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Nozu T, Arie H, Miyagishi S, Ishioh M, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Tranilast alleviates visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in irritable bowel syndrome rat models. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112099. [PMID: 38643709 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity resulting from compromised gut barrier with activated immune system is a key feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activate proinflammatory cytokine signaling to induce these changes, which is one of the mechanisms of IBS. As activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or TLR4 leads to release interleukin (IL)-1β, the NLRP3 inflammasome may be involved in the pathophysiology of IBS. Tranilast, an anti-allergic drug has been demonstrated to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, and we evaluated the impact of tranilast on visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability induced by LPS or CRF (IBS rat model). Visceral pain threshold caused by colonic balloon distention was measured by monitoring abdominal muscle contractions electrophysiologically. Colonic permeability was determined by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue within the colonic tissue. Colonic protein levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β were assessed by immunoblot or ELISA. Intragastric administration of tranilast (20-200 mg/kg) for 3 days inhibited LPS (1 mg/kg)-induced visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneously, tranilast also abolished these alterations induced by CRF (50 µg/kg). LPS increased colonic protein levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β, and tranilast inhibited these changes. β-hydroxy butyrate, an NLRP3 inhibitor, also abolished visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability caused by LPS. In contrast, IL-1β induced similar GI alterations to LPS, which were not modified by tranilast. In conclusion, tranilast improved visceral pain and colonic barrier by suppression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in IBS rat models. Tranilast may be useful for IBS treating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Arie
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishioh
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
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Chuang TD, Munoz L, Quintanilla D, Boos D, Khorram O. Therapeutic Effects of Long-Term Administration of Tranilast in an Animal Model for the Treatment of Fibroids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10465. [PMID: 37445642 PMCID: PMC10341593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tranilast (N-3, 4-dimethoxycinnamoyl anthranilic acid) is an orally administered drug with antiallergic properties and approved in Japan and the Republic of Korea for the treatment of asthma and hypertrophic scars. Previous in vitro studies indicated that tranilast reduced fibroid growth through its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of tranilast for treatment of human-derived fibroids in a mouse model. SCID mice (ovariectomized, supplemented with estrogen and progesterone) were implanted with fibroid explants and treated for two months with tranilast (50 m/kg/daily) or the vehicle. After sacrifice, xenografts were excised and analyzed. Tranilast was well tolerated without adverse side effects. There was a 37% reduction in tumor weight along with a significant decrease in staining for Ki67, CCND1, and E2F1; a significant increase in nuclear staining for cleaved caspase 3; and reduced staining for TGF-β3 and Masson's trichrome in the tranilast treated mice. There was a significant inhibition of mRNA and protein expression of fibronectin, COL3A1, CCND1, E2F1, and TGF-β3 in the xenografts from the tranilast-treated mice. These promising therapeutic effects of tranilast warrant additional animal studies and human clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy for treatment of fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Der Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (L.M.); (D.Q.); (D.B.)
| | - Leslie Munoz
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (L.M.); (D.Q.); (D.B.)
| | - Derek Quintanilla
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (L.M.); (D.Q.); (D.B.)
| | - Drake Boos
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (L.M.); (D.Q.); (D.B.)
| | - Omid Khorram
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (L.M.); (D.Q.); (D.B.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Wang W, Shen Q. Tranilast reduces cardiomyocyte injury induced by ischemia‑reperfusion via Nrf2/HO‑1/NF‑κB signaling. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:160. [PMID: 36911371 PMCID: PMC9996351 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tranilast, a synthetic derivative of a tryptophan metabolite, can be used to treat heart diseases. However, the specific mechanism underlying the effect of tranilast on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine if tranilast could attenuate I/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury. A hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was established to simulate I/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury. The viability, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in H/R-induced H9c2 cells following treatment with tranilast were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 and TUNEL assay. Commercially available kits were used to detect the levels of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators. In addition, the expression levels of the apoptosis- and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NF-κB signalling pathway-associated proteins were detected by western blotting. The levels of reactive oxygen species were determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay kit. The viability of H9c2 cells was decreased following induction with H/R. However, treatment with tranilast increased viability while decreasing apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in H/R-induced H9c2 cells by activating Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB signalling. Furthermore, treatment with ML-385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, reversed the effects of tranilast on H/R-induced H9c2 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that tranilast could attenuate I/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury via the Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Quality Management Office, Zhejiang Sian International Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Sian International Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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Current Pharmacotherapy and Multi-Target Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121560. [PMID: 36559010 PMCID: PMC9781592 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decreased synaptic transmission and cerebral atrophy with appearance of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Cognitive, functional, and behavioral alterations are commonly associated with the disease. Different pathophysiological pathways of AD have been proposed, some of which interact and influence one another. Current treatment for AD mainly involves the use of therapeutic agents to alleviate the symptoms in AD patients. The conventional single-target treatment approaches do not often cause the desired effect in the disease due to its multifactorial origin. Thus, multi-target strategies have since been undertaken, which aim to simultaneously target multiple targets involved in the development of AD. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of AD and the current drug therapies for the disease. Additionally, rationales of the multi-target approaches and examples of multi-target drugs with pharmacological actions against AD are also discussed.
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Guo J, Cheng M, Liu P, Cao D, Luo J, Wan Y, Fang Y, Jin Y, Xie SS, Liu J. A multi-target directed ligands strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Dimethyl fumarate plus Tranilast modified Dithiocarbate as AChE inhibitor and Nrf2 activator. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114630. [PMID: 35987018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) possessed intricate pathogenesis. Currently, multi-targeted drugs were considered to have the potential to against AD by simultaneously triggering molecules in functionally complementary pathways. Hence, a series of molecules based on the pharmacophoric features of Dimethyl fumarate, Tranilast, and Dithiocarbate were designed and synthesized. These compounds showed significant AChE inhibitory activity in vitro. Among them, compound 4c2 displayed the mighty inhibitory activity to hAChE (IC50 = 0.053 μM) and held the ability to cross the BBB. Kinetic study and molecular docking pointed out that 4c2 bound well into the active sites of hAChE, forming steady and sturdy interactions with key residues in hAChE. Additionally, 4c2 as an Nrf2 activator could promote the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein and induce the expressions of Nrf2-dependent enzymes HO-1, NQO1, and GPX4. Moreover, 4c2 rescued BV-2 cells from H2O2-induced injury and inhibited ROS accumulation. For the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of 4c2, we observed that 4c2 could lower the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, IL-6 and TNF-α) and suppressed the expressions of iNOS and COX-2. In particular, 4c2 was well tolerated in mice (2500 mg/kg, p.o.) and efficaciously recovered the memory impairment in a Scopolamine-induced mouse model. Overall, these results highlighted that 4c2 was a promising multi-targeted agent for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Maojun Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Duanyuan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Jinchong Luo
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yang Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yi Jin
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Sai-Sai Xie
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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Chen Y, Huang M, Yan Y, He D. Tranilast inhibits angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis through S100A11/ transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)/Smad axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:8447-8456. [PMID: 34663163 PMCID: PMC8806955 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tranilast has an ameliorative effect on myocardial fibrosis (MF), but the specific mechanism has not been studied. S100A11 is a key regulator of collagen expression in MF. In this paper, we will study the regulatory roles of Tranilast and S100A11 in MF. After the introduction of angiotensin II (AngII) to Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF), Tranilast was administered. CCK-8 kit was used to detect cell viability. Wound Healing assay detected cell migration, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of migration-related proteins and proteins related to extracellular matrix synthesis. The expression of α-SMA was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). The expression of S100A11 was detected by qPCR and Western blot, and then S100A11 was overexpressed by cell transfection technology, so as to explore the mechanism by which Tranilast regulated MF. In addition, the expression of TGF-β1/Smad pathway related proteins was detected by Western blot. Tranilast inhibited Ang II–induced over-proliferation, migration and fibrosis of human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF), and simultaneously significantly decreased S100A11 expression was observed. Overexpression of S100A11 reversed the inhibition of Tranilast on AngII–induced over-proliferation, migration, and fibrosis in HCF, accompanied by activation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Overall, Tranilast inhibits angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis through S100A11/TGF-β1/Smad axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dequan He
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Zhang Y. Mechanism of neuroprotective effect of stevioside on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via PPAR-γ activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:704-712. [PMID: 34448677 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1966034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to explore the possible protective effects and its mechanism of stevioside on cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) induced neuron damages. METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat models were constructed. The rats were treated with stevioside treatment, PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662, PPAR-γ activator pioglitazone or PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 before neurological deficits were assessed using modified Neurological Severity Scale (mNSS) scores. The infarct size, brain injury, apoptotic cells, inflammatory cytokines in neurons extracted from MCAO/R rats were determined by TTC staining, H&E staining, TUNEL staining, qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Stevioside attenuates MCAO/R-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by regulating PPAR-γ expression. Besides, PPAR-γ activates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 or PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 abrogated the anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects of stevioside on MCAO/R rats. CONCLUSION Stevioside alleviates MCAO/R-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by upregulating PPAR-γ to activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Mannan A, Garg N, Singh TG, Kang HK. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2800-2831. [PMID: 34282491 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Harmeet Kaur Kang
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Bai R, Lang Y, Shao J, Deng Y, Refuhati R, Cui L. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Cerebrovascular Diseases Pathology and Possible Therapeutic Targets. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211018100. [PMID: 34053242 PMCID: PMC8168029 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211018100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are pathological conditions involving impaired blood flow in the brain, primarily including ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage. The nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation (NOD) domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain (PYD)-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex and a vital component of the immune system. Emerging evidence has indicated that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in cerebrovascular diseases. The function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases remains an interesting field of research. In this review, we first summarised the pathological mechanism of cerebrovascular diseases and the pathological mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome in aggravating atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular diseases. Second, we outlined signalling pathways through which the NLRP3 inflammasome participates in aggravating or mitigating cerebrovascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), ROS/thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and purinergic receptor-7 (P2X7R) signalling pathways can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome; activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can aggravate cerebrovascular diseases by mediating apoptosis and pyroptosis. Autophagy/mitochondrial autophagy, nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), interferon (IFN)-β, sirtuin (SIRT), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) reportedly alleviate cerebrovascular diseases by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Finally, we explored specific inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome based on the two-step activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which can be developed as new drugs to treat cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Bai
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Reyisha Refuhati
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Makled MN, Said E. Tranilast abrogates cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries: An insight into its modulatory impact on apoptosis/proliferation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22817. [PMID: 34047436 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent whose therapeutic use is greatly limited by the associated organs' toxicity and particularly, testicular toxicity. Cisplatin-induced testicular damage reported being mediated through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Evidence showed that tranilast (TRN) has the ability to restore the oxidative status and modulate TRAIL/caspase-8 signaling. This led us to hypothesize that TRN could abrogate cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries via inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating proliferation and TRAIL/caspase-8/cJNK signaling. Cisplatin injection induced oligospermia and abnormalities in testicular and epididymal structure along with impaired oxidative status. TRN administration (100 or 300 mg/kg) for 7 days post-cisplatin injection preserved spermatogenesis and restored testicular and epididymal architecture, but restoration was more so in TRN300 than TRN100. This was in line with the restoration of balanced oxidative status as indicated by the increased total antioxidant capacity, glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, and the decreased malondialdehyde content in testes (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin). TRN increased the cell proliferation revealed by the increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin) whereas only TRN300 decreased testicular cJNK, TRAIL, and caspase-8 expression (p < 0.05 vs. cisplatin). Moreover, TRN dose-dependently inhibited the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB and the cytokine TNF-α expressions in testes. In conclusion, TRN300 was more effective than TRN100 in alleviating cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal injuries and in enhancing spermatogenesis. This curative effect of TRN might be mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impacts along with its modulatory impact on cJNK/TRAIL/caspase-8 signaling favoring proliferation rather than apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirhan N Makled
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Nashibi R, Houshmandfar S, Tahmaseby Gandomkari S, Khodadadi A. Tranilast: a potential anti-Inflammatory and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor drug for COVID-19. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:247-258. [PMID: 34015982 PMCID: PMC8146296 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1925293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a type of beta-CoV that develops acute pneumonia, which is an inflammatory condition. A cytokine storm has been recognized as one of the leading causes of death in patients with COVID-19. ALI and ARDS along with multiple organ failure have also been presented as the consequences of acute inflammation and cytokine storm. It has been previously confirmed that SARS-CoV, as another member of the beta-CoV family, activates NLRP3 inflammasome and consequently develops acute inflammation in a variety of ways through having complex interactions with the host immune system using structural and nonstructural proteins. Numerous studies conducted on Tranilast have further demonstrated that the given drug can act as an effective anti-chemotactic factor on controlling inflammation, and thus, it can possibly help the improvement of the acute form of COVID-19 by inhibiting some key inflammation-associated transcription factors such as NF-κB and impeding NLRP3 inflammasome. Several studies have comparably revealed the direct effect of this drug on the prevention of inappropriate tissue's remodeling; inhibition of neutrophils, IL-5, and eosinophils; repression of inflammatory cell infiltration into inflammation site; restriction of factors involved in acute airway inflammation like IL-33; and suppression of cytokine IL-13, which increase mucosal secretions. Therefore, Tranilast may be considered as a potential treatment for patients with the acute form of COVID-19 along with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.,Immunology Today, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roohangiz Nashibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Ward, Razi Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sheyda Houshmandfar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sima Tahmaseby Gandomkari
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Hao C, Chen S. Knockdown of lncRNA TTTY15 alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation and apoptosis of PC12 cells by targeting miR-766-5p. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:511. [PMID: 33791020 PMCID: PMC8005683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is extremely complex and has a significant impact on the quality of life of the patients. Accumulating studies have reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be associated with the progression of ischemic stroke. However, the role and underlying mechanism of action of the lncRNA testis-specific transcript Y-linked 15 (TTTY15) in ischemic stroke remains unknown. The present study analyzed the expression levels of TTTY15 in PC12 cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The effects of the knockdown of TTTY15 expression on the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-10, cell apoptosis and the expression levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-9, were subsequently analyzed in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells using ELISA, flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. In addition, the downstream target gene of TTTY15 was verified using a dual luciferase reporter assay. The effects of TTTY15 on the inflammation and apoptosis of PC12 cells treated with OGD/R were determined by targeting miR-766-5p. The results of the present study revealed that TTTY15 expression was upregulated in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. The knockdown of TTTY15 significantly decreased the concentrations of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18, while it increased the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Apoptosis was also suppressed following gene silencing of TTTY15. Subsequently, miR-766-5p was identified as a target gene of TTTY15 using a dual luciferase reporter assay and the expression levels of TTTY15 and miR-766-5p were found to be negatively correlated. The overexpression of miR-766-5p alleviated the stimulatory effect of TTTY15 overexpression on the inflammation and apoptosis of PC12 cells treated with OGD/R. Therefore, the present study revealed that TTTY15 knockdown improved the OGD/R-induced injury of PC12 cells by upregulating miR-766-5p expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Shibao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, P.R. China
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13
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Zhang W, Ma J, Wang S, Huang T, Xia M. Tranilast attenuates neuropathic pain during type-2 diabetes by inhibiting hypoxia-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in Zucker diabetic fatty rat model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 129:i-x. [PMID: 33307841 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1854309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulatory effect of tranilast on neuropathic pain in type-2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unclear. METHODS We monitored interleukin (IL)-1β, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels during the progression of T2DM induced neuropathic pain in rats, and assessed the impact of tranilast treatment of increasing concentrations (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day via oral gavage in 1% NaHCO3 delivered as 100 mg/kg twice a day) on the levels of cytokine production, as well as on the thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. RESULTS The rats developed hyperglycaemia accompanied with elevated levels of NF-κB, IL-1β and TNF-α in the rostral ventromedial medulla at the age of 16 weeks. Tranilast administration dose dependently alleviated thermal hyperalgesia as well as mechanical allodynia, which was associated with its ability in inhibiting hypoxia-induced levels of NF-κB, IL-1β and TNF-α. CONCLUSION Tranilast plays crucial roles in modulating T2DM-related neuropathic pain, likely through inhibiting hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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14
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Lu J, Chen C, Deng X, Mak MSH, Zhu Z, He X, Liang J, Maddili SK, Tsim KWK, Han Y, Pi R. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Multifunctional Rolipram-Tranilast Hybrids As Potential Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2348-2360. [PMID: 32644771 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent public healthcare concern frequently instigated by mechanical shock, traffic, or violence incidents, leading to permanent nerve damage, and there is no ideal treatment for it yet. In this study, a series of Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were designed and synthesized. The neuroprotective activities of the Rolipram-Tranilast hybrids were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 5 has been identified as the strongest neuroprotective molecule among the series with robust anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Compound 5 significantly increased the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels and the phosphorylated cAMP response elements binding protein (p-CREB) while it down-regulated phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) expression in vitro. Furthermore, compound 5 remarkably attenuated TBI and had a good safety profile in mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that compound 5 could serve as a novel promising lead compound in the treatment of TBI and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases associated with PDE4B and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaobing Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Marvin SH Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinhao Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 518000, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Drugability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Bhaskar S, Sinha A, Banach M, Mittoo S, Weissert R, Kass JS, Rajagopal S, Pai AR, Kutty S. Cytokine Storm in COVID-19-Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1648. [PMID: 32754159 PMCID: PMC7365905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm is an acute hyperinflammatory response that may be responsible for critical illness in many conditions including viral infections, cancer, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. The phenomenon has been implicated in critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus implicated in COVID-19. Critically ill COVID-19 patients experiencing cytokine storm are believed to have a worse prognosis and increased fatality rate. In SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, cytokine storm appears important to the pathogenesis of several severe manifestations of COVID-19: acute respiratory distress syndrome, thromboembolic diseases such as acute ischemic strokes caused by large vessel occlusion and myocardial infarction, encephalitis, acute kidney injury, and vasculitis (Kawasaki-like syndrome in children and renal vasculitis in adult). Understanding the pathogenesis of cytokine storm will help unravel not only risk factors for the condition but also therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response and deliver improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients at high risk for severe disease. In this article, we present an overview of the cytokine storm and its implications in COVID-19 settings and identify potential pathways or biomarkers that could be targeted for therapy. Leveraging expert opinion, emerging evidence, and a case-based approach, this position paper provides critical insights on cytokine storm from both a prognostic and therapeutic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhaskar
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology & Neurophysiology, Liverpool Hospital and South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory & NSW Brain Clot Bank, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Akansha Sinha
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- The University of New South Wales, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Gora, Poland
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Shikha Mittoo
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Rheumatology, University Health Network and The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Weissert
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joseph S. Kass
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neurology, Ben Taub General Hospital and Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Santhosh Rajagopal
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- World Health Organisation, Country Office for India, NPSP, Madurai, India
| | - Anupama R. Pai
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) Consortium, REPROGRAM Immunity Sub-committee
- Department of Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology, Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Heart Center, John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, School of Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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