1
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Hines ES, Jones S, Hoppes S, Stranahan LW. Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus and esophageal-proventricular junction in a yellow-naped parrot. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:586-589. [PMID: 38653775 PMCID: PMC11185118 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241247282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A 57-y-old male yellow-naped parrot (Amazona auropalliata) was presented because of lethargy, inappetence, and weight loss. Hematology and serum biochemistry were unremarkable, and imaging revealed a mass in the distal esophagus at the coelomic inlet. The luminal diameter of the esophagus was reduced in this area, and passage of ingesta was limited. Following gavage feeding, the patient died and was submitted for autopsy. At postmortem examination, the noted mass effect was a thickening of the distal esophagus with adherent, coalescing, soft, pale-tan plaques on the mucosal surface. Additional gross findings included pale-tan, opaque feed material oozing from the dorsum of the lungs and covering the cranial air sacs. Histology of the esophagus, esophageal-proventricular junction, and proximal proventriculus revealed an unencapsulated, infiltrative, transmural neoplasm that extended from the mucosal surface deep into the muscularis, almost to the adventitia. The neoplasm was composed of cuboidal cells arranged in islands and tubules, consistent with an adenocarcinoma, a rarely reported entity in the esophagus of psittacine birds and to our knowledge not reported previously at the esophageal-proventricular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney Jones
- Texas Avian and Exotic Hospital, Grapevine, TX, USA
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2
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Hompe ED, Sachdeva UM. Updates in Translational Science for Esophageal and Gastric Cancers. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2024; 33:571-581. [PMID: 38789199 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this article, the authors summarize the current state of translational science for esophageal and gastric cancers. The available targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and recently discovered molecular targets are reviewed. The authors introduce circulating tumor deoxyribonucleic acid and its promise as a biomarker to detect disease recurrence. The authors present patient-derived organoids as a new model for studying carcinogenesis and treatment responses. Finally, we discuss the implications of organoid models for precision oncology and describe exciting new work applying gene editing technology to organoids and studying tumor-microenvironment interactions using 3-dimensional co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza D Hompe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Austen 7, Boston, MA 02114, ISA
| | - Uma M Sachdeva
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Austen 7, Boston, MA 02114, ISA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Wang S, Li Z, Zhou Z, Kang M. Causal analysis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37433. [PMID: 38489737 PMCID: PMC10939529 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are more likely to develop esophageal cancer (EC). However, a causal relationship between the 2 has been difficult to determine. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of GERD on EC using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method. The causal association between GERD and EC was analyzed based on 2 publicly available genetic summary datasets for the GERD cohort (129,080 cases vs 473,524 controls) and the EC cohort (740 cases vs 372,016 controls). The causal inference was mainly evaluated by the inverse variance weighted MR. The MR-Egger regression, MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier test, and leave-one-out test were used to confirm the sensitivity of the MR results. Possible interfering factors were excluded by multivariate MR (MVMR) analysis. We used 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables. GERD was associated with increasing EC risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.001; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.002; P < .001), which was identified using the inverse variance weighted method. The sensitivity analysis also demonstrated similar results with the causal explanation, and major bias in genetic pleiotropy was not identified (intercept, 0.001; standard error, 0.001; P = .418). The multivariate MR analysis demonstrated the effect of GERD on EC even after excluding possible mediating factors (OR, 1.003; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.005; P = .012). This study confirmed that GERD has a causal effect on EC. Therefore, interventional measures are recommended to prevent EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Tumor Radiation Therapy Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Tumor Radiation Therapy Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Tumor Radiation Therapy Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Tumor Radiation Therapy Clinical Medical Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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4
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Liu H, Wang X. Esophageal organoids: applications and future prospects. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:931-945. [PMID: 37380866 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have been developed in the last decade as a new research tool to simulate organ cell biology and disease. Compared to traditional 2D cell lines and animal models, experimental data based on esophageal organoids are more reliable. In recent years, esophageal organoids derived from multiple cell sources have been established, and relatively mature culture protocols have been developed. Esophageal inflammation and cancer are two directions of esophageal organoid modeling, and organoid models of esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and eosinophilic esophagitis have been established. The properties of esophageal organoids, which mimic the real esophagus, contribute to research in drug screening and regenerative medicine. The combination of organoids with other technologies, such as organ chips and xenografts, can complement the deficiencies of organoids and create entirely new research models that are more advantageous for cancer research. In this review, we will summarize the development of tumor and non-tumor esophageal organoids, the current application of esophageal organoids in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and drug screening. We will also discuss the future prospects of esophageal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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5
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Zeng Q, Mousa M, Nadukkandy AS, Franssens L, Alnaqbi H, Alshamsi FY, Safar HA, Carmeliet P. Understanding tumour endothelial cell heterogeneity and function from single-cell omics. Nat Rev Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41568-023-00591-5. [PMID: 37349410 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapies (AATs) are used to treat different types of cancers. However, their success is limited owing to insufficient efficacy and resistance. Recently, single-cell omics studies of tumour endothelial cells (TECs) have provided new mechanistic insight. Here, we overview the heterogeneity of human TECs of all tumour types studied to date, at the single-cell level. Notably, most human tumour types contain varying numbers but only a small population of angiogenic TECs, the presumed targets of AATs, possibly contributing to the limited efficacy of and resistance to AATs. In general, TECs are heterogeneous within and across all tumour types, but comparing TEC phenotypes across tumours is currently challenging, owing to the lack of a uniform nomenclature for endothelial cells and consistent single-cell analysis protocols, urgently raising the need for a more consistent approach. Nonetheless, across most tumour types, universal TEC markers (ACKR1, PLVAP and IGFBP3) can be identified. Besides angiogenesis, biological processes such as immunomodulation and extracellular matrix organization are among the most commonly predicted enriched signatures of TECs across different tumour types. Although angiogenesis and extracellular matrix targets have been considered for AAT (without the hoped success), the immunomodulatory properties of TECs have not been fully considered as a novel anticancer therapeutic approach. Therefore, we also discuss progress, limitations, solutions and novel targets for AAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zeng
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mira Mousa
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aisha Shigna Nadukkandy
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lies Franssens
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Halima Alnaqbi
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Fatima Yousif Alshamsi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Habiba Al Safar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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6
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Jeon HJ, Choi HS, Lee JM, Kim ES, Keum B, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Chun HJ, Jeong S, Kim HB, Kim JH. Assessment of efficacy and safety of advanced endoscopic irreversible electroporation catheter in the esophagus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7917. [PMID: 37193702 PMCID: PMC10188560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is emerging as a promising tissue ablation technique. However, maintaining irreversible electroporation (IRE) electrodes against displacement during strong esophageal spasms remains an obstacle. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of newly designed balloon-type endoscopic IRE catheters. Six pigs were randomly allocated to each catheter group, and each pig was subjected to four ablations at alternating voltages of 1500 V and 2000 V. Esophagogastroscopy was performed during the IRE. The ability of balloon-type catheters to execute complete IRE with 40 pulses was assessed. The success rate was higher for the balloon-type catheter than that for the basket-type (12/12 [100%] vs. 2/12 [16.7%], p < 0.001). Following gross inspection and histologic analysis of the 1500-V vs. 2000-V balloon-type catheter revealed a larger mucosal damage area (105.3 mm2 vs. 140.8 mm2, p = 0.004) and greater damage depth (476 μm vs. 900 μm, p = 0.02). Histopathology of the ablated tissue revealed separated epithelium, inflamed lamina propria, congested muscularis mucosa, necrotized submucosa, and disorganized muscularis propria. Balloon-type catheters demonstrated efficacy, achieving full electrical pulse sequences under NTIRE conditions, and a safe histological profile below 2000 V (1274 V/cm). Optimal electrical conditions and electrode arrays pose ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jo Jeon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Keum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Tae Jeen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sik Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Jai Chun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jeong
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bae Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Belafsky PC, Conklin JL, Pandolfino JE. A Comparative Assessment of the Diagnosis of Swallowing Impairment and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Canines and Humans. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889331. [PMID: 35754550 PMCID: PMC9228035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swallowing impairment is a highly prevalent and clinically significant problem affecting people and dogs. There are myriad causes of swallowing impairment of which gastroesophageal reflux is the most common in both species. Similarities in anatomy and physiology between humans and canines results in analogous swallowing disorders including cricopharyngeus muscle achalasia, esophageal achalasia, hiatal herniation, and gastroesophageal reflux with secondary esophagitis and esophageal dysmotility. Accordingly, the diagnostic approach to human and canine patients with swallowing impairment is similar. Diagnostic procedures such as swallowing fluoroscopy, high-resolution manometry, pH/impedance monitoring, and endolumenal functional luminal imaging probe can be performed in both species; however, nasofacial conformation, increased esophageal length, and the difficulty of completing several of these procedures in awake dogs are inherent challenges that need to be considered. Human patients can convey their symptoms and respond to verbal cues, whereas veterinarians must rely on clinical histories narrated by pet owners followed by comprehensive physical examination and observation of the animal eating different food consistencies and drinking water. Dogs may also be unwilling to drink or eat in the hospital setting and may be resistant to physical restraint during diagnostic procedures. Despite the species differences and diagnostic challenges, dogs are a natural animal model for many oropharyngeal and esophageal disorders affecting people, which presents a tremendous opportunity for shared learnings. This manuscript reviews the comparative aspects of esophageal anatomy and physiology between humans and canines, summarizes the diagnostic assessment of swallowing impairment in both species, and discusses future considerations for collaborative medicine and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter C Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Conklin
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA Robert G. Kardashian Center for Esophageal Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Davern M, Fitzgerald MC, Buckley CE, Heeran AB, Donlon NE, McGrath J, O' Connell F, Deshpande MR, Hayes C, MacDonald J, Sheppard AD, Reynolds JV, Maher SG, Lynam-Lennon N, Murphy B, Lysaght J. PD-1 and TIGIT blockade differentially affect tumour cell survival under hypoxia and glucose deprived conditions in oesophageal adenocarcinoma; implications for overcoming resistance to PD-1 blockade in hypoxic tumours. Transl Oncol 2022; 19:101381. [PMID: 35245832 PMCID: PMC8894275 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 and TIGIT expression are highly expressed on the surface of oesophageal epithelial cells during the early stages of metaplasia. Glucose deprivation and hypoxia upregulate PD-1 and TIGIT on the surface of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) cells in vitro. PD-1 and TIGIT blockade decrease Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression in OAC cells. PD-1 blockade in OAC cells enhances basal respiration and glycolytic reserve and upregulates GLUT1 on the surface of a subpopulation of OAC cells. PD-1 inhibition confers a survival advantage to OAC cells under glucose deprivation and hypoxia. TIGIT blockade decreases OAC cell proliferation and induces OAC cell death under normoxia, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. TIGIT blockade increases ECAR yet decreases a range of metabolic parameters in OAC cells.
Recent studies have demontrated that immune checkpoint receptors are expressed on the surface of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) cells and might confer a survival advantage. This study explores the role of PD-1 and TIGIT signalling in OAC cells in either promoting or inhibiting the survival of OAC cells under characteristic features of the tumour microenvironment including nutrient-deprivation and hypoxia. PD-1 and TIGIT are expressed in normal and pre-malignant oesophageal epithelial cells and this expression significantly decreases along the normal- Barrett's Oesophagus- OAC disease sequence. However, glucose-deprivation and hypoxia significantly upregulated PD-1 and TIGIT on the surface of OAC cells in vitro. PD-1 blockade decreased OAC cell proliferation under normoxia but enhanced proliferation and decreased cell death in OAC cells under hypoxia and glucose-deprivation. TIGIT blockade decreased proliferation and induced OAC cell death, an effect that was maintained under nutrient-deprivation and hypoxia. Basal respiration and glycolytic reserve were enhanced and GLUT1 was upregulated on the surface of a subpopulation of OAC cells following PD-1 blockade. In contrast, TIGIT blockade enhanced a glycolytic phenotype in OAC cells, yet decreased other metabolic parameters including oxidative phosphorylation and basal respiration. Interestingly, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation significantly upregulated TIGIT expression and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis significantly decreased PD-1 on the surface of a subpopulation of OAC cells in vitro. These findings suggest an immune-independent mechanism for PD-1 inhibitor resistance in hypoxic tumours and suggest that TIGIT might be a more effective therapeutic target in OAC compared with PD-1 for treating hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Davern
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marie-Claire Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Croí E Buckley
- Translational Radiobiology and Diagnostics Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Aisling B Heeran
- Translational Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Noel E Donlon
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jason McGrath
- Cancer Chemoradiation Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Fiona O' Connell
- Translational Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Malvika R Deshpande
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Conall Hayes
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jamie MacDonald
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrew D Sheppard
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen G Maher
- Cancer Chemoradiation Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Translational Radiobiology and Diagnostics Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brona Murphy
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital campus, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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9
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Lechien JR, Calvo-Henriquez C, Mayo-Yanez M, El Ayoubi M, Vaira LA, Maniacci A. The study of laryngopharyngeal reflux needs adequate animal model. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:3227-3228. [PMID: 35182184 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Elsan Hospital, Paris, France. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium. .,Research Committee of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.
| | - Christian Calvo-Henriquez
- Research Committee of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Miguel Mayo-Yanez
- Research Committee of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Mariam El Ayoubi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Luigi A Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonino Maniacci
- Research Committee of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otorhinolaryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", ENT Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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The Immune Underpinnings of Barrett's-Associated Adenocarcinogenesis: a Retrial of Nefarious Immunologic Co-Conspirators. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1297-1315. [PMID: 35123116 PMCID: PMC8933845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) by several fold (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 4.6-9.1), and some relationships between reflux disease-mediated inflammation and oncogenic processes have been explored; however, the precise interconnections between the immune response and genomic instabilities underlying these pathologic processes only now are emerging. Furthermore, the precise cell of origin of the precancerous stages associated with EAC development, Barrett's esophagus, be it cardia resident or embryonic remnant, may shape our interpretation of the likely immune drivers. This review integrates the current collective knowledge of the immunology underlying EAC development and outlines a framework connecting proinflammatory pathways, such as those mediated by interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, signal transduction and activator of transcription 3, nuclear factor-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, and transforming growth factor β, with oncogenic pathways in the gastroesophageal reflux disease-Barrett's esophagus-EAC cancer sequence. Further defining these immune and molecular railroads may show a map of the routes taken by gastroesophageal cells on their journey toward EAC tumor phylogeny. The selective pressures applied by this immune-induced journey likely impact the phenotype and genotype of the resulting oncogenic destination and further exploration of lesser-defined immune drivers may be useful in future individualized therapies or enhanced selective application of recent immune-driven therapeutics.
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11
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Wang H, DeFina SM, Bajpai M, Yan Q, Yang L, Zhou Z. DNA methylation markers in esophageal cancer: an emerging tool for cancer surveillance and treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5644-5658. [PMID: 34873485 PMCID: PMC8640794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is one of the most pervasive cancers in the world, with upwards of 500,000 new diagnoses, annually. Despite its prominence, advancements in the detection and treatment of EC have been marginal over the past 30 years and the survival rate continues to stay below 20%. This is due to the uncommonly heterogeneous presentation of EC which presents unprecedented challenges in improving patient survival and quality of care. However, distinct epigenetic alterations to the DNA methylome may provide an avenue to drastically improve the detection and treatment of EC. Specifically, the creation of novel biomarker panels that consist of EC-specific methylation markers have shown promise as a potential alternative to the more invasive, contemporary diagnostic methods. Additionally, growing insight into the biological and clinical properties of EC-specific methylation patterns have opened a window of opportunity for enhanced treatment; of growing interest is the application of "DNMT inhibitors" - a class of drugs which inhibit excessive methylation and have been shown to re-sensitize chemoresistant tumors. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current advancements in EC DNA methylation to underscore a potential approach to its detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Samuel M DeFina
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Manisha Bajpai
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, United States
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12
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Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Abbaszadegan MR. Genetically engineered mouse models of esophageal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112757. [PMID: 34331909 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a diverse geographical distribution, poor prognosis, and diagnosis in advanced stages of the disease. Identification of the mechanisms involved in esophageal cancer development is evaluative to improve outcomes for patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer provide the physiologic, molecular, and histologic features of the human tumors to determine the pathogenesis and treatments for cancer, hence exhibiting a source of tremendous potential for oncology research. The advancement of cancer modeling in mice has improved to the extent that researchers can observe and manipulate the disease process in a specific manner. Despite the significant differences between mice and humans, mice can be great models for human oncology researches due to similarities between them at the molecular and physiological levels. Due to most of the existing esophageal cancer GEMMs do not propose an ideal system for pathogenesis of the disease, genetic risks, and microenvironment exposure, so identification of challenges in GEM modeling and well-developed technologies are required to obtain the most value for patients. In this review, we describe the biology of human and mouse, followed by the exciting esophageal cancer mouse models with a discussion of applicability and challenges of these models for generating new GEMMs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Wartak A, Kelada AK, Leon Alarcon PA, Bablouzian AL, Ahsen OO, Gregg AL, Wei Y, Bollavaram K, Sheil CJ, Farewell E, VanTol S, Smith R, Grahmann P, Baillargeon AR, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ. Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence tethered capsule endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4308-4323. [PMID: 34457416 PMCID: PMC8367220 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OCT tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is an emerging noninvasive diagnostic imaging technology for gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders. OCT measures tissue reflectivity that provides morphologic image contrast, and thus is incapable of ascertaining molecular information that can be useful for improving diagnostic accuracy. Here, we introduce an extension to OCT TCE that includes a fluorescence (FL) imaging channel for attaining complementary, co-registered molecular contrast. We present the development of an OCT-FL TCE capsule and a portable, plug-and-play OCT-FL imaging system. The technology is validated in phantom experiments and feasibility is demonstrated in a methylene blue (MB)-stained swine esophageal injury model, ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wartak
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alfred K. Kelada
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paola A. Leon Alarcon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ara L. Bablouzian
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Osman O. Ahsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail L. Gregg
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yuxiao Wei
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keval Bollavaram
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Conor J. Sheil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Farewell
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Schuyler VanTol
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel Smith
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Patricia Grahmann
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron R. Baillargeon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gardecki
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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14
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Im NR, Kim B, Jung KY, Kim TH, Baek SK. Non-surgical animal model of gastroesophageal reflux disease by overeating induced in mice. J Investig Med 2021; 69:1208-1214. [PMID: 33863754 PMCID: PMC8327402 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous animal models of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were not physiological and required a variety of surgical procedures. Therefore, the animal model developed by conditions that are similar to the pathogenesis of GERD is necessary. The aim is to establish a non-surgical animal model with GERD caused by overeating induced in mice. To induce mice to overeat, we designed dietary control protocols including repetitive fasting and feeding. The esophageal tissues were evaluated with GERD markers to prove the establishment of a GERD animal model. Mice fasted every other day (group 2) showed more pronounced overeating feature and demonstrated evident changes similar to the macroscopic and microscopic findings of GERD, the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and substance P were stronger. The higher frequency of fasting and overeating could cause GERD effectively. The dietary control can make mice overeat, which elicits the change of lower esophageal mucosa similar to GERD. Thus, the overeating-induced mouse may be used as a GERD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu-Ri Im
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoungjae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Yoon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Kuk Baek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Sachdeva UM, Shimonosono M, Flashner S, Cruz-Acuña R, Gabre JT, Nakagawa H. Understanding the cellular origin and progression of esophageal cancer using esophageal organoids. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:39-52. [PMID: 33838281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are a novel tool to model epithelial cell biology and human diseases of the esophagus. 3D organoid culture systems have been utilized to investigate the pathobiology of esophageal cancer, including both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Additional organoid-based approaches for study of esophageal development and benign esophageal diseases have provided key insights into esophageal keratinocyte differentiation and mucosal regeneration. These investigations have implications for the identification of esophageal cancer stem cells, as well as the potential to halt malignant progression through induction of differentiation pathways. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from human tissue samples allow for unique and faithful in vitro modeling of esophageal cancers, and provide an exciting platform for investigation into personalized medicine and targeted treatment approaches, as well as new models for understanding therapy resistance and recurrent disease. Future directions include high-throughput genomic screening using PDOs, and study of tumor-microenvironmental interactions through co-culture with immune and stromal cells and novel extracellular matrix complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Sachdeva
- Divison of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Flashner
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel T Gabre
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Valenzano MC, Rybakovsky E, Chen V, Leroy K, Lander J, Richardson E, Yalamanchili S, McShane S, Mathew A, Mayilvaganan B, Connor L, Urbas R, Huntington W, Corcoran A, Trembeth S, McDonnell E, Wong P, Newman G, Mercogliano G, Zitin M, Etemad B, Thornton J, Daum G, Raines J, Kossenkov A, Fong LY, Mullin JM. Zinc Gluconate Induces Potentially Cancer Chemopreventive Activity in Barrett's Esophagus: A Phase 1 Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1195-1211. [PMID: 32415564 PMCID: PMC7677901 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemopreventive effects of zinc for esophageal cancer have been well documented in animal models. This prospective study explores if a similar, potentially chemopreventive action can be seen in Barrett's esophagus (BE) in humans. AIMS To determine if molecular evidence can be obtained potentially indicating zinc's chemopreventive action in Barrett's metaplasia. METHODS Patients with a prior BE diagnosis were placed on oral zinc gluconate (14 days of 26.4 mg zinc BID) or a sodium gluconate placebo, prior to their surveillance endoscopy procedure. Biopsies of Barrett's mucosa were then obtained for miRNA and mRNA microarrays, or protein analyses. RESULTS Zinc-induced mRNA changes were observed for a large number of transcripts. These included downregulation of transcripts encoding proinflammatory proteins (IL32, IL1β, IL15, IL7R, IL2R, IL15R, IL3R), upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL1RA), downregulation of transcripts mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (LIF, MYB, LYN, MTA1, SRC, SNAIL1, and TWIST1), and upregulation of transcripts that oppose EMT (BMP7, MTSS1, TRIB3, GRHL1). miRNA arrays showed significant upregulation of seven miRs with tumor suppressor activity (-125b-5P, -132-3P, -548z, -551a, -504, -518, and -34a-5P). Of proteins analyzed by Western blot, increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein, BAX, and the tight junctional protein, CLAUDIN-7, along with decreased expression of BCL-2 and VEGF-R2 were noteworthy. CONCLUSIONS When these mRNA, miRNA, and protein molecular data are considered collectively, a cancer chemopreventive action by zinc in Barrett's metaplasia may be possible for this precancerous esophageal tissue. These results and the extensive prior animal model studies argue for a future prospective clinical trial for this safe, easily-administered, and inexpensive micronutrient, that could determine if a chemopreventive action truly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Valenzano
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - E Rybakovsky
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - V Chen
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - K Leroy
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Lander
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E Richardson
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Yalamanchili
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S McShane
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Mathew
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Mayilvaganan
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - L Connor
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - R Urbas
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - W Huntington
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - A Corcoran
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - S Trembeth
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - E McDonnell
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - P Wong
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Newman
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Mercogliano
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - M Zitin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - B Etemad
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Thornton
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - G Daum
- The Department of Pathology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA
| | - J Raines
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | | | - L Y Fong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Mullin
- The Division of Gastroenterology, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, USA.
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Martinho MS, Nancarrow DJ, Lawrence TS, Beer DG, Ray D. Chaperones and Ubiquitin Ligases Balance Mutant p53 Protein Stability in Esophageal and Other Digestive Cancers. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:449-464. [PMID: 33130332 PMCID: PMC7788241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and other gastrointestinal (GI) cancers have risen dramatically, thus defining the oncogenic drivers to develop effective therapies are necessary. Patients with Barrett's Esophagus (BE), have an elevated risk of developing EAC. Around 70%-80% of BE cases that progress to dysplasia and cancer have detectable TP53 mutations. Similarly, in other GI cancers higher rates of TP53 mutation are reported, which provide a significant survival advantage to dysplastic/cancer cells. Targeting molecular chaperones that mediate mutant p53 stability may effectively induce mutant p53 degradation and improve cancer outcomes. Statins can achieve this via disrupting the interaction between mutant p53 and the chaperone DNAJA1, promoting CHIP-mediated degradation of mutant p53, and statins are reported to significantly reduce the risk of BE progression to EAC. However, statins demonstrated sub-optimal efficacy depending on cancer types and TP53 mutation specificity. Besides the well-established role of MDM2 in p53 stability, we reported that individual isoforms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase GRAIL (RNF128) are critical, tissue-specific regulators of mutant p53 stability in BE progression to EAC, and targeting the interaction of mutant p53 with these isoforms may help mitigate EAC development. In this review, we discuss the critical ubiquitin-proteasome and chaperone regulation of mutant p53 stability in EAC and other GI cancers with future insights as to how to affect mutant p53 stability, further noting how the precise p53 mutation may influence the efficacy of treatment strategies and identifying necessary directions for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- May San Martinho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Derek J. Nancarrow
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - David G. Beer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Dipankar Ray, PhD, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. fax: (734) 763-1581.
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18
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Shaikh H, Kamran A, Monga DK. Immunotherapy in gastroesophageal cancers: Current state and future directions. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 27:395-404. [PMID: 33050805 DOI: 10.1177/1078155220963538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While gastroesophageal (GE) cancers are one of the most common cancers worldwide, unfortunately, the mortality remains high. Commonly used treatment options include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and molecular targeted therapy, which improve survival only minimally; thus, affirming the dire need for exploring alternative strategies to improve patient outcomes. Immunotherapy, which has revolutionized the world of oncology, has somewhat lagged behind in GE malignancies. Tumor-associated microenvironment and regulatory T cells, alongside cell cycle checkpoints, have been proposed by various studies as the mediators of carcinogenesis in GE cancers. Thus, inhibition of each of these could serve as a possible target of treatment. While the approval of pembrolizumab has provided some hope, it is not enough to override the dismal prognosis that this disease confers. Herein, we discuss the prospects of immunotherapy in this variety of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Shaikh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amir Kamran
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, West Virginia University Hospital, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dulabh K Monga
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, AHN Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Tagkalos E, Lindner A, Gruber G, Lang H, Heimann A, Grimminger PP, Muensterer OJ, Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C. Using simple interrupted suture anastomoses may impair translatability of experimental rodent oesophageal surgery. Acta Chir Belg 2020; 120:310-314. [PMID: 31012385 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2019.1610263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background/purpose: Irreproducibility and missing translatability are major drawbacks in experimental animal studies. Hand-sewn anastomoses in oesophageal surgery are usually continuous, whereas those in experimental oesophageal surgery are widely performed using the simple interrupted technique. It has been implicated to be inferior in tolerating anastomotic tension, which we aimed to test in rats due to their importance as an animal model in oesophageal surgery.Methods: We determined linear breaking strengths for the native oesophagus (n = 10), the simple interrupted suture anastomosis (n = 11), and the simple stitch (n = 9) in 8-week old Sprague-Dawley rats. Experiments were powered to a margin of error of 10% around the results of exploratory investigations. The comparison of anastomotic resilience between native organ and simple interrupted suture anastomosis was a priori powered to 99%.Results: Native oesophagi sustained traction forces of 4.25 N (95% CI: 4.03-4.58 N), but the simple interrupted suture anastomosis had only 38.6% (Δ= -2.78 N, 95% CI: -2.46 to -3.11 N, p < .0001) of the resilience of native oesophagi.Conclusions: Oesophageal division and re-anastomosis markedly decreases resilience to traction forces compared to the native organ. This effect is even more pronounced in rats compared to other species and might impair transferability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Tagkalos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gudrun Gruber
- Translational Animal Research Centre Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hauke Lang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Heimann
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter P. Grimminger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Muensterer
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Molecular Profile of Barrett's Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Development of Translational Physiological and Pharmacological Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176436. [PMID: 32899384 PMCID: PMC7504401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant condition caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where physiological squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium. Several in vivo and in vitro BE models were developed with questionable translational relevance when implemented separately. Therefore, we aimed to screen Gene Expression Omnibus 2R (GEO2R) databases to establish whether clinical BE molecular profile was comparable with animal and optimized human esophageal squamous cell lines-based in vitro models. The GEO2R tool and selected databases were used to establish human BE molecular profile. BE-specific mRNAs in human esophageal cell lines (Het-1A and EPC2) were determined after one, three and/or six-day treatment with acidified medium (pH 5.0) and/or 50 and 100 µM bile mixture (BM). Wistar rats underwent microsurgical procedures to generate esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) leading to BE. BE-specific genes (keratin (KRT)1, KRT4, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT13, KRT14, KRT15, KRT16, KRT23, KRT24, KRT7, KRT8, KRT18, KRT20, trefoil factor (TFF)1, TFF2, TFF3, villin (VIL)1, mucin (MUC)2, MUC3A/B, MUC5B, MUC6 and MUC13) mRNA expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Pro/anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) serum concentration was assessed by a Luminex assay. Expression profile in vivo reflected about 45% of clinical BE with accompanied inflammatory response. Six-day treatment with 100 µM BM (pH 5.0) altered gene expression in vitro reflecting in 73% human BE profile and making this the most reliable in vitro tool taking into account two tested cell lines. Our optimized and established combined in vitro and in vivo BE models can improve further physiological and pharmacological studies testing pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic targets of this disorder.
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21
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管 柳, 邹 晴, 刘 倩, 陈 斯. [Comparison of B-NDG ? and BALB/c mouse models bearing patient-derived xenografts of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1200-1206. [PMID: 32895183 PMCID: PMC7429172 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the difference of tumor formation in different mouse strains bearing patient-derived xenograft of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC) and establish a better animal model for preclinical study of individualized treatment of ESCC. METHODS The tumor tissues collected from 22 ESCC patients were used to establish tumor-bearing mouse models in B-NDG? (NSG) mice and BALB/c nude mice. The tumor formation rate and tumor formation time were compared between the two mouse models, and HE staining, immunohistochemistry and genome sequencing were carried out to assess the consistency between transplanted tumor tissues in the models and patient-derived tumor tissues. RESULTS The tumor-bearing models were established successfully in both NSG mice (50%, 11/22) and BALB/c nude mice (18.18%, 4/22). The average tumor formation time was significantly shorter in NSG mice than in BALB/c nude mice (75.95 vs 91.67 days, P < 0.001). In both of the mouse models, the transplanted tumors maintained morphological characteristics identical to those of patient-derived ESCC tumors. Genetic analysis showed that the xenografts in NSG mice had a greater genetic similarity to the patients' tumors than those in BALB/c nude mice (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Mouse models bearing xenografts of patient-derived ESCC can be successfully established in both NSG mice and BALB/c nude mice, but the models in the former mouse strain can be more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- 柳柳 管
- 广东药科大学附属第一医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510080Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 广东省食管癌精准治疗工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510080Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 晴晴 邹
- 广东药科大学附属第一医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510080Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 广东省食管癌精准治疗工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510080Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 倩 刘
- 广东省食管癌精准治疗工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510080Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 广东药科大学附属第一医院科学研究中心,广东 广州 510080Scientific Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 斯泽 陈
- 广东药科大学附属第一医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510080Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 广东省食管癌精准治疗工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510080Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 广东药科大学附属第一医院科学研究中心,广东 广州 510080Scientific Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- 陈斯泽,博士,主任医师,E-mail:
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22
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Nuber M, Lindner A, Baumgart J, Baumgart N, Heimann A, Schröder A, Muensterer OJ, Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C. Sex represents a relevant interaction in Sprague–Dawley rats: the example of oesophageal length*. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1806118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Nuber
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindner
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel Heimann
- Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne Schröder
- Department of Paediatrics, Elisabeth-Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Muensterer
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Gastric squamous-columnar junction contains a large pool of cancer-prone immature osteopontin responsive Lgr5 -CD44 + cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 31901081 PMCID: PMC6941991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Areas of a junction between two types of epithelia are known to be cancer-prone in many organ systems. However, mechanisms for preferential malignant transformation at the junction areas remain insufficiently elucidated. Here we report that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 in the gastric squamous-columnar junction (SCJ) epithelium results in preferential formation of metastatic poorly differentiated neoplasms, which are similar to human gastroesophageal carcinoma. Unlike transformation-resistant antral cells, SCJ cells contain a highly proliferative pool of immature Lgr5−CD44+ cells, which are prone to transformation in organoid assays, comprise early dysplastic lesions, and constitute up to 30% of all neoplastic cells. CD44 ligand osteopontin (OPN) is preferentially expressed in and promotes organoid formation ability and transformation of the SCJ glandular epithelium. OPN and CD44 overexpression correlate with the worst prognosis of human gastroesophageal carcinoma. Thus, detection and selective targeting of the active OPN-CD44 pathway may have direct clinical relevance. Cancers arising from the gastric squamous-columnar junction have high incidence and are characterized by a poor prognosis. Here, the authors use genetic mouse models to show that loss of p53 and Rb1 expression results in preferential tumour development at the gastric squamous-columnar junction that contains a large pool of osteopontin responsive Lgr5-CD44+ cells.
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24
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Peters Y, Al-Kaabi A, Shaheen NJ, Chak A, Blum A, Souza RF, Di Pietro M, Iyer PG, Pech O, Fitzgerald RC, Siersema PD. Barrett oesophagus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:35. [PMID: 31123267 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Barrett oesophagus (BE), the only known histological precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), is a condition in which the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium as an adaptive response to gastro-oesophageal reflux. EAC has one of the fastest rising incidences of cancers in Western countries and has a dismal prognosis. BE is usually detected during endoscopic examination, and diagnosis is confirmed by the histological presence of intestinal metaplasia. Advances in genomics and transcriptomics have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis and malignant progression of intestinal metaplasia. As the majority of EAC cases are diagnosed in individuals without a known history of BE, screening for BE could potentially decrease disease-related mortality. Owing to the pre-malignant nature of BE, endoscopic surveillance of patients with BE is imperative for early detection and treatment of dysplasia to prevent further progression to invasive EAC. Developments in endoscopic therapy have resulted in a major shift in the treatment of patients with BE who have dysplasia or early EAC, from surgical resection to endoscopic resection and ablation. In addition to symptom control by optimization of lifestyle and pharmacological therapy with proton pump inhibitors, chemopreventive strategies based on NSAIDs and statins are currently being investigated for BE management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonne Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ali Al-Kaabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Blum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas and the Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Prasad G Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Oliver Pech
- Department of Gastroenterology, St John of God Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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25
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Ajayi TA, Cantrell S, Spann A, Garman KS. Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer: Links to microbes and the microbiome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007384. [PMID: 30571768 PMCID: PMC6301555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teminioluwa A Ajayi
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah Cantrell
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashley Spann
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine S Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.,Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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26
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Li X, Francies HE, Secrier M, Perner J, Miremadi A, Galeano-Dalmau N, Barendt WJ, Letchford L, Leyden GM, Goffin EK, Barthorpe A, Lightfoot H, Chen E, Gilbert J, Noorani A, Devonshire G, Bower L, Grantham A, MacRae S, Grehan N, Wedge DC, Fitzgerald RC, Garnett MJ. Organoid cultures recapitulate esophageal adenocarcinoma heterogeneity providing a model for clonality studies and precision therapeutics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2983. [PMID: 30061675 PMCID: PMC6065407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence is increasing while 5-year survival rates remain less than 15%. A lack of experimental models has hampered progress. We have generated clinically annotated EAC organoid cultures that recapitulate the morphology, genomic, and transcriptomic landscape of the primary tumor including point mutations, copy number alterations, and mutational signatures. Karyotyping of organoid cultures has confirmed polyclonality reflecting the clonal architecture of the primary tumor. Furthermore, subclones underwent clonal selection associated with driver gene status. Medium throughput drug sensitivity testing demonstrates the potential of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream mediators. EAC organoid cultures provide a pre-clinical tool for studies of clonal evolution and precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Oncology IMED, AstraZeneca, Chesterford, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma K Goffin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Gilbert
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ayesha Noorani
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amber Grantham
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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27
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Read MD, Krishnadath KK, Clemons NJ, Phillips WA. Preclinical models for the study of Barrett's carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:139-148. [PMID: 29974961 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is clinically significant, as it is the only known precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. To develop improved therapies for the treatment of BE, a greater understanding of the disease process at the molecular genetic level is needed. However, achieving a greater understanding will require improved preclinical models so that the disease process can be more closely studied and novel therapies can be tested. Our concise review highlights progress in the development of preclinical models for the study of BE and identifies the most suitable model in which to test novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Read
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Kopke MA, Munday JS, Gal A. Carcinoma in situ within an area of Barrett esophagus in a dog with megaesophagus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:752-754. [PMID: 29952726 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718786330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-y-old Irish Setter was presented with a history of recurrent episodes of regurgitation and vomiting, with more recent development of tachypnea. Megaesophagus had been diagnosed in the dog 2 y prior to this presentation. A solitary polypoid mass present immediately rostral to the lower esophageal sphincter was biopsied during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement. Barrett esophagus was diagnosed based on the observation of a polypoid mass with intestinal metaplasia that arose from the surrounding esophagus. Histology of the polypoid mass demonstrated squamous-to-columnar metaplasia, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Arnon Gal
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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29
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Cui ML, Wang JJ, Zhang MX. Role of microbiota in esophageal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:289-295. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i5.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microbiota has become the focus of research, especially for the digestive system that contains a large number of bacteria. However, most studies are focused on the oral cavity, stomach, and intestine, and studies on the esophagus are few. This review summarizes the progress in research of microbiota in esophageal diseases, aiming to clarify the relationship between microbiota and esophageal diseases as well as the related mechanisms. This will be of importance in the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Li Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming-Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
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30
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Krüger L, Gonzalez LM, Pridgen TA, McCall SJ, von Furstenberg RJ, Harnden I, Carnighan GE, Cox AM, Blikslager AT, Garman KS. Ductular and proliferative response of esophageal submucosal glands in a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G180-G191. [PMID: 28572084 PMCID: PMC5625137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal injury is a risk factor for diseases such as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. To improve understanding of signaling pathways associated with both normal and abnormal repair, animal models are needed. Traditional rodent models of esophageal repair are limited by the absence of esophageal submucosal glands (ESMGs), which are present in the human esophagus. Previously, we identified acinar ductal metaplasia in human ESMGs in association with both esophageal injury and cancer. In addition, the SOX9 transcription factor has been associated with generation of columnar epithelium and the pathogenesis of BE and is present in ESMGs. To test our hypothesis that ESMGs activate after esophageal injury with an increase in proliferation, generation of a ductal phenotype, and expression of SOX9, we developed a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The porcine esophagus contains ESMGs, and RFA produces a consistent and reproducible mucosal injury in the esophagus. Here we present a temporal assessment of this model of esophageal repair. Porcine esophagus was evaluated at 0, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h and 5 and 7 days following RFA and compared with control uninjured esophagus. Following RFA, ESMGs demonstrated an increase in ductal phenotype, echoing our prior studies in humans. Proliferation increased in both squamous epithelium and ESMGs postinjury with a prominent population of SOX9-positive cells in ESMGs postinjury. This model promises to be useful in future experiments evaluating mechanisms of esophageal repair.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel porcine model of injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation has been developed, allowing for reproducible injury to the esophagus to study repair in an animal model with esophageal submucosal glands, a key anatomical feature and missing in rodent models but possibly harboring progenitor cells. There is a strong translational component to this porcine model given the anatomical and physiological similarities between pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandi Krüger
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Tiffany A. Pridgen
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | | | | | - Ivan Harnden
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Gwendolyn E. Carnighan
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Abigail M. Cox
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Katherine S. Garman
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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31
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Algarrahi K, Franck D, Cristofaro V, Yang X, Savarino A, Affas S, Schäfer FM, Ghezzi C, Jennings R, Nedder A, Kaplan DL, Sullivan MP, Estrada CR, Mauney JR. Bi-layer silk fibroin grafts support functional tissue regeneration in a porcine model of onlay esophagoplasty. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e894-e904. [PMID: 28084044 DOI: 10.1002/term.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Partial circumferential, full thickness defects of the esophagus can occur as a result of organ perforation or tumour resection, or during surgical reconstruction of strictured segments. Complications associated with autologous tissue flaps conventionally utilized for defect repair necessitate the development of new graft options. In this study, bi-layer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds were investigated for their potential to support functional restoration of partial circumferential defects in a porcine model of esophageal repair. Onlay thoracic esophagoplasty with BLSF matrices (~3 x 1.5 cm) was performed in adult swine (N = 6) for 3 months of implantation. All animals receiving BLSF grafts survived with no complications and were capable of solid food consumption. Radiographic esophagrams revealed preservation of organ continuity with no evidence of contrast extravasation or strictures. Fluoroscopic analysis demonstrated peristaltic contractions. Ex vivo tissue bath studies displayed contractile responses to carbachol, electric field stimulation, and KCl while isoproterenol produced tissue relaxation. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of neotissues showed a stratified, squamous epithelium, a muscularis mucosa composed of smooth muscle bundles, and a muscularis externa organized into circular and longitudinal layers, with a mix of striated skeletal muscle fascicles interspersed with smooth muscle. De novo innervation and vascularization were observed throughout the graft sites and consisted of synaptophysin-positive neuronal boutons and vessels lined with CD31-positive endothelial cells. The results of this study demonstrate that BLSF scaffolds can facilitate constructive remodeling of partial circumferential, full thickness esophageal defects in a large animal model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debra Franck
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa Savarino
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saif Affas
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chiara Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Arthur Nedder
- Animal Resource at Children's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Maryrose P Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos R Estrada
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua R Mauney
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Chambers JK, Saito T, Fukushima K, Kakuta S, Nakayama J, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Adenocarcinoma of Barrett's esophagus in a dog. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:239-243. [PMID: 28798532 PMCID: PMC5545677 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An endoscopic examination revealed a mass in the distal esophagus of a 9-year-old intact male bulldog. Histopathologically, the mass was composed of cuboidal to columnar neoplastic epithelial cells and extended from the squamous epithelium of the esophageal mucosa, indicating that the tumor was derived from Barrett’s esophagus. Moreover, highly atypical foci that exhibited a cribriform pattern and high mitotic indices were also observed. The epithelial cells on the surface of the lesion often produced mucus that was positive for Alcian blue and immunohistochemically positive for MUC5AC. The neoplastic epithelial cells were diffusely positive for cytokeratin 7 and p53, and occasionally positive for cytokeratin 20. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of a spontaneous case of adenocarcinoma of Barrett’s esophagus in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukushima
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hajime Tsujimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kanda Y, Osaki M, Okada F. Chemopreventive Strategies for Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Current Status and Future Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E867. [PMID: 28422073 PMCID: PMC5412448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustained and chronically-inflamed environment is characterized by the presence of heterogeneous inflammatory cellular components, including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts. These infiltrated cells produce growth stimulating mediators (inflammatory cytokines and growth factors), chemotactic factors (chemokines) and genotoxic substances (reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide) and induce DNA damage and methylation. Therefore, chronic inflammation serves as an intrinsic niche for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date findings regarding definitive/possible causes and mechanisms of inflammation-related carcinogenesis derived from experimental and clinical studies. We also propose 10 strategies, as well as candidate agents for the prevention of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanda
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Okada
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
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Abdo J, Agrawal DK, Mittal SK. Basis for molecular diagnostics and immunotherapy for esophageal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 17:33-45. [PMID: 27838937 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1260449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive neoplasm, diagnosed in about 17,000 Americans every year with a mortality rate of more than 80% within five years and a median overall survival of just 13 months. For decades, the go-to regimen for esophageal cancer patients has been the use of taxane and platinum-based chemotherapy regimens, which has yielded the field's most dire survival statistics. Areas covered: Combination immunotherapy and a more robust molecular diagnostic platform for esophageal tumors could improve patient management strategies and potentially extend lives beyond the current survival figures. Analyzing a panel of biomarkers including those affiliated with taxane and platinum resistance (ERCC1 and TUBB3) as well as immunotherapy effectiveness (PD-L1) would provide oncologists more information on how to optimize first-line therapy for EC. Expert commentary: Of the 12 FDA-approved therapies in EC, zero target the genome. A majority of the approved drugs either target or are effected by proteomic expression. Therefore, a broader understanding of diagnostic biomarkers could give more clarity and direction in treating esophageal cancer in concert with a greater use of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Abdo
- a Department of Clinical and Translational Science , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- a Department of Clinical and Translational Science , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Sumeet K Mittal
- a Department of Clinical and Translational Science , Creighton University School of Medicine , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Department of Surgery , Creighton University School of Medicine (Phoenix campus), Norton Thoracic Institute, Dignity Health , Phoenix , AZ , USA
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35
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Colleypriest BJ, Burke ZD, Griffiths LP, Chen Y, Yu WY, Jover R, Bock M, Biddlestone L, Quinlan JM, Ward SG, Mark Farrant J, Slack JMW, Tosh D. Hnf4α is a key gene that can generate columnar metaplasia in oesophageal epithelium. Differentiation 2016; 93:39-49. [PMID: 27875772 PMCID: PMC5293356 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's metaplasia is the only known morphological precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma and is characterized by replacement of stratified squamous epithelium by columnar epithelium. The cell of origin is uncertain and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the change in cellular phenotype are poorly understood. We therefore explored the role of two transcription factors, Cdx2 and HNF4α in the conversion using primary organ cultures. Biopsy samples from cases of human Barrett's metaplasia were analysed for the presence of CDX2 and HNF4α. A new organ culture system for adult murine oesophagus is described. Using this, Cdx2 and HNF4α were ectopically expressed by adenoviral infection. The phenotype following infection was determined by a combination of PCR, immunohistochemical and morphological analyses. We demonstrate the expression of CDX2 and HNF4α in human biopsy samples. Our oesophageal organ culture system expressed markers characteristic of the normal SSQE: p63, K14, K4 and loricrin. Ectopic expression of HNF4α, but not of Cdx2 induced expression of Tff3, villin, K8 and E-cadherin. HNF4α is sufficient to induce a columnar-like phenotype in adult mouse oesophageal epithelium and is present in the human condition. These data suggest that induction of HNF4α is a key early step in the formation of Barrett's metaplasia and are consistent with an origin of Barrett's metaplasia from the oesophageal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Colleypriest
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Zoë D Burke
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Leonard P Griffiths
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Yu Chen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Wei-Yuan Yu
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad Mixta Hepatologia Experimental & CIBERehd, Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Bock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leigh Biddlestone
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Jonathan M Quinlan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Stephen G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - J Mark Farrant
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, UK
| | - Jonathan M W Slack
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease is a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality and the use of animal models have been instrumental in studying mechanisms of digestive pathophysiology. As investigators attempt to translate the wealth of basic science information developed from rodent, models, large animal models provide a number of translational advantages. The pig, in particular, is arguably one of the most powerful models of human organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. The pig has provided important tools and insight into intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, intestinal mucosal repair, as well as new insights into esophageal injury and repair. Porcine model development has taken advantage of the size of the animal, allowing increased surgical and endoscopic access. In addition, cellular tools such as the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line and porcine enteroids are providing the methodology to translate basic science findings using in-depth mechanistic analyses. Further opportunities in porcine digestive disease modeling include developing additional transgenic pig strains. Collectively, porcine models hold great promise for the future of clinically relevant digestive disease research.
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37
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Frenkel C, Telem DA, Pryor AD, Altieri MS, Shroyer KR, Regenbogen E. The effect of sleeve gastrectomy on extraesophageal reflux disease. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 12:1263-1269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Li J, Chen XL, Shaker A, Oshima T, Shan J, Miwa H, Feng C, Zhang J. Contribution of immunomodulators to gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications: stromal cells, interleukin 4, and adiponectin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1380:183-194. [PMID: 27441783 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has become the most commonly seen gastrointestinal disorder in outpatient clinics. In the United States, around 20% of the general population experience heartburn on a weekly basis. Although clinical complaints can be mild or moderate, patients with GERD may develop further complications, such as peptic strictures, Barrett's esophagus (BE), and even esophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathologically, GERD is developed as a result of chronic and enhanced exposure of the esophageal epithelium to noxious gastric refluxate. In this review article, we provide an overview of GERD and then focus on the roles of stromal cells, interleukin 4, and adiponectin in GERD and BE. The importance of inflammation and immunomodulators in GERD pathogenesis is highlighted. Targeting the immunomodulators or inflammation in general may improve the therapeutic outcome of GERD, in particular, in those refractory to proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Xiaoxin Luke Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina. .,Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Anisa Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Jing Shan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Cheng Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Di Pilato V, Freschi G, Ringressi MN, Pallecchi L, Rossolini GM, Bechi P. The esophageal microbiota in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1381:21-33. [PMID: 27415419 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The esophageal mucosa is among the sites colonized by human microbiota, the complex microbial ecosystem that colonizes various body surfaces and is increasingly recognized to play roles in several physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the composition of the esophageal microbiota in health and disease is challenged by the need for invasive sampling procedures and by the dynamic nature of the esophageal environment and remains limited in comparison with the information available for other body sites. Members of the genus Streptococcus appear to be the major components of the microbiota of the healthy esophagus, although the presence of several other taxa has also been reported. Dysbiosis, consisting of enrichment in some Gram-negative taxa (including Veillonella, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Campylobacter, and Fusobacterium), has been reported in association with gastroesophageal reflux disease and is hypothesized to contribute to the evolution of this condition toward Barrett's esophagus (which is the most common esophageal precancerous lesion) and, eventually, adenocarcinoma. Some Campylobacter species (mostly C. concisus) are also putatively involved in the progression of disease toward adenocarcinoma. However, variable findings have recently been reported in additional studies. Causative relationships between dysbiosis or specific bacterial species and esophageal diseases remain controversial and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Freschi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Pallecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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