/Lyral® ) was found in 13.5% of deodorants. Six of the 26 fragrance substances were labelled on less than one per cent of all products, including the natural extracts Evernia furfuracea (tree moss) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). A total of 329 (5.9%) products had one or more of the 26 fragrance substances labelled but did not have 'parfum/fragrance/aroma' listed on the label. CONCLUSIONS Consumers are widely exposed to, often multiple, well-established fragrance contact allergens through various cosmetic products intended for daily use. Several fragrance substances that are common causes of contact allergy were rarely labelled in this large sample of cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bennike
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - N B Oturai
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S Müller
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C S Kirkeby
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Jørgensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A B Christensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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