1
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Broadwell ELM, Pickford RE, Perkins RG, Sgouridis F, Williamson CJ. Adaptation versus plastic responses to temperature, light, and nitrate availability in cultured snow algal strains. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad088. [PMID: 37553143 PMCID: PMC10481995 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Snow algal blooms are widespread, dominating low temperature, high light, and oligotrophic melting snowpacks. Here, we assessed the photophysiological and cellular stoichiometric responses of snow algal genera Chloromonas spp. and Microglena spp. in their vegetative life stage isolated from the Arctic and Antarctic to gradients in temperature (5 - 15°C), nitrate availability (1 - 10 µmol L-1), and light (50 and 500 µmol photons m-2 s-1). When grown under gradients in temperature, measured snow algal strains displayed Fv/Fm values increased by ∼115% and electron transport rates decreased by ∼50% at 5°C compared to 10 and 15°C, demonstrating how low temperatures can mimic high light impacts to photophysiology. When using carrying capacity as opposed to growth rate as a metric for determining the temperature optima, these snow algal strains can be defined as psychrophilic, with carrying capacities ∼90% higher at 5°C than warmer temperatures. All strains approached Redfield C:N stoichiometry when cultured under nutrient replete conditions regardless of temperature (5.7 ± 0.4 across all strains), whereas significant increases in C:N were apparent when strains were cultured under nitrate concentrations that reflected in situ conditions (17.8 ± 5.9). Intra-specific responses in photophysiology were apparent under high light with Chloromonas spp. more capable of acclimating to higher light intensities. These findings suggest that in situ conditions are not optimal for the studied snow algal strains, but they are able to dynamically adjust both their photochemistry and stoichiometry to acclimate to these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L M Broadwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Pickford
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert G Perkins
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fotis Sgouridis
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Williamson
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
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2
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Nutrient enrichment favors grazing selectivity and nutritional mismatch in a plankton community. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-023-00556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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3
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Han Y, Zhou Y. Investigating biophysical control of marine phytoplankton dynamics via Bayesian mechanistic modeling. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Inomura K, Deutsch C, Jahn O, Dutkiewicz S, Follows MJ. Global patterns in marine organic matter stoichiometry driven by phytoplankton ecophysiology. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:1034-1040. [PMID: 36530964 PMCID: PMC9749492 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-01066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of major elements in marine organic matter links cellular processes to global nutrient, oxygen and carbon cycles. Differences in the C:N:P ratios of organic matter have been observed between ocean biomes, but these patterns have yet to be quantified from the underlying small-scale physiological and ecological processes. Here we use an ecosystem model that includes adaptive resource allocation within and between ecologically distinct plankton size classes to attribute the causes of global patterns in the C:N:P ratios. We find that patterns of N:C variation are largely driven by common physiological adjustment strategies across all phytoplankton, while patterns of N:P are driven by ecological selection for taxonomic groups with different phosphorus storage capacities. Although N:C varies widely due to cellular adjustment to light and nutrients, its latitudinal gradient is modest because of depth-dependent trade-offs between nutrient and light availability. Strong latitudinal variation in N:P reflects an ecological balance favouring small plankton with lower P storage capacity in the subtropics, and larger eukaryotes with a higher cellular P storage capacity in nutrient-rich high latitudes. A weaker N:P difference between southern and northern hemispheres, and between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, reflects differences in phosphate available for cellular storage. Despite simulating only two phytoplankton size classes, the emergent global variability of elemental ratios resembles that of all measured species, suggesting that the range of growth conditions and ecological selection sustain the observed diversity of stoichiometry among phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Inomura
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Curtis Deutsch
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Geosciences and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Oliver Jahn
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Michael J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
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5
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Thangaraj S, Liu H, Kim IN, Sun J. Acclimation traits determine the macromolecular basis of harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum in response to changing climate conditions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102313. [PMID: 36195427 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming and acidification are expected to have profound impacts on the marine ecosystem, although the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is reported to be acclimated to such conditions. However, it is unknown on the transition time scale how this species physiologically adjusts their element accumulation and associated resource allocation for this process. We designed a set of experiments to examine how different culture generations (1st, 5th, and 10th) change their cell physiology, cellular quotas and macromolecular cellular contents related to functional processes in A. minutum grown with future (pCO2, 1000 ppm; 25°C) and present (pCO2, 400 ppm; 21°C) ocean conditions. The differing cell sizes and storage capacity at different generations confirmed that compared to ancestors (1st generation), acclimation cells (10th generation) gained increases in quota carbon (QC; 55%; [p < 0.05]) and quota phosphate (QP; 23% [ p < 0.05]). This variation in C:P and N:P influences was transition-specific and largely determined by phosphate-based molecules. It was observed that A. minutum was initially dependent on P molecules, which help cells act as alternative lipids for quick acclimation until N molecules resume carbon-based lipids for their long-term acclimation. Our study demonstrated that rising temperature and pCO2 concentrations in ocean may increase A. minutum based on the comprehensive analysis of different physiological modifications, including its growth, element accumulation, transformation, and functional allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheeswaran Thangaraj
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Il-Nam Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Multi-Omics Profiling Reveals Resource Allocation and Acclimation Strategies to Temperature Changes in a Marine Dinoflagellate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0121322. [PMID: 35976001 PMCID: PMC9469709 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01213-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental factor that affects the cell growth of dinoflagellates and bloom formation. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological responses to temperature variations are poorly understood. Here, we applied quantitative proteomic and untargeted metabolomic approaches to investigate protein and metabolite expression profiles of a bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum shikokuense at different temperatures. Of the four temperatures (19, 22, 25, and 28°C) investigated, P. shikokuense at 25°C exhibited the maximal cell growth rate and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) value. The levels of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) decreased with increasing temperature, while the POC/PON ratio increased and peaked at 25°C. Proteomic analysis showed proteins related to photoreaction, light harvesting, and protein homeostasis were highly expressed at 28°C when cells were under moderate heat stress. Metabolomic analysis further confirmed reallocated amino acids and soluble sugars at this temperature. Both omic analyses showed glutathione metabolism that scavenges the excess reactive oxygen species, and transcription and lipid biosynthesis that compensate for the low translation efficiency and plasma membrane fluidity were largely upregulated at suboptimal temperature. Higher accumulations of glutathione, glutarate semialdehyde, and 5-KETE at 19°C implied their important roles in low-temperature acclimation. The strikingly active nitrate reduction and nitrogen flux into asparagine, glutamine, and aspartic acid at 19°C indicated these three amino acids may serve as nitrogen storage pools and help cells cope with low temperature. Our study provides insights into the effects of temperature on dinoflagellate resource allocation and advances our knowledge of dinoflagellate bloom formation in marine environments. IMPORTANCE Marine phytoplankton is one of the most important nodes in global biogeochemical cycle. Deciphering temperature-associated marine phytoplankton cell stoichiometric changes and the underlying molecular mechanisms are therefore of great ecological concerns. However, knowledge of how phytoplankton adjust the cell stoichiometry to sustain growth under temperature changes is still lacking. This study investigates the variations of protein and metabolite profiles in a marine dinoflagellate across temperatures at which the field blooms usually occur and highlights the temperature-dependent molecular traits and key metabolites that may be associated with rapid cell growth and temperature stress acclimation.
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Hu B, Zhou J, Dong J, Yang H, Yu G, Hong Y. Association of algae diversity and Hyriopsis schlegelii growth in mixed fish-mussel aquaculture. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Cheng LM, Zhang SF, Xie ZX, Li DX, Lin L, Wang MH, Wang DZ. Metabolic Adaptation of a Globally Important Diatom following 700 Generations of Selection under a Warmer Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5247-5255. [PMID: 35352563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms, accounting for 40% of the marine primary production and 20% of global carbon dioxide fixation, are threatened by the ongoing ocean warming (OW). However, whether and how these ecologically important phytoplankton adapt to OW remains poorly unknown. Here, we experimentally examined the metabolic adaptation of a globally important diatom species Skeletonema dohrnii (S. dohrnii) to OW at two elevated temperatures (24 and 28 °C compared with 20 °C) under short-term (∼300 generations) and long-term (∼700 generations) selection. Both warming levels significantly increased the cell growth rate but decreased the chlorophyll a content. The contents of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) decreased significantly initially (i.e., until 300 generations) at two temperature treatments but completely recovered after 700 generations of selection, suggesting that S. dohrnii ultimately developed thermal adaptation. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that elevated temperatures upregulated energy metabolism via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation as well as nitrogen acquisition and utilization, which in turn reduced substance storage because of trade-off in the 300th generation, thus decreasing POC and PON. Interestingly, populations at both elevated temperatures exhibited significant proteome plasticity in the 700th generation, as primarily demonstrated by the increased lipid catabolism and glucose accumulation, accounting for the recovery of POC and PON. Changes occurring in cells at the 300th and 700th generations demonstrate that S. dohrnii can adapt to the projected OW, and readjusting the energy metabolism is an important adaptive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Man Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dong-Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ming-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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9
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Influence of N:P Ratio of Water on Ecological Stoichiometry of Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication is one of the major threats to shallow lake ecosystems, because it causes large-scale degradation of submerged plants. N:P ratio is an important indicator to estimate nutrient supply to water bodies and guide the restoration of submerged plants. The massive input of N and P changes the structure of aquatic communities and ecological processes. However, the mechanism underlying the influence of changes in N and P content and the N:P ratio of a water body on the growth of submerged plants is still unclear. In this study, we simulated gradients of water N:P ratio in lakes in the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River using outdoor mesocosm experiments. Using established generalized linear models (GLM), the effects of total nitrogen (TN) content and N:P ratio of water, phytoplankton and periphytic algae biomass, and relative growth rate (RGR) of plants on the stoichiometric characteristics of two widely distributed submerged plants, Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria natans, were explored. The results reveal that changes in water nutrient content affected the C:N:P stoichiometry of submerged plants. In a middle-eutrophic state, the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P in the submerged plants were not influenced by phytoplankton and periphytic algae. The P content of H. verticillata and V. natans was positively correlated with their relative growth rate (RGR). As TN and N:P ratio of water increased, their N content increased and C:N decreased. These results indicate that excessive N absorption by submerged plants and the consequent internal physiological injury and growth inhibition may be the important reasons for the degradation of submerged vegetation in the process of lake eutrophication.
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10
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Armin G, Inomura K. Modeled temperature dependencies of macromolecular allocation and elemental stoichiometry in phytoplankton. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5421-5427. [PMID: 34712391 PMCID: PMC8515405 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming oceans may affect how phytoplankton allocate nutrients to essential cellular processes. Despite the potential impact of such processes on future biogeochemical cycles, questions remain about how temperature affects macromolecular allocation and elemental stoichiometry within phytoplankton cells. Here, we present a macromolecular model of phytoplankton and the effect of increasing temperature on the intracellular allocation of nutrients at a constant growth rate. When temperature increases under nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) co-limitation, the model shows less investment in phosphorus-rich RNA molecules relative to nitrogen-rich proteins, leading to a more severe decrease in cellular P:C than N:C causing increased cellular N:P values. Under P limitation, the model shows a similar pattern, but when excess P is available under N limitation, we predict lowered N:P due to the effect of luxury uptake of P. We reflected our model result on the surface ocean showing similar latitudinal patterns in N:P and P:C to observation and other model predictions, suggesting a considerable impact of temperature on constraining the elemental stoichiometry in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Armin
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Keisuke Inomura
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
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11
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Mayerhofer MM, Eigemann F, Lackner C, Hoffmann J, Hellweger FL. Dynamic carbon flux network of a diverse marine microbial community. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:50. [PMID: 37938646 PMCID: PMC9723560 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The functioning of microbial ecosystems has important consequences from global climate to human health, but quantitative mechanistic understanding remains elusive. The components of microbial ecosystems can now be observed at high resolution, but interactions still have to be inferred e.g., a time-series may show a bloom of bacteria X followed by virus Y suggesting they interact. Existing inference approaches are mostly empirical, like correlation networks, which are not mechanistically constrained and do not provide quantitative mass fluxes, and thus have limited utility. We developed an inference method, where a mechanistic model with hundreds of species and thousands of parameters is calibrated to time series data. The large scale, nonlinearity and feedbacks pose a challenging optimization problem, which is overcome using a novel procedure that mimics natural speciation or diversification e.g., stepwise increase of bacteria species. The method allows for curation using species-level information from e.g., physiological experiments or genome sequences. The product is a mass-balancing, mechanistically-constrained, quantitative representation of the ecosystem. We apply the method to characterize phytoplankton-heterotrophic bacteria interactions via dissolved organic matter in a marine system. The resulting model predicts quantitative fluxes for each interaction and time point (e.g., 0.16 µmolC/L/d of chrysolaminarin to Polaribacter on April 16, 2009). At the system level, the flux network shows a strong correlation between the abundance of bacteria species and their carbon flux during blooms, with copiotrophs being relatively more important than oligotrophs. However, oligotrophs, like SAR11, are unexpectedly high carbon processors for weeks into blooms, due to their higher biomass. The fraction of exudates (vs. grazing/death products) in the DOM pool decreases during blooms, and they are preferentially consumed by oligotrophs. In addition, functional similarity of phytoplankton i.e., what they produce, decouples their association with heterotrophs. The methodology is applicable to other microbial ecosystems, like human microbiome or wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falk Eigemann
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Lackner
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Hoffmann
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ferdi L Hellweger
- Water Quality Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Collins S, Schaum CE. Growth strategies of a model picoplankter depend on social milieu and pCO 2. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211154. [PMID: 34315257 PMCID: PMC8316809 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton exist in genetically diverse populations, but are often studied as single lineages (single strains), so that interpreting single-lineage studies relies critically on understanding how microbial growth differs with social milieu, defined as the presence or absence of conspecifics. The properties of lineages grown alone often fail to predict the growth of these same lineages in the presence of conspecifics, and this discrepancy points towards an opportunity to improve our understanding of the factors that affect lineage growth rates. We demonstrate that different lineages of a marine picoplankter modulate their maximum lineage growth rate in response to the presence of non-self conspecifics, even when resource competition is effectively absent. This explains why growth rates of lineages in isolation do not reliably predict their growth rates in mixed culture, or the lineage composition of assemblages under conditions of rapid growth. The diversity of growth strategies observed here are consistent with lineage-specific energy allocation that depends on social milieu. Since lineage growth is only one of many traits determining fitness in natural assemblages, we hypothesize that intraspecific variation in growth strategies should be common, with more strategies possible in ameliorated environments that support higher maximum growth rates, such as high CO2 for many marine picoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, IEB, Ashworth Laboratories, The King's Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - C. Elisa Schaum
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Liu H, Li Y, Li S. Cu and Na contents regulate N uptake of Leymus chinensis growing in soda saline-alkali soil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243172. [PMID: 33259559 PMCID: PMC7707461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) is the dominant plant in the eastern margins of the Eurasian temperate grasslands. It is a very robust species, exhibiting good saline-alkali resistance and stabilizing soil. In this study, 67 soil samples and L. chinensis were collected in western Jilin province, China. The contents of N, P, K, S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Na were measured, revealing that the growth of L. chinensis was mainly restricted by N based on the stoichiometric N: P ratios of plant. Furthermore, path analysis indicated that N was significantly correlated with K, S, Cu, and Zn. Imbalances in the homeostasis of these four elements may thus constrain N. The homeostasis index of Cu (HCu) in sites with 100%-70% of vegetation cover was only 0.79, it was classified as a sensitive element. However, K, S and Zn, whose concentrations in L. chinensis were significantly related to those of N, exhibited no homeostatic characteristics. These results suggest that when seeking to treat saline-alkali stress, it is important to add fertilizers containing K, S, and Zn to avoid growth limitation. Na+, an ion associated with high soil alkalinity, exhibited weak homeostasis in L. chinensis even in sites with only 40%-10% of vegetation cover. When soil Na exceeded 16000 mg/kg, the homeostasis mechanism of L. chinensis appeared to be overwhelmed, resulting in rapid and probably harmful accumulation of Na. Proper control of N content can alleviate the toxicity of Na stress in L. chinensis and enhance its Na tolerance. Together, these results suggest that combined fertilization with N, K, S, Zn and Cu should be applied to improve grasslands growth. The results of this study can provide a reference basis for sustainable grassland management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Liu
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuefen Li
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Land and Resources, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shujie Li
- College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Elser JJ, Wu C, González AL, Shain DH, Smith HJ, Sommaruga R, Williamson CE, Brahney J, Hotaling S, Vanderwall J, Yu J, Aizen V, Aizen E, Battin TJ, Camassa R, Feng X, Jiang H, Lu L, Qu JJ, Ren Z, Wen J, Wen L, Woods HA, Xiong X, Xu J, Yu G, Harper JT, Saros JE. Key rules of life and the fading cryosphere: Impacts in alpine lakes and streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6644-6656. [PMID: 32969121 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine regions are changing rapidly due to loss of snow and ice in response to ongoing climate change. While studies have documented ecological responses in alpine lakes and streams to these changes, our ability to predict such outcomes is limited. We propose that the application of fundamental rules of life can help develop necessary predictive frameworks. We focus on four key rules of life and their interactions: the temperature dependence of biotic processes from enzymes to evolution; the wavelength dependence of the effects of solar radiation on biological and ecological processes; the ramifications of the non-arbitrary elemental stoichiometry of life; and maximization of limiting resource use efficiency across scales. As the cryosphere melts and thaws, alpine lakes and streams will experience major changes in temperature regimes, absolute and relative inputs of solar radiation in ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation, and relative supplies of resources (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), leading to nonlinear and interactive effects on particular biota, as well as on community and ecosystem properties. We propose that applying these key rules of life to cryosphere-influenced ecosystems will reduce uncertainties about the impacts of global change and help develop an integrated global view of rapidly changing alpine environments. However, doing so will require intensive interdisciplinary collaboration and international cooperation. More broadly, the alpine cryosphere is an example of a system where improving our understanding of mechanistic underpinnings of living systems might transform our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of ongoing global change across the daunting scope of diversity in Earth's biota and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Angélica L González
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel H Shain
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Heidi J Smith
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Lake and Glacier Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Janice Brahney
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Vanderwall
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Vladimir Aizen
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Elena Aizen
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Tom J Battin
- Stream Biofilm and Ecosystem Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Camassa
- Department of Mathematics, Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixin Lu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John J Qu
- Global Environment and Natural Resources Institute (GENRI) and Department of Geography and GeoInformation Science (GGS), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ze Ren
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chendu, China
| | - Lijuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Region, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Joel T Harper
- Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jasmine E Saros
- School of Biology and Ecology, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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15
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Functional Genomics Differentiate Inherent and Environmentally Influenced Traits in Dinoflagellate and Diatom Communities. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040567. [PMID: 32326461 PMCID: PMC7232425 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are among the most prominent microeukaryotic plankton groups, and they have evolved different functional traits reflecting their roles within ecosystems. However, links between their metabolic processes and functional traits within different environmental contexts warrant further study. The functional biodiversity of dinoflagellates and diatoms was accessed with metatranscriptomics using Pfam protein domains as proxies for functional processes. Despite the overall geographic similarity of functional responses, abiotic (i.e., temperature and salinity; ~800 Pfam domains) and biotic (i.e., taxonomic group; ~1500 Pfam domains) factors influencing particular functional responses were identified. Salinity and temperature were identified as the main drivers of community composition. Higher temperatures were associated with an increase of Pfam domains involved in energy metabolism and a decrease of processes associated with translation and the sulfur cycle. Salinity changes were correlated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (e.g., terpenoids and polyketides) and signal transduction processes, indicating an overall strong effect on the biota. The abundance of dinoflagellates was positively correlated with nitrogen metabolism, vesicular transport and signal transduction, highlighting their link to biotic interactions (more so than diatoms) and suggesting the central role of species interactions in the evolution of dinoflagellates. Diatoms were associated with metabolites (e.g., isoprenoids and carotenoids), as well as lysine degradation, which highlights their ecological role as important primary producers and indicates the physiological importance of these metabolic pathways for diatoms in their natural environment. These approaches and gathered information will support ecological questions concerning the marine ecosystem state and metabolic interactions in the marine environment.
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16
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Ward BA, Collins S, Dutkiewicz S, Gibbs S, Bown P, Ridgwell A, Sauterey B, Wilson JD, Oschlies A. Considering the Role of Adaptive Evolution in Models of the Ocean and Climate System. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:3343-3361. [PMID: 32025278 PMCID: PMC6988444 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerical models have been highly successful in simulating global carbon and nutrient cycles in today's ocean, together with observed spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll and plankton biomass at the surface. With this success has come some confidence in projecting the century-scale response to continuing anthropogenic warming. There is also increasing interest in using such models to understand the role of plankton ecosystems in past oceans. However, today's marine environment is the product of billions of years of continual evolution-a process that continues today. In this paper, we address the questions of whether an assumption of species invariance is sufficient, and if not, under what circumstances current model projections might break down. To do this, we first identify the key timescales and questions asked of models. We then review how current marine ecosystem models work and what alternative approaches are available to account for evolution. We argue that for timescales of climate change overlapping with evolutionary timescales, accounting for evolution may to lead to very different projected outcomes regarding the timescales of ecosystem response and associated global biogeochemical cycling. This is particularly the case for past extinction events but may also be true in the future, depending on the eventual degree of anthropogenic disruption. The discipline of building new numerical models that incorporate evolution is also hugely beneficial in itself, as it forces us to question what we know about adaptive evolution, irrespective of its quantitative role in any specific event or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Ward
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - S. Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - S. Dutkiewicz
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Gibbs
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - P. Bown
- Department of GeologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Ridgwell
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - B. Sauterey
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS)ParisFrance
| | - J. D. Wilson
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - A. Oschlies
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
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17
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Yang J, Wang F, Lv J, Liu Q, Nan F, Liu X, Xu L, Xie S, Feng J. Interactive effects of temperature and nutrients on the phytoplankton community in an urban river in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:688. [PMID: 31664528 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relative impact sizes of environmental factors and nutrients on the high annual variation of phytoplankton abundance in eutrophic rivers is important for aquatic ecosystem management efforts. In this study, we used phytoplankton dynamic datasets in the eutrophic Fenhe River to show the variations and drivers of phytoplankton abundance under complex, fluctuating environmental conditions during 2012-2017. The temporal and spatial variations of nutrients in the river depicted that the total phosphorus (TP) concentration was higher in the wet season and in downstream. There were increases in total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the normal season and in upstream. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that the phytoplankton abundance increased during the wet season despite the decrease in the TN:TP ratio and was reduced upstream due to the highest TN:TP ratio. Among the environmental variables, water temperature (WT) was an important predictor and positively correlated temporally and spatially to phytoplankton. The interaction of nutrients with the phytoplankton community at different temperature levels indicated that different phytoplankton groups have different nutrient requirements. We can conclude that enhances in temperature and TP concentration will significantly increase phytoplankton abundance and dominance of cyanobacteria and green algae in the future, whereas there was insignificant effect on diatoms. These data indicated that temperature and TP content were the important abiotic factors influencing the phytoplankton growth of the water body, which could provide a reference for the evaluation of environmental alterations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Junping Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Fangru Nan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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18
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Active nitrogen fixation by Crocosphaera expands their niche despite the presence of ammonium - A case study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15064. [PMID: 31636357 PMCID: PMC6803696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular nitrogen fixer Crocosphaera contributes substantially to nitrogen fixation in oligotrophic subtropical gyres. They fix nitrogen even when significant amounts of ammonium are available. This has been puzzling since fixing nitrogen is energetically inefficient compared with using available ammonium. Here we show that by fixing nitrogen, Crocosphaera can increase their population and expand their niche despite the presence of ammonium. We have developed a simple but mechanistic model of Crocosphaera based on their growth in steady state culture. The model shows that the growth of Crocosphaera can become nitrogen limited despite their capability to fix nitrogen. When they fix nitrogen, the population increases by up to 78% relative to the case without nitrogen fixation. When we simulate a simple ecological situation where Crocosphaera exists with non-nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton, the relative abundance of Crocosphaera increases with nitrogen fixation, while the population of non-nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton decreases since a larger fraction of fixed nitrogen is consumed by Crocosphaera. Our study quantitatively supports the benefit of nitrogen fixation despite the high electron/energy costs, even when an energetically efficient alternative is available. It demonstrates a competitive aspect of Crocosphaera, permitting them to be regionally significant nitrogen fixers.
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19
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Hofmann P, Chatzinotas A, Harpole WS, Dunker S. Temperature and stoichiometric dependence of phytoplankton traits. Ecology 2019; 100:e02875. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - W. Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle (Saale) 06108 Germany
| | - Susanne Dunker
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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20
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Liefer JD, Garg A, Fyfe MH, Irwin AJ, Benner I, Brown CM, Follows MJ, Omta AW, Finkel ZV. The Macromolecular Basis of Phytoplankton C:N:P Under Nitrogen Starvation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:763. [PMID: 31057501 PMCID: PMC6479212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeochemical cycles in the ocean are strongly affected by the elemental stoichiometry (C:N:P) of phytoplankton, which largely reflects their macromolecular content. A greater understanding of how this macromolecular content varies among phytoplankton taxa and with resource limitation may strengthen physiological and biogeochemical modeling efforts. We determined the macromolecular basis (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acids, pigments) of C:N:P in diatoms and prasinophytes, two globally important phytoplankton taxa, in response to N starvation. Despite their differing cell sizes and evolutionary histories, the relative decline in protein during N starvation was similar in all four species studied and largely determined variations in N content. The accumulation of carbohydrate and lipid dominated the increase in C content and C:N in all species during N starvation, but these processes differed greatly between diatoms and prasinophytes. Diatoms displayed far greater accumulation of carbohydrate with N starvation, possibly due to their greater cell size and storage capacity, resulting in larger increases in C content and C:N. In contrast, the prasinophytes had smaller increases in C and C:N that were largely driven by lipid accumulation. Variation in C:P and N:P was species-specific and mainly determined by residual P pools, which likely represent intracellular storage of inorganic P and accounted for the majority of cellular P in all species throughout N starvation. Our findings indicate that carbohydrate and lipid accumulation may play a key role in determining the environmental and taxonomic variability in phytoplankton C:N. This quantitative assessment of macromolecular and elemental content spanning several marine phytoplankton species can be used to develop physiological models for ecological and biogeochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Liefer
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aneri Garg
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Matthew H. Fyfe
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Irwin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Ina Benner
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Brown
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Michael J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anne Willem Omta
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zoe V. Finkel
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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21
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Lewington‐Pearce L, Narwani A, Thomas MK, Kremer CT, Vogler H, Kratina P. Temperature‐dependence of minimum resource requirements alters competitive hierarchies in phytoplankton. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lewington‐Pearce
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary Univ. of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Anita Narwani
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Mridul K. Thomas
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Colin T. Kremer
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale Univ New Haven CT USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State Univ Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Helena Vogler
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary Univ. of London London E1 4NS UK
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22
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Stibor H, Stockenreiter M, Nejstgaard JC, Ptacnik R, Sommer U. Trophic switches in pelagic systems. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:108-114. [PMID: 32984659 PMCID: PMC7493431 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ecological studies need experimentation to test concepts and to disentangle causality in community dynamics. While simple models have given substantial insights into population and community dynamics, recent ecological concepts become increasingly complex. The globally important pelagic food web dynamics are well suited to test complex ecological concepts. For instance, trophic switches of individual organisms within pelagic food webs can elongate food webs or shift the balance between autotroph and heterotroph carbon fluxes. Here, we summarize results from mesocosm experiments demonstrating how environmental drivers result in trophic switches of marine phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. Such mesocosm experiments are useful to develop and test complex ecological concepts going beyond trophic level-based analyses, including diversity, individual behavior, and environmental stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig Stibor
- Department Biology II, Experimental Aquatic Ecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Stockenreiter
- Department Biology II, Experimental Aquatic Ecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jens Christian Nejstgaard
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhtute 2, D-16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Robert Ptacnik
- WasserCluster Lunz – Biologische Station GmbH, Seehof 4, 3293, Lunz Am See, Austria
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Proteome evolution under non-substitutable resource limitation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4650. [PMID: 30405128 PMCID: PMC6220234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource limitation is a major driver of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of organisms. Short-term responses to resource limitation include plastic changes in molecular phenotypes including protein expression. Yet little is known about the evolution of the molecular phenotype under longer-term resource limitation. Here, we combine experimental evolution of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under multiple different non-substitutable resource limitation regimes with proteomic measurements to investigate evolutionary adaptation of the molecular phenotype. We demonstrate convergent proteomic evolution of core metabolic functions, including the Calvin-Benson cycle and gluconeogenesis, across different resource limitation environments. We do not observe proteomic changes consistent with optimized uptake of particular limiting resources. Instead, we report that adaptation proceeds in similar directions under different types of non-substitutable resource limitation. This largely convergent evolution of the expression of core metabolic proteins is associated with an improvement in the resource assimilation efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus into biomass. Organisms could respond to essential resource limitation by increasing metabolic efficiency or resource acquisition ability. Here, the authors experimentally evolve green algae under different resource limitations and show convergent evolution of core metabolism rather than resource specialization.
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24
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Bernhardt JR, Sunday JM, O'Connor MI. Metabolic Theory and the Temperature-Size Rule Explain the Temperature Dependence of Population Carrying Capacity. Am Nat 2018; 192:687-697. [PMID: 30444656 DOI: 10.1086/700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of highly conserved subcellular metabolic systems affects ecological patterns and processes across scales, from organisms to ecosystems. Population density at carrying capacity plays an important role in evolutionary processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, yet how it varies with temperature-dependent metabolism remains unclear. Though the exponential effect of temperature on intrinsic population growth rate, r, is well known, we still lack clear evidence that population density at carrying capacity, K, declines with increasing per capita metabolic rate, as predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). We experimentally tested whether temperature effects on photosynthesis propagate directly to population carrying capacity in a model species, the mobile phytoplankton Tetraselmis tetrahele. After maintaining populations at a fixed resource supply and fixed temperatures for 43 days, we found that carrying capacity declined with increasing temperature. This decline was predicted quantitatively when models included temperature-dependent metabolic rates and temperature-associated body-size shifts. Our results demonstrate that warming reduces carrying capacity and that temperature effects on body size and metabolic rate interact to determine how temperature affects population dynamics. These findings bolster efforts to relate metabolic temperature dependence to population and ecosystem patterns via MTE.
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25
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Wang N, Xiong J, Wang XC, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhou B, Pan P, Liu Y, Ding F. Relationship between phytoplankton community and environmental factors in landscape water with high salinity in a coastal city of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:28460-28470. [PMID: 30088246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Relationship between phytoplankton community and environmental variables was explored in three landscape water bodies (namely Jiyun River Oxbow (JRO), Qingjing Lake (QL), and Jiyun River (JR)) with high salinity, located in Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city of China, using redundancy analysis (RDA). A total of 48 species of phytoplankton were identified during the study period, in which Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta accounted for 35.42 and 31.25%, respectively. The most dominant species of the studied water bodies were Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyta) and Aphanocapsa elachista (Cyanophyta). The diversity index ranged from 0.56 to 1.42, with an average of 1.11, reflecting low biodiversity in the phytoplankton community. Moreover, the average density of phytoplankton was 42.39 × 106 cells/L, indicating that those landscape water bodies belonged to moderate eutrophication. The results of RDA revealed that the most significant environmental factors influencing phytoplankton community were water temperature (WT), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), salinity, and total nitrogen (TN) (p < 0.05, Monte Carlo permutation test). Meanwhile, Aphanocapsa elachista was positively correlated with WT, TN, and salinity, while Cyclotella meneghiniana was positively related to salinity and negatively related to TP. The results suggested that salinity was a non-negligible key factor affecting the phytoplankton community of the water body with high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Sciences, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Pan Pan
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Wuhuan Engineering Co. Ltd., Wuhuan, 430223, China
| | - Yanzheng Liu
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Feiyang Ding
- International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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26
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Gorain PC, Sengupta S, Satpati GG, Paul I, Tripathi S, Pal R. Carbon sequestration in macroalgal mats of brackish-water habitats in Indian Sunderbans: Potential as renewable organic resource. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:689-702. [PMID: 29898555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large influx of excess nutrients into sub-tropical brackish-water habitats is expected to radically affect the algal populations in the heavily populated Sunderbans brackish-water ecozone. Twelve selected brackish-water sites in the Indian Sunderbans were surveyed to investigate the growth performance of mat-forming dominant algal/cyanobacterial macrophytes and their potential for carbon (C) sequestration into hydrologic and pedologic pools. The mats were dominated by particular taxa at different seasons related to physico-chemical properties of the wetland habitats. Different environmental variables and biomass productivity parameters were measured on fortnightly basis to assess the carbon cycle related to dominant algal blooms of the study area. The dominating species at the twelve sites included seven genera (Spirogyra, Rhizoclonium, Ulva, Cladophora, Pithophora, Chaetomorpha) belonging to Chlorophyta, three genera (Polysiphonia, Gracilaria, Catenella) belonging to Rhodophyta and Lyngbya majuscula from cyanobacteria. Multivariate statistical methods indicated that nutrient availability, particularly dissolved P concentration and N:P ratio in the water column, along with salinity in the water column mainly affected biomass yield and C sequestration of mat-forming macrophytes and OC input into water column. However, OC contents of underlying muck proved to be very stable, though small influxes of OC occurred at each bloom. High biomass yields (34-3107 g/m2) of the dominant mat components accumulated enormous stocks of OC, very little of which reaches the pedologic pool. This transient biomass might be utilized as dietary supplements or biofuel feedstocks. Availability of important dietary fatty acids in Spirogyra punctulata, Gracilaria sp., Polysiphonia mollis, Rhizoclonium riparium, R. tortuosum, Pithophora oedogonia and Ulva lactuca was considered as suitability of these species as nutraceuticals. Fatty acid compositions of L. majuscula, Catenella repens, R. tortuosum and Cladophora crystallina were estimated to be applicable for producing biodiesel for usage in sub-tropical climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Gorain
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Sarban Sengupta
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Gour Gopal Satpati
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ishita Paul
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudipta Tripathi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Institute of Agricultural Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ruma Pal
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Environmental fluctuations accelerate molecular evolution of thermal tolerance in a marine diatom. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1719. [PMID: 29712900 PMCID: PMC5928086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms contribute roughly 20% of global primary production, but the factors determining their ability to adapt to global warming are unknown. Here we quantify the capacity for adaptation to warming in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. We find that evolutionary rescue under severe (32 °C) warming is slow, but adaptation to more realistic scenarios where temperature increases are moderate (26 °C) or fluctuate between benign and severe conditions is rapid and linked to phenotypic changes in metabolic traits and elemental composition. Whole-genome re-sequencing identifies genetic divergence among populations selected in the different warming regimes and between the evolved and ancestral lineages. Consistent with the phenotypic changes, the most rapidly evolving genes are associated with transcriptional regulation, cellular responses to oxidative stress and redox homeostasis. These results demonstrate that the evolution of thermal tolerance in marine diatoms can be rapid, particularly in fluctuating environments, and is underpinned by major genomic and phenotypic change.
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28
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Abstract
Viruses are integral to ecological and evolutionary processes, but we have a poor understanding of what drives variation in key traits across diverse viruses. For lytic viruses, burst size, latent period, and genome size are primary characteristics controlling host-virus dynamics. Here we synthesize data on these traits for 75 strains of phytoplankton viruses, which play an important role in global biogeochemistry. We find that primary traits of the host (genome size, growth rate) explain 40%-50% of variation in burst size and latent period. Specifically, burst size and latent period both exhibit saturating relationships versus the host∶virus genome size ratio, with both traits increasing at low genome size ratios while showing no relationship at high size ratios. In addition, latent period declines as host growth rate increases. We analyze a model of latent period evolution to explore mechanisms that could cause these patterns. The model predicts that burst size may often be set by the host genomic resources available for viral construction, while latent period evolves to permit this maximal burst size, modulated by host metabolic rate. These results suggest that general mechanisms may underlie the evolution of diverse viruses. Future extensions of this work could help explain viral regulation of host populations, viral influence on community structure and diversity, and viral roles in biogeochemical cycles.
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Abstract
Marine plankton elemental stoichiometric ratios can deviate from the Redfield ratio (106C:16N:1P); here, we examine physiological and biogeochemical mechanisms that lead to the observed variation across lineages, regions, and seasons. Many models of ecological stoichiometry blend together acclimative and adaptive responses to environmental conditions. These two pathways can have unique molecular mechanisms and stoichiometric outcomes, and we attempt to disentangle the two processes. We find that interactions between environmental conditions and cellular growth are key to understanding stoichiometric regulation, but the growth rates of most marine plankton populations are poorly constrained. We propose that specific physiological mechanisms have a strong impact on plankton and community stoichiometry in nutrient-rich environments, whereas biogeochemical interactions are important for the stoichiometry of the oligotrophic gyres. Finally, we outline key areas with missing information that is needed to advance understanding of the present and future ecological stoichiometry of ocean plankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Moreno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
| | - Adam C Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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30
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Yvon-Durocher G, Schaum CE, Trimmer M. The Temperature Dependence of Phytoplankton Stoichiometry: Investigating the Roles of Species Sorting and Local Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2003. [PMID: 29109703 PMCID: PMC5660263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The elemental composition of phytoplankton (C:N:P stoichiometry) is a critical factor regulating nutrient cycling, primary production and energy transfer through planktonic food webs. Our understanding of the multiple direct and indirect mechanisms through which temperature controls phytoplankton stoichiometry is however incomplete, increasing uncertainty in the impacts of global warming on the biogeochemical functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we use a decade-long warming experiment in outdoor freshwater ponds to investigate how temperature-driven turnover in species composition and shifts in stoichiometric traits within species through local thermal adaptation contribute to the effects of warming on seston stoichiometry. We found that experimental warming increased seston C:P and N:P ratios, while the C:N ratio was unaffected by warming. Temperature was also the dominant driver of seasonal variation in seston stoichiometry, correlating positively with both C:P and N:P ratios. The taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton community differed substantially between the warmed and ambient treatments indicating that warming resulted in differential sorting of species from the regional pool. Furthermore, taxonomic composition also changed markedly over the year within each of the warmed and ambient treatments, highlighting substantial temporal turnover in species. To investigate whether local adaptation also played an important role in shaping the effects of warming on seston stoichiometry, we isolated multiple strains of the cosmopolitan alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from across the warmed and ambient mesocosms. We found that warmed isolates had higher C:P and N:P ratios, shifts that were comparable in direction and magnitude to the effects of warming on seston stoichiometry. Our results suggest that both species sorting and local adaptation are likely to play important roles in shaping the effects of warming on bulk phytoplankton stoichiometry and indicate that major shifts in aquatic biogeochemistry should be expected in a warmer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Yvon-Durocher
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Trimmer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Sukačová K, Kočí R, Žídková M, Vítěz T, Trtílek M. Novel insight into the process of nutrients removal using an algal biofilm: The evaluation of mechanism and efficiency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:909-914. [PMID: 28318295 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1303810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of water by nutrient pollution remains an important environmental issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient uptake capacity of an algal biofilm as a means to treat polluted water. In addition, the study investigated the nutrient removal process. The algal biofilm was able to remove 99% of phosphorus within 24 hours of P addition, with the PO4-P concentration in inflowing water ranging from 3 to 10 mg L-1. Different patterns of phosphorus and nitrogen removal were observed. Daily quantity of removed NO3-N ranged from 2 to 25% and was highly dependent on solar irradiance. Precipitation of phosphorus during the removal process was studied using X-ray diffraction analyses and was not confirmed in the biofilm. The biofilm system we constructed has a high efficiency for phosphorus removal and, therefore, has great potential for integration into wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Sukačová
- a Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Czech Republic
| | - Radka Kočí
- b Photon Systems Instruments , Czech Republic
| | - Milena Žídková
- a Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vítěz
- c Department of Agricultural , Food and Environmental Engineering, Mendel University in Brno , Czech Republic
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32
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Skau LF, Andersen T, Thrane JE, Hessen DO. Growth, stoichiometry and cell size; temperature and nutrient responses in haptophytes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3743. [PMID: 28890852 PMCID: PMC5590550 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and nutrients are key factors affecting the growth, cell size, and physiology of marine phytoplankton. In the ocean, temperature and nutrient availability often co-vary because temperature drives vertical stratification, which further controls nutrient upwelling. This makes it difficult to disentangle the effects of temperature and nutrients on phytoplankton purely from observational studies. In this study, we carried out a factorial experiment crossing two temperatures (13°and 19°C) with two growth regimes (P-limited, semi-continuous batch cultures [“−P”] and nutrient replete batch cultures in turbidostat mode [“+P”]) for three species of common marine haptophytes (Emiliania huxleyi, Chrysochromulina rotalis and Prymnesium polylepis) to address the effects of temperature and nutrient limitation on elemental content and stoichiometry (C:N:P), total RNA, cell size, and growth rate. We found that the main gradient in elemental content and RNA largely was related to nutrient regime and the resulting differences in growth rate and degree of P-limitation, and observed reduced cell volume-specific content of P and RNA (but also N and C in most cases) and higher N:P and C:P in the slow growing −P cultures compared to the fast growing +P cultures. P-limited cells also tended to be larger than nutrient replete cells. Contrary to other recent studies, we found lower N:P and C:P ratios at high temperature. Overall, elemental content and RNA increased with temperature, especially in the nutrient replete cultures. Notably, however, temperature had a weaker–and in some cases a negative–effect on elemental content and RNA under P-limitation. This interaction indicates that the effect of temperature on cellular composition may differ between nutrient replete and nutrient limited conditions, where cellular uptake and storage of excess nutrients may overshadow changes in resource allocation among the non-storage fractions of biomass (e.g. P-rich ribosomes and N-rich proteins). Cell size decreased at high temperature, which is in accordance with general observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Bioscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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33
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Padfield D, Lowe C, Buckling A, Ffrench-Constant R, Jennings S, Shelley F, Ólafsson JS, Yvon-Durocher G. Metabolic compensation constrains the temperature dependence of gross primary production. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1250-1260. [PMID: 28853241 PMCID: PMC6849571 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) is the largest flux in the carbon cycle, yet its response to global warming is highly uncertain. The temperature dependence of GPP is directly linked to photosynthetic physiology, but the response of GPP to warming over longer timescales could also be shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that drive variation in community structure and functional trait distributions. Here, we show that selection on photosynthetic traits within and across taxa dampens the effects of temperature on GPP across a catchment of geothermally heated streams. Autotrophs from cold streams had higher photosynthetic rates and after accounting for differences in biomass among sites, biomass-specific GPP was independent of temperature in spite of a 20 °C thermal gradient. Our results suggest that temperature compensation of photosynthetic rates constrains the long-term temperature dependence of GPP, and highlights the importance of considering physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms when predicting how ecosystem-level processes respond to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Padfield
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Chris Lowe
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Angus Buckling
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | -
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Simon Jennings
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK.,School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46, 1553, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Felicity Shelley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Árleyni 22, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gabriel Yvon-Durocher
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
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34
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Modelling plankton ecosystems in the meta-omics era. Are we ready? Mar Genomics 2017; 32:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Baer SE, Lomas MW, Terpis KX, Mouginot C, Martiny AC. Stoichiometry of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus
, and small eukaryotic populations in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1568-1583. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Baer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; East Boothbay ME 04544 USA
| | - Michael W. Lomas
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; East Boothbay ME 04544 USA
| | | | - Céline Mouginot
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Adam C. Martiny
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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36
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Hagstrom GI, Levin SA. Marine Ecosystems as Complex Adaptive Systems: Emergent Patterns, Critical Transitions, and Public Goods. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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37
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Wirtz KW, Kerimoglu O. Autotrophic Stoichiometry Emerging from Optimality and Variable Co-limitation. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Finkel ZV, Follows MJ, Liefer JD, Brown CM, Benner I, Irwin AJ. Phylogenetic Diversity in the Macromolecular Composition of Microalgae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155977. [PMID: 27228080 PMCID: PMC4882041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The elemental stoichiometry of microalgae reflects their underlying macromolecular composition and influences competitive interactions among species and their role in the food web and biogeochemistry. Here we provide a new estimate of the macromolecular composition of microalgae using a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of data compiled from the literature. The median macromolecular composition of nutrient-sufficient exponentially growing microalgae is 32.2% protein, 17.3% lipid, 15.0% carbohydrate, 17.3% ash, 5.7% RNA, 1.1% chlorophyll-a and 1.0% DNA as percent dry weight. Our analysis identifies significant phylogenetic differences in macromolecular composition undetected by previous studies due to small sample sizes and the large inherent variability in macromolecular pools. The phylogenetic differences in macromolecular composition lead to variations in carbon-to-nitrogen ratios that are consistent with independent observations. These phylogenetic differences in macromolecular and elemental composition reflect adaptations in cellular architecture and biochemistry; specifically in the cell wall, the light harvesting apparatus, and storage pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe V. Finkel
- Environmental Science Program, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Mick J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Justin D. Liefer
- Environmental Science Program, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Chris M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ina Benner
- Environmental Science Program, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Irwin
- Department of Math and Computer Science, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
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39
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Interactions between growth-dependent changes in cell size, nutrient supply and cellular elemental stoichiometry of marine Synechococcus. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2715-2724. [PMID: 27058506 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The factors that control elemental ratios within phytoplankton, like carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P), are key to biogeochemical cycles. Previous studies have identified relationships between nutrient-limited growth and elemental ratios in large eukaryotes, but little is known about these interactions in small marine phytoplankton like the globally important Cyanobacteria. To improve our understanding of these interactions in picophytoplankton, we asked how cellular elemental stoichiometry varies as a function of steady-state, N- and P-limited growth in laboratory chemostat cultures of Synechococcus WH8102. By combining empirical data and theoretical modeling, we identified a previously unrecognized factor (growth-dependent variability in cell size) that controls the relationship between nutrient-limited growth and cellular elemental stoichiometry. To predict the cellular elemental stoichiometry of phytoplankton, previous theoretical models rely on the traditional Droop model, which purports that the acquisition of a single limiting nutrient suffices to explain the relationship between a cellular nutrient quota and growth rate. Our study, however, indicates that growth-dependent changes in cell size have an important role in regulating cell nutrient quotas. This key ingredient, along with nutrient-uptake protein regulation, enables our model to predict the cellular elemental stoichiometry of Synechococcus across a range of nutrient-limited conditions. Our analysis also adds to the growth rate hypothesis, suggesting that P-rich biomolecules other than nucleic acids are important drivers of stoichiometric variability in Synechococcus. Lastly, by comparing our data with field observations, our study has important ecological relevance as it provides a framework for understanding and predicting elemental ratios in ocean regions where small phytoplankton like Synechococcus dominates.
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40
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Cirés S, Ballot A. A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria). HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:21-43. [PMID: 28073477 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The traditional genus Aphanizomenon comprises a group of filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of which several memebers are able to develop blooms and to produce toxic metabolites (cyanotoxins), including hepatotoxins (microcystins), neurotoxins (anatoxins and saxitoxins) and cytotoxins (cylindrospermopsin). This genus, representing geographically widespread and extensively studied cyanobacteria, is in fact heterogeneous and composed of at least five phylogenetically distant groups (Aphanizomenon, Anabaena/Aphanizomenon like cluster A, Cuspidothrix, Sphaerospermopsis and Chrysosporum) whose taxonomy is still under revision. This review provides a thorough insight into the phylogeny, ecology, biogeography and toxicogenomics (cyr, sxt, and ana genes) of the five best documented "Aphanizomenon" species with special relevance for water risk assessment: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon gracile, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Aph. flos-aquae, Aph. gracile and C. issatschenkoi have been reported from temperate areas only whereas S. aphanizomenoides shows the widest distribution from the tropics to temperate areas. Ch. ovalisporum is found in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean areas. While all five species show moderate growth rates (0.1-0.4day-1) within a wide range of temperatures (15-30°C), Aph. gracile and A. flos-aquae can grow from around (or below) 10°C, whereas Ch. ovalisporum and S. aphanizomenoides are much better competitors at high temperatures over 30°C or even close to 35°C. A. gracile has been confirmed as the producer of saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsin, C. issatschenkoi of anatoxins and saxitoxins and Ch. ovalisporum of cylindrospermopsin. The suspected cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a production of A. flos-aquae or microcystin production of S. aphanizomenoides is still uncertain. This review includes a critical discussion on the the reliability of toxicity reports and on the invasive potential of "Aphanizomenon" species in a climate change scenario, together with derived knowledge gaps and research needs. As a whole, this work is intended to represent a key reference for scientists and water managers involved in the major challenges of identifying, preventing and mitigating toxic Aphanizomenon blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia.
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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41
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Mock T, Daines SJ, Geider R, Collins S, Metodiev M, Millar AJ, Moulton V, Lenton TM. Bridging the gap between omics and earth system science to better understand how environmental change impacts marine microbes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:61-75. [PMID: 25988950 PMCID: PMC4949645 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genomic-, transcriptomic- and proteomic-based approaches has revolutionized our ability to describe marine microbial communities, including biogeography, metabolic potential and diversity, mechanisms of adaptation, and phylogeny and evolutionary history. New interdisciplinary approaches are needed to move from this descriptive level to improved quantitative, process-level understanding of the roles of marine microbes in biogeochemical cycles and of the impact of environmental change on the marine microbial ecosystem. Linking studies at levels from the genome to the organism, to ecological strategies and organism and ecosystem response, requires new modelling approaches. Key to this will be a fundamental shift in modelling scale that represents micro-organisms from the level of their macromolecular components. This will enable contact with omics data sets and allow acclimation and adaptive response at the phenotype level (i.e. traits) to be simulated as a combination of fitness maximization and evolutionary constraints. This way forward will build on ecological approaches that identify key organism traits and systems biology approaches that integrate traditional physiological measurements with new insights from omics. It will rely on developing an improved understanding of ecophysiology to understand quantitatively environmental controls on microbial growth strategies. It will also incorporate results from experimental evolution studies in the representation of adaptation. The resulting ecosystem-level models can then evaluate our level of understanding of controls on ecosystem structure and function, highlight major gaps in understanding and help prioritize areas for future research programs. Ultimately, this grand synthesis should improve predictive capability of the ecosystem response to multiple environmental drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNR4 7TJNorwichUK
| | - Stuart J. Daines
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QEExeterUK
| | - Richard Geider
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
| | - Sinead Collins
- Ashworth LaboratoriesEdinburgh UniversityEH9 3JFEdinburghUK
| | - Metodi Metodiev
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterCO4 3SQUK
| | - Andrew J. Millar
- SynthSys and School of Biological SciencesEdinburgh UniversityEH9 3BFEdinburghUK
| | - Vincent Moulton
- School of Computing SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNR4 7TJNorwichUK
| | - Timothy M. Lenton
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QEExeterUK
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42
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Boersma M, Mathew KA, Niehoff B, Schoo KL, Franco-Santos RM, Meunier CL. Temperature driven changes in the diet preference of omnivorous copepods: no more meat when it's hot? Ecol Lett 2015; 19:45-53. [PMID: 26567776 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herbivory is more prevalent in the tropics than at higher latitudes. If differences in ambient temperature are the direct cause for this phenomenon, then the same pattern should be visible in a seasonal gradient, as well as in experiments manipulating temperature. Using (15)N stable isotope analyses of natural populations of the copepod Temora longicornis we indeed observed seasonal differences in the trophic level of the copepod and a decrease in trophic level with increasing temperature. In a grazing experiment, with a mixed diet of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina and the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, T. longicornis preferred the cryptophyte at higher temperatures, whereas at lower temperatures it preferred the non-autotrophic prey. We explain these results by the higher relative carbon content of primary producers compared to consumers, in combination with the higher demand for metabolic carbon at higher temperatures. Thus, currently increasing temperatures may cause changes in dietary preferences of many consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Boersma
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Postfach 180, 27483, Helgoland, Germany.,University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - K Avarachen Mathew
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Postfach 180, 27483, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Barbara Niehoff
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Katherina L Schoo
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Postfach 180, 27483, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Rita M Franco-Santos
- University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Cédric L Meunier
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Postfach 180, 27483, Helgoland, Germany
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43
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Giordano M, Palmucci M, Raven JA. Growth rate hypothesis and efficiency of protein synthesis under different sulphate concentrations in two green algae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2313-7. [PMID: 25851030 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) predicts a positive correlation between growth rate and RNA content because growth depends upon the protein synthesis machinery. The application of this hypothesis to photoautotrophic organisms has been questioned. We tested the GRH on one prasinophycean, Tetraselmis suecica, and one chlorophycean, Dunaliella salina, grown at three sulphate concentrations. Sulphate was chosen because its concentration in the oceans increased through geological time and apparently had a role in the evolutionary trajectories of phytoplankton. Cell protein content and P quota were positively related to the RNA content (r = 0.62 and r = 0.74, respectively). The correlation of the RNA content with growth rates (r = 0.95) indicates that the GRH was valid for these species when growth rates were below 0.82 d(-1) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, 37981, Czech Republic
| | - Matteo Palmucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee at TJHI, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Sauterey B, Ward BA, Follows MJ, Bowler C, Claessen D. When everything is not everywhere but species evolve: an alternative method to model adaptive properties of marine ecosystems. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2015; 37:28-47. [PMID: 25852217 PMCID: PMC4378374 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The functional and taxonomic biogeography of marine microbial systems reflects the current state of an evolving system. Current models of marine microbial systems and biogeochemical cycles do not reflect this fundamental organizing principle. Here, we investigate the evolutionary adaptive potential of marine microbial systems under environmental change and introduce explicit Darwinian adaptation into an ocean modelling framework, simulating evolving phytoplankton communities in space and time. To this end, we adopt tools from adaptive dynamics theory, evaluating the fitness of invading mutants over annual timescales, replacing the resident if a fitter mutant arises. Using the evolutionary framework, we examine how community assembly, specifically the emergence of phytoplankton cell size diversity, reflects the combined effects of bottom-up and top-down controls. When compared with a species-selection approach, based on the paradigm that "Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects", we show that (i) the selected optimal trait values are similar; (ii) the patterns emerging from the adaptive model are more robust, but (iii) the two methods lead to different predictions in terms of emergent diversity. We demonstrate that explicitly evolutionary approaches to modelling marine microbial populations and functionality are feasible and practical in time-varying, space-resolving settings and provide a new tool for exploring evolutionary interactions on a range of timescales in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sauterey
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut De Biologie De L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 RUE D'ULM, 75005 Paris, France
- Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 RUE Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ben A. Ward
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut De Biologie De L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 RUE D'ULM, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Des Sciences De L'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen De La Mer, Place Nicolas Copernic, Plouzané, France
| | - Michael J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chris Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut De Biologie De L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 RUE D'ULM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Claessen
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut De Biologie De L'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 RUE D'ULM, 75005 Paris, France
- Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 RUE Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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Ma J, Liu D, Wells SA, Tang H, Ji D, Yang Z. Modeling density currents in a typical tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Carnicer J, Sardans J, Stefanescu C, Ubach A, Bartrons M, Asensio D, Peñuelas J. Global biodiversity, stoichiometry and ecosystem function responses to human-induced C-N-P imbalances. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:82-91. [PMID: 25270104 PMCID: PMC6485510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global change analyses usually consider biodiversity as a global asset that needs to be preserved. Biodiversity is frequently analysed mainly as a response variable affected by diverse environmental drivers. However, recent studies highlight that gradients of biodiversity are associated with gradual changes in the distribution of key dominant functional groups characterized by distinctive traits and stoichiometry, which in turn often define the rates of ecosystem processes and nutrient cycling. Moreover, pervasive links have been reported between biodiversity, food web structure, ecosystem function and species stoichiometry. Here we review current global stoichiometric gradients and how future distributional shifts in key functional groups may in turn influence basic ecosystem functions (production, nutrient cycling, decomposition) and therefore could exert a feedback effect on stoichiometric gradients. The C-N-P stoichiometry of most primary producers (phytoplankton, algae, plants) has been linked to functional trait continua (i.e. to major axes of phenotypic variation observed in inter-specific analyses of multiple traits). In contrast, the C-N-P stoichiometry of higher-level consumers remains less precisely quantified in many taxonomic groups. We show that significant links are observed between trait continua across trophic levels. In spite of recent advances, the future reciprocal feedbacks between key functional groups, biodiversity and ecosystem functions remain largely uncertain. The reported evidence, however, highlights the key role of stoichiometric traits and suggests the need of a progressive shift towards an ecosystemic and stoichiometric perspective in global biodiversity analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jofre Carnicer
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain; Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain..
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Constantí Stefanescu
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain; Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers, Granollers, Catalonia 08402, Spain
| | - Andreu Ubach
- Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
| | - Mireia Bartrons
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Dolores Asensio
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain.; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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Martiny AC, Vrugt JA, Lomas MW. Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the global ocean. Sci Data 2014; 1:140048. [PMID: 25977799 PMCID: PMC4421931 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of concentrations and elemental ratios of suspended particles are important for understanding many biogeochemical processes in the ocean. These include patterns of phytoplankton nutrient limitation as well as linkages between the cycles of carbon and nitrogen or phosphorus. To further enable studies of ocean biogeochemistry, we here present a global dataset consisting of 100,605 total measurements of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, or phosphorus analyzed as part of 70 cruises or time-series. The data are globally distributed and represent all major ocean regions as well as different depths in the water column. The global median C:P, N:P, and C:N ratios are 163, 22, and 6.6, respectively, but the data also includes extensive variation between samples from different regions. Thus, this compilation will hopefully assist in a wide range of future studies of ocean elemental ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Martiny
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Jasper A Vrugt
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Michael W Lomas
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, USA
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