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Tan M, Park L, Chou E, Hoesel M, Toh L, Suzuki Y. Polycomb group proteins confer robustness to aposematic coloration in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240713. [PMID: 39106954 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aposematic coloration offers an opportunity to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying canalization. In this study, the role of epigenetic regulation underlying robustness was explored in the aposematic coloration of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Polycomb (Pc) and Enhancer of zeste (E(z)), which encode components of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2, respectively, and jing, which encodes a component of the PRC2.2 subcomplex, were knocked down in the fourth instar of O. fasciatus. Knockdown of these genes led to alterations in scutellar morphology and melanization. In particular, when Pc was knocked down, the adults developed a highly melanized abdomen, head and forewings at all temperatures examined. In contrast, the E(z) and jing knockdown led to increased plasticity of the dorsal forewing melanization across different temperatures. Moreover, jing knockdown adults exhibited increased plasticity in the dorsal melanization of the head and the thorax. These observations demonstrate that histone modifiers may play a key role during the process of canalization to confer robustness in the aposematic coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Laura Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Madeline Hoesel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Lyanna Toh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St. , Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
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Rubio AO, Stuckert AMM, Geralds B, Nielsen R, MacManes MD, Summers K. What Makes a Mimic? Orange, Red, and Black Color Production in the Mimic Poison Frog (Ranitomeya imitator). Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae123. [PMID: 38874406 PMCID: PMC11255871 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aposematic organisms rely on their conspicuous appearance to signal that they are defended and unpalatable. Such phenotypes are strongly tied to survival and reproduction. Aposematic colors and patterns are highly variable; however, the genetic, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms producing this conspicuous coloration remain largely unidentified. Here, we identify genes potentially affecting color variation in two color morphs of Ranitomeya imitator: the orange-banded Sauce and the redheaded Varadero morphs. We examine gene expression in black and orange skin patches from the Sauce morph and black and red skin patches from the Varadero morph. We identified genes differentially expressed between skin patches, including those that are involved in melanin synthesis (e.g. mlana, pmel, tyrp1), iridophore development (e.g. paics, ppat, ak1), pteridine synthesis (e.g. gch1, pax3-a, xdh), and carotenoid metabolism (e.g. dgat2, rbp1, scarb2). In addition, using weighted correlation network analysis, we identified the top 50 genes with high connectivity from the most significant network associated with gene expression differences between color morphs. Of these 50 genes, 13 were known to be related to color production (gch1, gmps, gpr143, impdh1, mc1r, pax3-a, pax7, ppat, rab27a, rlbp1, tfec, trpm1, xdh).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Rubio
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Adam M M Stuckert
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - BreAnn Geralds
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D MacManes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Gong LL, Zhang MQ, Ma YF, Feng HY, Zhao YQ, Zhou YY, He M, Smagghe G, He P. RNAi of yellow-y, required for normal cuticle pigmentation, impairs courtship behavior and oviposition in the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22114. [PMID: 38659314 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The insect cuticle plays a key role in maintaining the insect's physiological function and behavior. Herein, the yellow-y protein is required to produce black melanin, and is expressed in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of this pigment. However, yellow-y can also have other functions, for instance, in insect behavior, but not much is known. In this study, we have studied the yellow-y gene in one important model and pest species, namely the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), which is to our knowledge the first time reported. In essence, we identified the yellow-y gene (BgY-y) and characterized its function by using RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing of BgY-y gene led to different developmental abnormalities (body weight and wings) in both genders. Specifically, there was an abundant decrease in melanin, turning the body color in pale yellow and the cuticle softer and more transparent. Interestingly, we also observed that the knockdown of BgY-y impaired the male cockroaches to display a weaker response to female-emitted contact sex pheromones, and also that the oviposition ability was weakened in the RNAi females. This study comprehensively analyzed the biological functions of the yellow-y gene in German cockroaches from the perspectives of development, body color, courtship behavior and oviposition, and as a consequence, this may opens new avenues to explore it as a novel pest control gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang-Lang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang-Yuntao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Institute Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Gong LL, Ma YF, Zhang MQ, Feng HY, Zhou YY, Zhao YQ, Hull JJ, Dewer Y, He M, He P. The melanin pigment gene black mediates body pigmentation and courtship behaviour in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:271-280. [PMID: 38623047 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485324000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Genes involved in melanin production directly impact insect pigmentation and can affect diverse physiology and behaviours. The role these genes have on sex behaviour, however, is unclear. In the present study, the crucial melanin pigment gene black was functionally characterised in an urban pest, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. RNAi knockdown of B. germanica black (Bgblack) had no effect on survival, but did result in black pigmentation of the thoraxes, abdomens, heads, wings, legs, antennae, and cerci due to cuticular accumulation of melanin. Sex-specific variation in the pigmentation pattern was apparent, with females exhibiting darker coloration on the abdomen and thorax than males. Bgblack knockdown also resulted in wing deformation and negatively impacted the contact sex pheromone-based courtship behaviour of males. This study provides evidence for black function in multiple aspects of B. germanica biology and opens new avenues of exploration for novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang-Lang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yang-Yuntao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - J Joe Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ming He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
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Foster BJ, McCulloch GA, Foster Y, Kroos GC, King TM, Waters JM. ebony underpins Batesian mimicry in melanic stoneflies. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4986-4998. [PMID: 37503654 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of Batesian mimicry - whereby harmless species avoid predation through their resemblance to harmful species - has long intrigued biologists. In rare cases, Batesian mimicry is linked to intraspecific colour variation, in which only some individuals within a population resemble a noxious 'model'. Here, we assess intraspecific colour variation within a widespread New Zealand stonefly, wherein highly melanized individuals of Zelandoperla closely resemble a chemically defended aposematic stonefly, Austroperla cyrene. We assess convergence in the colour pattern of these two species, compare their relative palatability to predators, and use genome-wide association mapping to assess the genetic basis of this resemblance. Our analysis reveals that melanized Zelandoperla overlap significantly with Austroperla in colour space but are significantly more palatable to predators, implying that they are indeed Batesian mimics. Analysis of 194,773 genome-wide SNPs reveals an outlier locus (ebony) strongly differentiating melanic versus non-melanic Zelandoperla. Genotyping of 338 specimens from a single Zelandoperla population indicates that ebony explains nearly 70% of the observed variance in melanism. As ebony has a well-documented role in insect melanin biosynthesis, our findings indicate this locus has a conserved function across deeply divergent hexapod lineages. Distributional records suggest a link between the occurrence of melanic Zelandoperla and the forested ecosystems where the model Austroperla is abundant, suggesting the potential for adaptive shifts in this system underpinned by environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie J Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Yasmin Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gracie C Kroos
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tania M King
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Lu JB, Li ZD, Ye ZX, Huang HJ, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX. Long-wave opsin involved in body color plastic development in Nilaparvata lugens. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:353. [PMID: 37365539 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the components of visual photopigments in photoreceptor cells, opsin exhibits different spectral peaks and plays crucial roles in visual function. Besides, it is discovered to evolve other functions despite color vision. However, research on its unconventional function is limited nowadays. With the increase in genome database numbers, various numbers and types of opsins have been identified in insects due to gene duplications or losses. The Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera) is a rice pest known for its long-distance migration capability. In this study, opsins were identified in N. lugens and characterized by genome and transcriptome analyses. Meanwhile, RNA interference (RNAi) was carried out to investigate the functions of opsins, and then the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform-based transcriptome sequencing was performed to reveal gene expression patterns. RESULTS Four opsins belonging to G protein-coupled receptors were identified in the N. lugens genome, including one long-sensitive opsin (Nllw) together with two ultraviolet-sensitive opsins (NlUV1/2) and an additional new opsin with hypothesized UV peak sensitivity (NlUV3-like). A tandem array of NlUV1/2 on the chromosome suggested the presence of a gene duplication event, with similar exons distribution. Moreover, as revealed by spatiotemporal expression, the four opsins were highly expressed in eyes with age-different expression levels. Besides, RNAi targeting each of the four opsins did not significantly affect the survival of N. lugens in phytotron, but the silencing of Nllw resulted in the melanization of body color. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that silencing of Nllw resulted in up-regulation of a tyrosine hydroxylase gene (NlTH) and down-regulation of an arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferases gene (NlaaNAT) in N. lugens, demonstrating that Nllw is involved in body color plastic development via the tyrosine-mediated melanism pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence in a Hemipteran insect that an opsin (Nllw) takes part in the regulation of cuticle melanization, confirming a cross-talk between the gene pathways underlying the visual system and the morphological differentiation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ze-Dong Li
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Guo H, Long GJ, Liu XZ, Ma YF, Zhang MQ, Gong LL, Dewer Y, Hull JJ, Wang MM, Wang Q, He M, He P. Functional characterization of tyrosine melanin genes in the white-backed planthopper and utilization of a spray-based nanoparticle-wrapped dsRNA technique for pest control. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123123. [PMID: 36603718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a significant pest of rice the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is a focus of pest management. However, traditional chemical-based control methods risk the development of pesticide resistance as well as severe ecological repercussions. Although nanoparticle-encapsulated dsRNAs provide a promising alternative method for sustainable pest management, gene targets specific to WBPH have yet to be optimized. Genes in the tyrosine-melanin pathway impact epidermal melanization and sclerotization, two processes essential for insect development and metabolism, have been proposed as good candidate targets for pest management. Seven genes (aaNAT, black, DDC, ebony, tan, TH, and yellow-y) in this group were identified from WBPH genome and functionally characterized by using RNAi for their impact on WBPH body color, development, and mortality. Knockdown of SfDDC, Sfblack, SfaaNAT, and Sftan caused cuticles to turn black, whereas Sfyellow-y and Sfebony knockdown resulted in yellow coloration. SfTH knockdown resulted in pale-colored bodies and high mortality. Additionally, an Escherichia coli expression system for large-scale dsRNA production was coupled with star polycation nanoparticles to develop a sprayable RNAi method targeting SfTH that induced high WBPH mortality rates on rice seedlings. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of large-scale dsRNA nanoparticle sprays as a WBPH control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Gui-Jun Long
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Xuan-Zheng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Lang-Lang Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - J Joe Hull
- Pest Management and Biocontrol Research Unit, US Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Services, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA
| | - Mei-Mei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Ming He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
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Francescutti CM, Martin A, Hanly JJ. Knockdowns of red Malphigian tubules reveal pigmentation roles in the milkweed bug. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:382-387. [PMID: 35189035 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Classical Drosophila eye color mutations have unearthed a toolkit of genes that have permitted candidate gene studies of the outstanding diversity of coloration patterns in other insects. The gene underlying the eye color phenotypes of the red Malphigian tubules (red) fly mutant was mapped to a LysM domain gene of unknown molecular function. Here, we used RNAi to test the role of a red ortholog in the pigmentation of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, and contrast its effect with the ommochrome biosynthetic pathway gene vermilion (ver). Pigmentation was reduced in the cuticle of embryonic legs and first instar abdomens following parental RNAi against red, but not against ver, likely reflecting an effect on pterin biogenesis. Nymphal RNAi of red and ver both resulted in adult eye depigmentation, consistent with an effect on ommochrome content. These results suggest red loss-of-function impacts biochemically distinct types of pigments, and we discuss its putative role in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles such as ommochromasomes and pterinosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Francescutti
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Arnaud Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joseph J Hanly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
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Ze LJ, Wang P, Peng YC, Jin L, Li GQ. Silencing tyrosine hydroxylase or dopa decarboxylase gene disrupts cuticle tanning during larva-pupa-adult transformation in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3880-3893. [PMID: 35470957 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 28-spotted potato ladybird, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, is a notorious defoliator of many solanaceous and cucurbitaceous plants. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) are responsible for cuticle tanning pathway in insects. RESULTS We identified HvTH and HvDDC in H. vigintioctopunctata, and found that high levels of them were accumulated just before or right after molting. Injection of dsHvTH or feeding 3-iodo-tyrosine (3-IT) at the third instar larval stage repressed tanning of the larval cuticle, reduced larval feeding, inhibited larval growth, and consequently caused 100% of larval mortality. Knockdown of HvDDC at the third instar larval stage hardly affected the coloration of larval head, and partially inhibited pigmentation of larval bodies and around 80% of the HvDDC RNAi larvae developed into albino pupae and adults. Moreover, depletion of HvTH or HvDDC at the fourth instar larval stage resulted in albino pupae and adults. The HvTH or HvDDC hypomorph adults fully or partially failed to remove the larval/pupal exuviae, possessed pale and abnormal wings, and poorly tanned heads and bodies, and eventually, struggled for several days without feeding on leaves before death. CONCLUSION These results show that TH and DDC play key roles in larval and adult cuticle tanning and development in H. vigintioctopunctata. Also, these findings suggest that dopa- and dopamine-originated pigments are essential for larval and adult feeding behavior and the molting process during emergence. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ji Ze
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education / State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education / State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Chuan Peng
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education / State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education / State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Berni M, Lima L, Bressan D, Julio A, Bonfim L, Simão Y, Pane A, Ramos I, Oliveira PL, Araujo H. Atypical strategies for cuticle pigmentation in the blood-feeding hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. Genetics 2022; 221:6571811. [PMID: 35445704 PMCID: PMC9157140 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation in insects has been linked to mate selection and predator evasion, thus representing an important aspect for natural selection. Insect body color is classically associated to the activity of tyrosine pathway enzymes, and eye color to pigment synthesis through the tryptophan and guanine pathways, and their transport by ABC proteins. Among the hemiptera, the genetic basis for pigmentation in kissing bugs such as Rhodnius prolixus, that transmit Chagas disease to humans, has not been addressed. Here we report the functional analysis of R. prolixus eye and cuticle pigmentation genes. Consistent with data for most insect clades, we show that knockdown for yellow results in a yellow cuticle, while scarlet and cinnabar knockdowns display red eyes as well as cuticle phenotypes. In addition, tyrosine pathway aaNATpreto knockdown resulted in a striking dark cuticle that displays no color pattern or UV reflectance. In contrast, knockdown of ebony and tan, that encode NBAD branch tyrosine pathway enzymes, did not generate the expected dark and light brown phenotypes, respectively, as reported for other insects. We hypothesize that R. prolixus, which requires tyrosine pathway enzymes for detoxification from the blood diet, evolved an unusual strategy for cuticle pigmentation based on the preferential use of a color erasing function of the aaNATpreto tyrosine pathway branch. We also show that genes classically involved in the generation and transport of eye pigments regulate red body color in R. prolixus. This is the first systematic approach to identify the genes responsible for the generation of color in a blood-feeding hemiptera, providing potential visible markers for future transgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Berni
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Morphological Sciences (PCM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Morphological Sciences (PCM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bressan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Morphological Sciences (PCM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Alison Julio
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Morphological Sciences (PCM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Bonfim
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Simão
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Attilio Pane
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Helena Araujo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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11
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Chen EH, Hou QL, Dou W, Yang PJ, Wang JJ. Expression profiles of tyrosine metabolic pathway genes and functional analysis of DOPA decarboxylase in puparium tanning of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:344-354. [PMID: 34532962 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tanning is an important physiological process with critical roles in cuticle pigmentation and sclerotization. Previous studies have shown that insect cuticle tanning is closely associated with the tyrosine metabolism pathway, which consists of a series of enzymes. RESULTS In this study, 24 tyrosine metabolism pathway genes were identified in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) genome. Gene expression profiles throughout 15 developmental stages of B. dorsalis were established based on our previous RNA sequencing data, and we found that 13 enzyme genes could be involved in the process of pupariation. Accordingly, a tyrosine-mediated tanning pathway during the pupariation of B. dorsalis was predicted and a critical enzyme, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase (DDC), was used to explore its possible roles in formation of the puparium. First, a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed that BdDDC had an epidermis-specific expression pattern, and was highly expressed during larval metamorphosis in B. dorsalis. Subsequent disruption of BdDDC by feeding 5-day-old larvae with DDC inhibitor (l-α-methyl-DOPA) could lead to: (i) a significant decrease in BdDDC enzyme activity and dopamine concentration; (ii) defects in puparium pigmentation; (iii) impairment of the morphology and less thickness of the puparium; and (iv) lower pupal weight and obstacles to eclosion. CONCLUSION This study provided a potential tyrosine metabolic pathway that was responsible for insect tanning during pupariation, and the BdDDC enzyme has been shown to have crucial roles in larval-pupal tanning of B. dorsalis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Hu Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Wang XX, Feng ZJ, Tian HG, Feng Y, Liu TX. Aspartate-β-alanine-NBAD pathway regulates pupal melanin pigmentation plasticity of ladybird Harmonia axyridis. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1651-1663. [PMID: 33063466 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is observed in many animal species and it is effective for them to cope with many types of environmental threats. The multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis shows a cuticular pigmentation plasticity that can be rapidly induced by temperature changes, and in the form of changeable melanin spot patterns to adjust heat-absorbing. Here, H. axyridis with thermal stimulation were selected for determining the molecular regulations behind it. First, we confirmed the melanin level changes of H. axyridis pupa could be induced by temperature, and then screened the efficient time window for thermal sensing of H. axyridis pre-pupa; it is suggested that the late stage of pre-pupa (late stage of 4th instar larva) is the critical period to sense thermal signals and adjust its pupal melanin spot area size to adapt to upcoming thermal conditions. The Ha-ADC (aspartate decarboxylase) and Ha-ebony (NBAD synthase) of aspartate-β-alanine-NBAD pathway were then proved in regulation of cuticular melanization for pupa through RNA interference experiments; knockdown of these two genes enlarged the melanin spot size. Finally, we designed a random injection of Ha-ADC at different pre-pupal stages, to further study the regulation window during this process. Combined with all evidence observed, we suggested the spot size determination can be regulated very close to the time point of pupation, and genes of the aspartate-β-alanine-NBAD pathway play an important role at the molecular level. In brief, H. axyridis exhibits a flexible active physiological regulation through transcriptional modification to thermal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xing-Xing Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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13
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Popadić A, Tsitlakidou D. Regional patterning and regulation of melanin pigmentation in insects. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:163-170. [PMID: 34087530 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects display an immense diversity in melanin pigmentation, which is generated by the interplay between the regulatory genes (that provide general patterning information) and effector genes (that provide coloration of the pattern). However, recent studies encompassing several different orders (Hemiptera, Blattodea, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera) have shown that knockdowns of melanin producing genes alone can generate distinct region-specific patterns. This review surveys the most recent studies to further document the regional patterning of effector genes, and highlights the new advances and their implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Popadić
- Biological Sciences Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Despina Tsitlakidou
- Biological Sciences Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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14
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Rahman SR, Terranova T, Tian L, Hines HM. Developmental Transcriptomics Reveals a Gene Network Driving Mimetic Color Variation in a Bumble Bee. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6244266. [PMID: 33881508 PMCID: PMC8220310 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary genetics and evo-devo is to understand how changes in genotype manifest as changes in phenotype. Bumble bees display remarkable color pattern diversity while converging onto numerous regional Müllerian mimicry patterns, thus enabling exploration of the genetic mechanisms underlying convergent phenotypic evolution. In western North America, multiple bumble bee species converge onto local mimicry patterns through parallel shifts of midabdominal segments from red to black. It was previously demonstrated that a Hox gene, Abd-B, is the key regulator of the phenotypic switch in one of these species, Bombus melanopygus, however, the mechanism by which Abd-B regulates color differentiation remains unclear. Using tissue/stage-specific transcriptomic analysis followed by qRT–PCR validation, this study reveals a suite of genes potentially involved downstream of Abd-B during color pattern differentiation. The data support differential genes expression of not only the first switch gene Abd-B, but also an intermediate developmental gene nubbin, and a whole suite of downstream melanin and redox genes that together reinforce the observed eumelanin (black)-pheomelanin (red) ratios. These include potential genes involved in the production of insect pheomelanins, a pigment until recently not thought to occur in insects and thus lacking known regulatory enzymes. The results enhance understanding of pigmentation gene networks involved in bumble bee color pattern development and diversification, while providing insights into how upstream regulators such as Hox genes interact with downstream morphogenic players to facilitate this adaptive phenotypic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthok Rasique Rahman
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Tatiana Terranova
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heather M Hines
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Dion WA, Shittu MO, Steenwinkel TE, Raja KKB, Kokate PP, Werner T. The modular expression patterns of three pigmentation genes prefigure unique abdominal morphologies seen among three Drosophila species. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 38:119132. [PMID: 32828854 PMCID: PMC7725850 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand how novel animal body colorations emerged, one needs to ask how the development of color patterns differs among closely related species. Here we examine three species of fruit flies - Drosophila guttifera (D. guttifera), D. palustris, and D. subpalustris - displaying a varying number of abdominal spot rows. Through in situ hybridization experiments, we examine the mRNA expression patterns for the pigmentation genes Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), tan (t), and yellow (y) during pupal development. Our results show that Ddc, t, and y are co-expressed in modular, identical patterns, each foreshadowing the adult abdominal spots in D. guttifera, D. palustris, and D. subpalustris. We suggest that differences in the expression patterns of these three genes partially underlie the morphological diversity of the quinaria species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Dion
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Mujeeb O Shittu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Tessa E Steenwinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Komal K B Raja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Prajakta P Kokate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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16
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Peng CL, Mazo-Vargas A, Brack BJ, Reed RD. Multiple roles forlaccase2 in butterfly wing pigmentation, scale development, and cuticle tanning. Evol Dev 2020; 22:336-341. [PMID: 32720437 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran wing scales play important roles in a number of functions including color patterning and thermoregulation. Despite the importance of wing scales, however, we still have a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie scale patterning, development, and coloration. Here, we explore the function of the phenoloxidase-encoding gene laccase2 in wing and scale development in the nymphalid butterfly Vanessa cardui. Somatic deletion mosaics of laccase2 generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing presented several distinct mutant phenotypes. Consistent with the work in other nonlepidopteran insect groups, we observed reductions in melanin pigmentation and defects in cuticle formation. We were also surprised, however, to see distinct effects on scale development including complete loss of wing scales. This study highlights laccase2 as a gene that plays multiple roles in wing and scale development and provides new insight into the evolution of lepidopteran wing coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceili L Peng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Anyi Mazo-Vargas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Benjamin J Brack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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17
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High-Efficiency CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis of the white Gene in the Milkweed Bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. Genetics 2020; 215:1027-1037. [PMID: 32493719 PMCID: PMC7404234 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is highly efficient in the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus. The white gene is well characterized in Drosophila where mutation causes loss of eye pigmentation; white is a reliable marker for transgenesis and other genetic manipulations. Accordingly, white has been targeted in a number of nonmodel insects to establish tools for genetic studies. Here, we generated mutations in the Of-white (Of-w) locus using CRISPR/Cas9. We found that Of-w is required for pigmentation throughout the body of Oncopeltus, not just the ommatidia. High rates of somatic mosaicism were observed in the injected generation, reflecting biallelic mutations, and a high rate of germline mutation was evidenced by the large proportion of heterozygous G1s. However, Of-w mutations are homozygous lethal; G2 homozygotes lacked pigment dispersion throughout the body and did not hatch, precluding the establishment of a stable mutant line. Embryonic and parental RNA interference (RNAi) were subsequently performed to rule out off-target mutations producing the observed phenotype and to evaluate the efficacy of RNAi in ablating gene function compared to a loss-of-function mutation. RNAi knockdowns phenocopied Of-w homozygotes, with an unusual accumulation of orange granules observed in unhatched embryos. This is, to our knowledge, the first CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutation generated in Oncopeltus. While we were unable to establish white as a useful visible marker for Oncopeltus, these findings are instructive for the selection of visible markers in nonmodel species and reveal an unusual role for an ortholog of a classic Drosophila gene.
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18
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Hughes JT, Williams ME, Johnson R, Grover S, Rebeiz M, Williams TM. Gene Regulatory Network Homoplasy Underlies Recurrent Sexually Dimorphic Fruit Fly Pigmentation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Molecular and Potential Regulatory Mechanisms of Melanin Synthesis in Harmonia axyridis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062088. [PMID: 32197465 PMCID: PMC7139685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanization is a common phenomenon in insects, and melanin synthesis is a conserved physiological process that occurs in epidermal cells. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of melanin synthesis influencing insect pigmentation are well-suited for investigating phenotype variation. The Asian multi-colored (Harlequin) ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, exhibits intraspecific polymorphism based on relative levels of melanization. However, the specific characteristics of melanin synthesis in H. axyridis remains elusive. In this study, we performed gene-silencing analysis of the pivotal inverting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) in the tyrosine metabolism pathway to investigate the molecular and regulatory mechanism of melanin synthesis in H. axyridis. Using RNAi of TH and DDC genes in fourth instar larvae, we demonstrated that dopamine melanin was the primary contributor to the overall body melanization of H. axyridis. Furthermore, our study provides the first conclusive evidence that dopamine serves as a melanin precursor for synthesis in the early pupal stage. According to transcription factor Pannier, which is essential for the formation of melanic color on the elytra in H. axyridis, we further demonstrated that suppression of HaPnr can significantly decrease expression levels of HaTH and HaDDC. These results in their entirety lead to the conclusion that transcription factor Pannier can regulate dopamine melanin synthesis in the dorsal elytral epidermis of H. axyridis.
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20
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Diversity and function of multicopper oxidase genes in the stinkbug Plautia stali. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3464. [PMID: 32103072 PMCID: PMC7044228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidase (MCO) genes comprise multigene families in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Two families of MCO genes, MCO1 (laccase1) and MCO2 (laccase2), are conserved among diverse insects and relatively well-characterized, whereas additional MCO genes, whose biological functions have been poorly understood, are also found in some insects. Previous studies reported that MCO1 participates in gut immunity and MCO2 plays important roles in cuticle sclerotization and pigmentation of insects. In mosquitoes, MCO2 was reported to be involved in eggshell sclerotization and pigmentation, on the ground that knockdown of MCO2 caused deformity and fragility of the eggshell. Here we identified a total of 7 MCO genes, including PsMCO1 and PsMCO2, and investigated their expression and function in the brown-winged green stinkbug Plautia stali. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of MCO genes by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into nymphs revealed that MCO2, but not the other 6 MCOs, is required for cuticle sclerotization and pigmentation, and also for survival of P. stali. Trans-generational knockdown of MCO2 by injecting dsRNA into adult females (maternal RNAi) resulted in the production of unhatched eggs despite the absence of deformity or fragility of the eggshell. These results suggested that MCO2 plays an important role in sclerotization and pigmentation of the cuticle but not in eggshell integrity in P. stali. Maternal RNAi of any of the other 6 MCO genes and 3 tyrosinase genes affected neither survival nor eggshell integrity of P. stali. Contrary to the observations in the red flour beetle and the brown rice planthopper, RNAi knockdown of MCO6 (MCORP; Multicopper oxidase related protein) exhibited no lethal effects on P. stali. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the functional diversity and commonality of MCOs across hemipteran and other insect groups.
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21
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Mun S, Noh MY, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Arakane Y. Gene functions in adult cuticle pigmentation of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 117:103291. [PMID: 31812474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In many arthropod species including insects, the cuticle tanning pathway for both pigmentation and sclerotization begins with tyrosine and is responsible for production of both melanin- and quinoid-type pigments, some of which are major pigments for body coloration. In this study we identified and cloned cDNAs of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, encoding seven key enzymes involved in this pathway including tyrosine hydroxylase (TmTH), DOPA decarboxylase (TmDDC), laccase 2 (TmLac2), Yellow-y (TmY-y), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (TmAANAT1), aspartate 1-decarboxylase (TmADC) and N-β-alanyldopamine synthase (Tmebony). Expression profiles of these genes during development were analyzed by real-time PCR, revealing development-specific patterns of expression. Loss of function mediated by RNAi of either 1) TmTH or TmLac2, 2) TmDDC or TmY-y, and 3) TmAANAT1, TmADC or Tmebony resulted in pale/white, light yellow/brown and dark/black adult body coloration, respectively. In addition, there are three distinct layer/regional pigmentation differences in rigid types of adult cuticle, a brownish outer exocuticle (EX), a dark pigmented middle mesocuticle (ME) and a transparent inner endocuticle (EN). Decreases in pigmentation of the EX and/or ME layers were observed after RNAi of TmDDC or TmY-y. In TmADC- or Tmebony-deficient adults, a darker pigmented EX layer was observed. In TmAANAT1-deficient adults, trabeculae formed between the dorsal and ventral elytral cuticles as well as the transparent EN layer became highly pigmented. These results demonstrate that knocking down the level of gene expression of specific enzymes of this tyrosine metabolic pathway leads to abnormal pigmentation in individual layers and substructure of the rigid adult exoskeleton of T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
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22
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Amukamara AU, Washington JT, Sanchez Z, McKinney EC, Moore AJ, Schmitz RJ, Moore PJ. More Than DNA Methylation: Does Pleiotropy Drive the Complex Pattern of Evolution of Dnmt1? Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Chen X, Xiao D, Du X, Guo X, Zhang F, Desneux N, Zang L, Wang S. The Role of the Dopamine Melanin Pathway in the Ontogeny of Elytral Melanization in Harmonia axyridis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1066. [PMID: 31507439 PMCID: PMC6719567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic melanism in insects is a conspicuous phenotype which is derived from specific genotypes, and might be central to speciation processes via assortative sexual selection. At the molecular level, melanism in insects is attributed to the melanin pathway. DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) protein encoded by the DDC gene plays a central role in dopamine-melanin synthesis, the main component of melanin in insects. Although the mechanism of melanism has been elucidated in holometabolous insects, other physiological processes coupled with melanin synthesis are unknown. Herein, we identified DDC from the Asian multi-colored ladybird (Harmonia axyridis), an ideal holometabolous insect for studies of melanization due to highly variable color on their elytra. Analyses revealed that HaDDC (the DDC gene of H. axyridis) was constitutively expressed throughout all developmental stages. We performed RNAi technique to examine the melanin synthesis pathway of elytra in H. axyridis. The transcript levels of HaDDC were significantly suppressed after the injection of double-strand RNA of HaDDC (dsHaDDC) at 300 ng/individual in third instar larvae. Silencing HaDDC in third instar larvae did not result in mortality nor significantly affect pupation and eclosion. We further demonstrated that all adults of H. axyridis (forms succinea, spectabilis, and conspicua) with HaDDC silenced in third larvae showed abnormal phenotype which emerged as decreased elytra melanin. However, melanin was still observed in other parts of the adults such as head or pronotum. These results demonstrate for the first time that dopamine-derived melanin is the main contributor in elytra melanization in H. axyridis. Additionally, we provide evidence for DDC in regulating fecundity by showing that silencing of HaDDC in third instar larvae significantly reduced female egg-laying and egg hatching. As such, DDC is likely pleiotropic in respect of its role in melanin production and fecundity processes. These findings bring novel insights into melanin production in holometabolous insects, and contribute to the framework on which further studies may be conducted on the mechanism of pigment production and patterning in various types of insect coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Jilin Engineering Research Center of Resource Insects Industrialization, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Xiao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research, University of Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Liansheng Zang
- Jilin Engineering Research Center of Resource Insects Industrialization, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Li H, Du J, Zhang J, Shen J, Cai W. Three Melanin Pathway Genes, TH, yellow, and aaNAT, Regulate Pigmentation in the Twin-Spotted Assassin Bug, Platymeris biguttatus (Linnaeus). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112728. [PMID: 31163651 PMCID: PMC6600426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation plays a vital role in insect survival and reproduction. Many melanin pathway genes have been studied in holometabolous insects; however, they have only been studied in two hemimetabolous insect genera, Oncopeltus and Periplaneta. Here we analyzed three melanin pathway genes (TH, yellow, and aaNAT) using RNA interference (RNAi) in another hemimetabolous insect, namely the twin-spotted assassin bug, Platymeris biguttatus. TH was highly expressed in freshly molted nymphs and adults. TH RNAi resulted in a complete loss of black pigment, with yellow coloration maintained. Therefore, black pigment in this assassin bug is solely generated from the melanin pathway, whereas yellow pigment is generated from other unknown pigmentation pathways. yellow and aaNAT were highly expressed in the white spot of the hemelytra. Downregulation of yellow caused a brown phenotype with high mortality, indicating an important role of yellow functions in cuticle formation and in the process of converting melanin from brown to black. Interestingly, aaNAT RNAi caused not only loss of white pigment, but also loss of yellow and red pigments. This phenotype of aaNAT has not been reported in other insects. Our results provide new information for understanding the melanin pathway in which aaNAT is essential for the formation of colorless patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiao Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Sterkel M, Ons S, Oliveira PL. DOPA decarboxylase is essential for cuticle tanning in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), affecting ecdysis, survival and reproduction. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:24-31. [PMID: 30885802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cuticle tanning occurs in insects immediately after hatching or molting. During this process, the cuticle becomes dark and rigid due to melanin deposition and protein crosslinking. In insects, different from mammals, melanin is synthesized mainly from dopamine, which is produced from DOPA by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase. In this work, we report that the silencing of the RpAadc-2 gene, which encodes the putative Rhodnius prolixus DOPA decarboxylase enzyme, resulted in a reduction in nymph survival, with a high percentage of treated insects dying during the ecdysis process or in the expected ecdysis period. Those treated insects that could complete ecdysis presented a decrease in cuticle pigmentation and hardness after molting. In adult females, the knockdown of AADC-2 resulted in a reduction in the hatching of eggs; the nymphs that managed to hatch failed to tan the cuticle and were unable to feed. Despite the failure in cuticle tanning, knockdown of the AADC-2 did not increase the susceptibility to topically applied deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide. Additionally, our results showed that the melanin synthesis pathway did not play a major role in the detoxification of the excess (potentially toxic) tyrosine from the diet, an essential trait for hematophagous arthropod survival after a blood meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sterkel
- Laboratory of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Genomic Studies, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Bvd 120, 1459, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
| | - Sheila Ons
- Laboratory of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Genomic Studies, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Bvd 120, 1459, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco D. Prédio do CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Panfilio KA, Vargas Jentzsch IM, Benoit JB, Erezyilmaz D, Suzuki Y, Colella S, Robertson HM, Poelchau MF, Waterhouse RM, Ioannidis P, Weirauch MT, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Werren JH, Jacobs CGC, Duncan EJ, Armisén D, Vreede BMI, Baa-Puyoulet P, Berger CS, Chang CC, Chao H, Chen MJM, Chen YT, Childers CP, Chipman AD, Cridge AG, Crumière AJJ, Dearden PK, Didion EM, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dolan A, Dugan S, Extavour CG, Febvay G, Friedrich M, Ginzburg N, Han Y, Heger P, Holmes CJ, Horn T, Hsiao YM, Jennings EC, Johnston JS, Jones TE, Jones JW, Khila A, Koelzer S, Kovacova V, Leask M, Lee SL, Lee CY, Lovegrove MR, Lu HL, Lu Y, Moore PJ, Munoz-Torres MC, Muzny DM, Palli SR, Parisot N, Pick L, Porter ML, Qu J, Refki PN, Richter R, Rivera-Pomar R, Rosendale AJ, Roth S, Sachs L, Santos ME, Seibert J, Sghaier E, Shukla JN, Stancliffe RJ, Tidswell O, Traverso L, van der Zee M, Viala S, Worley KC, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Molecular evolutionary trends and feeding ecology diversification in the Hemiptera, anchored by the milkweed bug genome. Genome Biol 2019. [PMID: 30935422 DOI: 10.1101/201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hemiptera (aphids, cicadas, and true bugs) are a key insect order, with high diversity for feeding ecology and excellent experimental tractability for molecular genetics. Building upon recent sequencing of hemipteran pests such as phloem-feeding aphids and blood-feeding bed bugs, we present the genome sequence and comparative analyses centered on the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, a seed feeder of the family Lygaeidae. RESULTS The 926-Mb Oncopeltus genome is well represented by the current assembly and official gene set. We use our genomic and RNA-seq data not only to characterize the protein-coding gene repertoire and perform isoform-specific RNAi, but also to elucidate patterns of molecular evolution and physiology. We find ongoing, lineage-specific expansion and diversification of repressive C2H2 zinc finger proteins. The discovery of intron gain and turnover specific to the Hemiptera also prompted the evaluation of lineage and genome size as predictors of gene structure evolution. Furthermore, we identify enzymatic gains and losses that correlate with feeding biology, particularly for reductions associated with derived, fluid nutrition feeding. CONCLUSIONS With the milkweed bug, we now have a critical mass of sequenced species for a hemimetabolous insect order and close outgroup to the Holometabola, substantially improving the diversity of insect genomics. We thereby define commonalities among the Hemiptera and delve into how hemipteran genomes reflect distinct feeding ecologies. Given Oncopeltus's strength as an experimental model, these new sequence resources bolster the foundation for molecular research and highlight technical considerations for the analysis of medium-sized invertebrate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Deniz Erezyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Present address: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- Present address: LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, INRA, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Present address: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elizabeth J Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David Armisén
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara M I Vreede
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Chloé S Berger
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Ju M Chen
- National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Yen-Ta Chen
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ariel D Chipman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew G Cridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Antonin J J Crumière
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Elise M Didion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Present address: School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Neta Ginzburg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter Heger
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Thorsten Horn
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tamsin E Jones
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Koelzer
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Megan Leask
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mackenzie R Lovegrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hsiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Entomology and Program in Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Monica C Munoz-Torres
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Subba R Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Leslie Pick
- Department of Entomology and Program in Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter N Refki
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
- Present address: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionsbiologie, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Rose Richter
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Present address: Earthworks Institute, 185 Caroline Street, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Sachs
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Emília Santos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Seibert
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Essia Sghaier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Jayendra N Shukla
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
- Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305801, India
| | - Richard J Stancliffe
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Present address: E. A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Olivia Tidswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DT, UK
| | - Lucila Traverso
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maurijn van der Zee
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Séverine Viala
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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27
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Panfilio KA, Vargas Jentzsch IM, Benoit JB, Erezyilmaz D, Suzuki Y, Colella S, Robertson HM, Poelchau MF, Waterhouse RM, Ioannidis P, Weirauch MT, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Werren JH, Jacobs CGC, Duncan EJ, Armisén D, Vreede BMI, Baa-Puyoulet P, Berger CS, Chang CC, Chao H, Chen MJM, Chen YT, Childers CP, Chipman AD, Cridge AG, Crumière AJJ, Dearden PK, Didion EM, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dolan A, Dugan S, Extavour CG, Febvay G, Friedrich M, Ginzburg N, Han Y, Heger P, Holmes CJ, Horn T, Hsiao YM, Jennings EC, Johnston JS, Jones TE, Jones JW, Khila A, Koelzer S, Kovacova V, Leask M, Lee SL, Lee CY, Lovegrove MR, Lu HL, Lu Y, Moore PJ, Munoz-Torres MC, Muzny DM, Palli SR, Parisot N, Pick L, Porter ML, Qu J, Refki PN, Richter R, Rivera-Pomar R, Rosendale AJ, Roth S, Sachs L, Santos ME, Seibert J, Sghaier E, Shukla JN, Stancliffe RJ, Tidswell O, Traverso L, van der Zee M, Viala S, Worley KC, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Molecular evolutionary trends and feeding ecology diversification in the Hemiptera, anchored by the milkweed bug genome. Genome Biol 2019; 20:64. [PMID: 30935422 PMCID: PMC6444547 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hemiptera (aphids, cicadas, and true bugs) are a key insect order, with high diversity for feeding ecology and excellent experimental tractability for molecular genetics. Building upon recent sequencing of hemipteran pests such as phloem-feeding aphids and blood-feeding bed bugs, we present the genome sequence and comparative analyses centered on the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, a seed feeder of the family Lygaeidae. RESULTS The 926-Mb Oncopeltus genome is well represented by the current assembly and official gene set. We use our genomic and RNA-seq data not only to characterize the protein-coding gene repertoire and perform isoform-specific RNAi, but also to elucidate patterns of molecular evolution and physiology. We find ongoing, lineage-specific expansion and diversification of repressive C2H2 zinc finger proteins. The discovery of intron gain and turnover specific to the Hemiptera also prompted the evaluation of lineage and genome size as predictors of gene structure evolution. Furthermore, we identify enzymatic gains and losses that correlate with feeding biology, particularly for reductions associated with derived, fluid nutrition feeding. CONCLUSIONS With the milkweed bug, we now have a critical mass of sequenced species for a hemimetabolous insect order and close outgroup to the Holometabola, substantially improving the diversity of insect genomics. We thereby define commonalities among the Hemiptera and delve into how hemipteran genomes reflect distinct feeding ecologies. Given Oncopeltus's strength as an experimental model, these new sequence resources bolster the foundation for molecular research and highlight technical considerations for the analysis of medium-sized invertebrate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Deniz Erezyilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Present address: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics and Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Stefano Colella
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- Present address: LSTM, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, INRA, IRD, CIRAD, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Present address: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elizabeth J Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David Armisén
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Barbara M I Vreede
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Chloé S Berger
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mei-Ju M Chen
- National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Yen-Ta Chen
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ariel D Chipman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew G Cridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Antonin J J Crumière
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Elise M Didion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Present address: School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gérard Febvay
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Neta Ginzburg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter Heger
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Thorsten Horn
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Tamsin E Jones
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Koelzer
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Megan Leask
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mackenzie R Lovegrove
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hsiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Entomology and Program in Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Monica C Munoz-Torres
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Subba R Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Leslie Pick
- Department of Entomology and Program in Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peter N Refki
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
- Present address: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Evolutionsbiologie, August-Thienemann-Straße 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Rose Richter
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Present address: Earthworks Institute, 185 Caroline Street, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Sachs
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Emília Santos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Seibert
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Essia Sghaier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Jayendra N Shukla
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
- Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, 305801, India
| | - Richard J Stancliffe
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Present address: E. A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Olivia Tidswell
- Department of Biochemistry and Genomics Aotearoa, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DT, UK
| | - Lucila Traverso
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maurijn van der Zee
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Séverine Viala
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Balfour VL, Aumont C, Dougherty LR, Shuker DM. The fitness effects of a pale mutant in the aposematic seed bug Lygaeus simulans indicate pleiotropy between warning coloration and life history. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12855-12866. [PMID: 30619588 PMCID: PMC6308859 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Conspicuous warning colors that signal chemical or other defenses are common in the natural world. For instance, such aposematic warning patterns of red-and-black or yellow-and-black are common among insect taxa, particularly in the order Hemiptera, often forming the basis of Batesian and/or Müllerian mimicry rings. In addition, it has been repeatedly noted that color polymorphisms or mutants that influence pigmentation can show pleiotropy with other behavioral, physiological, or life-history traits. Here, we describe a pale mutant of the seed bug Lygaeus simulans that appeared in our laboratory population in 2012, which differs in color to the wild-type bugs. Through multigenerational experimental crosses between wild-type and pale mutant L. simulans, we first show that the pale phenotype segregates as a single Mendelian locus, with the pale allele being recessive to the wild type. Next, we show (a) that there is a large heterozygous advantage in terms of fecundity, (b) that pale females suffer reduced longevity, and (c) that pale males have increased body length compared to wild-type homozygotes. Our data therefore suggest that the color locus is pleiotropic with a number of life-history traits, opening the door for a more complete genetic analysis of aposematic coloration in this species. In addition, this phenotype will be useful as a visible genetic marker, providing a tool for investigating sperm competition and other post-copulatory drivers of sexual selection in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cédric Aumont
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
- Agrocampus‐OuestRennesFrance
| | - Liam R. Dougherty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and BehaviourUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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29
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Melanin Pathway Genes Regulate Color and Morphology of Butterfly Wing Scales. Cell Rep 2018; 24:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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30
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Pérez MM, Bochicchio PA, Rabossi A, Quesada-Allué LA. Extracellular activity of NBAD-synthase is responsible for colouration of brown spots in Ceratitis capitata wings. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:224-232. [PMID: 29656100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of the Ceratitis capitata imago, the pale and folded wings are expanded and sclerotized to acquire the definitive form and to stabilize the cuticle. The wings of this fly show a specific pattern of brownish and black spots. Black spots are pigmented by melanin, whereas there was scarce information about the development of the brownish spots. N-beta-alanydopamine (NBAD) is the main tanning precursor in C. capitata body cuticle, and we hypothesized that it may be responsible for the colouration of the brownish spots. We determined the topology and timing of NBAD synthesis and deposition to attain the species-specific colouration pattern. We demonstrated that during the first hours the colour of the brownish spots was principally determined by the tanning of the hairs. Haemolymph circulation through the veins is required to tan the wings. We confirmed that soon after wing spreading, most of the wing epidermal cells disappeared. Thus, the tanning of the brown spots was accomplished when the wing lamina was devoid of cells. NBAD synthase (NBAD-S; Ebony protein in D. melanogaster) activity in wings was detected in pharate adults and lasted several days after the emergence, even after the end of the tanning process. This observation is in contrast to epidermal NBAD-S activity in the body, where it was nearly undetectable 48 h post emergence. Our results indicate that NBAD-S was exported and deposited into the extracellular matrix of the brown spot areas before cell death and that tanning occurs through gradual export of NBAD precursors (dopamine and b-alanine) from veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín M Pérez
- IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Bochicchio
- IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rabossi
- IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luis A Quesada-Allué
- IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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31
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Chipman AD. Oncopeltus fasciatus
as an evo-devo research organism. Genesis 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D. Chipman
- The Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Modulation of yellow expression contributes to thermal plasticity of female abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43370. [PMID: 28230190 PMCID: PMC5322495 DOI: 10.1038/srep43370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity describes the ability of a given genotype to produce distinct phenotypes in different environments. We use the temperature sensitivity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females as a model to analyse the effect of the environment on development. We reported previously that thermal plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in females involves the pigmentation gene tan (t). However, the expression of the pigmentation gene yellow (y) was also modulated by temperature in the abdominal epidermis of pharate females. We investigate here the contribution of y to female abdominal pigmentation plasticity. First, we show that y is required for the production of black Dopamine-melanin. Then, using in situ hybridization, we show that the expression of y is strongly modulated by temperature in the abdominal epidermis of pharate females but not in bristles. Interestingly, these two expression patterns are known to be controlled by distinct enhancers. However, the activity of the y-wing-body epidermal enhancer only partially mediates the effect of temperature suggesting that additional regulatory sequences are involved. In addition, we show that y and t co-expression is needed to induce strong black pigmentation indicating that y contributes to female abdominal pigmentation plasticity.
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Noh MY, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Arakane Y. Cuticle formation and pigmentation in beetles. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 17:1-9. [PMID: 27720067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Adult beetles (Coleoptera) are covered primarily by a hard exoskeleton or cuticle. For example, the beetle elytron is a cuticle-rich highly modified forewing structure that shields the underlying hindwing and dorsal body surface from a variety of harmful environmental factors by acting as an armor plate. The elytron comes in a variety of colors and shapes depending on the coleopteran species. As in many other insect species, the cuticular tanning pathway begins with tyrosine and is responsible for production of a variety of melanin-like and other types of pigments. Tanning metabolism involves quinones and quinone methides, which also act as protein cross-linking agents for cuticle sclerotization. Electron microscopic analyses of rigid cuticles of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, have revealed not only numerous horizontal chitin-protein laminae but also vertically oriented columnar structures called pore canal fibers. This structural architecture together with tyrosine metabolism for cuticle tanning is likely to contribute to the rigidity and coloration of the beetle exoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Noh
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma AI, Yanes KO, Jin L, Garvey SL, Taha SM, Suzuki Y. The phenotypic plasticity of developmental modules. EvoDevo 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 27489611 PMCID: PMC4971649 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organisms develop and evolve in a modular fashion, but how individual modules interact with the environment remains poorly understood. Phenotypically plastic traits are often under selection, and studies are needed to address how traits respond to the environment in a modular fashion. In this study, tissue-specific plasticity of melanic spots was examined in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Results Although the size of the abdominal melanic bands varied according to rearing temperatures, wing melanic bands were more robust. To explore the regulation of abdominal pigmentation plasticity, candidate genes involved in abdominal melanic spot patterning and biosynthesis of melanin were analyzed. While the knockdown of dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) led to lighter pigmentation in both the wings and the abdomen, the shape of the melanic elements remained unaffected. Although the knockdown of Abdominal-B (Abd-B) partially phenocopied the low-temperature phenotype, the abdominal bands were still sensitive to temperature shifts. These observations suggest that regulators downstream of Abd-B but upstream of DDC are responsible for the temperature response of the abdomen. Ablation of wings led to the regeneration of a smaller wing with reduced melanic bands that were shifted proximally. In addition, the knockdown of the Wnt signaling nuclear effector genes, armadillo1 and armadillo 2, altered both the melanic bands and the wing shape. Thus, the pleiotropic effects of Wnt signaling may constrain the amount of plasticity in wing melanic bands. Conclusions We propose that when traits are regulated by distinct pre-patterning mechanisms, they can respond to the environment in a modular fashion, whereas when the environment impacts developmental regulators that are shared between different modules, phenotypic plasticity can manifest as a developmentally integrated system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0053-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabha I Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA ; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ward Building 4-075, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Katherine O Yanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
| | - Luyang Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA ; The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Sarah L Garvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
| | - Sartu M Taha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central St., Wellesley, MA 02481 USA
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Lemonds TR, Liu J, Popadić A. The contribution of the melanin pathway to overall body pigmentation during ontogenesis of Periplaneta americana. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:513-519. [PMID: 27158782 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The most prominent colors observed in insects are black or brown, whose production is attributed to the melanin pathway. At present, though, the contribution of this pathway to overall body pigmentation throughout ontogenesis is still lacking. To address this question we examined the roles of 2 key melanin genes (TH and DDC), in embryonic and postembryonic development of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Our results show that the melanin pathway does not contribute to the light brown coloration observed in the first nymphs. However, the dark brown coloration in mid nymphs and adults is produced solely from the melanin pathway. In addition, the DDC RNAi results reveal that it is dopamine melanin, not DOPA melanin, acts as the main contributor in this process. Overall, present study provides a new insight into insect pigmentation suggesting that genetic mechanisms of coloration can change during ontogenesis. Future studies of additional basal insect lineages will be required to assess in more details the generality of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lemonds
- Biological Sciences Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Biological Sciences Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aleksandar Popadić
- Biological Sciences Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Qiao L, Du M, Liang X, Hao Y, He X, Si F, Mei T, Chen B. Tyrosine Hydroxylase is crucial for maintaining pupal tanning and immunity in Anopheles sinensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29835. [PMID: 27416870 PMCID: PMC4945905 DOI: 10.1038/srep29835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial enzyme in the melanin pathway, catalyzes tyrosine conversion into Dopa. Although expression and regulation of TH have been shown to affect cuticle pigmentation in insects, no direct functional studies to date have focused on the specific physiological processes involving the enzyme during mosquito development. In the current study, silencing of AsTH during the time period of continuous high expression in Anopheles sinensis pupae led to significant impairment of cuticle tanning and thickness, imposing a severe obstacle to eclosion in adults. Meanwhile, deficiency of melanin in interference individuals led to suppression of melanization, compared to control individuals. Consequently, the ability to defend exogenous microorganisms declined sharply. Accompanying down-regulation of the basal expression of five antimicrobial peptide genes resulted in further significant weakening of immunity. TH homologs as well as the composition of upstream transcription factor binding sites at the pupal stage are highly conserved in the Anopheles genus, implying that the TH-mediated functions are crucial in Anopheles. The collective evidence strongly suggests that TH is essential for Anopheles pupae tanning and immunity and provides a reference for further studies to validate the utility of the key genes involved in the melanization pathway in controlling mosquito development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Minghui Du
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Youjin Hao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiu He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Fengling Si
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ting Mei
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Masuoka Y, Maekawa K. Gene expression changes in the tyrosine metabolic pathway regulate caste-specific cuticular pigmentation of termites. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 74:21-31. [PMID: 27125584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In social insects, all castes have characteristic phenotypes suitable for their own tasks and to engage in social behavior. The acquisition of caste-specific phenotypes was a key event in the course of social insect evolution. However, understanding of the genetic basis and the developmental mechanisms that produce these phenotypes is still very limited. In particular, termites normally possess more than two castes with specific phenotypes (i.e. workers, soldiers, and reproductives), but proximate developmental mechanisms are far from being fully understood. In this study, we focused on the pigmentation of the cuticle as a model trait for caste-specific phenotypes, during the molts of each caste; workers, soldiers, presoldiers (intermediate stage of soldiers), and alates (primary reproductives) in Zootermopsis nevadensis. Expression patterns of cuticular tanning genes (members of the tyrosine metabolic pathway) were different among each molt, and high expression levels of several "key genes" were observed during each caste differentiation. For the differentiation of castes with well-tanned cuticles (i.e. soldiers and alates), all focal genes except DDC in the former were highly expressed. On the other hand, high expression levels of yellow and aaNAT were observed during worker and presoldier molts, respectively, but most other genes in the pathway were expressed at low levels. RNA interference (RNAi) of these key genes affected caste-specific cuticular pigmentation, leading to soldiers with yellowish-white heads and pigmented mandibular tips, presoldiers with partly pigmented head cuticles, and alates with the yellow head capsules. These results suggest that the pigmentation of caste-specific cuticles is achieved by the regulation of gene expression in the tyrosine metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Masuoka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Maekawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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Insilco Prediction and Characterization of microRNAs from Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Genome. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Connahs H, Rhen T, Simmons RB. Transcriptome analysis of the painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui during wing color pattern development. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:270. [PMID: 27030049 PMCID: PMC4815134 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butterfly wing color patterns are an important model system for understanding the evolution and development of morphological diversity and animal pigmentation. Wing color patterns develop from a complex network composed of highly conserved patterning genes and pigmentation pathways. Patterning genes are involved in regulating pigment synthesis however the temporal expression dynamics of these interacting networks is poorly understood. Here, we employ next generation sequencing to examine expression patterns of the gene network underlying wing development in the nymphalid butterfly, Vanessa cardui. RESULTS We identified 9, 376 differentially expressed transcripts during wing color pattern development, including genes involved in patterning, pigmentation and gene regulation. Differential expression of these genes was highest at the pre-ommochrome stage compared to early pupal and late melanin stages. Overall, an increasing number of genes were down-regulated during the progression of wing development. We observed dynamic expression patterns of a large number of pigment genes from the ommochrome, melanin and also pteridine pathways, including contrasting patterns of expression for paralogs of the yellow gene family. Surprisingly, many patterning genes previously associated with butterfly pattern elements were not significantly up-regulated at any time during pupation, although many other transcription factors were differentially expressed. Several genes involved in Notch signaling were significantly up-regulated during the pre-ommochrome stage including slow border cells, bunched and pebbles; the function of these genes in the development of butterfly wings is currently unknown. Many genes involved in ecdysone signaling were also significantly up-regulated during early pupal and late melanin stages and exhibited opposing patterns of expression relative to the ecdysone receptor. Finally, a comparison across four butterfly transcriptomes revealed 28 transcripts common to all four species that have no known homologs in other metazoans. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive list of differentially expressed transcripts during wing development, revealing potential candidate genes that may be involved in regulating butterfly wing patterns. Some differentially expressed genes have no known homologs possibly representing genes unique to butterflies. Results from this study also indicate that development of nymphalid wing patterns may arise not only from melanin and ommochrome pigments but also the pteridine pigment pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Connahs
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Turk Rhen
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Rebecca B Simmons
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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A Pathway Analysis of Melanin Patterning in a Hemimetabolous Insect. Genetics 2016; 203:403-13. [PMID: 26984060 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.186684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity in insect pigmentation, encompassing a wide range of colors and spatial patterns, is among the most noticeable features distinguishing species, individuals, and body regions within individuals. In holometabolous species, a significant portion of such diversity can be attributed to the melanin synthesis genes, but this has not been formally assessed in more basal insect lineages. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of how a set of melanin genes (ebony, black, aaNAT, yellow, and tan) contributes to the pigmentation pattern in a hemipteran, Oncopeltus fasciatus For all five genes, RNA interference depletion caused alteration of black patterning in a region-specific fashion. Furthermore, the presence of distinct nonblack regions in forewings and hindwings coincides with the expression of ebony and aaNAT in these appendages. These findings suggest that the region-specific phenotypes arise from regional employment of various combinations of the melanin genes. Based on this insight, we suggest that melanin genes are used in two distinct ways: a "painting" mode, using predominantly melanin-promoting factors in areas that generally lack black coloration, and, alternatively, an "erasing" mode, using mainly melanin-suppressing factors in regions where black is the dominant pigment. Different combinations of these strategies may account for the vast diversity of melanin patterns observed in insects.
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Ye YX, Pan PL, Kang D, Lu JB, Zhang CX. The multicopper oxidase gene family in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:124-132. [PMID: 26107750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of enzymes includes laccases, ascorbate oxidases, bilirubin oxidases and a subgroup of metal oxidases. On the basis of a bioinformatics investigation, we identified 7 genes encoding putative multicopper oxidase proteins in the genome of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). MCO1 and MCO2 are conserved, while others diverse in insects. Analysis of developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns revealed the following: NlMCO2 was mainly expressed in the integument, and its expression peaked periodically during molting; NlMCO3 was an ovary-specific MCO gene with a high expression level only at the adult stage; NlMCO4 was a salivary gland-specific MCO gene that was expressed at all developmental stages; NlMCO5 only had short-term expression in the middle of the fourth instar stage and was expressed mainly in the gut; NlMCO6 had a developmental expression pattern similar to that of NlMCO2 and was expressed in most N. lugens tissues; and NlMCO1 was expressed in most N. lugens tissues except for the testis, whereas NlMCO7 was mainly expressed in the gut and the Malpighian tube. BPHs injected with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting NlMCO2 failed to pigment and sclerotize, were colorless and soft-bodied and subsequently died in a short time. Lethal phenotypes were also observed in insects challenged by dsRNA targeting NlMCO6. However, no observable morphological or internal structural abnormality was obtained in the insects treated with dsRNA for NlMCO1, NlMCO3, NlMCO4, NlMCO5 or NlMCO7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peng-Lu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dong Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Cuticular protein with a low complexity sequence becomes cross-linked during insect cuticle sclerotization and is required for the adult molt. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10484. [PMID: 25994234 PMCID: PMC4440208 DOI: 10.1038/srep10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the insect cuticle, structural proteins (CPs) and the polysaccharide chitin are the major components. It has been hypothesized that CPs are cross-linked to other CPs and possibly to chitin by quinones or quinone methides produced by the laccase2-mediated oxidation of N-acylcatechols. In this study we investigated functions of TcCP30, the third most abundant CP in protein extracts of elytra (wing covers) from Tribolium castaneum adults. The mature TcCP30 protein has a low complexity and highly polar amino acid sequence. TcCP30 is localized with chitin in horizontal laminae and vertically oriented columnar structures in rigid cuticles, but not in soft and membranous cuticles. Immunoblot analysis revealed that TcCP30 undergoes laccase2-mediated cross-linking during cuticle maturation in vivo, a process confirmed in vitro using recombinant rTcCP30. We identified TcCPR27 and TcCPR18, the two most abundant proteins in the elytra, as putative cross-linking partners of TcCP30. RNAi for the TcCP30 gene had no effect on larval and pupal growth and development. However, during adult eclosion, ~70% of the adults were unable to shed their exuvium and died. These results support the hypothesis that TcCP30 plays an integral role as a cross-linked structural protein in the formation of lightweight rigid cuticle of the beetle.
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