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Khoja S, Chen LY. Conditional deletion of neurexin-2 impaired behavioral flexibility to alterations in action-outcome contingency. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10187. [PMID: 38702381 PMCID: PMC11068883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (Nrxns) are critical for synapse organization and their mutations have been documented in autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. We recently reported that conditional deletion of Nrxn2, under the control of Emx1Cre promoter, predominately expressed in the neocortex and hippocampus (Emx1-Nrxn2 cKO mice) induced stereotyped patterns of behavior in mice, suggesting behavioral inflexibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of Nrxn2 deletion through two different conditional approaches targeting presynaptic cortical neurons projecting to dorsomedial striatum on the flexibility between goal-directed and habitual actions in response to devaluation of action-outcome (A-O) contingencies in an instrumental learning paradigm or upon reversal of A-O contingencies in a water T-maze paradigm. Nrxn2 deletion through both the conditional approaches induced an inability of mice to discriminate between goal-directed and habitual action strategies in their response to devaluation of A-O contingency. Emx1-Nrxn2 cKO mice exhibited reversal learning deficits, indicating their inability to adopt new action strategies. Overall, our studies showed that Nrxn2 deletion through two distinct conditional deletion approaches impaired flexibility in response to alterations in A-O contingencies. These investigations can lay the foundation for identification of novel genetic factors underlying behavioral inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Khoja
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lulu Y Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Herklotz Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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2
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Fernando MB, Fan Y, Zhang Y, Kammourh S, Murphy AN, Ghorbani S, Onatzevitch R, Pero A, Padilla C, Flaherty EK, Prytkova IK, Cao L, Williams S, Fang G, Slesinger PA, Brennand KJ. Precise Therapeutic Targeting of Distinct NRXN1+/- Mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.28.564543. [PMID: 37961635 PMCID: PMC10634884 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.28.564543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
As genetic studies continue to identify risk loci that are significantly associated with risk for neuropsychiatric disease, a critical unanswered question is the extent to which diverse mutations--sometimes impacting the same gene-- will require tailored therapeutic strategies. Here we consider this in the context of rare neuropsychiatric disorder-associated copy number variants (2p16.3) resulting in heterozygous deletions in NRXN1, a pre-synaptic cell adhesion protein that serves as a critical synaptic organizer in the brain. Complex patterns of NRXN1 alternative splicing are fundamental to establishing diverse neurocircuitry, vary between the cell types of the brain, and are differentially impacted by unique (non-recurrent) deletions. We contrast the cell-type-specific impact of patient-specific mutations in NRXN1 using human induced pluripotent stem cells, finding that perturbations in NRXN1 splicing result in divergent cell-type-specific synaptic outcomes. Via distinct loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) mechanisms, NRXN1+/- deletions cause decreased synaptic activity in glutamatergic neurons, yet increased synaptic activity in GABAergic neurons. Stratification of patients by LOF and GOF mechanisms will facilitate individualized restoration of NRXN1 isoform repertoires; towards this, antisense oligonucleotides knockdown mutant isoform expression and alters synaptic transcriptional signatures, while treatment with β-estradiol rescues synaptic function in glutamatergic neurons. Given the increasing number of mutations predicted to engender both LOF and GOF mechanisms in brain disease, our findings add nuance to future considerations of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Fernando
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sarah Kammourh
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Aleta N. Murphy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sadaf Ghorbani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ryan Onatzevitch
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Adriana Pero
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Christopher Padilla
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Erin K. Flaherty
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Iya K. Prytkova
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Sarah Williams
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Gang Fang
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520
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3
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Molloy CJ, Cooke J, Gatford NJF, Rivera-Olvera A, Avazzadeh S, Homberg JR, Grandjean J, Fernandes C, Shen S, Loth E, Srivastava DP, Gallagher L. Bridging the translational gap: what can synaptopathies tell us about autism? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1191323. [PMID: 37441676 PMCID: PMC10333541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1191323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in the neurobiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. There is a current focus on synaptic gene conditions, or synaptopathies, which refer to clinical conditions associated with rare genetic variants disrupting genes involved in synaptic biology. Synaptopathies are commonly associated with autism and developmental delay and may be associated with a range of other neuropsychiatric outcomes. Altered synaptic biology is suggested by both preclinical and clinical studies in autism based on evidence of differences in early brain structural development and altered glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission potentially perturbing excitatory and inhibitory balance. This review focusses on the NRXN-NLGN-SHANK pathway, which is implicated in the synaptic assembly, trans-synaptic signalling, and synaptic functioning. We provide an overview of the insights from preclinical molecular studies of the pathway. Concentrating on NRXN1 deletion and SHANK3 mutations, we discuss emerging understanding of cellular processes and electrophysiology from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models derived from individuals with synaptopathies, neuroimaging and behavioural findings in animal models of Nrxn1 and Shank3 synaptic gene conditions, and key findings regarding autism features, brain and behavioural phenotypes from human clinical studies of synaptopathies. The identification of molecular-based biomarkers from preclinical models aims to advance the development of targeted therapeutic treatments. However, it remains challenging to translate preclinical animal models and iPSC studies to interpret human brain development and autism features. We discuss the existing challenges in preclinical and clinical synaptopathy research, and potential solutions to align methodologies across preclinical and clinical research. Bridging the translational gap between preclinical and clinical studies will be necessary to understand biological mechanisms, to identify targeted therapies, and ultimately to progress towards personalised approaches for complex neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara J. Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Cooke
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar Avazzadeh
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Loth
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Feichtinger RG, Preisel M, Brugger K, Wortmann SB, Mayr JA. Case Report-An Inherited Loss-of-Function NRXN3 Variant Potentially Causes a Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Autism Consistent with Previously Described 14q24.3-31.1 Deletions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1217. [PMID: 37372397 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous, large-scale deletions at 14q24.3-31.1 affecting the neurexin-3 gene have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. Both "de novo" occurrences and inheritance from a healthy parent suggest incomplete penetrance and expressivity, especially in autism spectrum disorder. NRXN3 encodes neurexin-3, a neuronal cell surface protein involved in cell recognition and adhesion, as well as mediating intracellular signaling. NRXN3 is expressed in two distinct isoforms (alpha and beta) generated by alternative promoters and splicing. MM/Results: Using exome sequencing, we identified a monoallelic frameshift variant c.159_160del (p.Gln54AlafsTer50) in the NRXN3 beta isoform (NM_001272020.2) in a 5-year-old girl with developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and behavioral issues. This variant was inherited from her mother, who did not have any medical complaints. DISCUSSION This is the first detailed report of a loss-of-function variant in NRXN3 causing an identical phenotype, as reported for heterozygous large-scale deletions in the same genomic region, thereby confirming NRXN3 as a novel gene for neurodevelopmental disorders with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- René G Feichtinger
- University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) und Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Preisel
- University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) und Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karin Brugger
- University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) und Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) und Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, 6525 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK) und Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Janz P, Bainier M, Marashli S, Schoenenberger P, Valencia M, Redondo RL. Neurexin1α knockout rats display oscillatory abnormalities and sensory processing deficits back-translating key endophenotypes of psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:455. [PMID: 36307390 PMCID: PMC9616904 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic transmembrane proteins crucial for synapse development and organization. Deletion and missense mutations in all three Neurexin genes have been identified in psychiatric disorders, with mutations in the NRXN1 gene most strongly linked to schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While the consequences of NRXN1 deletion have been extensively studied on the synaptic and behavioral levels, circuit endophenotypes that translate to the human condition have not been characterized yet. Therefore, we investigated the electrophysiology of cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits in Nrxn1α-/- rats and wildtype littermates focusing on a set of translational readouts, including spontaneous oscillatory activity, auditory-evoked oscillations and potentials, as well as mismatch negativity-like (MMN) responses and responses to social stimuli. On the behavioral level Nrxn1α-/- rats showed locomotor hyperactivity. In vivo freely moving electrophysiology revealed pronounced increases of spontaneous oscillatory power within the gamma band in all studied brain areas and elevation of gamma coherence in cortico-striatal and thalamocortical circuits of Nrxn1α-/- rats. In contrast, auditory-evoked oscillations driven by chirp-modulated tones showed reduced power in cortical areas confined to slower oscillations. Finally, Nrxn1α-/- rats exhibited altered auditory evoked-potentials and profound deficits in MMN-like responses, explained by reduced prediction error. Despite deficits for auditory stimuli, responses to social stimuli appeared intact. A central hypothesis for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders is that a disbalance of excitation-to-inhibition is underlying oscillatory and sensory deficits. In a first attempt to explore the impact of inhibitory circuit modulation, we assessed the effects of enhancing tonic inhibition via δ-containing GABAA receptors (using Gaboxadol) on endophenotypes possibly associated with network hyperexcitability. Pharmacological experiments applying Gaboxadol showed genotype-specific differences, but failed to normalize oscillatory or sensory processing abnormalities. In conclusion, our study revealed endophenotypes in Nrxn1α-/- rats that could be used as translational biomarkers for drug development in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Janz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marie Bainier
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Marashli
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schoenenberger
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Valencia
- grid.5924.a0000000419370271Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Program of Neuroscience, 31080 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.508840.10000 0004 7662 6114IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31080 Pamplona, Spain ,grid.5924.a0000000419370271Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roger L. Redondo
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Liu XR, Xu XX, Lin SM, Fan CY, Ye TT, Tang B, Shi YW, Su T, Li BM, Yi YH, Luo JH, Liao WP. GRIN2A Variants Associated With Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:720984. [PMID: 34720871 PMCID: PMC8551482 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.720984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the role of GRIN2A gene in idiopathic generalized epilepsies and the potential underlying mechanism for phenotypic variation. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was performed in a cohort of 88 patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Electro-physiological alterations of the recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) containing GluN2A mutants were examined using two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings. The alterations of protein expression were detected by immunofluorescence staining and biotinylation. Previous studies reported that epilepsy related GRIN2A missense mutations were reviewed. The correlation among phenotypes, functional alterations, and molecular locations was analyzed. Results: Three novel heterozygous missense GRIN2A mutations (c.1770A > C/p.K590N, c.2636A > G/p.K879R, and c.3199C > T/p.R1067W) were identified in three unrelated cases. Electrophysiological analysis demonstrated R1067W significantly increased the current density of GluN1/GluN2A NMDARs. Immunofluorescence staining indicated GluN2A mutants had abundant distribution in the membrane and cytoplasm. Western blotting showed the ratios of surface and total expression of the three GluN2A-mutants were significantly increased comparing to the wild type. Further analysis on the reported missense mutations demonstrated that mutations with severe gain-of-function were associated with epileptic encephalopathy, while mutations with mild gain of function were associated with mild phenotypes, suggesting a quantitative correlation between gain-of-function and phenotypic severity. The mutations located around transmembrane domains were more frequently associated with severe phenotypes and absence seizure-related mutations were mostly located in carboxyl-terminal domain, suggesting molecular sub-regional effects. Significance: This study revealed GRIN2A gene was potentially a candidate pathogenic gene of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. The functional quantitative correlation and the molecular sub-regional implication of mutations helped in explaining the relatively mild clinical phenotypes and incomplete penetrance associated with GRIN2A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Xu
- Department of Physiology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Ying Fan
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hong Luo
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Avazzadeh S, Quinlan LR, Reilly J, McDonagh K, Jalali A, Wang Y, McInerney V, Krawczyk J, Ding Y, Fitzgerald J, O'Sullivan M, Forman EB, Lynch SA, Ennis S, Feerick N, Reilly R, Li W, Shen X, Yang G, Lu Y, Peeters H, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Shen S, Gallagher L. NRXN1α +/- is associated with increased excitability in ASD iPSC-derived neurons. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:56. [PMID: 34525970 PMCID: PMC8442436 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NRXN1 deletions are identified as one of major rare risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD has 30% co-morbidity with epilepsy, and the latter is associated with excessive neuronal firing. NRXN1 encodes hundreds of presynaptic neuro-adhesion proteins categorized as NRXN1α/β/γ. Previous studies on cultured cells show that the short NRXN1β primarily exerts excitation effect, whereas the long NRXN1α which is more commonly deleted in patients involves in both excitation and inhibition. However, patient-derived models are essential for understanding functional consequences of NRXN1α deletions in human neurons. We recently derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from five controls and three ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/- and showed increased calcium transients in patient neurons. Methods In this study we investigated the electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived cortical neurons in control and ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/- using patch clamping. Whole genome RNA sequencing was carried out to further understand the potential underlying molecular mechanism. Results NRXN1α+/- cortical neurons were shown to display larger sodium currents, higher AP amplitude and accelerated depolarization time. RNASeq analyses revealed transcriptomic changes with significant upregulation glutamatergic synapse and ion channels/transporter activity including voltage-gated potassium channels (GRIN1, GRIN3B, SLC17A6, CACNG3, CACNA1A, SHANK1), which are likely to couple with the increased excitability in NRXN1α+/- cortical neurons. Conclusions Together with recent evidence of increased calcium transients, our results showed that human NRXN1α+/- isoform deletions altered neuronal excitability and non-synaptic function, and NRXN1α+/- patient iPSCs may be used as an ASD model for therapeutic development with calcium transients and excitability as readouts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00661-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Avazzadeh
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Jamie Reilly
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Katya McDonagh
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | | | - Yanqin Wang
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Veronica McInerney
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yicheng Ding
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | | | - Matthew O'Sullivan
- Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva B Forman
- Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally A Lynch
- Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, OLCHC, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Academic Centre On Rare Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Feerick
- Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Reilly
- Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guangming Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland. .,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02, Ireland.
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Connecting the Neurobiology of Developmental Brain Injury: Neuronal Arborisation as a Regulator of Dysfunction and Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158220. [PMID: 34360985 PMCID: PMC8348801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders can derive from a complex combination of genetic variation and environmental pressures on key developmental processes. Despite this complex aetiology, and the equally complex array of syndromes and conditions diagnosed under the heading of neurodevelopmental disorder, there are parallels in the neuropathology of these conditions that suggest overlapping mechanisms of cellular injury and dysfunction. Neuronal arborisation is a process of dendrite and axon extension that is essential for the connectivity between neurons that underlies normal brain function. Disrupted arborisation and synapse formation are commonly reported in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we summarise the evidence for disrupted neuronal arborisation in these conditions, focusing primarily on the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, we explore the developmentally specific mechanisms by which neuronal arborisation is regulated. Finally, we discuss key regulators of neuronal arborisation that could link to neurodevelopmental disease and the potential for pharmacological modification of arborisation and the formation of synaptic connections that may provide therapeutic benefit in the future.
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9
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Carpenter JC, Lignani G. Gene Editing and Modulation: the Holy Grail for the Genetic Epilepsies? Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1515-1523. [PMID: 34235638 PMCID: PMC8608979 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder for which there are a large number of monogenic subtypes. Monogenic epilepsies are often severe and disabling, featuring drug-resistant seizures and significant developmental comorbidities. These disorders are potentially amenable to a precision medicine approach, of which genome editing using CRISPR/Cas represents the holy grail. Here we consider mutations in some of the most 'common' rare epilepsy genes and discuss the different CRISPR/Cas approaches that could be taken to cure these disorders. We consider scenarios where CRISPR-mediated gene modulation could serve as an effective therapeutic strategy and discuss whether a single gene corrective approach could hold therapeutic potential in the context of homeostatic compensation in the developing, highly dynamic brain. Despite an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of the genetic epilepsies and current limitations of gene editing tools, CRISPR-mediated approaches have game-changing potential in the treatment of genetic epilepsy over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Carpenter
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square House, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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10
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Vasudevaraja V, Rodriguez JH, Pelorosso C, Zhu K, Buccoliero AM, Onozato M, Mohamed H, Serrano J, Tredwin L, Garonzi M, Forcato C, Zeck B, Ramaswami S, Stafford J, Faustin A, Friedman D, Hidalgo ET, Zagzag D, Skok J, Heguy A, Chiriboga L, Conti V, Guerrini R, Iafrate AJ, Devinsky O, Tsirigos A, Golfinos JG, Snuderl M. Somatic Focal Copy Number Gains of Noncoding Regions of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Genes in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:160-168. [PMID: 33274363 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a heterogenous group of disorders defined by recurrent seizure activity due to abnormal synchronized activity of neurons. A growing number of epilepsy cases are believed to be caused by genetic factors and copy number variants (CNV) contribute to up to 5% of epilepsy cases. However, CNVs in epilepsy are usually large deletions or duplications involving multiple neurodevelopmental genes. In patients who underwent seizure focus resection for treatment-resistant epilepsy, whole genome DNA methylation profiling identified 3 main clusters of which one showed strong association with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes. We identified focal copy number gains involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and PDGFRA loci. The dysplastic neurons of cases with amplifications showed marked overexpression of EGFR and PDGFRA, while glial and endothelial cells were negative. Targeted sequencing of regulatory regions and DNA methylation analysis revealed that only enhancer regions of EGFR and gene promoter of PDGFRA were amplified, while coding regions did not show copy number abnormalities or somatic mutations. Somatic focal copy number gains of noncoding regulatory represent a previously unrecognized genetic driver in epilepsy and a mechanism of abnormal activation of RTK genes. Upregulated RTKs provide a potential avenue for therapy in seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiana Pelorosso
- Paediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Buccoliero
- Pathology Unit, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maristela Onozato
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Stafford
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | | | - David Zagzag
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Valerio Conti
- Paediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology.,Comprehensive Epilepsy Center (DF, OD).,Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | | | - John G Golfinos
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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11
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Uchigashima M, Konno K, Demchak E, Cheung A, Watanabe T, Keener DG, Abe M, Le T, Sakimura K, Sasaoka T, Uemura T, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Watanabe M, Futai K. Specific Neuroligin3-αNeurexin1 signaling regulates GABAergic synaptic function in mouse hippocampus. eLife 2020; 9:e59545. [PMID: 33355091 PMCID: PMC7758064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation and regulation require signaling interactions between pre- and postsynaptic proteins, notably cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). It has been proposed that the functions of neuroligins (Nlgns), postsynaptic CAMs, rely on the formation of trans-synaptic complexes with neurexins (Nrxns), presynaptic CAMs. Nlgn3 is a unique Nlgn isoform that localizes at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. However, Nlgn3 function mediated via Nrxn interactions is unknown. Here we demonstrate that Nlgn3 localizes at postsynaptic sites apposing vesicular glutamate transporter 3-expressing (VGT3+) inhibitory terminals and regulates VGT3+ inhibitory interneuron-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse organotypic slice cultures. Gene expression analysis of interneurons revealed that the αNrxn1+AS4 splice isoform is highly expressed in VGT3+ interneurons as compared with other interneurons. Most importantly, postsynaptic Nlgn3 requires presynaptic αNrxn1+AS4 expressed in VGT3+ interneurons to regulate inhibitory synaptic transmission. Our results indicate that specific Nlgn-Nrxn signaling generates distinct functional properties at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Uchigashima
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Department of Cellular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Emily Demchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Amy Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - David G Keener
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Timmy Le
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Division of Gene Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu UniversityNaganoJapan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu UniversityNaganoJapan
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Personalized Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kensuke Futai
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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12
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Thakran S, Guin D, Singh P, Singh P, Kukal S, Rawat C, Yadav S, Kushwaha SS, Srivastava AK, Hasija Y, Saso L, Ramachandran S, Kukreti R. Genetic Landscape of Common Epilepsies: Advancing towards Precision in Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7784. [PMID: 33096746 PMCID: PMC7589654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures, is highly heterogeneous in nature. Based on the prevalence, epilepsy is classified into two types: common and rare epilepsies. Common epilepsies affecting nearly 95% people with epilepsy, comprise generalized epilepsy which encompass idiopathic generalized epilepsy like childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizure on awakening and focal epilepsy like temporal lobe epilepsy and cryptogenic focal epilepsy. In 70% of the epilepsy cases, genetic factors are responsible either as single genetic variant in rare epilepsies or multiple genetic variants acting along with different environmental factors as in common epilepsies. Genetic testing and precision treatment have been developed for a few rare epilepsies and is lacking for common epilepsies due to their complex nature of inheritance. Precision medicine for common epilepsies require a panoramic approach that incorporates polygenic background and other non-genetic factors like microbiome, diet, age at disease onset, optimal time for treatment and other lifestyle factors which influence seizure threshold. This review aims to comprehensively present a state-of-art review of all the genes and their genetic variants that are associated with all common epilepsy subtypes. It also encompasses the basis of these genes in the epileptogenesis. Here, we discussed the current status of the common epilepsy genetics and address the clinical application so far on evidence-based markers in prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment management. In addition, we assessed the diagnostic predictability of a few genetic markers used for disease risk prediction in individuals. A combination of deeper endo-phenotyping including pharmaco-response data, electro-clinical imaging, and other clinical measurements along with genetics may be used to diagnose common epilepsies and this marks a step ahead in precision medicine in common epilepsies management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Thakran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Pooja Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
| | - Suman S. Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India;
| | - Achal K. Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Yasha Hasija
- Department of Bioinformatics, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
- G N Ramachandran Knowledge Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi 110007, India; (S.T.); (D.G.); (P.S.); (P.S.); (S.K.); (C.R.); (S.Y.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India;
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13
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Cosemans N, Vandenhove L, Vogels A, Devriendt K, Van Esch H, Van Buggenhout G, Olivié H, de Ravel T, Ortibus E, Legius E, Aerssens P, Breckpot J, R Vermeesch J, Shen S, Fitzgerald J, Gallagher L, Peeters H. The clinical relevance of intragenic NRXN1 deletions. J Med Genet 2020; 57:347-355. [PMID: 31932357 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intragenic NRXN1 deletions are susceptibility variants for neurodevelopmental disorders; however, their clinical interpretation is often unclear. Therefore, a literature study and an analysis of 43 previously unpublished deletions are provided. METHODS The literature cohort covered 629 heterozygous NRXN1 deletions: 148 in controls, 341 in probands and 140 in carrier relatives, and was used for clinical hypothesis testing. Exact breakpoint determination was performed for 43 in-house deletions. RESULTS The prevalence of exonic NRXN1 deletions in controls was ~1/3000 as compared with ~1/800 in patients with neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders. The differential distribution of deletions across the gene between controls and probands allowed to distinguish distinct areas within the gene. Exon 6-24 deletions appeared only twice in over 100000 control individuals, had an estimated penetrance for neurodevelopmental disorders of 32.43%, a de novo rate of 50% and segregated mainly with intellectual disability (ID) and schizophrenia. In contrast, exon 1-5 deletions appeared in 20 control individuals, had an estimated penetrance of 12.59%, a de novo rate of 32.5% and were reported with a broad range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Exact breakpoint determination revealed six recurrent intron 5 deletions. CONCLUSION Exon 6-24 deletions have a high penetrance and are mainly associated with ID and schizophrenia. In contrast, the actual contribution of exon 1-5 deletions to a neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorder in an individual patient and family remains very difficult to assess. To enhance the clinical interpretation, this study provides practical considerations for counselling and an interactive table for comparing a deletion of interest with the available literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Cosemans
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Annick Vogels
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Olivié
- Center for Developmental Disabilities Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomy de Ravel
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Ortibus
- Center for Developmental Disabilities Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Leuven Autism Research (LAuRes), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Avazzadeh S, McDonagh K, Reilly J, Wang Y, Boomkamp SD, McInerney V, Krawczyk J, Fitzgerald J, Feerick N, O'Sullivan M, Jalali A, Forman EB, Lynch SA, Ennis S, Cosemans N, Peeters H, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Quinlan LR, Gallagher L, Shen S. Increased Ca 2+ signaling in NRXN1α +/- neurons derived from ASD induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Autism 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 31893021 PMCID: PMC6937972 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a high co-morbidity of epilepsy and associated with hundreds of rare risk factors. NRXN1 deletion is among the commonest rare genetic factors shared by ASD, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and developmental delay. However, how NRXN1 deletions lead to different clinical symptoms is unknown. Patient-derived cells are essential to investigate the functional consequences of NRXN1 lesions to human neurons in different diseases. Methods Skin biopsies were donated by five healthy donors and three ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/− deletions. Seven control and six NRXN1α+/− iPSC lines were derived and differentiated into day 100 cortical excitatory neurons using dual SMAD inhibition. Calcium (Ca2+) imaging was performed using Fluo4-AM, and the properties of Ca2+ transients were compared between two groups of neurons. Transcriptome analysis was carried out to undercover molecular pathways associated with NRXN1α+/− neurons. Results NRXN1α+/− neurons were found to display altered calcium dynamics, with significantly increased frequency, duration, and amplitude of Ca2+ transients. Whole genome RNA sequencing also revealed altered ion transport and transporter activity, with upregulated voltage-gated calcium channels as one of the most significant pathways in NRXN1α+/− neurons identified by STRING and GSEA analyses. Conclusions This is the first report to show that human NRXN1α+/− neurons derived from ASD patients’ iPSCs present novel phenotypes of upregulated VGCCs and increased Ca2+ transients, which may facilitate the development of drug screening assays for the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Avazzadeh
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katya McDonagh
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jamie Reilly
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yanqin Wang
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland.,2Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Stephanie D Boomkamp
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Veronica McInerney
- 3HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- 4Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Niamh Feerick
- 5School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Amirhossein Jalali
- 6School of Medicine, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eva B Forman
- 7Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally A Lynch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, OLCHC, Dublin 12, Ireland.,9Children's University Hospital, Temple St, Dublin, Ireland.,10Academic Center on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- 11UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nele Cosemans
- 12Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- 10Academic Center on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- 13Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- 14Physiology and Human Movement Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Sanbing Shen
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Neuronal impact of patient-specific aberrant NRXN1α splicing. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1679-1690. [PMID: 31784728 PMCID: PMC7451045 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NRXN1 undergoes extensive alternative splicing, and non-recurrent heterozygous deletions in NRXN1 are strongly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We establish that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons represent well the diversity of NRXN1α alternative splicing observed in the human brain, cataloguing 123 high-confidence in-frame human NRXN1α isoforms. Patient-derived NRXN1+/− hiPSC-neurons show greater than two-fold reduction of half of the wild-type NRXN1α isoforms and express dozens of novel isoforms expressed from the mutant allele. Reduced neuronal activity in patient-derived NRXN1+/− hiPSC-neurons is ameliorated by overexpression of individual control isoforms in a genotype-dependent manner, whereas individual mutant isoforms decrease neuronal activity levels in control hiPSC-neurons. In a genotype-dependent manner, the phenotypic impact of patient-specific NRXN1+/− mutations can occur through a reduction in wild-type NRXN1α isoform levels as well as the presence of mutant NRXN1α isoforms.
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16
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Fernández-Marmiesse A, Roca I, Díaz-Flores F, Cantarín V, Pérez-Poyato MS, Fontalba A, Laranjeira F, Quintans S, Moldovan O, Felgueroso B, Rodríguez-Pedreira M, Simón R, Camacho A, Quijada P, Ibanez-Mico S, Domingno MR, Benito C, Calvo R, Pérez-Cejas A, Carrasco ML, Ramos F, Couce ML, Ruiz-Falcó ML, Gutierrez-Solana L, Martínez-Atienza M. Rare Variants in 48 Genes Account for 42% of Cases of Epilepsy With or Without Neurodevelopmental Delay in 246 Pediatric Patients. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1135. [PMID: 31780880 PMCID: PMC6856296 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the genetic architecture of epilepsy in a pediatric population from the Iberian Peninsula (including the Canary Islands), we conducted targeted exome sequencing of 246 patients with infantile-onset seizures with or without neurodevelopmental delay. We detected 107 variants in 48 different genes, which were implicated in neuronal excitability, neurodevelopment, synaptic transmission, and metabolic pathways. In 104 cases (42%) we detected variant(s) that we classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. Of the 48 mutated genes, 32 were dominant, 8 recessive and 8 X-linked. Of the patients for whom family studies could be performed and in whom pathogenic variants were identified in dominant or X-linked genes, 82% carried de novo mutations. The involvement of small copy number variations (CNVs) is 9%. The use of progressively updated custom panels with high mean vertical coverage enabled establishment of a definitive diagnosis in a large proportion of cases (42%) and detection of CNVs (even duplications) with high fidelity. In 10.5% of patients we detected associations that are pending confirmation via functional and/or familial studies. Our findings had important consequences for the clinical management of the probands, since a large proportion of the cohort had been clinically misdiagnosed, and their families were subsequently able to avail of genetic counseling. In some cases, a more appropriate treatment was selected for the patient in question, or an inappropriate treatment discontinued. Our findings suggest the existence of modifier genes that may explain the incomplete penetrance of some epilepsy-related genes. We discuss possible reasons for non-diagnosis and future research directions. Further studies will be required to uncover the roles of structural variants, epimutations, and oligogenic inheritance in epilepsy, thereby providing a more complete molecular picture of this disease. In summary, given the broad phenotypic spectrum of most epilepsy-related genes, efficient genomic tools like the targeted exome sequencing panel described here are essential for early diagnosis and treatment, and should be implemented as first-tier diagnostic tools for children with epilepsy without a clear etiologic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Marmiesse
- Unit for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Genomes & Disease Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), Santiago de Compostela University-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria Roca
- Unit for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Genomes & Disease Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), Santiago de Compostela University-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felícitas Díaz-Flores
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Verónica Cantarín
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Niño Jesús Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Fontalba
- Genetics Unit, Marqués de Valdecilla Clinical University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Francisco Laranjeira
- Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Quintans
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Santa María Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Genetics Unit, Santa María Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Blanca Felgueroso
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Teresa Herrera Child's Hospital, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Rogelio Simón
- Neuropediatrics Unit, 12 de Octubre Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Camacho
- Neuropediatrics Unit, 12 de Octubre Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Quijada
- Metabolic Disorders Unit, 12 de Octubre Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Ibanez-Mico
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mª Rosario Domingno
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Benito
- Genetics Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Calvo
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Pérez-Cejas
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mª Llanos Carrasco
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Clinical University Hospital Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Feliciano Ramos
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Pediatrics, Clinical University Hospital of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mª Luz Couce
- Unit for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases, Clinical University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mª Luz Ruiz-Falcó
- Neuropediatrics Unit, Niño Jesús Clinical University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Martínez-Atienza
- Genomes & Disease Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), Santiago de Compostela University-IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Molecular Genetics Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Canarias, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Molecular Genetics Unit, Virgen de las Nieves Clinical University Hospital, Granada, Spain
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17
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Hu Z, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Li M. Genetic insights and neurobiological implications from NRXN1 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1400-1414. [PMID: 31138894 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders commonly share genetic risk factors. To date, the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of these disorders, particularly how genetic variations affect the function of risk genes and contribute to disease symptoms, remain largely unknown. Neurexins are a family of synaptic adhesion molecules, which play important roles in the formation and establishment of synaptic structure, as well as maintenance of synaptic function. Accumulating genomic findings reveal that genetic variations within genes encoding neurexins are associated with a variety of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and some developmental abnormalities. In this review, we focus on NRXN1, one of the most compelling psychiatric risk genes of the neurexin family. We performed a comprehensive survey and analysis of current genetic and molecular data including both common and rare alleles within NRXN1 associated with psychiatric illnesses, thus providing insights into the genetic risk conferred by NRXN1. We also summarized the neurobiological evidences, supporting the function of NRXN1 and its protein products in synaptic formation, organization, transmission and plasticity, as well as disease-relevant behaviors, and assessed the mechanistic link between the mutations of NRXN1 and synaptic and behavioral pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Abstract
The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that the cellular and synaptic substrates of these circuits are atypical in neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating that altered structural plasticity may be an important part of the disease biology. Advances in genetics have redefined our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders and have revealed a spectrum of risk factors that impact pathways known to influence structural plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the importance of recent genetic findings on the different mechanisms of structural plasticity and propose that these converge on shared pathways that can be targeted with novel therapeutics.
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19
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Moreno-Salinas AL, Avila-Zozaya M, Ugalde-Silva P, Hernández-Guzmán DA, Missirlis F, Boucard AA. Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:700. [PMID: 31354411 PMCID: PMC6629964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Moreno-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David A. Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antony A. Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Dai J, Aoto J, Südhof TC. Alternative Splicing of Presynaptic Neurexins Differentially Controls Postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA Receptor Responses. Neuron 2019; 102:993-1008.e5. [PMID: 31005376 PMCID: PMC6554035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors mediate distinct postsynaptic signals that differ characteristically among synapses. How postsynaptic AMPA- and NMDA-receptor levels are regulated, however, remains unclear. Using newly generated conditional knockin mice that enable genetic control of neurexin alternative splicing, we show that in hippocampal synapses, alternative splicing of presynaptic neurexin-1 at splice site 4 (SS4) dramatically enhanced postsynaptic NMDA-receptor-mediated, but not AMPA-receptor-mediated, synaptic responses without altering synapse density. In contrast, alternative splicing of neurexin-3 at SS4 suppressed AMPA-receptor-mediated, but not NMDA-receptor-mediated, synaptic responses, while alternative splicing of neurexin-2 at SS4 had no effect on NMDA- or AMPA-receptor-mediated responses. Presynaptic overexpression of the neurexin-1β and neurexin-3β SS4+ splice variants, but not of their SS4- splice variants, replicated the respective SS4+ knockin phenotypes. Thus, different neurexins perform distinct nonoverlapping functions at hippocampal synapses that are independently regulated by alternative splicing. These functions transsynaptically control NMDA and AMPA receptors, thereby mediating presynaptic control of postsynaptic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Dai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jason Aoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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21
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Castronovo P, Baccarin M, Ricciardello A, Picinelli C, Tomaiuolo P, Cucinotta F, Frittoli M, Lintas C, Sacco R, Persico AM. Phenotypic spectrum of NRXN1 mono- and bi-allelic deficiency: A systematic review. Clin Genet 2019; 97:125-137. [PMID: 30873608 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic cell adhesion molecules critically involved in synaptogenesis and vesicular neurotransmitter release. They are encoded by three genes (NRXN1-3), each yielding a longer alpha (α) and a shorter beta (β) transcript. Deletions spanning the promoter and the initial exons of the NRXN1 gene, located in chromosome 2p16.3, are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, neurological and neuropsychological phenotypes. We have performed a systematic review to define (a) the clinical phenotypes most associated with mono-allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions, and (b) the phenotypic features of NRXN1 bi-allelic deficiency due to compound heterozygous deletions/mutations. Clinically, three major conclusions can be drawn: (a) incomplete penetrance and pleiotropy do not allow reliable predictions of clinical outcome following prenatal detection of mono-allelic exonic NRXN1 deletions. Newborn carriers should undergo periodic neuro-behavioral observations for the timely detection of warning signs and the prescription of early behavioral intervention; (b) the presence of additional independent genetic risk factors should always be sought, as they may influence prognosis; (c) children with exonic NRXN1 deletions displaying early-onset, severe psychomotor delay in the context of a Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome 2 phenotype, should undergo DNA sequencing of the spared NRXN1 allele in search for mutations or very small insertions/deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castronovo
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Baccarin
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Ricciardello
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Picinelli
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Tomaiuolo
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cucinotta
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Myriam Frittoli
- Laboratory for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Mafalda Luce Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Service for Neurodevelopmental Disorders & Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, University "Campus Bio-Medico", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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22
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Rochtus AM, Trowbridge S, Goldstein RD, Sheidley BR, Prabhu SP, Haynes R, Kinney HC, Poduri AH. Mutations in NRXN1 and NRXN2 in a patient with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and respiratory depression. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a003442. [PMID: 30709877 PMCID: PMC6371743 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is a severe disorder associated with epilepsy, developmental delay and intellectual disability, and in some cases premature mortality. We report the case of a female infant with EIEE and strikingly suppressed respiratory dysfunction that led to death. Postmortem research evaluation revealed hypoplasia of the arcuate nucleus of the medulla, a candidate region for respiratory regulation. Genetic evaluation revealed heterozygous variants in the related genes NRXN1 (c.2686C>T, p.Arg896Trp) and NRXN2 (c.3176G>A, p.Arg1059Gln), one inherited from the mother with family history of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and one from the father with family history of febrile seizures. Although there are no previous reports with the digenic combination of NRXN1 and NRXN2 variants, patients with biallelic loss of NRXN1 in humans and double neurexin 1α/2α knockout mice have severe breathing abnormalities, corresponding to the respiratory phenotype of our patient. These observations and the known interaction between the NRXN1 and NRXN2 proteins lead us to hypothesize that digenic variants in NRXN1 and NRXN2 contributed to the phenotype of EIEE, arcuate nucleus hypoplasia, respiratory failure, and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rochtus
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sara Trowbridge
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Goldstein
- Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Beth Rosen Sheidley
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sanjay P Prabhu
- Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robin Haynes
- Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hannah C Kinney
- Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Annapurna H Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Robert's Program on Sudden Death in Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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23
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Brignell A, St John M, Boys A, Bruce A, Dinale C, Pigdon L, Hildebrand MS, Amor DJ, Morgan AT. Characterization of speech and language phenotype in children with NRXN1 deletions. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:700-708. [PMID: 30358070 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurexin 1 gene (NRXN1) deletions are associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Communication difficulties have been reported, yet no study has examined specific speech and language features of individuals with NRXN1 deletions. Here, we characterized speech and language phenotypes in 21 children (14 families), aged 1.8-17 years, with NRXN1 deletions. Deletions ranged from 74 to 702 kb and consisted mostly of either exons 1-3 or 1-5. Speech sound disorders were frequent (69%), although few were severe. The majority (57%) of children had difficulty with receptive and/or expressive language, although no homogeneous profiles of deficit were seen across semantic, morphological, or grammatical systems. Social language difficulties were seen in over half the sample (53%). All but two individuals with language difficulties also had intellectual disability/developmental delay. Overall, while speech and language difficulties were common, there was substantial heterogeneity in the severity and type of difficulties observed and no striking communication phenotype was seen. Rather, the speech and language deficits are likely part of broader concomitant neurodevelopmental profiles (e.g., intellectual disability, social skill deficits). Nevertheless, given the high rate of affectedness, it is important speech/language development is assessed so interventions can be applied during childhood in a targeted and timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brignell
- Speech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miya St John
- Speech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber Boys
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Bruce
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla Dinale
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Pigdon
- Speech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael S Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neurodisability and Rehabilitation, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela T Morgan
- Speech and Language, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Gorlewicz A, Kaczmarek L. Pathophysiology of Trans-Synaptic Adhesion Molecules: Implications for Epilepsy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:119. [PMID: 30298130 PMCID: PMC6160742 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are specialized interfaces between neurons in the brain that transmit and modulate information, thereby integrating cells into multiplicity of interacting neural circuits. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) might form trans-synaptic complexes that are crucial for the appropriate identification of synaptic partners and further for the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses. When affected, trans-synaptic adhesion mechanisms play a role in synaptopathies in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy. This review recapitulates current understanding of trans-synaptic interactions in pathophysiology of interneuronal connections. In particular, we discuss here the possible implications of trans-synaptic adhesion dysfunction for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Saint-Martin M, Joubert B, Pellier-Monnin V, Pascual O, Noraz N, Honnorat J. Contactin-associated protein-like 2, a protein of the neurexin family involved in several human diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1906-1923. [PMID: 30028556 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) is a cell adhesion protein of the neurexin family. Proteins of this family have been shown to play a role in the development of the nervous system, in synaptic functions, and in neurological diseases. Over recent years, CASPR2 function has gained an increasing interest as demonstrated by the growing number of publications. Here, we gather published data to comprehensively review CASPR2 functions within the nervous system in relation to CASPR2-related diseases in humans. On the one hand, studies on Cntnap2 (coding for CASPR2) knockout mice revealed its role during development, especially, in setting-up the inhibitory network. Consistent with this result, mutations in the CNTNAP2 gene coding for CASPR2 in human have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. On the other hand, CASPR2 was shown to play a role beyond development, in the localization of voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex that is composed of TAG-1, Kv1.1, and Kv1.2. This complex was found in several subcellular compartments essential for action potential propagation: the node of Ranvier, the axon initial segment, and the synapse. In line with a role of CASPR2 in the mature nervous system, neurological autoimmune diseases have been described in patients without neurodevelopmental disorders but with antibodies directed against CASPR2. These autoimmune diseases were of two types: central with memory disorders and temporal lobe seizures, or peripheral with muscular hyperactivity. Overall, we review the up-to-date knowledge on CASPR2 function and pinpoint confused or lacking information that will need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Saint-Martin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Pellier-Monnin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nelly Noraz
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
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Doostparast Torshizi A, Wang K. Next-generation sequencing in drug development: target identification and genetically stratified clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1776-1783. [PMID: 29758342 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) enabled high-throughput analysis of genotype-phenotype relationships on human populations, ushering in a new era of genetics-informed drug development. The year 2017 was remarkable, with the first FDA-approved gene therapy for cancer (Kymriah™) and for inherited diseases (LUXTURNA™), the first multiplex NGS panel for companion diagnostics (MSK-IMPACT™) and the first drug targeting a genetic signature rather than a disease (Keytruda®). We envision that population-scale NGS with paired electronic health records (EHRs) will become a routine measure in the drug development process for the identification of novel drug targets, and that genetically stratified clinical trials could be widely adopted to improve power in precision-medicine-guided drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Doostparast Torshizi
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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27
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Südhof TC. Synaptic Neurexin Complexes: A Molecular Code for the Logic of Neural Circuits. Cell 2017; 171:745-769. [PMID: 29100073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons in brain that transmit and compute information, thereby connecting neurons into millions of overlapping and interdigitated neural circuits. Here, we posit that the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses are governed by a molecular logic that is controlled by diverse trans-synaptic signaling molecules. Neurexins, expressed in thousands of alternatively spliced isoforms, are central components of this dynamic code. Presynaptic neurexins regulate synapse properties via differential binding to multifarious postsynaptic ligands, such as neuroligins, cerebellin/GluD complexes, and latrophilins, thereby shaping the input/output relations of their resident neural circuits. Mutations in genes encoding neurexins and their ligands are associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, autism, and Tourette syndrome. Thus, neurexins nucleate an overall trans-synaptic signaling network that controls synapse properties, which thereby determines the precise responses of synapses to spike patterns in a neuron and circuit and which is vulnerable to impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, CA 94305-5453, USA.
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28
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Pérez-Palma E, Helbig I, Klein KM, Anttila V, Horn H, Reinthaler EM, Gormley P, Ganna A, Byrnes A, Pernhorst K, Toliat MR, Saarentaus E, Howrigan DP, Hoffman P, Miquel JF, De Ferrari GV, Nürnberg P, Lerche H, Zimprich F, Neubauer BA, Becker AJ, Rosenow F, Perucca E, Zara F, Weber YG, Lal D. Heterogeneous contribution of microdeletions in the development of common generalised and focal epilepsies. J Med Genet 2017; 54:598-606. [PMID: 28756411 PMCID: PMC5574393 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Microdeletions are known to confer risk to epilepsy, particularly at genomic rearrangement ‘hotspot’ loci. However, microdeletion burden not overlapping these regions or within different epilepsy subtypes has not been ascertained. Objective To decipher the role of microdeletions outside hotspots loci and risk assessment by epilepsy subtype. Methods We assessed the burden, frequency and genomic content of rare, large microdeletions found in a previously published cohort of 1366 patients with genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) in addition to two sets of additional unpublished genome-wide microdeletions found in 281 patients with rolandic epilepsy (RE) and 807 patients with adult focal epilepsy (AFE), totalling 2454 cases. Microdeletions were assessed in a combined and subtype-specific approaches against 6746 controls. Results When hotspots are considered, we detected an enrichment of microdeletions in the combined epilepsy analysis (adjusted p=1.06×10−6,OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.35). Epilepsy subtype-specific analyses showed that hotspot microdeletions in the GGE subgroup contribute most of the overall signal (adjusted p=9.79×10−12, OR 7.45, 95% CI 4.20–13.5). Outside hotspots , microdeletions were enriched in the GGE cohort for neurodevelopmental genes (adjusted p=9.13×10−3,OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.62–4.94). No additional signal was observed for RE and AFE. Still, gene-content analysis identified known (NRXN1, RBFOX1 and PCDH7) and novel (LOC102723362) candidate genes across epilepsy subtypes that were not deleted in controls. Conclusions Our results show a heterogeneous effect of recurrent and non-recurrent microdeletions as part of the genetic architecture of GGE and a minor contribution in the aetiology of RE and AFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pérez-Palma
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, University Hospitals Giessen & Marburg, and University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Verneri Anttila
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heiko Horn
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Padhraig Gormley
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Byrnes
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elmo Saarentaus
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Per Hoffman
- Division of Medical Genetics Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Francisco Miquel
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giancarlo V De Ferrari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research,University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bern A Neubauer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, University Hospitals Giessen & Marburg, and University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Emilio Perucca
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Genova, Italy
| | - Yvonne G Weber
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dennis Lal
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Richard AE, Scheffer IE, Wilson SJ. Features of the broader autism phenotype in people with epilepsy support shared mechanisms between epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Carvalho KCD, Uchida CGP, Guaranha MSB, Guilhoto LMF, Wolf P, Yacubian EMT. Cognitive performance in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients with specific endophenotypes. Seizure 2016; 40:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Labonne JDJ, Lee KH, Iwase S, Kong IK, Diamond MP, Layman LC, Kim CH, Kim HG. An atypical 12q24.31 microdeletion implicates six genes including a histone demethylase KDM2B and a histone methyltransferase SETD1B in syndromic intellectual disability. Hum Genet 2016; 135:757-71. [PMID: 27106595 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletion syndromes are frequent causes of neuropsychiatric disorders leading to intellectual disability as well as autistic features accompanied by epilepsy and craniofacial anomalies. From comparative deletion mapping of the smallest microdeletion to date at 12q24.31, found in a patient with overlapping clinical features of 12q24.31 microdeletion syndrome, we narrowed the putative critical region to 445 kb containing seven genes, one microRNA, and one non-coding RNA. Zebrafish in situ hybridization and comprehensive transcript analysis of annotated genes in the panels of human organ and brain suggest that these are all candidates for neurological phenotypes excluding the gene HPD. This is also corroborated by synteny analysis revealing the conservation of the order of these six candidate genes between humans and zebrafish. Among them, we propose histone demethylase KDM2B and histone methyltransferase SETD1B as the two most plausible candidate genes involved in intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy, and craniofacial anomalies. These two chromatin modifiers located approximately 224 kb apart were both commonly deleted in six patients, while two additional patients had either KDM2B or SETD1B deleted. The four additional candidate genes (ORAI1, MORN3, TMEM120B, RHOF), a microRNA MIR548AQ, and a non-coding RNA LINC01089 are localized between KDM2B and SETD1B. The 12q24.31 microdeletion syndrome with syndromic intellectual disability extends the growing list of microdeletion syndromes and underscores the causative roles of chromatin modifiers in cognitive and craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D J Labonne
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kang-Han Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Lowther C, Speevak M, Armour CM, Goh ES, Graham GE, Li C, Zeesman S, Nowaczyk MJM, Schultz LA, Morra A, Nicolson R, Bikangaga P, Samdup D, Zaazou M, Boyd K, Jung JH, Siu V, Rajguru M, Goobie S, Tarnopolsky MA, Prasad C, Dick PT, Hussain AS, Walinga M, Reijenga RG, Gazzellone M, Lionel AC, Marshall CR, Scherer SW, Stavropoulos DJ, McCready E, Bassett AS. Molecular characterization of NRXN1 deletions from 19,263 clinical microarray cases identifies exons important for neurodevelopmental disease expression. Genet Med 2016; 19:53-61. [PMID: 27195815 PMCID: PMC4980119 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the current study was to assess the penetrance of NRXN1 deletions. Methods We compared the prevalence and genomic extent of NRXN1 deletions identified among 19,263 clinically referred cases to that of 15,264 controls. The burden of additional clinically relevant CNVs was used as a proxy to estimate the relative penetrance of NRXN1 deletions. Results We identified 41 (0.21%) previously unreported exonic NRXN1 deletions ascertained for developmental delay/intellectual disability, significantly greater than in controls [OR=8.14 (95% CI 2.91–22.72), p< 0.0001)]. Ten (22.7%) of these had a second clinically relevant CNV. Subjects with a deletion near the 3′ end of NRXN1 were significantly more likely to have a second rare CNV than subjects with a 5′ NRXN1 deletion [OR=7.47 (95% CI 2.36–23.61), p=0.0006]. The prevalence of intronic NRXN1 deletions was not statistically different between cases and controls (p=0.618). The majority (63.2%) of intronic NRXN1 deletion cases had a second rare CNV, a two-fold greater prevalence than for exonic NRXN1 deletion cases (p=0.0035). Conclusions The results support the importance of exons near the 5′ end of NRXN1 in the expression of neurodevelopmental disorders. Intronic NRXN1 deletions do not appear to substantially increase the risk for clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Lowther
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marsha Speevak
- Trillium Health Partners Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M Armour
- Regional Genetics Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elaine S Goh
- Trillium Health Partners Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail E Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Zeesman
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malgorzata J M Nowaczyk
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Schultz
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonella Morra
- Trillium Health Partners Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob Nicolson
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dawa Samdup
- Hotel Dieu Hospital, Child Development Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mostafa Zaazou
- Trillium Health Partners Credit Valley Site, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerry Boyd
- Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack H Jung
- London Health Sciences Centre, Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Siu
- Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sharan Goobie
- Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul T Dick
- Grey Bruce Health Services, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada
| | - Asmaa S Hussain
- London Health Sciences Centre, Children's Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Gazzellone
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anath C Lionel
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Stavropoulos
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth McCready
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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34
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Addis L, Rosch RE, Valentin A, Makoff A, Robinson R, Everett KV, Nashef L, Pal DK. Analysis of rare copy number variation in absence epilepsies. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e56. [PMID: 27123475 PMCID: PMC4830185 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify shared genes and pathways between common absence epilepsy (AE) subtypes (childhood absence epilepsy [CAE], juvenile absence epilepsy [JAE], and unclassified absence epilepsy [UAE]) that may indicate common mechanisms for absence seizure generation and potentially a diagnostic continuum. METHODS We used high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to analyze genome-wide rare copy number variation (CNV) in a cohort of 144 children with AEs (95 CAE, 26 UAE, and 23 JAE). RESULTS We identified CNVs that are known risk factors for AE in 4 patients, including 3x 15q11.2 deletion. We also expanded the phenotype at 4 regions more commonly identified in other neurodevelopmental disorders: 1p36.33 duplication, 1q21.1 deletion, 22q11.2 duplication, and Xp22.31 deletion and duplication. Fifteen patients (10.5%) were found to carry rare CNVs that disrupt genes associated with neuronal development and function (8 CAE, 2 JAE, and 5 UAE). Four categories of protein are each disrupted by several CNVs: (1) synaptic vesicle membrane or vesicle endocytosis, (2) synaptic cell adhesion, (3) synapse organization and motility via actin, and (4) gap junctions. CNVs within these categories are shared across the AE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results have reinforced the complex and heterogeneous nature of the AEs and their potential for shared genetic mechanisms and have highlighted several pathways that may be important in epileptogenesis of absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Addis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Rosch
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Makoff
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Robinson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate V Everett
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Nashef
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The next-generation sequencing revolution has substantially increased our understanding of the mutated genes that underlie complex neurodevelopmental disease. Exome sequencing has enabled us to estimate the number of genes involved in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disease, whereas targeted sequencing approaches have provided the means for quick and cost-effective sequencing of thousands of patient samples to assess the significance of individual genes. By leveraging such technologies and clinical exome sequencing, a genotype-first approach has emerged in which patients with a common genotype are first identified and then clinically reassessed as a group. This approach has proven a powerful methodology for refining disease subtypes. We propose that the molecular characterization of these genetic subtypes has important implications for diagnostics and also for future drug development. Classifying patients into subgroups with a common genetic etiology and applying treatments tailored to the specific molecular defect they carry is likely to improve management of neurodevelopmental disease in the future.
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A de novo microdeletion in NRXN1 in a Dutch patient with mild intellectual disability, microcephaly and gonadal dysgenesis. Genet Res (Camb) 2015; 97:e19. [PMID: 26438105 DOI: 10.1017/s001667231500021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is regarding a Dutch female with microcephaly, mild intellectual disability (ID), gonadal dysgenesis and dysmorphic facial features with synophrys. Upon genotyping, an ~455 kb de novo deletion encompassing the first exon of NRXN1 was found. Bidirectional sequencing of the coding exons of the NRXN1 alpha isoform was subsequently performed to investigate the possibility of a pathogenic mutation on the other allele, but we could not find any other mutation. Previously, many heterozygous mutations as well as microdeletions in NRXN1 were shown to be associated with ID, autism, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric and psychotic disorders. Our results are in agreement with other reports that show that NRXN1 deletions can lead to ID, microcephaly and mild dysmorphic features. However, this is the first report of gonadal dysgenesis being associated with such deletions. It is not clear whether there is a causal relationship between the NRXN1 deletion and gonadal dysgenesis, but it is of interest that the FSHR gene, which encodes the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor causative correlation that is mutated in ovarian dysgenesis, is located proximal to the NRXN1 gene. Given that most of the females carrying NRXN1 deletions have been diagnosed at a prepubertal age, gynecologic screening of female carriers of a NRXN1 deletion is warranted.
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent seizures, and is one of the most common neurological conditions. The genetic basis of epilepsy is clear from epidemiological studies and from rare gene discoveries in large families. The three major classes of epilepsy disorders are genetic generalized, focal and encephalopathic epilepsies, with several specific disorders within each class. Advances in genomic technologies that facilitate genome-wide discovery of both common and rare variants have led to a rapid increase in our understanding of epilepsy genetics. Copy number variant and genome-wide association studies have contributed to our understanding of the complex genetic architecture of generalized epilepsy, while genetic insights into the focal epilepsies and epileptic encephalopathies have come primarily from exome sequencing. It is increasingly clear that epilepsy is genetically heterogeneous, and novel gene discoveries have moved the field beyond the known contribution of ion channels to implicate chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation and regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein in the etiology of epilepsy. Such discoveries pave the way for new therapeutics, some of which are already being studied. In this review, we discuss the rapid pace of gene discovery in epilepsy, as facilitated by genomic technologies, and highlight several novel genes and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Wolf P, Yacubian EMT, Avanzini G, Sander T, Schmitz B, Wandschneider B, Koepp M. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: A system disorder of the brain. Epilepsy Res 2015; 114:2-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lal D, Ruppert AK, Trucks H, Schulz H, de Kovel CG, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité D, Sonsma ACM, Koeleman BP, Lindhout D, Weber YG, Lerche H, Kapser C, Schankin CJ, Kunz WS, Surges R, Elger CE, Gaus V, Schmitz B, Helbig I, Muhle H, Stephani U, Klein KM, Rosenow F, Neubauer BA, Reinthaler EM, Zimprich F, Feucht M, Møller RS, Hjalgrim H, De Jonghe P, Suls A, Lieb W, Franke A, Strauch K, Gieger C, Schurmann C, Schminke U, Nürnberg P, Sander T. Burden analysis of rare microdeletions suggests a strong impact of neurodevelopmental genes in genetic generalised epilepsies. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005226. [PMID: 25950944 PMCID: PMC4423931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) is the most common form of genetic epilepsy, accounting for 20% of all epilepsies. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) constitute important genetic risk factors of common GGE syndromes. In our present genome-wide burden analysis, large (≥ 400 kb) and rare (< 1%) autosomal microdeletions with high calling confidence (≥ 200 markers) were assessed by the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array in European case-control cohorts of 1,366 GGE patients and 5,234 ancestry-matched controls. We aimed to: 1) assess the microdeletion burden in common GGE syndromes, 2) estimate the relative contribution of recurrent microdeletions at genomic rearrangement hotspots and non-recurrent microdeletions, and 3) identify potential candidate genes for GGE. We found a significant excess of microdeletions in 7.3% of GGE patients compared to 4.0% in controls (P = 1.8 x 10-7; OR = 1.9). Recurrent microdeletions at seven known genomic hotspots accounted for 36.9% of all microdeletions identified in the GGE cohort and showed a 7.5-fold increased burden (P = 2.6 x 10-17) relative to controls. Microdeletions affecting either a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 8.0 x 10-18, OR = 4.6) or an evolutionarily conserved brain-expressed gene related to autism spectrum disorder (P = 1.3 x 10-12, OR = 4.1) were significantly enriched in the GGE patients. Microdeletions found only in GGE patients harboured a high proportion of genes previously associated with epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders (NRXN1, RBFOX1, PCDH7, KCNA2, EPM2A, RORB, PLCB1). Our results demonstrate that the significantly increased burden of large and rare microdeletions in GGE patients is largely confined to recurrent hotspot microdeletions and microdeletions affecting neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting a strong impact of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes in the pathogenesis of common GGE syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lal
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ruppert
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
| | - Holger Trucks
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
| | - Carolien G. de Kovel
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja C. M. Sonsma
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby P. Koeleman
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Lindhout
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- SEIN Epilepsy Institute in the Netherlands, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne G. Weber
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Kapser
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich Hospital—Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Schankin
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich Hospital—Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfram S. Kunz
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Epileptology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Epileptology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E. Elger
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Epileptology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Verena Gaus
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmitz
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Helbig
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel Campus), Kiel, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel Campus), Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel Campus), Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl M. Klein
- EPICURE Consortium
- Epilepsy-Center Hessen, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- EPICURE Consortium
- Epilepsy-Center Hessen, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhein-Main, Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd A. Neubauer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eva M. Reinthaler
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha Feucht
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rikke S. Møller
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- EPICURE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- EPICURE Consortium
- Neurogenetics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- EPICURE Consortium
- Neurogenetics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank Popgen, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulf Schminke
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Sander
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- EPICURE Consortium
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40
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Reinthaler EM, Dejanovic B, Lal D, Semtner M, Merkler Y, Reinhold A, Pittrich DA, Hotzy C, Feucht M, Steinböck H, Gruber-Sedlmayr U, Ronen GM, Neophytou B, Geldner J, Haberlandt E, Muhle H, Ikram MA, van Duijn CM, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Altmüller J, Kawalia A, Toliat MR, Nürnberg P, Lerche H, Nothnagel M, Thiele H, Sander T, Meier JC, Schwarz G, Neubauer BA, Zimprich F. Rare variants in γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor genes in rolandic epilepsy and related syndromes. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:972-86. [PMID: 25726841 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether mutations in γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA -R) subunit genes contribute to the etiology of rolandic epilepsy (RE) or its atypical variants (ARE). METHODS We performed exome sequencing to compare the frequency of variants in 18 GABAA -R genes in 204 European patients with RE/ARE versus 728 platform-matched controls. Identified GABRG2 variants were functionally assessed for protein stability, trafficking, postsynaptic clustering, and receptor function. RESULTS Of 18 screened GABAA -R genes, we detected an enrichment of rare variants in the GABRG2 gene in RE/ARE patients (5 of 204, 2.45%) in comparison to controls (1 of 723, 0.14%; odds ratio = 18.07, 95% confidence interval = 2.01-855.07, p = 0.0024, pcorr = 0.043). We identified a GABRG2 splice variant (c.549-3T>G) in 2 unrelated patients as well as 3 nonsynonymous variations in this gene (p.G257R, p.R323Q, p.I389V). Functional assessment showed reduced surface expression of p.G257R and decreased GABA-evoked currents for p.R323Q. The p.G257R mutation displayed diminished levels of palmitoylation, a post-translational modification crucial for trafficking of proteins to the cell membrane. Enzymatically raised palmitoylation levels restored the surface expression of the p.G257R variant γ2 subunit. INTERPRETATION The statistical association and the functional evidence suggest that mutations of the GABRG2 gene may increase the risk of RE/ARE. Restoring the impaired membrane trafficking of some GABRG2 mutations by enhancing palmitoylation might be an interesting therapeutic approach to reverse the pathogenic effect of such mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Reinthaler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Borislav Dejanovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis Lal
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Merkler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Reinhold
- RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Hotzy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gabriel M Ronen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Birgit Neophytou
- Department of Neuropediatrics, St Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Geldner
- Department of Pediatrics, SMZ Süd - Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edda Haberlandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Departments of Epidemiology, Neurology, and Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amit Kawalia
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Nothnagel
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Sander
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen C Meier
- RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Braunschweig University of Technology, Zoological Institute, Division of Cell Physiology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Günter Schwarz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd A Neubauer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Miteff CI, Smith RL, Bain NL, Subramanian G, Brown JE, Kamien B. 16p13.11 microdeletion in a patient with hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome: a case report. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:83-6. [PMID: 24453159 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813516382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome. The pathophysiology of hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome remains uncertain and there are probably multiple potential contributing factors. Our patient had a chromosomal 16p13.11 microdeletion that confers susceptibility to various types of epilepsy. This is the first report detailing an association of hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome with a 16p13.11 deletion and identifies another potential causal factor for hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina I Miteff
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert L Smith
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole L Bain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Rankin Park, Australia
| | - Gopinath Subramanian
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janis E Brown
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Kamien
- The University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Hunter Genetics, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Fanciulli M, Pasini E, Malacrida S, Striano P, Striano S, Michelucci R, Ottman R, Nobile C. Copy number variations and susceptibility to lateral temporal epilepsy: A study of 21 pedigrees. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1651-8. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Pasini
- Unit of Neurology; Bellaria Hospital; IRCCS of Neurological Sciences; Bologna Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Neuromuscular Disease Unit; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health; “G. Gaslini” Institute; University of Genoa; Genova Italy
| | - Salvatore Striano
- Department of Neurological Sciences; Federico II University; Napoli Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- Unit of Neurology; Bellaria Hospital; IRCCS of Neurological Sciences; Bologna Italy
| | - Ruth Ottman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology and the G.H. Sergievsky Center; Columbia University; New York New York U.S.A
- Division of Epidemiology; New York State Psychiatric Institute; New York New York U.S.A
| | - Carlo Nobile
- CNR-Neuroscience Institute; Section of Padua; Padova Italy
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Jenkins A, Apud JA, Zhang F, Decot H, Weinberger DR, Law AJ. Identification of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms in NRXN1 related to antipsychotic treatment response in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2170-8. [PMID: 24633560 PMCID: PMC4104334 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic neuronal adhesion molecules that interact with postsynaptic neuroligins to form an inter-synaptic complex required for synaptic specification and efficient neurotransmission. Deletions and point mutations in the neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene are associated with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, developmental delay, and schizophrenia. Recently, small nucleotide polymorphisms in NRXN1 have been associated with antipsychotic drug response in patients with schizophrenia. Based on previous suggestive evidence of an impact on clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia, we conducted an association study of NRXN1 polymorphisms (rs12467557 and rs10490162) with antipsychotic treatment response in 54 patients with schizophrenia in a double blind, placebo-controlled NIMH inpatient crossover trial and examined for association with risk for schizophrenia in independent case-control and family-based clinical cohorts. Pharmacogenetic analysis in the placebo controlled trial revealed significant association of rs12467557and rs10490162 with drug response, whereby individuals homozygous for the A allele, at either SNP, showed significant improvement in positive symptoms, general psychopathology, thought disturbance, and negative symptoms, whereas patients carrying the G allele showed no overall response. Although we did not find evidence of the same NRXN1 SNPs being associated with results of the NIMH sponsored CATIE trial, other SNPs showed weakly positive signals. The family and case-control analyses for schizophrenia risk were negative. Our results provide confirmatory evidence of genetically determined differences in drug response in patients with schizophrenia related to NRXN1 variation. Furthermore, these findings potentially implicate NRXN1 in the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jenkins
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - José A Apud
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Decot
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Mailstop 8344, RC1 North, RM. 8101, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel: +1 303 724 4418, Fax: +1 303 724 4425, E-mail:
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44
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Dejanovic B, Lal D, Catarino CB, Arjune S, Belaidi AA, Trucks H, Vollmar C, Surges R, Kunz WS, Motameny S, Altmüller J, Köhler A, Neubauer BA, EPICURE Consortium, Nürnberg P, Noachtar S, Schwarz G, Sander T. Exonic microdeletions of the gephyrin gene impair GABAergic synaptic inhibition in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 67:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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45
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Olson H, Shen Y, Avallone J, Sheidley BR, Pinsky R, Bergin AM, Berry GT, Duffy FH, Eksioglu Y, Harris DJ, Hisama FM, Ho E, Irons M, Jacobsen CM, James P, Kothare S, Khwaja O, Lipton J, Loddenkemper T, Markowitz J, Maski K, Megerian JT, Neilan E, Raffalli PC, Robbins M, Roberts A, Roe E, Rollins C, Sahin M, Sarco D, Schonwald A, Smith SE, Soul J, Stoler JM, Takeoka M, Tan WH, Torres AR, Tsai P, Urion DK, Weissman L, Wolff R, Wu BL, Miller DT, Poduri A. Copy number variation plays an important role in clinical epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:943-58. [PMID: 24811917 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of copy number abnormalities detectable using chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing in patients with epilepsy at a tertiary care center. METHODS We identified patients with International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9) codes for epilepsy or seizures and clinical CMA testing performed between October 2006 and February 2011 at Boston Children's Hospital. We reviewed medical records and included patients who met criteria for epilepsy. We phenotypically characterized patients with epilepsy-associated abnormalities on CMA. RESULTS Of 973 patients who had CMA and ICD-9 codes for epilepsy or seizures, 805 patients satisfied criteria for epilepsy. We observed 437 copy number variants (CNVs) in 323 patients (1-4 per patient), including 185 (42%) deletions and 252 (58%) duplications. Forty (9%) were confirmed de novo, 186 (43%) were inherited, and parental data were unavailable for 211 (48%). Excluding full chromosome trisomies, CNV size ranged from 18kb to 142Mb, and 34% were >500kb. In at least 40 cases (5%), the epilepsy phenotype was explained by a CNV, including 29 patients with epilepsy-associated syndromes and 11 with likely disease-associated CNVs involving epilepsy genes or "hotspots." We observed numerous recurrent CNVs including 10 involving loss or gain of Xp22.31, a region described in patients with and without epilepsy. INTERPRETATION Copy number abnormalities play an important role in patients with epilepsy. Because the diagnostic yield of CMA for epilepsy patients is similar to the yield in autism spectrum disorders and in prenatal diagnosis, for which published guidelines recommend testing with CMA, we recommend the implementation of CMA in the evaluation of unexplained epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Olson
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology and Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Agha Z, Iqbal Z, Azam M, Siddique M, Willemsen MH, Kleefstra T, Zweier C, de Leeuw N, Qamar R, van Bokhoven H. A complex microcephaly syndrome in a Pakistani family associated with a novel missense mutation in RBBP8 and a heterozygous deletion in NRXN1. Gene 2014; 538:30-5. [PMID: 24440292 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a consanguineous Pakistani family with a severe congenital microcephaly syndrome resembling the Seckel syndrome and Jawad syndrome. The affected individuals in this family were born to consanguineous parents of whom the mother presented with mild intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy and diabetes mellitus. The two living affected brothers presented with microcephaly, white matter disease of the brain, hyponychia, dysmorphic facial features with synophrys, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and ID. Genotyping with a 250K SNP array in both affected brothers revealed an 18 MB homozygous region on chromosome 18 p11.21-q12.1 encompassing the SCKL2 locus of the Seckel and Jawad syndromes. Sequencing of the RBBP8 gene, underlying the Seckel and Jawad syndromes, identified the novel mutation c.919A>G, p.Arg307Gly, segregating in a recessive manner in the family. In addition, in the two affected brothers and their mother we have also found a heterozygous 607kb deletion, encompassing exons 13-19 of NRXN1. Bidirectional sequencing of the coding exons of NRXN1 did not reveal any other mutation on the other allele. It thus appears that the phenotype of the mildly affected mother can be explained by the NRXN1 deletion, whereas the more severe and complex microcephalic phenotype of the two affected brothers is due to the simultaneous deletion in NRXN1 and the homozygous missense mutation affecting RBBP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Agha
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Enggaard Hoeffding LK, Hansen T, Ingason A, Doung L, Thygesen JH, Møller RS, Tommerup N, Kirov G, Rujescu D, Larsen LA, Werge T. Sequence analysis of 17 NRXN1 deletions. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:52-61. [PMID: 24339137 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome instability plays fundamental roles in human evolution and phenotypic variation within our population. This instability leads to genomic rearrangements that are involved in a wide variety of human disorders, including congenital and neurodevelopmental disorders, and cancers. Insight into the molecular mechanisms governing such genomic rearrangements may increase our understanding of disease pathology and evolutionary processes. Here we analyse 17 carriers of non-recurrent deletions in the NRXN1 gene, which have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, e.g. schizophrenia, autism and epilepsies. METHODS 17 non-recurrent NRXN1 deletions identified by GWA were sequenced to map the breakpoints of each. Meme … etc. was used to identify shared patterns between the deletions and compare these were previously studies on non-recurrent deletions. RESULTS We discovered two novel sequence motifs shared between all 17 NRXN1 deletions and a significantly higher AT nucleotide content at the breakpoints, compared to the overall nucleotide content on chromosome 2. We found different alteration of sequence at the breakpoint; small insertions and duplications giving rise to short microhomology sequences. CONCLUSIONS No single mechanism seems to be implicated in the deletion events, but the results suggest that NHEJ, FoSTeS or MMBIR is implicated. The two novel sequence motifs together with a high AT content in all in NRXN1 deletions may lead to increased instability leading to a increase susceptibility to a single stranded structures. This favours potentially repaired by NHEJ mechanism of double strand breaks or may leading to replication errors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Smoller JW. Disorders and borders: psychiatric genetics and nosology. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:559-78. [PMID: 24132891 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, the definition and classification of psychiatric disorders has evolved through a combination of historical trends, clinical observations, and empirical research. The current nosology, instantiated in the DSM-5 and ICD-10, rests on descriptive criteria agreed upon by a consensus of experts. While the development of explicit criteria has enhanced the reliability of diagnosis, the validity of the current diagnostic categories has been the subject of debate and controversy. Genetic studies have long been regarded as a key resource for validating the boundaries among diagnostic categories. Genetic epidemiologic studies have documented the familiality and heritability of clinically defined psychiatric disorders and molecular genetic studies have begun to identify specific susceptibility variants. At the same time, there is growing evidence from family, twin and genomic studies that genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend clinical boundaries. Here I review this evidence for cross-disorder genetic effects and discuss the implications of these findings for psychiatric nosology. Psychiatric genetic research can inform a bottom-up reappraisal of psychopathology that may help the field move beyond a purely descriptive classification and toward an etiology-based nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Béna F, Bruno DL, Eriksson M, van Ravenswaaij-Arts C, Stark Z, Dijkhuizen T, Gerkes E, Gimelli S, Ganesamoorthy D, Thuresson AC, Labalme A, Till M, Bilan F, Pasquier L, Kitzis A, Dubourgm C, Rossi M, Bottani A, Gagnebin M, Sanlaville D, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Guipponi M, van Haeringen A, Kriek M, Ruivenkamp C, Antonarakis SE, Anderlid BM, Slater HR, Schoumans J. Molecular and clinical characterization of 25 individuals with exonic deletions of NRXN1 and comprehensive review of the literature. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:388-403. [PMID: 23533028 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the observed variable phenotypic expressivity associated with NRXN1 (Neurexin 1) haploinsufficiency by analyses of the largest cohort of patients with NRXN1 exonic deletions described to date and by comprehensively reviewing all comparable copy number variants in all disease cohorts that have been published in the peer reviewed literature (30 separate papers in all). Assessment of the clinical details in 25 previously undescribed individuals with NRXN1 exonic deletions demonstrated recurrent phenotypic features consisting of moderate to severe intellectual disability (91%), severe language delay (81%), autism spectrum disorder (65%), seizures (43%), and hypotonia (38%). These showed considerable overlap with previously reported NRXN1-deletion associated phenotypes in terms of both spectrum and frequency. However, we did not find evidence for an association between deletions involving the β-isoform of neurexin-1 and increased head size, as was recently published in four cases with a deletion involving the C-terminus of NRXN1. We identified additional rare copy number variants in 20% of cases. This study supports a pathogenic role for heterozygous exonic deletions of NRXN1 in neurodevelopmental disorders. The additional rare copy number variants identified may act as possible phenotypic modifiers as suggested in a recent digenic model of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Béna
- Service of Genetic Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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