1
|
Jin M, Ogundare SO, Lanio M, Sorid S, Whye AR, Santos SL, Franceschini A, Denny CA. A SMARTR workflow for multi-ensemble atlas mapping and brain-wide network analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603299. [PMID: 39071434 PMCID: PMC11275872 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, activity-dependent strategies for labelling multiple immediate early gene (IEG) ensembles in mice have generated unprecedented insight into the mechanisms of memory encoding, storage, and retrieval. However, few strategies exist for brain-wide mapping of multiple ensembles, including their overlapping population, and none incorporate capabilities for downstream network analysis. Here, we introduce a scalable workflow to analyze traditionally coronally-sectioned datasets produced by activity-dependent tagging systems. Intrinsic to this pipeline is simple multi-ensemble atlas registration and statistical testing in R (SMARTR), an R package which wraps mapping capabilities with functions for statistical analysis and network visualization. We demonstrate the versatility of SMARTR by mapping the ensembles underlying the acquisition and expression of learned helplessness (LH), a robust stress model. Applying network analysis, we find that exposure to inescapable shock (IS), compared to context training (CT), results in decreased centrality of regions engaged in spatial and contextual processing and higher influence of regions involved in somatosensory and affective processing. During LH expression, the substantia nigra emerges as a highly influential region which shows a functional reversal following IS, indicating a possible regulatory function of motor activity during helplessness. We also report that IS results in a robust decrease in reactivation activity across a number of cortical, hippocampal, and amygdalar regions, indicating suppression of ensemble reactivation may be a neurobiological signature of LH. These results highlight the emergent insights uniquely garnered by applying our analysis approach to multiple ensemble datasets and demonstrate the strength of our workflow as a hypothesis-generating toolkit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Neurobiology and Behavior (NB&B) Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Simon O. Ogundare
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Columbia College, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Marcos Lanio
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Adult Neurology Residency Program, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | | | - Alicia R. Whye
- Columbia College, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sofia Leal Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alessandra Franceschini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Christine. A. Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) / New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith SS, Benanni S, Jones Q, Kenney L, Evrard MR. Manipulation of α4βδ GABA A receptors alters synaptic pruning in layer 3 prelimbic prefrontal cortex and impairs temporal order recognition: Implications for schizophrenia and autism. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148929. [PMID: 38599510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Temporal order memory is impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). These disorders, more prevalent in males, result in abnormal dendritic spine pruning during adolescence in layer 3 (L3) medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), yielding either too many (ASD) or too few (SCZ) spines. Here we tested whether altering spine density in neural circuits including the mPFC could be associated with impaired temporal order memory in male mice. We have shown that α4βδ GABAA receptors (GABARs) emerge at puberty on spines of L5 prelimbic mPFC (PL) where they trigger pruning. We show here that α4βδ receptors also increase at puberty in L3 PL (P < 0.0001) and used these receptors as a target to manipulate spine density here. Pubertal injection (14 d) of the GABA agonist gaboxadol, at a dose (3 mg/kg) selective for α4βδ, reduced L3 spine density by half (P < 0.0001), while α4 knock-out increased spine density ∼ 40 % (P < 0.0001), mimicking spine densities in SCZ and ASD, respectively. In both cases, performance on the mPFC-dependent temporal order recognition task was impaired, resulting in decreases in the discrimination ratio which assesses preference for the novel object: -0.39 ± 0.15, gaboxadol versus 0.52 ± 0.09, vehicle; P = 0.0002; -0.048 ± 0.10, α4 KO versus 0.49 ± 0.04, wild-type; P < 0.0001. In contrast, the number of approaches was unaltered, reflecting unchanged locomotion. These data suggest that altering α4βδ GABAR expression/activity alters spine density in L3 mPFC and impairs temporal order memory to mimic changes in ASD and SCZ. These findings may provide insight into these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl S Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Safae Benanni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Quiana Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Lindsay Kenney
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Matthew R Evrard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang L, Liu D, Xie T, Le Z, Li X, Gong H, Xu XH, Xu M, Yao H. Whole-brain Mapping of Inputs and Outputs of Specific Orbitofrontal Cortical Neurons in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01229-8. [PMID: 38801564 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (ORB), a region crucial for stimulus-reward association, decision-making, and flexible behaviors, extensively connects with other brain areas. However, brain-wide inputs to projection-defined ORB neurons and the distribution of inhibitory neurons postsynaptic to neurons in specific ORB subregions remain poorly characterized. Here we mapped the inputs of five types of projection-specific ORB neurons and ORB outputs to two types of inhibitory neurons. We found that different projection-defined ORB neurons received inputs from similar cortical and thalamic regions, albeit with quantitative variations, particularly in somatomotor areas and medial groups of the dorsal thalamus. By counting parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneurons innervated by neurons in specific ORB subregions, we found a higher fraction of PV neurons in sensory cortices and a higher fraction of SST neurons in subcortical regions targeted by medial ORB neurons. These results provide insights into understanding and investigating the function of specific ORB neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dechen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Taorong Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ziwei Le
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hui Gong
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Haishan Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang K, Fleming K, Sathe A, Muller J, Harrop J, Middleton D, Heller J, Sharan A, Mohamed F, Krisa L, Alizadeh M. Microstructural alterations of major thalamic nuclei in the chronic pediatric spinal cord injured population. World Neurosurg X 2024; 21:100268. [PMID: 38187507 PMCID: PMC10767188 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The brain undergoes reorganization following spinal cord injury (SCI), but little is known about how the thalamus is affected in pediatric SCIs. Purpose To characterize microstructural alterations in the thalamus after SCI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics. Methods 18 pediatric participants with chronic SCI (8-20 years) were stratified using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) into groups: A, B, and C/D. DTI of the brain used a 3 T Siemens Verio MRI using the parameters: 20 directions, number of averages = 3, b = 1000 s/mm2, voxel size = 1.8 mm × 1.8 mm, slice thickness = 5 mm, TE = 95 ms, TR = 4300 ms, 30 slices, FOV = 230 × 230 mm2, matrix = 128 × 128, acquisition time = 4:45 min. Diffusion data was processed to generate DTI metrics FA, MD, AD, and RD. Data analysis DTI metrics were acquired by superimposing the AAL3 thalamic atlas onto participant diffusion images registered to MNI152 space. We utilized a multiple Mann-Whitney U-test to compare between AIS groups, considering values of p ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results FA, AD, RD, and MD significantly differed in thalamic nuclei between AIS groups A vs B and B vs C/D. Significant nuclei include the right ventral anterior, left intralaminar, bilateral lateral pulvinar, and right lateral geniculate. Conclusion Our findings suggest the presence of microstructural alterations based on SCI severity in pediatric patients. These results are encouraging and warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kang
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - K. Fleming
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - A. Sathe
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - J. Muller
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - J. Harrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - D. Middleton
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - J.E. Heller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - A. Sharan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - F. Mohamed
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - L. Krisa
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - M. Alizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim WS, Shen J, Tsogt U, Odkhuu S, Cheraghi S, Rami FZ, Chung YC. Altered thalamic volumes and functional connectivity in the recovered patients with psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115688. [PMID: 38141265 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating neural correlates in recovered patients with psychosis is important in terms of identifying biological markers associated with recovery status or predicting a possible future relapse. We sought to examine thalamic nuclei volumes and thalamus-centered functional connectivity (FC) in recovered patients with psychosis who discontinued their medication. METHODS Thirty patients with psychosis who satisfied the criteria for full recovery and 50 healthy controls (HC) matched for age, sex, and education underwent magnetic resonance imaging and clinical evaluation. The recovered patients were divided into the maintained and relapsed subjects according to their clinical status on the follow-ups. Thalamic nuclei volumes and thalamus-centered FC were measured between the recovered patients and HC. Correlations between the thalamic nuclei or altered FC, and clinical symptoms and cognitive functioning were explored. RESULTS Modest cognitive impairments and reduced thalamic nuclei volumes were evident in the recovered patients. Moreover, we found altered thalamo-cortical connectivity and its associations with negative symptoms and cognitive functioning in the recovered patients compared with HC. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are still cognitive impairments, and aberrant neuronal changes in the recovered patients. The implication of differential FC patterns between the maintained and the relapsed patients remain to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jie Shen
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Uyanga Tsogt
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soyolsaikhan Odkhuu
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sahar Cheraghi
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Fatima Zahra Rami
- Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea; Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National, University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lorentz L, Schüppen A, Suchan B, Binkofski F. Neural correlates of virtual reality-based attention training: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120454. [PMID: 37979896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Virtual Reality technology is increasingly used in attention rehabilitation for functional training purposes. However, the neural mechanisms by which Virtual Reality can affect attentional functioning are still unclear. The current study's objective is to examine the effects of stereoscopic vs. monoscopic presentation on neural processing during a visual attention task. METHOD Thirty-two healthy participants performed a visual attention task in an immersive virtual environment that was displayed via MR-compatible video goggles in an MRI scanner. The paradigm altered between trials that required active engagement with the task and mere observation trials. Furthermore, the form of binocular presentation switched between monoscopic and stereoscopic presentation. RESULTS Analyses yielded evidence for increased activation in stereoscopic compared to monoscopic trials in the tertiary visual cortex area V3A as well as elevated activation in the dorsal attention network when engaging in the attention task. An additional ROI analysis of area V3A revealed significantly lower attentional engagement costs in stereoscopic conditions. DISCUSSION Results support previous findings suggesting that V3A is involved in binocular depth perception. Furthermore, heightened activation in V3A following stereoscopic presentation seemed to facilitate attentional engagement with the task. Considering that V3A is the origin of the dorso-dorsal, ventro-dorsal, and ventral visual processing pathways, we regard it as a gating area that decides which kind of visual perception is processed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lorentz
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - André Schüppen
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Boris Suchan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychological Therapy Centre, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Binkofski
- Division of Clinical Cognitive Sciences, Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ohno-Shosaku T, Yoneda M, Maejima T, Wang M, Kikuchi Y, Onodera K, Kanazawa Y, Takayama C, Mieda M. Action Sequence Learning Is Impaired in Genetically Modified Mice with the Suppressed GABAergic Transmission from the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus to the Thalamus. Neuroscience 2023; 532:87-102. [PMID: 37778689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is a thin sheet of GABAergic neurons surrounding the thalamus, and it regulates the activity of thalamic relay neurons. The TRN has been reported to be involved in sensory gating, attentional regulation, and some other functions. However, little is known about the contribution of the TRN to sequence learning. In the present study, we examined whether the TRN is involved in reward-based learning of action sequence with no eliciting stimuli (operant conditioning), by analyzing the performance of male and female Avp-Vgat-/- mice (Vgatflox/flox mice crossed to an Avp-Cre driver line) on tasks conducted in an operant box having three levers. Our histological and electrophysiological data demonstrated that in adult Avp-Vgat-/- mice, vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) was absent in most TRN neurons and the GABAergic transmission from the TRN to the thalamus was largely suppressed. The performance on a task in which mice needed to press an active lever for food reward showed that simple operant learning of lever pressing and learning of win-stay and lose-shift strategies are not affected in Avp-Vgat-/- mice. In contrast, the performance on a task in which mice needed to press three levers in a correct order for food reward showed that learning of the order of lever pressing (action sequence learning) was impaired in Avp-Vgat-/- mice. These results suggest that the TRN plays an important role in action sequence learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ohno-Shosaku
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan.
| | - Mitsugu Yoneda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mohan Wang
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yui Kikuchi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Kaito Onodera
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yuji Kanazawa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1180, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Franz D, Richter A, Köhling R. Electrophysiological insights into deep brain stimulation of the network disorder dystonia. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1133-1147. [PMID: 37530804 PMCID: PMC10499667 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a treatment for modulating the abnormal central neuronal circuitry, has become the standard of care nowadays and is sometimes the only option to reduce symptoms of movement disorders such as dystonia. However, on the one hand, there are still open questions regarding the pathomechanisms of dystonia and, on the other hand, the mechanisms of DBS on neuronal circuitry. That lack of knowledge limits the therapeutic effect and makes it hard to predict the outcome of DBS for individual dystonia patients. Finding electrophysiological biomarkers seems to be a promising option to enable adapted individualised DBS treatment. However, biomarker search studies cannot be conducted on patients on a large scale and experimental approaches with animal models of dystonia are needed. In this review, physiological findings of deep brain stimulation studies in humans and animal models of dystonia are summarised and the current pathophysiological concepts of dystonia are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Franz
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Athwal D, Lee HL, Sah P, Opazo P, Chuang KH. Locating causal hubs of memory consolidation in spontaneous brain network in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5399. [PMID: 37669938 PMCID: PMC10480429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation after learning involves spontaneous, brain-wide network reorganization during rest and sleep, but how this is achieved is still poorly understood. Current theory suggests that the hippocampus is pivotal for this reshaping of connectivity. Using fMRI in male mice, we identify that a different set of spontaneous networks and their hubs are instrumental in consolidating memory during post-learning rest. We found that two types of spatial memory training invoke distinct functional connections, but that a network of the sensory cortex and subcortical areas is common for both tasks. Furthermore, learning increased brain-wide network integration, with the prefrontal, striatal and thalamic areas being influential for this network-level reconfiguration. Chemogenetic suppression of each hub identified after learning resulted in retrograde amnesia, confirming the behavioral significance. These results demonstrate the causal and functional roles of resting-state network hubs in memory consolidation and suggest that a distributed network beyond the hippocampus subserves this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengmin Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dilsher Athwal
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hsu-Lei Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Patricio Opazo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qadir H, Stewart BW, VanRyzin JW, Wu Q, Chen S, Seminowicz DA, Mathur BN. The mouse claustrum synaptically connects cortical network motifs. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111860. [PMID: 36543121 PMCID: PMC9838879 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially distant areas of the cerebral cortex coordinate their activity into networks that are integral to cognitive processing. A common structural motif of cortical networks is co-activation of frontal and posterior cortical regions. The neural circuit mechanisms underlying such widespread inter-areal cortical coordination are unclear. Using a discovery based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach in mouse, we observe frontal and posterior cortical regions that demonstrate significant functional connectivity with the subcortical nucleus, the claustrum. Examining whether the claustrum synaptically supports such frontoposterior cortical network architecture, we observe cortico-claustro-cortical circuits reflecting the fMRI data: significant trans-claustral synaptic connectivity from frontal cortices to posteriorly lying sensory and sensory association cortices contralaterally. These data reveal discrete cortical pathways through the claustrum that are positioned to support cortical network motifs central to cognitive control functions and add to the canon of major extended cortico-subcortico-cortical systems in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houman Qadir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF III 9179, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brent W. Stewart
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W. VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF III 9179, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian N. Mathur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, HSF III 9179, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Russo M, De Rosa MA, Calisi D, Consoli S, Evangelista G, Dono F, Santilli M, Granzotto A, Onofrj M, Sensi SL. Migraine Pharmacological Treatment and Cognitive Impairment: Risks and Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911418. [PMID: 36232720 PMCID: PMC9569564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder impairing the quality of life of patients. The condition requires, as an acute or prophylactic line of intervention, the frequent use of drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). The long-term impact of these medications on cognition and neurodegeneration has never been consistently assessed. The paper reviews pharmacological migraine treatments and discusses their biological and clinical effects on the CNS. The different anti-migraine drugs show distinct profiles concerning neurodegeneration and the risk of cognitive deficits. These features should be carefully evaluated when prescribing a pharmacological treatment as many migraineurs are of scholar or working age and their performances may be affected by drug misuse. Thus, a reconsideration of therapy guidelines is warranted. Furthermore, since conflicting results have emerged in the relationship between migraine and dementia, future studies must consider present and past pharmacological regimens as potential confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Russo
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- CAST—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo A. De Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Dario Calisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Consoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giacomo Evangelista
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Dono
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- CAST—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Santilli
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- CAST—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- CAST—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- CAST—Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders-iMIND, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- ITAB—Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technology, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abnormal white matter structure in hoarding disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 148:1-8. [PMID: 35081485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although preliminary neuroimaging research suggests that patients with hoarding disorder (HD) show widespread abnormal task-related activity in the brain, there has been no research on alterations in the white matter tracts in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the major white matter tracts in patients with HD. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to search for white matter tract abnormalities throughout the brain in 25 patients with HD and 36 healthy controls. Post hoc analysis of regions of interest was performed to detect correlations with clinical features. Compared with the controls, patients with HD showed decreased fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity in anatomically widespread white matter tracts. Post hoc analysis of regions of interest revealed a significant negative correlation between the severity of hoarding symptoms and fractional anisotropy in the left anterior limb of the internal capsule and a positive correlation between the severity of these symptoms and radial diffusivity in the right anterior thalamic radiation. Patients with HD showed a broad range of alterations in the frontal white matter tracts, including the frontothalamic circuit, frontoparietal network, and frontolimbic pathway. The findings of this study indicate associations between frontal white matter abnormalities related to the severity of hoarding symptoms in HD and the cortical regions involved in cognitive dysfunction. The insights provided would be useful for understanding the neurobiological basis of HD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Enhanced habit formation in Tourette patients explained by shortcut modulation in a hierarchical cortico-basal ganglia model. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1031-1050. [PMID: 35113242 PMCID: PMC8930794 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Devaluation protocols reveal that Tourette patients show an increased propensity to habitual behaviors as they continue to respond to devalued outcomes in a cognitive stimulus-response-outcome association task. We use a neuro-computational model of hierarchically organized cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops to shed more light on habit formation and its alteration in Tourette patients. In our model, habitual behavior emerges from cortico-thalamic shortcut connections, where enhanced habit formation can be linked to faster plasticity in the shortcut or to a stronger feedback from the shortcut to the basal ganglia. We explore two major hypotheses of Tourette pathophysiology-local striatal disinhibition and increased dopaminergic modulation of striatal medium spiny neurons-as causes for altered shortcut activation. Both model changes altered shortcut functioning and resulted in higher rates of responses towards devalued outcomes, similar to what is observed in Tourette patients. We recommend future experimental neuroscientific studies to locate shortcuts between cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops in the human brain and study their potential role in health and disease.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ceglarek A, Ochab JK, Cifre I, Fafrowicz M, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Lewandowska K, Bohaterewicz B, Marek T, Chialvo DR. Non-linear Functional Brain Co-activations in Short-Term Memory Distortion Tasks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:778242. [PMID: 34924944 PMCID: PMC8678091 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent works shed light on the neural correlates of true and false recognition and the influence of time of day on cognitive performance. The current study aimed to investigate the modulation of the false memory formation by the time of day using a non-linear correlation analysis originally designed for fMRI resting-state data. Fifty-four young and healthy participants (32 females, mean age: 24.17 ± 3.56 y.o.) performed in MR scanner the modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm in short-term memory during one session in the morning and another in the evening. Subjects’ responses were modeled with a general linear model, which includes as a predictor the non-linear correlations of regional BOLD activity with the stimuli, separately for encoding and retrieval phases. The results show the dependence of the non-linear correlations measures with the time of day and the type of the probe. In addition, the results indicate differences in the correlations measures with hippocampal regions between positive and lure probes. Besides confirming previous results on the influence of time-of-day on cognitive performance, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of the non-linear correlation analysis method for the characterization of fMRI task paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ceglarek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jeremi K Ochab
- M. Kac Complex Systems Research Center and M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignacio Cifre
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències l'Educació i de l'Esport, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Koryna Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bohaterewicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas (ICIFI), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Garrett DD, Skowron A, Wiegert S, Adolf J, Dahle CL, Lindenberger U, Raz N. Lost Dynamics and the Dynamics of Loss: Longitudinal Compression of Brain Signal Variability is Coupled with Declines in Functional Integration and Cognitive Performance. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5239-5252. [PMID: 34297815 PMCID: PMC8491679 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced moment-to-moment blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability has been consistently linked to advanced age and poorer cognitive performance, showing potential as a functional marker of brain aging. To date, however, this promise has rested exclusively on cross-sectional comparisons. In a sample of 74 healthy adults, we provide the first longitudinal evidence linking individual differences in BOLD variability, age, and performance across multiple cognitive domains over an average period of 2.5 years. As expected, those expressing greater loss of BOLD variability also exhibited greater decline in cognition. The fronto-striato-thalamic system emerged as a core neural substrate for these change-change associations. Preservation of signal variability within regions of the fronto-striato-thalamic system also cohered with preservation of functional integration across regions of this system, suggesting that longitudinal maintenance of "local" dynamics may require across-region communication. We therefore propose this neural system as a primary target in future longitudinal studies on the neural substrates of cognitive aging. Given that longitudinal change-change associations between brain and cognition are notoriously difficult to detect, the presence of such an association within a relatively short follow-up period bolsters the promise of brain signal variability as a viable, experimentally sensitive probe for studying individual differences in human cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Skowron
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiegert
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Janne Adolf
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Cheryl L Dahle
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Naftali Raz
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109721. [PMID: 34551311 PMCID: PMC8506234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar outputs take polysynaptic routes to reach the rest of the brain, impeding conventional tracing. Here, we quantify pathways between the cerebellum and forebrain by using transsynaptic tracing viruses and a whole-brain analysis pipeline. With retrograde tracing, we find that most descending paths originate from the somatomotor cortex. Anterograde tracing of ascending paths encompasses most thalamic nuclei, especially ventral posteromedial, lateral posterior, mediodorsal, and reticular nuclei. In the neocortex, sensorimotor regions contain the most labeled neurons, but we find higher densities in associative areas, including orbital, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortex. Patterns of ascending expression correlate with c-Fos expression after optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cells. Our results reveal homologous networks linking single areas of the cerebellar cortex to diverse forebrain targets. We conclude that shared areas of the cerebellum are positioned to provide sensory-motor information to regions implicated in both movement and nonmotor function. Pisano et al. use transsynaptic tracing and whole-brain light-sheet microscopy to quantitatively map cerebellar paths to and from the forebrain, including relatively dense projections to the prefrontal neocortex. Divergence of paths from single injection sites suggests that a single cerebellar region can influence multiple thalamic and neocortical targets at once.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee CCY, Kheradpezhouh E, Diamond ME, Arabzadeh E. State-Dependent Changes in Perception and Coding in the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108197. [PMID: 32997984 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's behavioral state is reflected in the dynamics of cortical population activity and its capacity to process sensory information. To better understand the relationship between behavioral states and information processing, mice are trained to detect varying amplitudes of whisker-deflection under two-photon calcium imaging. Layer 2/3 neurons in the vibrissal primary somatosensory cortex are imaged across different behavioral states, defined based on detection performance (low to high-state) and pupil diameter. The neurometric curve in each behavioral state mirrors the corresponding psychometric performance, with calcium signals predictive of the animal's choice. High behavioral states are associated with lower network synchrony, extending over shorter cortical distances. The decrease in correlation across neurons in high state results in enhanced information transmission capacity at the population level. The observed state-dependent changes suggest that the coding regime within the first stage of cortical processing may underlie adaptive routing of relevant information through the sensorimotor system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Y Lee
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Ehsan Kheradpezhouh
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mathew E Diamond
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahashi N, Moberg S, Zolnik TA, Catanese J, Sachdev RNS, Larkum ME, Jaeger D. Thalamic input to motor cortex facilitates goal-directed action initiation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4148-4155.e4. [PMID: 34302741 PMCID: PMC8478854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prompt execution of planned motor action is essential for survival. The interactions between frontal cortical circuits and the basal ganglia are central to goal-oriented action selection and initiation.1-4 In rodents, the ventromedial thalamic nucleus (VM) is one of the critical nodes that conveys the output of the basal ganglia to the frontal cortical areas including the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM).5-9 Recent studies showed the critical role of ALM and its interplay with the motor thalamus in preparing sensory-cued rewarded movements, specifically licking.10-12 Work in primates suggests that the basal ganglia output to the motor thalamus transmits an urgency or vigor signal,13-15 which leads to shortened reaction times and faster movement initiation. As yet, little is known about what signals are transmitted from the motor thalamus to the cortex during cued movements and how these signals contribute to movement initiation. In the present study, we employed a tactile-cued licking task in mice while monitoring reaction times of the initial lick. We found that inactivation of ALM delayed the initiation of cued licking. Two-photon Ca2+ imaging of VM axons revealed that the majority of the axon terminals in ALM were transiently active during licking. Their activity was predictive of the time of the first lick. Chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulation of VM axons in ALM indicated that VM inputs facilitate the initiation of cue-triggered and impulsive licking in trained mice. Our results suggest that VM thalamocortical inputs increase the probability and vigor of initiating planned motor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takahashi
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sara Moberg
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy A Zolnik
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Catanese
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert N S Sachdev
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Riquelme D, Peralta FA, Navarro FD, Moreno C, Leiva-Salcedo E. I CAN (TRPM4) Contributes to the Intrinsic Excitability of Prefrontal Cortex Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105268. [PMID: 34067824 PMCID: PMC8157065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortical layer 2/3 are an essential contributor to the cellular basis of working memory; thus, changes in their intrinsic excitability critically affect medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functional properties. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 (TRPM4), a calcium-activated nonselective cation channel (CAN), regulates the membrane potential in a calcium-dependent manner. In this study, we uncovered the role of TRPM4 in regulating the intrinsic excitability plasticity of pyramidal neurons in the mouse mPFC layer of 2/3 using a combination of conventional and nystatin perforated whole-cell recordings. Interestingly, we found that TRPM4 is open at resting membrane potential, and its inhibition increases input resistance and hyperpolarizes membrane potential. After high-frequency stimulation, pyramidal neurons increase a calcium-activated non-selective cation current, increase the action potential firing, and the amplitude of the afterdepolarization, these effects depend on intracellular calcium. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or genetic silencing of TRPM4 reduces the firing rate and the afterdepolarization after high frequency stimulation. Together, these results show that TRPM4 plays a significant role in the excitability of mPFC layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons by modulating neuronal excitability in a calcium-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hemi-parkinsonism and return of essential tremors after MRgFUS thalamotomy: Case report and review of procedural complications affecting ventral thalamic nuclei. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 23:100339. [PMID: 33937534 PMCID: PMC8076700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy targets the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus and has been shown to be safe and effective to treat medication-resistant essential tremors. Improvement in tremor scores, posture and action scores, disability scores and quality of life scores have been reported in patients treated with this procedure. Adverse events are usually transient and non-severe. We present a patient who underwent MRgFUS thalamotomy of the left VIM and developed new-onset parkinsonian features predominantly on the right side and return of essential tremors a few years after the procedure. Changes in speech (hypophonia and dysarthria), gait imbalance and postural instability, bradykinesia, and cogwheeling rigidity occurred, likely due to involvement of the fiber tracts through the ventrolateral subnuclei and the adjacent ventral anterior thalamic nuclei and other surrounding structures. We describe side effects of MRgFUS thalamotomy in our patient compared to previous reports and review the thalamic nuclei and surrounding structures that can be affected during procedure, causing these effects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mair RG, Francoeur MJ, Gibson BM. Central Thalamic-Medial Prefrontal Control of Adaptive Responding in the Rat: Many Players in the Chamber. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:642204. [PMID: 33897387 PMCID: PMC8060444 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.642204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has robust afferent and efferent connections with multiple nuclei clustered in the central thalamus. These nuclei are elements in large-scale networks linking mPFC with the hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, other cortical areas, and visceral and arousal systems in the brainstem that give rise to adaptive goal-directed behavior. Lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), the main source of thalamic input to middle layers of PFC, have limited effects on delayed conditional discriminations, like DMTP and DNMTP, that depend on mPFC. Recent evidence suggests that MD sustains and amplifies neuronal responses in mPFC that represent salient task-related information and is important for detecting and encoding contingencies between actions and their consequences. Lesions of rostral intralaminar (rIL) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei produce delay-independent impairments of egocentric DMTP and DNMTP that resemble effects of mPFC lesions on response speed and accuracy: results consistent with projections of rIL to striatum and VM to motor cortices. The ventral midline and anterior thalamic nuclei affect allocentric spatial cognition and memory consistent with their connections to mPFC and hippocampus. The dorsal midline nuclei spare DMTP and DNMTP. They have been implicated in behavioral-state control and response to salient stimuli in associative learning. mPFC functions are served during DNMTP by discrete populations of neurons with responses related to motor preparation, movements, lever press responses, reinforcement anticipation, reinforcement delivery, and memory delay. Population analyses show that different responses are timed so that they effectively tile the temporal interval from when DNMTP trials are initiated until the end. Event-related responses of MD neurons during DNMTP are predominantly related to movement and reinforcement, information important for DNMTP choice. These responses closely mirror the activity of mPFC neurons with similar responses. Pharmacological inactivation of MD and adjacent rIL affects the expression of diverse action- and outcome-related responses of mPFC neurons. Lesions of MD before training are associated with a shift away from movement-related responses in mPFC important for DNMTP choice. These results suggest that MD has short-term effects on the expression of event-related activity in mPFC and long-term effects that tune mPFC neurons to respond to task-specific information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mair
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Miranda J Francoeur
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.,Neural Engineering and Translation Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brett M Gibson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kahleova H, Tintera J, Thieme L, Veleba J, Klementova M, Kudlackova M, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Markova I, Haluzik M, Pavlovicova R, Hill M, Tura A, Pelikanova T. A plant-based meal affects thalamus perfusion differently than an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in men with type 2 diabetes, overweight/obese, and healthy men: A three-group randomized crossover study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1822-1833. [PMID: 33081982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reward circuitry in the brain plays a key role in weight regulation. We tested the effects of a plant-based meal on these brain regions. METHODS A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a vegan (V-meal) and a conventional meat (M-meal) on brain activity, gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20), overweight/obese participants (O; n = 20), and healthy controls (H; n = 20). Brain perfusion was measured, using arterial spin labeling functional brain imaging; satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale; and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were determined at 0 and 180 min. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. The Hedge's g statistic was used to measure the effect size for means of paired difference between the times (180-0 min) and meal types (M-V meal) for each group. RESULTS Thalamus perfusion was the highest in patients with T2D and the lowest in overweight/obese individuals (p = 0.001). Thalamus perfusion decreased significantly after ingestion of the M-meal in men with T2D (p = 0.04) and overweight/obese men (p = 0.004), and it decreased significantly after ingestion of the V-meal in healthy controls (p < 0.001; Group x Meal x Time: F = 3.4; p = 0.035). The effect size was -0.41 (95% CI, -1.14 to 0.31; p = 0.26) for men with diabetes; -0.72 (95% CI, -1.48 to 0.01; p = 0.05) for overweight/obese men; and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.59; p = 0.03) for healthy men. Postprandial secretion of active GLP-1 increased after the V-meal compared with the M-meal by 42% (95% CI 25-62%; p = 0.003) in men with T2D and by 41% (95% CI 24-61%; p = 0.002) in healthy controls. Changes in thalamus perfusion after ingestion of both test meals correlated with changes in satiety (r = +0.68; p < 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (r = +0.40; p < 0.01), C-peptide (r = +0.48; p < 0.01) and amylin (r = +0.55; p < 0.01), and insulin secretion at 5 mmol/l (r = +0.77; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after the V-meal in men with T2D, with concomitant greater satiety and changes in thalamus perfusion, suggest a potential use of plant-based meals in addressing the key pathophysiologic mechanisms of food intake regulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474147.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kahleova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jaroslav Tintera
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Thieme
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Veleba
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Klementova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Malinska
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Markova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzik
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Pavlovicova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Terezie Pelikanova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sieveritz B, Arbuthnott GW. Prelimbic cortical targets of ventromedial thalamic projections include inhibitory interneurons and corticostriatal pyramidal neurons in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2057-2076. [PMID: 32661702 PMCID: PMC7473973 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ventromedial thalamic axons innervate cortical layer I and make contacts onto the apical dendritic tuft of pyramidal neurons. Optical stimulation of ventromedial thalamic axon terminals in prefrontal cortical areas in mouse brain slices evokes responses in corticocortical, corticothalamic and layer I inhibitory interneurons. Using anterograde tracing techniques and immunohistochemistry in male Sprague–Dawley rats, we provide anatomical evidence that ventromedial thalamic axon terminals in prelimbic cortex make contacts onto pyramidal neurons and, in particular, onto corticostriatal neurons as well as layer I inhibitory interneurons. Using stereology, we made quantitative estimates of contacts in uppermost prelimbic layer I onto dendrites of pyramidal neurons, corticostriatal neurons and layer I inhibitory interneurons. Prefrontal cortex has long been associated with decision making. Specifically, corticostriatal neurons in rat prelimbic cortex play an important role in cost–benefit decision making. Although recent experiments have detailed the physiology of this area in thalamocortical circuits, the extent of the impact of ventromedial thalamic input on corticostriatal neurons or layer I inhibitory interneurons has not been explored. Our quantitative anatomical results provide evidence that most ventromedial thalamic input to pyramidal neurons is provided to corticostriatal neurons and that overall more contacts are made onto the population of excitatory than onto the population of inhibitory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Sieveritz
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Optogenetic Revolution in Cerebellar Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072494. [PMID: 32260234 PMCID: PMC7212757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is most renowned for its role in sensorimotor control and coordination, but a growing number of anatomical and physiological studies are demonstrating its deep involvement in cognitive and emotional functions. Recently, the development and refinement of optogenetic techniques boosted research in the cerebellar field and, impressively, revolutionized the methodological approach and endowed the investigations with entirely new capabilities. This translated into a significant improvement in the data acquired for sensorimotor tests, allowing one to correlate single-cell activity with motor behavior to the extent of determining the role of single neuronal types and single connection pathways in controlling precise aspects of movement kinematics. These levels of specificity in correlating neuronal activity to behavior could not be achieved in the past, when electrical and pharmacological stimulations were the only available experimental tools. The application of optogenetics to the investigation of the cerebellar role in higher-order and cognitive functions, which involves a high degree of connectivity with multiple brain areas, has been even more significant. It is possible that, in this field, optogenetics has changed the game, and the number of investigations using optogenetics to study the cerebellar role in non-sensorimotor functions in awake animals is growing. The main issues addressed by these studies are the cerebellar role in epilepsy (through connections to the hippocampus and the temporal lobe), schizophrenia and cognition, working memory for decision making, and social behavior. It is also worth noting that optogenetics opened a new perspective for cerebellar neurostimulation in patients (e.g., for epilepsy treatment and stroke rehabilitation), promising unprecedented specificity in the targeted pathways that could be either activated or inhibited.
Collapse
|
25
|
Francoeur MJ, Mair RG. Effects of choice on neuronal activity in anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortices in the rat: Comparison of serial lever pressing with delayed nonmatching to position. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:2052-2069. [PMID: 31829477 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to choose between response alternatives based on their likely consequences depends on distributed neural circuits that involve rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). To understand the effects of choice on mPFC function, we compared the activity of mPFC neurons in rats performing two tasks: dynamic delayed nonmatching to position (dDNMTP), a task with a prefrontal-dependent conditional choice, and serial lever pressing (SLP), a task lacking a choice but trained in the same apparatus with sequences of actions and reinforcements matched to dDNMTP. More neurons exhibited event-related responses during dDNMTP than SLP. Average firing rate during recording sessions was higher during dDNMTP for neurons with event-related responses, but lower for neurons with activity unrelated to behavioural events. Thus, compared to SLP, dDNMTP appears to enhance the activity of neurons that represent behaviourally relevant information and to suppress the activity of neurons that do not. dDNMTP was associated with responses related to preparation and memory delay that were not observed during SLP as well as enhanced responses related to movement and reinforcement. These results provide evidence that choice in the dDNMTP task is associated with adaptive changes in background firing rates and coding properties of mPFC neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert G Mair
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bargas J, Mena-Segovia J, Smith Y, Bolam JP. Papers arising from the 12th International Basal Ganglia Society Meeting. March 26th-30th 2017, Mérida, Yucatán, México. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:591-592. [PMID: 30735599 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Bargas
- División Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Juan Mena-Segovia
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Aidekman Research Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|