1
|
Ryser R, Chase JM, Gauzens B, Häussler J, Hirt MR, Rosenbaum B, Brose U. Landscape configuration can flip species-area relationships in dynamic meta-food-webs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230138. [PMID: 38913064 PMCID: PMC11391306 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial and trophic processes profoundly influence biodiversity, yet ecological theories often treat them independently. The theory of island biogeography and related theories on metacommunities predict higher species richness with increasing area across islands or habitat patches. In contrast, food-web theory explores the effects of traits and network structure on coexistence within local communities. Exploring the mechanisms by which landscape configurations interact with food-web dynamics in shaping metacommunities is important for our understanding of biodiversity. Here, we use a meta-food-web model to explore the role of landscape configuration in determining species richness and show that when habitat patches are interconnected by dispersal, more species can persist on smaller islands than predicted by classical theory. When patch sizes are spatially aggregated, this effect flattens the slope of the species-area relationship. Surprisingly, when landscapes have random patch-size distributions, the slope of the species-area relationships can even flip and become negative. This could be explained by higher biomass densities of lower trophic levels that then support species occupying higher trophic levels, which only persist on small and well-connected patches. This highlights the importance of simultaneously considering landscape configuration and local food-web dynamics to understand drivers of species-area relationships in metacommunities.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remo Ryser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute for Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Benoit Gauzens
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Johanna Häussler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Myriam R Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rosenbaum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beaugrand G, Kléparski L, Luczak C, Goberville E, Kirby RR. A niche-based theory of island biogeography. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11540. [PMID: 38932973 PMCID: PMC11199848 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) is a widely applied dynamic theory proposed in the 1960s to explain why islands have coherent differences in species richness. The development of the ETIB was temporarily challenged in the 1970s by the alternative static theory of ecological impoverishment (TEI). The TEI suggests that the number of species on an island is determined by its number of habitats or niches but, with no clear evidence relating species richness to the number of niches however, the TEI has been almost dismissed as a theory in favour of the original ETIB. Here, we show that the number of climatic niches on islands is an important predictor of the species richness of plants, herpetofauna and land birds. We therefore propose a model called the niche-based theory of island biogeography (NTIB), based on the MacroEcological Theory on the Arrangement of Life (METAL), which successfully integrates the number of niches sensu Hutchinson into ETIB. To account for greater species turnover at the beginning of colonisation, we include higher initial extinction rates. When we test our NTIB for resident land birds in the Krakatau Islands, it reveals a good correspondence with observed species richness, immigration and extinction rates. Provided the environmental regime remains unchanged, we estimate that the current species richness at equilibrium is ~45 species (range between 38.39 and 61.51). Our NTIB provides better prediction because it counts for changes in species richness with latitude, which is not considered in any theory of island biogeography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Loick Kléparski
- Marine Biological Association, The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey, The LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | - Christophe Luczak
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Eric Goberville
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des AntillesParisFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jaquier M, Albouy C, Bach W, Waldock C, Marques V, Maire E, Juhel JB, Andrello M, Valentini A, Manel S, Dejean T, Mouillot D, Pellissier L. Environmental DNA recovers fish composition turnover of the coral reefs of West Indian Ocean islands. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11337. [PMID: 38766310 PMCID: PMC11099785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Islands have been used as model systems to study ecological and evolutionary processes, and they provide an ideal set-up for validating new biodiversity monitoring methods. The application of environmental DNA metabarcoding for monitoring marine biodiversity requires an understanding of the spatial scale of the eDNA signal, which is best tested in island systems. Here, we investigated the variation in Actinopterygii and Elasmobranchii species composition recovered from eDNA metabarcoding along a gradient of distance-to-reef in four of the five French Scattered Islands in the Western Indian Ocean. We collected surface water samples at an increasing distance from reefs (0 m, 250 m, 500 m, 750 m). We used a metabarcoding protocol based on the 'teleo' primers to target marine reef fishes and classified taxa according to their habitat types (benthic or pelagic). We investigated the effect of distance-to-reef on β diversity variation using generalised linear mixed models and estimated species-specific distance-to-reef effects using a model-based approach for community data. Environmental DNA metabarcoding analyses recovered distinct fish species compositions across the four inventoried islands and variations along the distance-to-reef gradient. The analysis of β-diversity variation showed significant taxa turnover between the eDNA samples on and away from the reefs. In agreement with a spatially localised signal from eDNA, benthic species were distributed closer to the reef than pelagic ones. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of eDNA inventories and spatial modelling can provide insights into species habitat preferences related to distance-to-reef gradients at a small scale. As such, eDNA can not only recover large compositional differences among islands but also help understand habitat selection and distribution of marine species at a finer spatial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Jaquier
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Wilhelmine Bach
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Conor Waldock
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Virginie Marques
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL University, IRDMontpellierFrance
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Eva Maire
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRDMontpellierFrance
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Marco Andrello
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE‐PSL University, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRDMontpellierFrance
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Ecosystems and Landscape Evolution, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Unit of Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maki T, Sannomiya N, Hirao T, Fukui D. Scale-dependent influences of environmental, historical, and spatial processes on taxonomic and functional beta diversity of Japanese bat assemblages. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11277. [PMID: 38628917 PMCID: PMC11019122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relative influences of environmental, spatial, and historical factors, including the island-specific history of land connectivity, on bat assemblages in the Japanese Archipelago. We collected bat distribution data from 1408 studies and assigned them to Japan's First Standard Grid (approximately 6400 km2). Japanese bat assemblages were analyzed at two scales: the entire Japanese Archipelago comprised 16 islands and exclusively the four main islands. At first, we calculated taxonomic and functional total beta diversity (β total) by Jaccard pairwise dissimilarity and then divided this into turnover (β repl) and richness-difference (β rich) components. We conducted hierarchical clustering of taxonomic beta diversity to examine the influence of the two representative sea straits, Tsugaru and Tokara, which are considered biogeographical borders. Variation partitioning was conducted to evaluate the relative effects of the three factors on the beta diversity. Clustering revealed that the Tokara Strait bordered the two major clades; however, the Tsugaru Strait did not act as a biogeographical border for bats. In the variation partitioning, shared fraction between spatial and historical factors significantly explained taxonomic and functional β total and taxonomic β repl at the entire archipelago scale, but not at the four main islands scale extending only Tsugaru Strait but not Tokara Strait. Pure environmental factors significantly explained functional β total at both scales and taxonomic β total only at the four main islands scale. These results suggest that spatial and historical factors are more pronounced in biogeographical borders, primarily structuring assemblage composition at the entire archipelago scale, especially in taxonomic dimension. However, current environmental factors primarily shape the assemblage composition of Japanese bats at the main island scale. The difference in results between the two scales highlights that the primary processes governing assemblages of both dimensions depend on the quality of the dispersal barriers between terrestrial and aquatic barriers for bats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Maki
- Amami Station, International Center for Island StudiesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Nozomi Sannomiya
- The University of Tokyo Forests, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toshihide Hirao
- The University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoSaitamaJapan
| | - Dai Fukui
- Fuji Iyashinomori Woodland Study Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYamanashiJapan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Overcast I, Noguerales V, Meramveliotakis E, Andújar C, Arribas P, Creedy TJ, Emerson BC, Vogler AP, Papadopoulou A, Morlon H. Inferring the ecological and evolutionary determinants of community genetic diversity. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6093-6109. [PMID: 37221561 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary processes to the structuring of ecological communities is needed to improve our ability to predict how communities may respond to future changes in an increasingly human-modified world. Metabarcoding methods make it possible to gather population genetic data for all species within a community, unlocking a new axis of data to potentially unveil the origins and maintenance of biodiversity at local scales. Here, we present a new eco-evolutionary simulation model for investigating community assembly dynamics using metabarcoding data. The model makes joint predictions of species abundance, genetic variation, trait distributions and phylogenetic relationships under a wide range of parameter settings (e.g. high speciation/low dispersal or vice versa) and across a range of community states, from pristine and unmodified to heavily disturbed. We first demonstrate that parameters governing metacommunity and local community processes leave detectable signatures in simulated biodiversity data axes. Next, using a simulation-based machine learning approach we show that neutral and non-neutral models are distinguishable and that reasonable estimates of several model parameters within the local community can be obtained using only community-scale genetic data, while phylogenetic information is required to estimate those describing metacommunity dynamics. Finally, we apply the model to soil microarthropod metabarcoding data from the Troodos mountains of Cyprus, where we find that communities in widespread forest habitats are structured by neutral processes, while high-elevation and isolated habitats act as an abiotic filter generating non-neutral community structure. We implement our model within the ibiogen R package, a package dedicated to the investigation of island, and more generally community-scale, biodiversity using community-scale genetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Overcast
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Víctor Noguerales
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Carmelo Andújar
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Thomas J Creedy
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Anna Papadopoulou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martínez AE, Si X, Zhou L, Zeng D, Ding P, Goodale E. Interspecific sociality alters the colonization and extinction rates of birds on subtropical reservoir islands. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220096. [PMID: 37066642 PMCID: PMC10107236 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography theory has proved a robust approach to predicting island biodiversity on the assumption of species equivalency. However, species differ in their grouping behaviour and are entangled by complex interactions in island communities, such as competition and mutualism. We here investigated whether intra- and/or interspecific sociality may influence biogeographic patterns, by affecting movement between islands or persistence on them. We classified bird species in a subtropical reservoir island system into subcommunities based on their propensity to join monospecific and mixed-species flocks. We found that subcommunities which had high propensity to flock interspecifically had higher colonization rates and lower extinction rates over a 10-year period. Intraspecific sociality increased colonization in the same analysis. A phylogenetically corrected analysis confirmed the importance of interspecific sociality, but not intraspecific sociality. Group-living could enable higher risk crossings, with greater vigilance also linked to higher foraging efficiency, enabling colonization or long-term persistence on islands. Further, if group members are other species, competition can be minimized. Future studies should investigate different kinds of island systems, considering positive species interactions driven by social behaviour as potential drivers of community assembly on islands. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ari E. Martínez
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 100 DaXue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfeng Si
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 100 DaXue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zeng
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Eben Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 100 DaXue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marino C, Leclerc C, Bellard C. Profiling insular vertebrates prone to biological invasions: What makes them vulnerable? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1077-1090. [PMID: 34783130 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to insular vertebrates, although the ecological characteristics that make insular communities vulnerable to IAS are poorly understood. After describing the ecological strategies of 6015 insular amphibians, birds, lizards, and mammals, we assessed the functional and ecological features of vertebrates exposed to IAS. We found that at least 50% of insular amphibian functional richness was hosted by IAS-threatened amphibians and up to 29% for birds. Moreover, all IAS-threatened groups except birds harbored a higher functional richness than species groups threatened by other threats. Disentangling the ecological strategies threatened by IAS, compared to those associated with other threats, we showed that birds, lizards, and mammals were more likely to be terrestrial foragers and amphibians to have larval development. By contrast, large-bodied species and habitat specialists were universally threatened. By considering the functional aspect of threatened insular diversity, our work improves our understanding of global IAS impacts. This new dimension proves essential for undertaking relevant and effective conservation actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leclerc C, Magneville C, Bellard C. Conservation hotspots of insular endemic mammalian diversity at risk of extinction across a multidimensional approach. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Camille Magneville
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris‐Saclay CNRS AgroParisTech Ecologie Systématique Evolution Orsay France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parravicini V, Bender MG, Villéger S, Leprieur F, Pellissier L, Donati FGA, Floeter SR, Rezende EL, Mouillot D, Kulbicki M. Coral reef fishes reveal strong divergence in the prevalence of traits along the global diversity gradient. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211712. [PMID: 34666520 PMCID: PMC8527194 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are experiencing declines due to climate change and local human impacts. While at a local scale these impacts induce biodiversity loss and shifts in community structure, previous biogeographical analyses recorded consistent taxonomic structure of fish communities across global coral reefs. This suggests that regional communities represent a random subset of the global species and traits pool, whatever their species richness. Using distributional data on 3586 fish species and latest advances in species distribution models, we show marked gradients in the prevalence of size classes and diet categories across the biodiversity gradient. This divergence in trait structure is best explained by reef isolation during past unfavourable climatic conditions, with large and piscivore fishes better represented in isolated areas. These results suggest the risk of a global community re-organization if the ongoing climate-induced reef fragmentation is not halted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Parravicini
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - M. G. Bender
- Marine Macroecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - S. Villéger
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - F. Leprieur
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - L. Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
- Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - F. G. A. Donati
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
- Unit of Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - S. R. Floeter
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Lab, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88010-970, Brazil
| | - E. L. Rezende
- Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Lab, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88010-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D. Mouillot
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Kulbicki
- IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR ‘Entropie’, LABEX Corail, University of Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schrader J, Wright IJ, Kreft H, Westoby M. A roadmap to plant functional island biogeography. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2851-2870. [PMID: 34423523 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Island biogeography is the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of species, communities, assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is structured by five classes of process: dispersal, establishment, biotic interactions, extinction and evolution. Classical approaches in island biogeography focused on species richness as the deterministic outcome of these processes. This has proved fruitful, but species traits can potentially offer new biological insights into the processes by which island life assembles and why some species perform better at colonising and persisting on islands. Functional traits refer to morphological and phenological characteristics of an organism or species that can be linked to its ecological strategy and that scale up from individual plants to properties of communities and ecosystems. A baseline hypothesis is for traits and ecological strategies of island species to show similar patterns as a matched mainland environment. However, strong dispersal, environmental and biotic-interaction filters as well as stochasticity associated with insularity modify this baseline. Clades that do colonise often embark on distinct ecological and evolutionary pathways, some because of distinctive evolutionary forces on islands, and some because of the opportunities offered by freedom from competitors or herbivores or the absence of mutualists. Functional traits are expected to be shaped by these processes. Here, we review and discuss the potential for integrating functional traits into island biogeography. While we focus on plants, the general considerations and concepts may be extended to other groups of organisms. We evaluate how functional traits on islands relate to core principles of species dispersal, establishment, extinction, reproduction, biotic interactions, evolution and conservation. We formulate existing knowledge as 33 working hypotheses. Some of these are grounded on firm empirical evidence, others provide opportunities for future research. We organise our hypotheses under five overarching sections. Section A focuses on plant functional traits enabling species dispersal to islands. Section B discusses how traits help to predict species establishment, successional trajectories and natural extinctions on islands. Section C reviews how traits indicate species biotic interactions and reproduction strategies and which traits promote intra-island dispersal. Section D discusses how evolution on islands leads to predictable changes in trait values and which traits are most susceptible to change. Section E debates how functional ecology can be used to study multiple drivers of global change on islands and to formulate effective conservation measures. Islands have a justified reputation as research models. They illuminate the forces operating within mainland communities by showing what happens when those forces are released or changed. We believe that the lens of functional ecology can shed more light on these forces than research approaches that do not consider functional differences among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thompson AR, Roth-Monzón AJ, Aanderud ZT, Adams BJ. Phagotrophic Protists and Their Associates: Evidence for Preferential Grazing in an Abiotically Driven Soil Ecosystem. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1555. [PMID: 34442632 PMCID: PMC8398437 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex relationship between ecosystem function and soil food web structure is governed by species interactions, many of which remain unmapped. Phagotrophic protists structure soil food webs by grazing the microbiome, yet their involvement in intraguild competition, susceptibility to predator diversity, and grazing preferences are only vaguely known. These species-dependent interactions are contextualized by adjacent biotic and abiotic processes, and thus obfuscated by typically high soil biodiversity. Such questions may be investigated in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica because the physical environment strongly filters biodiversity and simplifies the influence of abiotic factors. To detect the potential interactions in the MDV, we analyzed the co-occurrence among shotgun metagenome sequences for associations suggestive of intraguild competition, predation, and preferential grazing. In order to control for confounding abiotic drivers, we tested co-occurrence patterns against various climatic and edaphic factors. Non-random co-occurrence between phagotrophic protists and other soil fauna was biotically driven, but we found no support for competition or predation. However, protists predominately associated with Proteobacteria and avoided Actinobacteria, suggesting grazing preferences were modulated by bacterial cell-wall structure and growth rate. Our study provides a critical starting-point for mapping protist interactions in native soils and highlights key trends for future targeted molecular and culture-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Thompson
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.R.-M.); (B.J.A.)
| | - Andrea J. Roth-Monzón
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.R.-M.); (B.J.A.)
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zachary T. Aanderud
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Byron J. Adams
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.R.-M.); (B.J.A.)
- Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ibarra JT, Caviedes J, Altamirano TA, Urra R, Barreau A, Santana F. Social-ecological filters drive the functional diversity of beetles in homegardens of campesinos and migrants in the southern Andes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12462. [PMID: 34127685 PMCID: PMC8203784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Homegardens are coupled social-ecological systems that act as biodiversity reservoirs while contributing to local food sovereignty. These systems are characterized by their structural complexity, while involving management practices according to gardener's cultural origin. Social-ecological processes in homegardens may act as filters of species' functional traits, and thus influence the species richness-functional diversity relationship of critical agroecosystem components like beetles (Coleoptera). We tested the species richness-functional diversity relationship of beetle communities and examined whether habitat structure across different levels, sociodemographic profiles, and management practices act as filters in homegardens in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot, Chile. For 100 homegardens (50 campesino and 50 migrant), we sampled beetles and habitat attributes, and surveyed gardeners' sociodemographic profiles and management practices. We recorded 85 beetle species and found a positive relationship between species richness and functional richness that saturated when functionally similar species co-occur more often than expected by chance, indicating functional redundancy in species-rich homegardens. Gardener origin (campesino/migrant), homegarden area (m2), structural complexity (index), and pest control strategy (natural, chemical, or none) were the most influential social-ecological filters that selectively remove beetle species according to their functional traits. We discuss opportunities in homegarden management for strengthening local functional diversity and resilience under social-environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Tomás Ibarra
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile.
- Department of Ecosystems and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Sciences & Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Julián Caviedes
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile
| | - Tomás A Altamirano
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile
| | - Romina Urra
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile
| | - Antonia Barreau
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile
| | - Francisca Santana
- ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL) & Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR), Villarrica Campus, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins 501, Villarrica, La Araucanía Region, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gross T, Allhoff KT, Blasius B, Brose U, Drossel B, Fahimipour AK, Guill C, Yeakel JD, Zeng F. Modern models of trophic meta-communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190455. [PMID: 33131442 PMCID: PMC7662193 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersal and foodweb dynamics have long been studied in separate models. However, over the past decades, it has become abundantly clear that there are intricate interactions between local dynamics and spatial patterns. Trophic meta-communities, i.e. meta-foodwebs, are very complex systems that exhibit complex and often counterintuitive dynamics. Over the past decade, a broad range of modelling approaches have been used to study these systems. In this paper, we review these approaches and the insights that they have revealed. We focus particularly on recent papers that study trophic interactions in spatially extensive settings and highlight the common themes that emerged in different models. There is overwhelming evidence that dispersal (and particularly intermediate levels of dispersal) benefits the maintenance of biodiversity in several different ways. Moreover, some insights have been gained into the effect of different habitat topologies, but these results also show that the exact relationships are much more complex than previously thought, highlighting the need for further research in this area. This article is part of the theme issue 'Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gross
- University of California Davis, Department of Computer Science, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Alfred Wegener Institut. Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Univeristät Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Bidiversity, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 231, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Korinna T. Allhoff
- Universität Tübingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Blasius
- Alfred Wegener Institut. Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- Univeristät Oldenburg, Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Drossel
- TU Darmstadt, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hochschulstrasse 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ashkaan K. Fahimipour
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 110 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Christian Guill
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Justin D. Yeakel
- University of California, Merced, School of Natural Sciences, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Fanqi Zeng
- University of Bristol, Department of Engineering Mathematics, Merchant Venturers Building, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jacquet C, Gounand I, Altermatt F. How pulse disturbances shape size-abundance pyramids. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1014-1023. [PMID: 32282125 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecological pyramids represent the distribution of abundance and biomass of living organisms across body-sizes. Our understanding of their expected shape relies on the assumption of invariant steady-state conditions. However, most of the world's ecosystems experience disturbances that keep them far from such a steady state. Here, using the allometric scaling between population growth rate and body-size, we predict the response of size-abundance pyramids within a trophic guild to any combination of disturbance frequency and intensity affecting all species in a similar way. We show that disturbances narrow the base of size-abundance pyramids, lower their height and decrease total community biomass in a nonlinear way. An experimental test using microbial communities demonstrates that the model captures well the effect of disturbances on empirical pyramids. Overall, we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally how disturbances that are not size-selective can nonetheless have disproportionate impacts on large species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Jacquet
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gounand
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement, IEES,, Paris, France
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ottaviani G, Keppel G, Götzenberger L, Harrison S, Opedal ØH, Conti L, Liancourt P, Klimešová J, Silveira FAO, Jiménez-Alfaro B, Negoita L, Doležal J, Hájek M, Ibanez T, Méndez-Castro FE, Chytrý M. Linking Plant Functional Ecology to Island Biogeography. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:329-339. [PMID: 31953170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of insular systems has a long history in ecology and biogeography. Island plants often differ remarkably from their noninsular counterparts, constituting excellent models for exploring eco-evolutionary processes. Trait-based approaches can help to answer important questions in island biogeography, yet plant trait patterns on islands remain understudied. We discuss three key hypotheses linking functional ecology to island biogeography: (i) plants in insular systems are characterized by distinct functional trait syndromes (compared with noninsular environments); (ii) these syndromes differ between true islands and terrestrial habitat islands; and (iii) island characteristics influence trait syndromes in a predictable manner. We are convinced that implementing trait-based comparative approaches would considerably further our understanding of plant ecology and evolution in insular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- School of Natural and Built Environments, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lars Götzenberger
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Susan Harrison
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Øystein H Opedal
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luisa Conti
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luka Negoita
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michal Hájek
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Ibanez
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
| | | | - Milan Chytrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu M, Vasseur D, Jetz W. Beta Diversity Patterns Derived from Island Biogeography Theory. Am Nat 2019; 194:E52-E65. [DOI: 10.1086/704181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
García-Callejas D, Molowny-Horas R, Araújo MB, Gravel D. Spatial trophic cascades in communities connected by dispersal and foraging. Ecology 2019; 100:e02820. [PMID: 31314929 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pairwise interactions between species have both direct and indirect consequences that reverberate throughout the whole ecosystem. In particular, interaction effects may propagate in a spatial dimension, to localities connected by organismal movement. Here we study the propagation of interaction effects with a spatially explicit metacommunity model, where local sites are connected by dispersal, foraging, or by both types of movement. We show that indirect pairwise effects are, in most cases, of the same sign as direct effects if localities are connected by dispersing species. However, if foraging is prevalent, this correspondence is broken, and indirect effects between species often have a different sign than direct effects. This highlights the importance of indirect interactions across space and their inherent unpredictability in complex settings with species foraging across local patches. Further, the effect of a species over another in a local patch does not necessarily correspond to its effect at the metacommunity scale; this correspondence is again mediated by the type of movement across localities. Every species, despite their trophic position or spatial range, displays a non-zero net effect over every other species in our model metacommunities. Thus we show that local dynamics and local interactions between species can trigger indirect effects all across the set of connected patches, and these effects have a distinct signature depending on whether the prevalent connection between patches is via dispersal or via foraging. However, the magnitude of this effect between any two species strongly decays with the distance between them. These theoretical results strengthen the importance of considering indirect effects across species at both the community and metacommunity levels, highlight the differences between types of movement across locations, and thus open novel avenues for the study of interaction effects in spatially explicit settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David García-Callejas
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Calle Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Miguel B Araújo
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,InBio/Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Largo dos Colegiais, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 7000, Portugal.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate (CMEC), Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Eisenhauer N, Schielzeth H, Barnes AD, Barry K, Bonn A, Brose U, Bruelheide H, Buchmann N, Buscot F, Ebeling A, Ferlian O, Freschet GT, Giling DP, Hättenschwiler S, Hillebrand H, Hines J, Isbell F, Koller-France E, König-Ries B, de Kroon H, Meyer ST, Milcu A, Müller J, Nock CA, Petermann JS, Roscher C, Scherber C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Schnitzer SA, Schuldt A, Tscharntke T, Türke M, van Dam NM, van der Plas F, Vogel A, Wagg C, Wardle DA, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Jochum M. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. ADV ECOL RES 2019; 61:1-54. [PMID: 31908360 PMCID: PMC6944504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the functional consequences of unprecedented loss in biodiversity has prompted biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research to become one of the most active fields of ecological research in the past 25 years. Hundreds of experiments have manipulated biodiversity as an independent variable and found compelling support that the functioning of ecosystems increases with the diversity of their ecological communities. This research has also identified some of the mechanisms underlying BEF relationships, some context-dependencies of the strength of relationships, as well as implications for various ecosystem services that mankind depends upon. In this paper, we argue that a multitrophic perspective of biotic interactions in random and non-random biodiversity change scenarios is key to advance future BEF research and to address some of its most important remaining challenges. We discuss that the study and the quantification of multitrophic interactions in space and time facilitates scaling up from small-scale biodiversity manipulations and ecosystem function assessments to management-relevant spatial scales across ecosystem boundaries. We specifically consider multitrophic conceptual frameworks to understand and predict the context-dependency of BEF relationships. Moreover, we highlight the importance of the eco-evolutionary underpinnings of multitrophic BEF relationships. We outline that FAIR data (meeting the standards of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) and reproducible processing will be key to advance this field of research by making it more integrative. Finally, we show how these BEF insights may be implemented for ecosystem management, society, and policy. Given that human well-being critically depends on the multiple services provided by diverse, multitrophic communities, integrating the approaches of evolutionary ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology in future BEF research will be key to refine conservation targets and develop sustainable management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Schielzeth
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrew D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathryn Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- EcoNetLab, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Soil Ecology Department, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle Saale, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Darren P Giling
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments [ICBM], Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Koller-France
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Geographie und Geoökologie, Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology and Physiology & Experimental Plant Ecology, PO Box 9100, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian T Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Propre de Service 3248, Campus Baillarguet, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H1
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christiane Roscher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Physiological Diversity, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Buesgenweg 3, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Dept. of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Vogel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, E3B 8B7, Fredericton, Canada
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Malte Jochum
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ross SRPJ, Friedman NR, Janicki J, Economo EP. A test of trophic and functional island biogeography theory with the avifauna of a continental archipelago. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1392-1405. [PMID: 31132149 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The classical MacArthur-Wilson theory of island biogeography (TIB) emphasizes the role of island area and isolation in determining island biotas, but is neutral with respect to species differences that could affect community assembly and persistence. Recent extensions of island biogeography theory address how functional differences among species may lead to non-random community assembly processes and different diversity-area scaling patterns. First, the trophic TIB considers how diversity scaling varies across trophic position in a community, with species at higher trophic levels being most strongly influenced by island area. Second, further extensions have predicted how trait distributions, and hence functional diversity, should scale with area. Trait-based theory predicts richness-corrected functional diversity should be low on small islands but converge to null on larger islands. Conversely, competitive assembly predicts high diversity on small islands converging to null with increasing size. However, despite mounting interest in diversity-area relationships across different dimensions of diversity, these predictions derived from theory have not been extensively tested across taxa and island systems. Here, we develop and test predictions of the trophic TIB and extensions to functional traits, by examining the diversity-area relationship across multiple trophic ranks and dimensions of avian biodiversity in the Ryūkyū archipelago of Japan. We find evidence for a positive species- and phylogenetic diversity-area relationship, but functional diversity was not strongly affected by island area. Counter to the trophic TIB, we found no differences in the slopes of species-area relationships among trophic ranks, although slopes varied among trophic guilds at the same rank. We revealed differential assembly of trophic ranks, with evidence of trait-based assembly of intermediate predators but otherwise neutral community assembly. Our results suggest that niche space differs among trophic guilds of birds, but that differences are mostly not predicted by current extensions of island biogeography theory. While predicted patterns do not fit the empirical data well in this case, the development of such theory provides a useful framework to analyse island patterns from new perspectives. The application of empirical datasets such as ours should help provide a basis for developing further iterations of island biogeography theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R P-J Ross
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicholas R Friedman
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Julia Janicki
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee CK, Laughlin DC, Bottos EM, Caruso T, Joy K, Barrett JE, Brabyn L, Nielsen UN, Adams BJ, Wall DH, Hopkins DW, Pointing SB, McDonald IR, Cowan DA, Banks JC, Stichbury GA, Jones I, Zawar-Reza P, Katurji M, Hogg ID, Sparrow AD, Storey BC, Allan Green TG, Cary SC. Biotic interactions are an unexpected yet critical control on the complexity of an abiotically driven polar ecosystem. Commun Biol 2019; 2:62. [PMID: 30793041 PMCID: PMC6377621 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors control ecosystem biodiversity, but their relative contributions remain unclear. The ultraoligotrophic ecosystem of the Antarctic Dry Valleys, a simple yet highly heterogeneous ecosystem, is a natural laboratory well-suited for resolving the abiotic and biotic controls of community structure. We undertook a multidisciplinary investigation to capture ecologically relevant biotic and abiotic attributes of more than 500 sites in the Dry Valleys, encompassing observed landscape heterogeneities across more than 200 km2. Using richness of autotrophic and heterotrophic taxa as a proxy for functional complexity, we linked measured variables in a parsimonious yet comprehensive structural equation model that explained significant variations in biological complexity and identified landscape-scale and fine-scale abiotic factors as the primary drivers of diversity. However, the inclusion of linkages among functional groups was essential for constructing the best-fitting model. Our findings support the notion that biotic interactions make crucial contributions even in an extremely simple ecosystem. Charles Lee, Daniel Laughlin et al. use structural equation modeling to analyze ecological data from more than 500 sites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. They find that although abiotic factors are the primary drivers of biodiversity variation, biotic interactions are needed to explain the data fully and may play previously underestimated roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Lee
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Eric M Bottos
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Kurt Joy
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - John E Barrett
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lars Brabyn
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,School of Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Uffe N Nielsen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Byron J Adams
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, and Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Diana H Wall
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Department of Biology & School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - David W Hopkins
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,SRUC - Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Stephen B Pointing
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Yale-NUS College and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
| | - Ian R McDonald
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Don A Cowan
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jonathan C Banks
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - Glen A Stichbury
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Irfon Jones
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Peyman Zawar-Reza
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Marwan Katurji
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ian D Hogg
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Cambridge, Bay, X0B 0C0, Nunavut, Canada
| | | | - Bryan C Storey
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - T G Allan Green
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.,Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - S Craig Cary
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,College of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19958, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zalewski M, Hajdamowicz I, Stańska M, Dudek-Godeau D, Tykarski P, Sienkiewicz P, Ciurzycki W, Ulrich W. β-diversity decreases with increasing trophic rank in plant - arthropod food chains on lake islands. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17425. [PMID: 30479354 PMCID: PMC6258687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting trophic theories of island biogeography try to link spatial patterns in species distribution and richness with dietary preferences, arguing that the spatial turnover of species among habitat patches changes with trophic rank causing a systematic change in the proportion of plants, herbivores, and predators across habitats of different size. Here we test these predictions using quantitative surveys of plants, spiders, and herbivores as well as of omnivorous and predatory ground beetles on undisturbed Polish lake islands. We found decreased proportions of predators and habitat generalists on larger islands. Environmental niches and niche overlap were highest in predators. Variability in environmental niche width among species increased at higher trophic levels. Our results confirm models that predict a decrease in spatial species turnover (β-diversity) with increasing trophic level. We speculate that the major trigger for these differences is a reduced dispersal ability in plants at basal trophic ranks when compared to higher trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zalewski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Izabela Hajdamowicz
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prusa 12, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Marzena Stańska
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prusa 12, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Dorota Dudek-Godeau
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Wóycickiego1/3, building 23, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Tykarski
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sienkiewicz
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ciurzycki
- Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guzman LM, Germain RM, Forbes C, Straus S, O'Connor MI, Gravel D, Srivastava DS, Thompson PL. Towards a multi-trophic extension of metacommunity ecology. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:19-33. [PMID: 30370702 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metacommunity theory provides an understanding of how spatial processes determine the structure and function of communities at local and regional scales. Although metacommunity theory has considered trophic dynamics in the past, it has been performed idiosyncratically with a wide selection of possible dynamics. Trophic metacommunity theory needs a synthesis of a few influential axis to simplify future predictions and tests. We propose an extension of metacommunity ecology that addresses these shortcomings by incorporating variability among trophic levels in 'spatial use properties'. We define 'spatial use properties' as a set of traits (dispersal, migration, foraging and spatial information processing) that set the spatial and temporal scales of organismal movement, and thus scales of interspecific interactions. Progress towards a synthetic predictive framework can be made by (1) documenting patterns of spatial use properties in natural food webs and (2) using theory and experiments to test how trophic structure in spatial use properties affects metacommunity dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Melissa Guzman
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel M Germain
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Coreen Forbes
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha Straus
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary I O'Connor
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick L Thompson
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M, Ainsaar L, Ducousso M, Hiiesalu I, Jairus T, Johnson N, Jourand P, Kalamees R, Koorem K, Meyer JY, Püssa K, Reier Ü, Pärtel M, Semchenko M, Traveset A, Vasar M, Zobel M. Microbial island biogeography: isolation shapes the life history characteristics but not diversity of root-symbiotic fungal communities. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2211-2224. [PMID: 29884829 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Island biogeography theory is one of the most influential paradigms in ecology. That island characteristics, including remoteness, can profoundly modulate biological diversity has been borne out by studies of animals and plants. By contrast, the processes influencing microbial diversity in island systems remain largely undetermined. We sequenced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal DNA from plant roots collected on 13 islands worldwide and compared AM fungal diversity on islands with existing data from mainland sites. AM fungal communities on islands (even those >6000 km from the closest mainland) comprised few endemic taxa and were as diverse as mainland communities. Thus, in contrast to patterns recorded among macro-organisms, efficient dispersal appears to outweigh the effects of taxogenesis and extinction in regulating AM fungal diversity on islands. Nonetheless, AM fungal communities on more distant islands comprised a higher proportion of previously cultured and large-spored taxa, indicating that dispersal may be human-mediated or require tolerance of significant environmental stress, such as exposure to sunlight or high salinity. The processes driving large-scale patterns of microbial diversity are a key consideration for attempts to conserve and restore functioning ecosystems in this era of rapid global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Davison
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia.
| | - Mari Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Leho Ainsaar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD UMR082 LSTM, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Inga Hiiesalu
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Teele Jairus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Nancy Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5694, USA
| | | | - Rein Kalamees
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Jean-Yves Meyer
- Délégation à la Recherche de la Polynésie française, Bâtiment du Gouvernement, Avenue Pouvanaa a Oopa, B.P. 20981, 98713, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Kersti Püssa
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Ülle Reier
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Marina Semchenko
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marqués 21, Esporles, 07190, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Martti Vasar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biodiversity Dynamics on Islands: Explicitly Accounting for Causality in Mechanistic Models. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
Metacommunity theory has provided many insights into the general problem of local versus regional control of species diversity and relative abundance. The metacommunity framework has been extended from competitive interactions to whole food webs that can be described as spatial networks of interaction networks. Trophic metacommunity theory greatly contributed to resolving the community complexity-stability debate by predicting its dependence on the regional spatial context. The meta-ecosystem framework has since been suggested as a useful simplification of complex ecosystems to apply this spatial context to spatial flows of both individuals and matter. Reviewing the recent literature on metacommunity and meta-ecosystem theories suggests the importance of unifying theories of interaction strength into a meta-ecosystem framework that captures how the strength of spatial, species, and ecosystem fluxes are distributed across location and trophic levels. Such integration predicts important feedback between local and regional processes that drive the assembly of species, the stability of community, and the emergence of ecosystem functions, from limited spatial fluxes of individuals and (in)organic matter. These predictions are often mediated by the maintenance of environmental or endogenous fluctuations from local to regional scales that create important challenges and opportunities for the validation of metacommunity and meta-ecosystem theories and their application to conservation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Si X, Cadotte MW, Zeng D, Baselga A, Zhao Y, Li J, Wu Y, Wang S, Ding P. Functional and phylogenetic structure of island bird communities. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:532-542. [PMID: 28191629 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity change in anthropogenically transformed habitats is often nonrandom, yet the nature and importance of the different mechanisms shaping community structure are unclear. Here, we extend the classic Theory of Island Biogeography (TIB) to account for nonrandom processes by incorporating species traits and phylogenetic relationships into a study of faunal relaxation following habitat loss and fragmentation. Two possible mechanisms can create nonrandom community patterns on fragment islands. First, small and isolated islands might consist of similar or closely related species because they are environmentally homogeneous or select for certain shared traits, such as dispersal ability. Alternatively, communities on small islands might contain more dissimilar or distantly related species than on large islands because limited space and resource availability result in greater competitive exclusion among species with high niche overlap. Breeding birds were surveyed on 36 islands and two mainland sites annually from 2010 to 2014 in the Thousand Island Lake region, China. We assessed community structure of breeding birds on these subtropical land-bridge islands by integrating species' trait and evolutionary distances. We additionally analysed habitat heterogeneity and variance in size ratios to distinguish biotic and abiotic processes of community assembly. Results showed that functional-phylogenetic diversity increased with island area, and decreased with isolation. Bird communities on the mainland were more diverse and generally less clustered than island bird communities and not different than randomly assembled communities. Bird communities on islands tend to be functionally similar and phylogenetically clustered, especially on small and isolated islands. The nonrandom decline in species diversity and change in bird community structure with island area and isolation, along with the relatively homogeneous habitats on small islands, support the environmental filtering hypothesis. Our study demonstrates the importance of integrating multiple forms of diversity for understanding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and further reveals that TIB could be extended to community measures by moving beyond assumptions of species equivalency in colonisation rates and extinction susceptibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Si
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Di Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Andrés Baselga
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yiru Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Ping Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|