1
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Lazaridis I, Crittenden JR, Ahn G, Hirokane K, Yoshida T, Wickersham IR, Mahar A, Skara V, Loftus JH, Parvataneni K, Meletis K, Ting JT, Hueske E, Matsushima A, Graybiel AM. Striosomes Target Nigral Dopamine-Containing Neurons via Direct-D1 and Indirect-D2 Pathways Paralleling Classic Direct-Indirect Basal Ganglia Systems. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.01.596922. [PMID: 38915684 PMCID: PMC11195572 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.01.596922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Balanced activity of canonical direct D1 and indirect D2 basal ganglia pathways is considered a core requirement for normal movement, and their imbalance is an etiologic factor in movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. We present evidence for a conceptually equivalent pair of direct-D1 and indirect-D2 pathways that arise from striatal projection neurons (SPNs) of the striosome compartment rather than from SPNs of the matrix, as do the canonical pathways. These S-D1 and S-D2 striosomal pathways target substantia nigra dopamine-containing neurons instead of basal ganglia motor output nuclei. They modulate movement oppositely to the modulation by the canonical pathways: S-D1 is inhibitory and S-D2 is excitatory. The S-D1 and S-D2 circuits likely influence motivation for learning and action, complementing and reorienting canonical pathway modulation. A major conceptual reformulation of the classic direct-indirect pathway model of basal ganglia function is needed, as well as reconsideration of the effects of D2-targeting therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos Lazaridis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Jill R. Crittenden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Gun Ahn
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Kojiro Hirokane
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ian R. Wickersham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ara Mahar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | | | - Johnny H. Loftus
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Krishna Parvataneni
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | | | - Jonathan T. Ting
- Human Cell Types Dept, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle WA 98109, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Emily Hueske
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ayano Matsushima
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Ann M. Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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2
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Zid M, Laurie VJ, Levine-Champagne A, Shourkeshti A, Harrell D, Herman AB, Ebitz RB. Humans forage for reward in reinforcement learning tasks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602539. [PMID: 39026817 PMCID: PMC11257465 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
How do we make good decisions in uncertain environments? In psychology and neuroscience, the classic answer is that we calculate the value of each option and then compare the values to choose the most rewarding, modulo some exploratory noise. An ethologist, conversely, would argue that we commit to one option until its value drops below a threshold, at which point we start exploring other options. In order to determine which view better describes human decision-making, we developed a novel, foraging-inspired sequential decision-making model and used it to ask whether humans compare to threshold ("Forage") or compare alternatives ("Reinforcement-Learn" [RL]). We found that the foraging model was a better fit for participant behavior, better predicted the participants' tendency to repeat choices, and predicted the existence of held-out participants with a pattern of choice that was almost impossible under RL. Together, these results suggest that humans use foraging computations, rather than RL, even in classic reinforcement learning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Zid
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC , H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Veldon-James Laurie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC , H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Akram Shourkeshti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC , H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dameon Harrell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alexander B. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - R. Becket Ebitz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC , H3T 1J4, Canada
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3
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Grohn J, Khalighinejad N, Jahn CI, Bongioanni A, Schüffelgen U, Sallet J, Rushworth MFS, Kolling N. General mechanisms of task engagement in the primate frontal cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4802. [PMID: 38839745 PMCID: PMC11153620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Staying engaged is necessary to maintain goal-directed behaviors. Despite this, engagement exhibits continuous, intrinsic fluctuations. Even in experimental settings, animals, unlike most humans, repeatedly and spontaneously move between periods of complete task engagement and disengagement. We, therefore, looked at behavior in male macaques (macaca mulatta) in four tasks while recording fMRI signals. We identified consistent autocorrelation in task disengagement. This made it possible to build models capturing task-independent engagement. We identified task general patterns of neural activity linked to impending sudden task disengagement in mid-cingulate gyrus. By contrast, activity centered in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) was associated with maintenance of performance across tasks. Importantly, we carefully controlled for task-specific factors such as the reward history and other motivational effects, such as response vigor, in our analyses. Moreover, we showed pgACC activity had a causal link to task engagement: transcranial ultrasound stimulation of pgACC changed task engagement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grohn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Nima Khalighinejad
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline I Jahn
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Alessandro Bongioanni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Urs Schüffelgen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 18 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Kolling
- Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 18 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69500, Bron, France
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pôle EST, Bron, France
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4
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Amemori S, Graybiel AM, Amemori KI. Cingulate microstimulation induces negative decision-making via reduced top-down influence on primate fronto-cingulo-striatal network. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4201. [PMID: 38760337 PMCID: PMC11101474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is crucial for regulation of emotion that is known to aid prevention of depression. The broader fronto-cingulo-striatal (FCS) network, including cognitive dlPFC and limbic cingulo-striatal regions, has been associated with a negative evaluation bias often seen in depression. The mechanism by which dlPFC regulates the limbic system remains largely unclear. Here we have successfully induced a negative bias in decision-making in female primates performing a conflict decision-making task, by directly microstimulating the subgenual cingulate cortex while simultaneously recording FCS local field potentials (LFPs). The artificially induced negative bias in decision-making was associated with a significant decrease in functional connectivity from cognitive to limbic FCS regions, represented by a reduction in Granger causality in beta-range LFPs from the dlPFC to the other regions. The loss of top-down directional influence from cognitive to limbic regions, we suggest, could underlie negative biases in decision-making as observed in depressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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5
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Hueske E, Stine C, Yoshida T, Crittenden JR, Gupta A, Johnson JC, Achanta AS, Loftus J, Mahar A, Hul D, Azocar J, Gray RJ, Bruchas MR, Graybiel AM. Developmental and adult striatal patterning of nociceptin ligand marks striosomal population with direct dopamine projections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.15.594426. [PMID: 38798373 PMCID: PMC11118414 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.15.594426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Circuit influences on the midbrain dopamine system are crucial to adaptive behavior and cognition. Recent developments in the study of neuropeptide systems have enabled high-resolution investigations of the intersection of neuromodulatory signals with basal ganglia circuitry, identifying the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) endogenous opioid peptide system as a prospective regulator of striatal dopamine signaling. Using a prepronociceptin-Cre reporter mouse line, we characterized highly selective striosomal patterning of Pnoc mRNA expression in mouse dorsal striatum, reflecting early developmental expression of Pnoc . In the ventral striatum, Pnoc expression was was clustered across the nucleus accumbens core and medial shell, including in adult striatum. We found that Pnoc tdTomato reporter cells largely comprise a population of dopamine receptor D1 ( Drd1 ) expressing medium spiny projection neurons localized in dorsal striosomes, known to be unique among striatal projections neurons for their direct innervation of midbrain dopamine neurons. These findings provide new understanding of the intersection of the N/OFQ system among basal ganglia circuits with particular implications for developmental regulation or wiring of striatal-nigral circuits.
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6
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Frost-Nylén J, Thompson WS, Robertson B, Grillner S. The Basal Ganglia Downstream Control of Action - An Evolutionarily Conserved Strategy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1419-1430. [PMID: 37563813 PMCID: PMC11097981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor areas of the cortex and the basal ganglia both contribute to determining which motor actions will be recruited at any moment in time, and their functions are intertwined. Here, we review the basal ganglia mechanisms underlying the selection of behavior of the downstream control of motor centers in the midbrain and brainstem and show that the basic organization of the forebrain motor system is evolutionarily conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny. The output level of the basal ganglia (e.g. substantia nigra pars reticulata) has GABAergic neurons that are spontaneously active at rest and inhibit a number of specific motor centers, each of which can be relieved from inhibition if the inhibitory output neurons themselves become inhibited. The motor areas of the cortex act partially via the dorsolateral striatum (putamen), which has specific modules for the forelimb, hindlimb, trunk, etc. Each module operates in turn through the two types of striatal projection neurons that control the output modules of the basal ganglia and thereby the downstream motor centers. The mechanisms for lateral inhibition in the striatum are reviewed as well as other striatal mechanisms contributing to action selection. The motor cortex also exerts a direct excitatory action on specific motor centers. An overview is given of the basal ganglia control exerted on the different midbrain/brainstem motor centers, and the efference copy information fed back via the thalamus to the striatum and cortex, which is of importance for the planning of future movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Karunakaran KB, Amemori KI. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of anxiety disorder-associated genes. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:385. [PMID: 38092764 PMCID: PMC10719387 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most common form of mental disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although physiological studies have revealed the neural circuits related to AD symptoms, how AD-associated genes are spatiotemporally expressed in the human brain still remains unclear. In this study, we integrated genome-wide association studies of four human AD subtypes-generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder-with spatial gene expression patterns. Our investigation uncovered a novel division among AD-associated genes, marked by significant and distinct expression enrichments in the cerebral nuclei, limbic, and midbrain regions. Each gene cluster was associated with specific anxiety-related behaviors, signaling pathways, region-specific gene networks, and cell types. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation in the temporal expression patterns of these gene clusters during various developmental stages. Moreover, the specific brain regions enriched in each gene group aligned with neural circuits previously associated with negative decision-making and anxious temperament. These results suggest that the two distinct gene clusters may underlie separate neural systems involved in anxiety. As a result, our findings bridge the gap between genes and neural circuitry, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying AD-associated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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8
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Zhang X, Song M, Li J, Jiang T. EM-fMRI: A Promising Method for Mapping the Brain Functional Connectome. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:707-709. [PMID: 36329263 PMCID: PMC10073383 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Zhang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Song
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jin Li
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Brainnetome Center, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Research Center for Augmented Intelligence, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
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9
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Bloem B, Huda R, Amemori KI, Abate AS, Krishna G, Wilson AL, Carter CW, Sur M, Graybiel AM. Multiplexed action-outcome representation by striatal striosome-matrix compartments detected with a mouse cost-benefit foraging task. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1541. [PMID: 35318343 PMCID: PMC8941061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning about positive and negative outcomes of actions is crucial for survival and underpinned by conserved circuits including the striatum. How associations between actions and outcomes are formed is not fully understood, particularly when the outcomes have mixed positive and negative features. We developed a novel foraging (‘bandit’) task requiring mice to maximize rewards while minimizing punishments. By 2-photon Ca++ imaging, we monitored activity of visually identified anterodorsal striatal striosomal and matrix neurons. We found that action-outcome associations for reward and punishment were encoded in parallel in partially overlapping populations. Single neurons could, for one action, encode outcomes of opposing valence. Striosome compartments consistently exhibited stronger representations of reinforcement outcomes than matrix, especially for high reward or punishment prediction errors. These findings demonstrate multiplexing of action-outcome contingencies by single identified striatal neurons and suggest that striosomal neurons are particularly important in action-outcome learning. The role that the striatum plays in tracking the association between actions and combinations of rewarding and aversive outcomes remains unclear. Here, by using both calcium imaging in mice and reinforcement learning models, the authors find that individual striatal neurons can encode associations between actions and multiple, sometimes conflicting, outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bloem
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Sinopia Biosciences, 600W Broadway, Suite 700, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Alex S Abate
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gayathri Krishna
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna L Wilson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cody W Carter
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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10
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Xu R, Bichot NP, Takahashi A, Desimone R. The cortical connectome of primate lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:312-327.e7. [PMID: 34739817 PMCID: PMC8776613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of primates plays an important role in executive control, but how it interacts with the rest of the cortex remains unclear. To address this, we densely mapped the cortical connectome of LPFC, using electrical microstimulation combined with functional MRI (EM-fMRI). We found isomorphic mappings between LPFC and five major processing domains composing most of the cerebral cortex except early sensory and motor areas. An LPFC grid of ∼200 stimulation sites topographically mapped to separate grids of activation sites in the five domains, coarsely resembling how the visual cortex maps the retina. The temporal and parietal maps largely overlapped in LPFC, suggesting topographically organized convergence of the ventral and dorsal streams, and the other maps overlapped at least partially. Thus, the LPFC contains overlapping, millimeter-scale maps that mirror the organization of major cortical processing domains, supporting LPFC's role in coordinating activity within and across these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Narcisse P Bichot
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Pizzagalli DA, Roberts AC. Prefrontal cortex and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:225-246. [PMID: 34341498 PMCID: PMC8617037 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has emerged as one of the regions most consistently impaired in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although functional and structural PFC abnormalities have been reported in both individuals with current MDD as well as those at increased vulnerability to MDD, this information has not translated into better treatment and prevention strategies. Here, we argue that dissecting depressive phenotypes into biologically more tractable dimensions - negative processing biases, anhedonia, despair-like behavior (learned helplessness) - affords unique opportunities for integrating clinical findings with mechanistic evidence emerging from preclinical models relevant to depression, and thereby promises to improve our understanding of MDD. To this end, we review and integrate clinical and preclinical literature pertinent to these core phenotypes, while emphasizing a systems-level approach, treatment effects, and whether specific PFC abnormalities are causes or consequences of MDD. In addition, we discuss several key issues linked to cross-species translation, including functional brain homology across species, the importance of dissecting neural pathways underlying specific functional domains that can be fruitfully probed across species, and the experimental approaches that best ensure translatability. Future directions and clinical implications of this burgeoning literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School & McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Karunakaran KB, Amemori S, Balakrishnan N, Ganapathiraju MK, Amemori KI. Generalized and social anxiety disorder interactomes show distinctive overlaps with striosome and matrix interactomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18392. [PMID: 34526518 PMCID: PMC8443595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders remain elusive despite the discovery of several associated genes. We constructed the protein-protein interaction networks (interactomes) of six anxiety disorders and noted enrichment for striatal expression among common genes in the interactomes. Five of these interactomes shared distinctive overlaps with the interactomes of genes that were differentially expressed in two striatal compartments (striosomes and matrix). Generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder interactomes showed exclusive and statistically significant overlaps with the striosome and matrix interactomes, respectively. Systematic gene expression analysis with the anxiety disorder interactomes constrained to contain only those genes that were shared with striatal compartment interactomes revealed a bifurcation among the disorders, which was influenced by the anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and the dopaminergic signaling pathway. Our results indicate that the functionally distinct striatal pathways constituted by the striosome and the matrix may influence the etiological differentiation of various anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Satoko Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Intelligent Systems Program, School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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13
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Amemori S, Graybiel AM, Amemori KI. Causal Evidence for Induction of Pessimistic Decision-Making in Primates by the Network of Frontal Cortex and Striosomes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:649167. [PMID: 34276282 PMCID: PMC8277931 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.649167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that patients with anxiety disorders exhibited coactivation of limbic cortices and basal ganglia, which together form a large-scale brain network. The mechanisms by which such a large-scale network could induce or modulate anxiety-like states are largely unknown. This article reviews our experimental program in macaques demonstrating a causal involvement of local striatal and frontal cortical sites in inducing pessimistic decision-making that underlies anxiety. Where relevant, we related these findings to the wider literature. To identify such sites, we have made a series of methodologic advances, including the combination of causal evidence for behavioral modification of pessimistic decisions with viral tracing methods. Critically, we introduced a version of the classic approach-avoidance (Ap-Av) conflict task, modified for use in non-human primates. We performed microstimulation of limbic-related cortical regions and the striatum, focusing on the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), the caudal orbitofrontal cortex (cOFC), and the caudate nucleus (CN). Microstimulation of localized sites within these regions induced pessimistic decision-making by the monkeys, supporting the idea that the focal activation of these regions could induce an anxiety-like state, which subsequently influences decision-making. We further performed combined microstimulation and tract-tracing experiments by injecting anterograde viral tracers into focal regions, at which microstimulation induced increased avoidance. We found that effective stimulation sites in both pACC and cOFC zones projected preferentially to striosomes in the anterior striatum. Experiments in rodents have shown that the striosomes in the anterior striatum project directly to the dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra, and we have found evidence for a functional connection between striosomes and the lateral habenular region in which responses to reward are inhibitory. We present here further evidence for network interactions: we show that the pACC and cOFC project to common structures, including not only the anterior parts of the striosome compartment but also the tail of the CN, the subgenual ACC, the amygdala, and the thalamus. Together, our findings suggest that networks having pACC and cOFC as nodes share similar features in their connectivity patterns. We here hypothesize, based on these results, that the brain sites related to pessimistic judgment are mediated by a large-scale brain network that regulates dopaminergic functions and includes striosomes and striosome-projecting cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Friedman A, Hueske E, Drammis SM, Toro Arana SE, Nelson ED, Carter CW, Delcasso S, Rodriguez RX, Lutwak H, DiMarco KS, Zhang Q, Rakocevic LI, Hu D, Xiong JK, Zhao J, Gibb LG, Yoshida T, Siciliano CA, Diefenbach TJ, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Graybiel AM. Striosomes Mediate Value-Based Learning Vulnerable in Age and a Huntington's Disease Model. Cell 2020; 183:918-934.e49. [PMID: 33113354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Learning valence-based responses to favorable and unfavorable options requires judgments of the relative value of the options, a process necessary for species survival. We found, using engineered mice, that circuit connectivity and function of the striosome compartment of the striatum are critical for this type of learning. Calcium imaging during valence-based learning exhibited a selective correlation between learning and striosomal but not matrix signals. This striosomal activity encoded discrimination learning and was correlated with task engagement, which, in turn, could be regulated by chemogenetic excitation and inhibition. Striosomal function during discrimination learning was disturbed with aging and severely so in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Anatomical and functional connectivity of parvalbumin-positive, putative fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) to striatal projection neurons was enhanced in striosomes compared with matrix in mice that learned. Computational modeling of these findings suggests that FSIs can modulate the striosomal signal-to-noise ratio, crucial for discrimination and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Friedman
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emily Hueske
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina M Drammis
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian E Toro Arana
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Erik D Nelson
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cody W Carter
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastien Delcasso
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raimundo X Rodriguez
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hope Lutwak
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kaden S DiMarco
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qingyang Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lara I Rakocevic
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joshua K Xiong
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leif G Gibb
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tomoko Yoshida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Kotaleski JH. Basal Ganglia—A Motion Perspective. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1241-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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