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Barker-Haliski M, Hawkins NA. Innovative drug discovery strategies in epilepsy: integrating next-generation syndrome-specific mouse models to address pharmacoresistance and epileptogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:1099-1113. [PMID: 39075876 PMCID: PMC11390315 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2384455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there are numerous treatment options already available for epilepsy, over 30% of patients remain resistant to these antiseizure medications (ASMs). Historically, ASM discovery has relied on the demonstration of efficacy through the use of 'traditional' acute in vivo seizure models (e.g. maximal electroshock, subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol, and kindling). However, advances in genetic sequencing technologies and remaining medical needs for people with treatment-resistant epilepsy or special patient populations have encouraged recent efforts to identify novel compounds in syndrome-specific models of epilepsy. Syndrome-specific models, including Scn1a variant models of Dravet syndrome and APP/PS1 mice associated with familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease, have already led to the discovery of two mechanistically novel treatments for developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), namely cannabidiol and soticlestat, respectively. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss how it is likely that next-generation drug discovery efforts for epilepsy will more comprehensively integrate syndrome-specific epilepsy models into early drug discovery providing the reader with their expert perspectives. EXPERT OPINION The percentage of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy has remained unchanged despite over 30 marketed ASMs. Consequently, there is a high unmet need to reinvent and revise discovery strategies to more effectively address the remaining needs of patients with specific epilepsy syndromes, including drug-resistant epilepsy and DEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A Hawkins
- Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Huang H, Cao D, Hu Y, He Q, Zhao X, Chen L, Lin S, Luo X, Ye Y, Liao J, Zou H, Zou D. Exploring Infantile Epileptic Spasm Syndrome: A Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Using the Data-Independent Acquisition Approach. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38857073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify characteristic proteins in infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) patients' plasma, offering insights into potential early diagnostic biomarkers and its underlying causes. Plasma samples were gathered from 60 patients with IESS and 40 healthy controls. Data-independent acquisition proteomic analysis was utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). These DEPs underwent functional annotation through Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was employed for both GO (GSEA-GO) and KEGG (GSEA-KEGG) analyses to examine the gene expression profiles. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed biomarkers' discriminatory capacity. A total of 124 DEPs were identified in IESS patients' plasma, mainly linked to pathways, encompassing chemokines, cytokines, and oxidative detoxification. GSEA-GO and GSEA-KEGG analyses indicated significant enrichment of genes associated with cell migration, focal adhesion, and phagosome pathways. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the combination of PRSS1 and ACTB, PRSS3, ACTB, and PRSS1 alone exhibited AUC values exceeding 0.7. This study elucidated the significant contribution of cytokines, chemokines, oxidative detoxification, and phagosomes to the IESS pathogenesis. The combination of PRSS1 and ACTB holds promise as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of IESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Huang
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Dezhi Cao
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Qianqian He
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Sufang Lin
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Xufeng Luo
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhen Ye
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Huafang Zou
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
| | - Dongfang Zou
- Epilepsy Center and Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong, China
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Zierath DK, Davidson S, Manoukian J, Knox KM, White HS, Meeker S, Ericsson A, Barker-Haliski M. Diet composition and sterilization modifies intestinal microbiome diversity and burden of Theiler's virus infection-induced acute seizures. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1777-1790. [PMID: 38491947 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in C57BL/6J mice can induce acquired epileptogenesis. Diet alters acute seizure incidence in TMEV-infected mice; yet it is unclear whether intestinal dysbiosis may also impact acute or chronic behavioral comorbidities. This study thus assessed the impact of diet formulation and sterilization on acute seizure presentation, gut microbiome composition, and epilepsy-related chronic behavioral comorbidities. METHODS Baseline fecal samples were collected from male C57BL/6J mice (4- to 5-weeks-old; Jackson Labs) upon facility arrival. Mice were randomized to either autoclaved (AC) or irradiated diet (IR) (Prolab RMH 3000) or IR (Picolab 5053). Three days later, mice underwent intracerebral TMEV or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of mice at infection (Day 0) and Day 7 post-infection. Epilepsy-related working memory deficits and seizure threshold were assessed 6 weeks post-infection. Gut microbiome diversity was determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples. RESULTS TMEV-infected mice displayed acute handling-induced seizures, regardless of diet: 28 of 57 IR Picolab 5053 (49.1%), 30 of 41 IR Prolab RMH 3000 (73.2%), and 47 of 77 AC Prolab RMH 3000 (61%) mice displayed seizures. The number of observed seizures differed significantly by diet: IR Picolab 5053 diet-fed mice had 2.2 ± 2.8 seizures (mean ± standard deviation), IR Prolab RMH 3000 diet-fed mice had 3.5 ± 2.9 seizures, and AC Prolab RMH 3000 diet-fed mice had 4.4 ± 3.8 seizures during the 7-day monitoring period. Gut microbiome composition differed significantly in TMEV-infected mice fed the AC Prolab RMH 3000 diet, with measured differences in gram-positive bacteria. These mice also displayed worsened long-term working memory deficits. SIGNIFICANCE Diet-induced differences in intestinal dysbiosis in the TMEV model are associated with marked changes in acute seizure presentation, symptomatic recovery, and onset of chronic behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy. Our study reveals a novel disease-modifying impact of dietary manipulation on intestinal bacterial species after TMEV-induced acute seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle K Zierath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Manoukian
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin M Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacey Meeker
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Sánchez RM, Bermeo Losada JF, Marín Martínez JA. The research landscape concerning environmental factors in neurodevelopmental disorders: Endocrine disrupters and pesticides-A review. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101132. [PMID: 38561126 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental epidemiology and toxicology have seen a growing interest in the environmental factors that contribute to the increased prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, with the purpose of establishing appropriate prevention strategies. A literature review was performed, and 192 articles covering the topic of endocrine disruptors and neurodevelopmental disorders were found, focusing on polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol A, and pesticides. This study contributes to analyzing their effect on the molecular mechanism in maternal and infant thyroid function, essential for infant neurodevelopment, and whose alteration has been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. The results provide scientific evidence of the association that exists between the environmental neurotoxins and various neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, other possible molecular mechanisms by which pesticides and endocrine disruptors may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Mira Sánchez
- Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Medioambientales y Neurodesarrollo ICMYN, Murcia, Spain.
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Lu Y, Lin M, Ou S, Sun L, Qian K, Kuang H, Wu Y. Astragalus polysaccharides ameliorate epileptogenesis, cognitive impairment, and neuroinflammation in a pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1336122. [PMID: 38405667 PMCID: PMC10884767 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1336122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disease where neuroinflammation plays a significant role in epileptogenesis. Recent studies have suggested that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have anti-inflammatory properties, which make them a potential candidate for neuroprotection against central nervous system disease. Nevertheless, the extent of their effectiveness in treating epilepsy remains enigmatic. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the potential of APS to mitigate epileptogenesis and its comorbidities by exploring its underlying mechanism. Methods: Initially, we employed pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure mice to validate APS' effectiveness. Subsequently, we employed network pharmacology analysis to probe the possible targets and signaling pathways of APS in treating epilepsy. Ultimately, we verified the key targets and signaling pathways experimentally, predicting their mechanisms of action. Results: APS have been observed to disturb the acquisition process of kindling, leading to reduced seizure scores and a lower incidence of complete kindling. Moreover, APS has been found to improve cognitive impairments and prevent hippocampal neuronal damage during the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindling process. Subsequent network pharmacology analysis revealed that APS potentially exerted their anti-epileptic effects by targeting cytokine and toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathways. Finally, experimental findings showed that APS efficiently inhibited the activation of astrocytes and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, APS impeded the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade in a PTZ-induced kindling mouse model. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study suggest that APS exerts an impact on epileptogenesis and mitigates cognitive impairment by impeding neuroinflammatory processes. The mechanism underlying these observations may be attributed to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in a reduction of the release of inflammatory mediators. These findings partially agree with the predictions derived from network pharmacology analyses. As such, APS represents a potentially innovative and encouraging adjunct therapeutic option for epileptogenesis and cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Lu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Minglin Lin
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Sijie Ou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lanfeng Sun
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kai Qian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huimin Kuang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Peek SI, Twele F, Meller S, Packer RMA, Volk HA. Epilepsy is more than a simple seizure disorder: Causal relationships between epilepsy and its comorbidities. Vet J 2024; 303:106061. [PMID: 38123062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This review draws connections between the pathogenesis of canine epilepsy and its most commonly recognised comorbidities: cognitive impairment (CI), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviour, fear and anxiety. Uni/bidirectional causalities and the possibility of a common aetiology triggering both epilepsy and the associated diseases are considered. Research on this topic is sparse in dogs, so information has been gathered and assessed from human and laboratory animal studies. Anatomical structures, functional connections, disrupted neurotransmission and neuroinflammatory processes collectively serve as a common foundation for epilepsy and its comorbidities. Specific anatomical structures, especially parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala and the hippocampus, are involved in generating seizures, as well as cognitive- and behavioural disorders. Furthermore, disturbances in inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission influence neuronal excitability and networks, leading to underlying brain dysfunction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), and electroencephalography (EEG) have demonstrated functional brain connections that are related to the emergence of both epilepsy and its various comorbidities. Neuroinflammatory processes can either cause or be a consequence of seizures, and inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, can equally evoke mood disorders. The extensive relationships contributing to the development and progression of seizures and comorbid cognitive and behavioural conditions illustrate the complexity of the disease that is epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia I Peek
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
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Sui J, Zhan L, Ji S, Wu W, Chen Y, Yun F, Liang W, Wang J, Cao M, Shen D, Zhang Q. Differential inflammation responses determine the variable phenotypes of epilepsy induced by GABRG2 mutations. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14583. [PMID: 38357846 PMCID: PMC10867793 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism involved in variable phenotypes of epilepsy models induced by γ-aminobutyric acid type A γ2 subunit (GABRG2) mutations. METHODS The zebrafish carrying wild-type (WT) GABRG2, mutant GABRG2(P282S), GABRG2(F343L) and GABRG2(I107T) were established by Tol2kit transgenesis system and Gateway method. Behavioral analysis of different transgenic zebrafish was performed with the DanioVision Video-Track framework and the brain activity was analyzed by field potential recording with MD3000 Bio-signal Acquisition and Processing System. The transcriptome analysis was applied to detect the underlying mechanisms of variable phenotypes caused by different GABRG2 mutations. RESULTS The established Tg(hGABRG2P282S ) zebrafish showed hyperactivity and spontaneous seizures, which were more sensitive to chemical and physical epileptic stimulations. Traditional antiepileptic drugs, such as Clonazepam (CBZ) and valproic acid (VPA), could ameliorate the hyperactivity in Tg(hGABRG2P282S ) zebrafish. The metabolic pathway was significantly changed in the brain transcriptome of Tg(hGABRG2P282S ) zebrafish. In addition, the behavioral activity, production of pro-inflammatory factors, and activation of the IL-2 receptor signal pathway varied among the three mutant zebrafish lines. CONCLUSION We successfully established transgenic zebrafish epileptic models expressing human mutant GABRG2(P282S), in which CBZ and VPA showed antiepileptic effects. Differential inflammatory responses, especially the SOCS/JAK/STAT signaling pathway, might be related to the phenotypes of genetic epilepsy induced by GABRG2 mutations. Further study will expand the pathological mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and provide a theoretical basis for searching for effective drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Sui
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Longwu Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shengtao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Yun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenpeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Maohong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dingding Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Department of NeurologyAffiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School, Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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Nazarinia D, Moslehi A, Hashemi P. (-)-α-bisabolol exerts neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114351. [PMID: 37714321 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder which is accompanied with behavioral and psychiatric alternations. Current evidences have shown that (-)-α-bisabolol (BSB) possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in several animal studies. Here, we conducted present study to evaluate its neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in rats. We used fifty male rats and they were randomly assigned into 5 groups control, BSB100, PTZ, BSB50 + PTZ, BSB100 + PTZ. The animals intraperitoneally received PTZ (45 mg/kg) for ten consecutive days to induce epilepsy model. BSB in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was administrated orally one hour before PTZ administration for ten days. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test was carried out to assess anxiety-like behavior. The seizure intensity was evaluated according to modifies Racine's convulsion scale (RCS). Y-maze and passive avoidance were utilized to assess working memory and aversive memory. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neuronal cell loss in the hilar region was assessed using Nissl staining. Results showed that PTZ-treated rats had more seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, memory deficits, higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative markers. Pre-treatment with BSB 100 significantly inhibited seizure intensity, anxiety-like behavior, and memory deficits; reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA oxidative markers. Collectively, outcome of this work shows that BSB at the dose of 100 mg/kg may exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating seizures, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, and ameliorates memory and anxiety disorders in the PTZ-induced seizure rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donya Nazarinia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
| | - Ahmadreza Moslehi
- Student Research Committee, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Paria Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, KurdistanUniversity of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Slowing K, Gomez F, Delgado M, Fernández de la Rosa R, Hernández-Martín N, Pozo MÁ, García-García L. PET Imaging and Neurohistochemistry Reveal that Curcumin Attenuates Brain Hypometabolism and Hippocampal Damage Induced by Status Epilepticus in Rats. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:364-376. [PMID: 36130709 DOI: 10.1055/a-1948-4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies provide evidence that curcumin, a polyphenolic phytochemical extracted from Curcuma longa (turmeric) has neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties against various neurological disorders. Curcumin neuroprotective effects have been reported in different animal models of epilepsy, but its potential effect attenuating brain glucose hypometabolism, considered as an early marker of epileptogenesis that occurs during the silent period following status epilepticus (SE), still has not been addressed. To this end, we used the lithium-pilocarpine rat model to induce SE. Curcumin was administered orally (300 mg/kg/day, for 17 days). Brain glucose metabolism was evaluated in vivo by 2-deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). In addition, hippocampal integrity, neurodegeneration, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and reactive astrogliosis were evaluated as markers of brain damage. SE resulted in brain glucose hypometabolism accompanied by body weight (BW) loss, hippocampal neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation. Curcumin did not reduce the latency time to the SE onset, nor the mortality rate associated with SE. Nevertheless, it reduced the number of seizures, and in the surviving rats, curcumin protected BW and attenuated the short-term glucose brain hypometabolism as well as the signs of neuronal damage and neuroinflammation induced by the SE. Overall, our results support the potential adaptogen-like effects of curcumin attenuating key features of SE-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Slowing
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Brain Mapping Unit, Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Fernández de la Rosa
- Brain Mapping Unit, Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- BIOIMAC, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nira Hernández-Martín
- Brain Mapping Unit, Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pozo
- Brain Mapping Unit, Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis García-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Brain Mapping Unit, Pluridisciplinary Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Liang W, Wang J, Sui J, Yun F, Shen Y, Zhou J, Wu Y, Shen D, Zhang Q. Inflammation as a target for the treatment of fever-associated epilepsy in zebrafish larvae. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109802. [PMID: 36738682 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be involved in epileptogenesis. However, the relationship between fever and inflammation as well as the mechanisms of fever in the occurrence and development of childhood epilepsy need further investigation. Here, we described an in vivo model of hyperthermia-induced seizures in zebrafish larvae with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure. Hyperthermia increased the susceptibility to seizure and the production of pro-inflammatory factors in PTZ-induced zebrafish larvae. As mutations in GABRG2 have been associated with fever-associated epilepsy, we used a Tg(hGABRG2F343L) zebrafish model expressing mutant human GABRG2(F343L) to further investigate the involvement of inflammation in fever-induced seizures. Our data indicated that hyperthermia also increased the locomotor activity in Tg(hGABRG2F343L) zebrafish larvae. Although the production of pro-inflammatory factors was upregulated by GABRG2 mutation, hyperthermia did not change the production of pro-inflammatory factors significantly. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was sufficient to increase the locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that inflammation contributed to fever-associated epilepsy. The expression of GABRG2 was increased with PTZ induction, especially at a higher temperature. Moreover, inhibition of inflammation by dexamethasone (DEX) reduced the excitability of zebrafish larvae, especially at a higher temperature. Finally, in vitro experiments proved that LPS stimulation increased the production of IL-1β and IL-6 in GABRG2(F343L) transfected cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that neuroinflammation was induced in febrile seizures, and the increased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 might be responsible for epileptogenesis. The vicious cycle between fever and inflammation might induce seizure onset, and anti-inflammatory strategies might be a potential treatment for fever-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiahui Sui
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Youjia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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11
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Salazar JJ, Satriano A, Matamoros JA, Fernández-Albarral JA, Salobrar-García E, López-Cuenca I, de Hoz R, Sánchez-Puebla L, Ramírez JM, Alonso C, Satta V, Hernández-Fisac I, Sagredo O, Ramírez AI. Retinal Tissue Shows Glial Changes in a Dravet Syndrome Knock-in Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032727. [PMID: 36769051 PMCID: PMC9916888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is an epileptic encephalopathy caused by mutations in the Scn1a gene encoding the α1 subunit of the Nav1.1 sodium channel, which is associated with recurrent and generalized seizures, even leading to death. In experimental models of DS, histological alterations have been found in the brain; however, the retina is a projection of the brain and there are no studies that analyze the possible histological changes that may occur in the disease. This study analyzes the retinal histological changes in glial cells (microglia and astrocytes), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and GABAergic amacrine cells in an experimental model of DS (Syn-Cre/Scn1aWT/A1783V) compared to a control group at postnatal day (PND) 25. Retinal whole-mounts were labeled with anti-GFAP, anti-Iba-1, anti-Brn3a and anti-GAD65/67. Signs of microglial and astroglial activation, and the number of Brn3a+ and GAD65+67+ cells were quantified. We found retinal activation of astroglial and microglial cells but not death of RGCs and GABAergic amacrine cells. These changes are similar to those found at the level of the hippocampus in the same experimental model in PND25, indicating a relationship between brain and retinal changes in DS. This suggests that the retina could serve as a possible biomarker in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Satriano
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentina Satta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Hernández-Fisac
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Onintza Sagredo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.I.R.)
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.I.R.)
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12
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Del Pozo A, Barker-Haliski M. Cannabidiol reveals a disruptive strategy for 21st century epilepsy drug discovery. Exp Neurol 2023; 360:114288. [PMID: 36471511 PMCID: PMC9789191 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 antiseizure medicines (ASMs) have been uncovered in a diversity of preclinical seizure and epilepsy models, with several critical inflection points in the 20th century fundamentally transforming ASM discovery. This commentary aims to review the historical relevance of cannabidiol's (CBD; Epidiolex) approval for epilepsy in the context of other ASMs brought to market. Further, we highlight how CBD's approval may represent an inflection point for 21st century ASM discovery. CBD is one of the main phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa. Unlike its related phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CBD does not exert any euphorigenic, tolerance, or withdrawal effects at anticonvulsant doses. CBD also possess marked anti-inflammatory effects, offering the tantalizing potential of a new pharmacological approach in epilepsy. For decades, hints of the anticonvulsant profile of CBD had been suggested with a small handful of studies in rodent seizure models, yet difficulties in formulation, compounded by the social and regulatory pressures related to medical use of cannabis plant-derived agents constrained any clinical implementation. Nonetheless, CBD possesses a broad antiseizure profile in preclinical seizure and epilepsy models, but the transformative impact of CBD'-s approval came because of studies in a rodent model of the orphan disease Dravet syndrome (DS). DS is a pediatric developmental epileptic encephalopathy with high mortality, frequent spontaneous recurrent seizures, and marked resistance to conventional ASMs, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine. CBD was approved for DS by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2018 after convincing efficacy was established in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in children. Because of the clinical approval of CBD as a novel, cannabis plantderived ASM for DS, CBD has revealed a new strategy in ASM discovery to reignite 21st century therapeutic development for epilepsy. In this commentary, we review the major preclinical and clinical milestones of the late 20th century that made CBD, a compound historically subjected to regulatory restrictions, a key driver of a new discovery strategy for epilepsy in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Del Pozo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
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13
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Riikonen R. Biochemical mechanisms in pathogenesis of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome. Seizure 2023; 105:1-9. [PMID: 36634586 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms leading to infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS) remain obscure. The only common factor seems to be that the spasms are restricted to a limited period of infancy, during a certain maturational state. Here the current literature regarding the biochemical mechanisms of brain maturation in IESS is reviewed, and various hypotheses of the pathophysiology are put together. They include: (1) imbalance of inhibitory (NGF, IGF-1, ACTH, GABA) and excitatory factors (glutamate, nitrites) which distinguishes the different etiological subgroups, (2) abnormality of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis linking insults and early life stress, (3) inflammation (4) yet poorly known genetic and epigenetic factors, and (5) glucocorticoid and vigabatrin action on brain development, pinpointing at molecular targets of the pathophysiology from another angle. An altered maturational process may explain why so many, seemingly independent etiological factors lead to the same clinical syndrome and frequently to developmental delay. Understanding these factors can provide ideas for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Riikonen
- Children's Hospital, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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El-Sayed RM, Fawzy MN, Zaki HF, Abd El-Haleim EA. Neuroprotection impact of biochanin A against pentylenetetrazol-kindled mice: Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome/TXNIP pathway and autophagy modulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109711. [PMID: 36640710 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent seizures characterize epilepsy, a complicated and multifaceted neurological disease. Several neurological alterations, such as cell death and the growth of gorse fibers, have been linked to epilepsy. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is particularly vulnerable to neuronal loss and abnormal neuroplastic changes in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model. Biochanin A has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, according to previous evidence and its possible impact in epilepsy has never previously been claimed. The current work aimed to investigate biochanin A's anti-epileptic potential in PTZ-induced kindling model in mice. Chronic epilepsy was established in mice by giving PTZ (35 mg/kg, i.p) every other day for 21 days. Biochanin A (20 mg/kg) was given daily till the end of the experiment. Biochanin A pretreatment significantly reduced the severity of epileptogenesis by 51.7% and downregulated the histological changes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus by 42% along with displaying antioxidant/anti-inflammatory efficacy through upregulated hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and, erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels in the brain by 1.9-fold and 2-fold respectively, parallel to reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and L-glutamate/IL-1β/TXNIB/NLRP3 axis. Moreover, biochanin A suppressed neuronal damage by reducing the astrocytes' activation and significantly attenuated the PTZ-induced increase in LC3 levels by 55.5%. Furthermore, molecular docking findings revealed that BIOCHANIN A has a higher affinity for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k), threonine kinase2 (AKT2), and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) indicating the neuroprotective and anti-epileptic characteristics of biochanin A in the brain tissue of PTZ-kindled mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Fawzy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Arish, Egypt.
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd El-Haleim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Li L, Yu Y, Jiang J. Transient inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 after status epilepticus blunts brain inflammation and is neuroprotective. Mol Brain 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 36694204 PMCID: PMC9875432 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) in humans is characterized by prolonged convulsive seizures that are generalized and often difficult to control. The current antiseizure drugs (ASDs) aim to stop seizures quickly enough to prevent the SE-induced brain inflammation, injury, and long-term sequelae. However, sole reliance on acute therapies is imprudent because prompt treatment may not always be possible under certain circumstances. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the devastating consequences of SE are presumably associated with neuroinflammatory reactions, where prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a pivotal role. As the terminal synthase for pathogenic PGE2, the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is rapidly and robustly induced by prolonged seizures. Congenital deletion of mPGES-1 in mice is neuroprotective and blunts gliosis following chemoconvulsant seizures, suggesting the feasibility of mPGES-1 as a potential antiepileptic target. Herein, we investigated the effects of a dual species mPGES-1 inhibitor in a mouse pilocarpine model of SE. Treatment with the mPGES-1 inhibitor in mice after SE that was terminated by diazepam, a fast-acting benzodiazepine, time-dependently abolished the SE-induced PGE2 within the brain. Its negligible effects on cyclooxygenases, the enzymes responsible for the initial step of PGE2 biosynthesis, validated its specificity to mPGES-1. Post-SE inhibition of mPGES-1 also blunted proinflammatory cytokines and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and broadly prevented neuronal damage in a number of brain areas. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of mPGES-1 by small-molecule inhibitors might provide an adjunctive strategy that can be implemented hours after SE, together with first-line ASDs, to reduce SE-provoked brain inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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16
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Danis A, Baranoglu Kilinc Y, Torun IE, Hanci F, Kilinc E, Ankarali H. Esculetin alleviates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, cognitive impairment and pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppresses penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Life Sci 2023; 313:121300. [PMID: 36535399 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of different doses of esculetin on epileptiform activity, behavioral seizures, memory impairment, and cortical and hippocampal NF-κB, as a mediator of pro-inflammatory gene induction, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in penicillin- and pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure models in rats. MAIN METHODS Different doses of esculetin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), and diazepam (5 mg/kg) as a positive control, were tested in penicillin- and pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure models. In the PTZ model, cognitive function, behavioral seizures, and cortical and hippocampal pro-inflammatory biomarkers and survival factor was evaluated. In the penicillin model, the frequency and amplitude of electrophysiological epileptiform activity were assessed. KEY FINDINGS In the PTZ model, the 10 mg/kg esculetin displayed anticonvulsant effects by extending onset-times of myoclonic-jerk and generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and by diminishing seizure severity and duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. It also ameliorated PTZ-induced cognitive impairment, and cortical and hippocampal activin-A, IL-1β, IL-6 and NF-κB levels. In the penicillin model, the 10 mg/kg esculetin decreased the frequency of spikes without changing the amplitude of spikes. As a positive-control, diazepam reversed all changes induced by both PTZ and penicillin. SIGNIFICANCE Esculetin exhibits anticonvulsant and memory-improving effects by alleviating the behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of epileptic seizures. Additionally, esculetin exerts anti-neuroinflammatory actions in the PTZ-induced seizures model. Thus, esculetin may be a multi-targeted promising agent with anticonvulsant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Danis
- Department of Child Neurology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | | | - Ibrahim Ethem Torun
- Department of Physiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Fatma Hanci
- Department of Child Neurology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Erkan Kilinc
- Department of Physiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Medical Faculty, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Handan Ankarali
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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A Comprehensive Review on Anti-Inflammatory Response of Flavonoids in Experimentally-Induced Epileptic Seizures. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010102. [PMID: 36672083 PMCID: PMC9856497 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a group of natural compounds with phenolic structure, are becoming popular as alternative medicines obtained from plants. These compounds are reported to have various pharmacological properties, including attenuation of inflammatory responses in multiple health issues. Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system implicated with the activation of the inflammatory cascade in the brain. The aim of the present study was to summarize the role of various neuroinflammatory mediators in the onset and progression of epilepsy, and, thereafter, to discuss the flavonoids and their classes, including their biological properties. Further, we highlighted the modulation of anti-inflammatory responses achieved by these substances in different forms of epilepsy, as evident from preclinical studies executed on multiple epilepsy models. Overall, the review summarizes the available evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of various flavonoids in epilepsy.
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18
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Barker-Haliski M, Nishi T, White HS. Soticlestat, a novel cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor, modifies acute seizure burden and chronic epilepsy-related behavioral deficits following Theiler's virus infection in mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109310. [PMID: 36341806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of acquired epilepsy and can arise due to multiple inciting events, including central nervous system (CNS) infection. CNS infection with the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in male C57Bl/6J mice leads to acute, drug-resistant handling-induced seizures. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H) is a brain-specific enzyme that converts cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol; the primary mechanism of cholesterol catabolism in the brain. The novel CH24H inhibitor, soticlestat (SOT; or TAK-935), demonstrates the potential to restore excitatory/inhibitory balance in multiple preclinical models of hyperexcitability. This study thus sought to characterize the anticonvulsant potential of SOT in the TMEV model. Treatment with SOT (30 mg/kg, p.o.; n = 30) 0-7 days post-infection (DPI) reduced overall seizure burden and severity. SOT administration significantly delayed onset of infection-induced Racine stage 5 seizures, from 8.6 ± 0.6 (VEH-treated) to 10.8 ± 0.8 (SOT-treated) observation sessions. Infected mice were then allowed 36 days treatment-free recovery before assessing impact of earlier drug administration on epilepsy-related cognitive and behavioral comorbidities, including a non-habituated open field (OF) task. Total OF distance traveled was significantly less in SOT-treated mice compared to VEH-treated mice, suggesting attenuated TMEV-induced spatial memory deficits, or reduced chronic hyperexcitability. Mice with history of SOT treatment also spent significantly more time and traveled farther in the OF center, indicative of reduced epilepsy-induced anxiety-like behavior. These studies suggest that SOT is a mechanistically novel agent for symptomatic seizure control. Moreover, acute SOT administration during an epileptogenic insult may attenuate the resulting long-term behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, 251-8555, Japan; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - H Steve White
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Amentoflavone Exerts Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects by Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF- κB and Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:5184721. [PMID: 36523959 PMCID: PMC9747320 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5184721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amentoflavone, a natural biflavone, exerts anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antiapoptosis effects on many diseases. However, the mechanism of amentoflavone on neuroinflammation-related diseases has not been comprehensively examined clearly. Methods BV2 microglial cells were treated with amentoflavone (10 μM), followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Microglial activation and migration ability and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and other signaling proteins were determined using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and wound-healing assays. Results Amentoflavone restored LPS-induced microglia activation, migration, and inflammation response which depends on regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In addition, amentoflavone also enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. Conclusions Amentoflavone ameliorated LPS-induced neuroinflammatory response and oxidative stress in BV2 microglia. These data provide new insight into the mechanism of amentoflavone in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases. Therefore, amentoflavone may be a potential therapeutic option for neurological disorders.
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Barker-Haliski M, Pitsch J, Galanopoulou AS, Köhling R. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for phenotyping seizures and epilepsy in rodent models. A report of the TASK3-WG1C: Phenotyping working group of the ILAE/AES joint translational task force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 36461665 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. The underlying mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy across various syndromes lead to diverse clinical presentation and features. Similarly, animal models of epilepsy arise from numerous dissimilar inciting events. Preclinical seizure and epilepsy models can be evoked through many different protocols, leaving the phenotypic reporting subject to diverse interpretations. Serendipity can also play an outsized role in uncovering novel drivers of seizures or epilepsy, with some investigators even stumbling into epilepsy research because of a new genetic cross or unintentional drug effect. The heightened emphasis on rigor and reproducibility in preclinical research, including that which is conducted for epilepsy, underscores the need for standardized phenotyping strategies. To address this goal as part of the TASK3-WG1C Working Group of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)/American Epilepsy Society (AES) Joint Translational Task Force, we developed a case report form (CRF) to describe the common data elements (CDEs) necessary for the phenotyping of seizure-like behaviors in rodents. This companion manuscript describes the use of the proposed CDEs and CRF for the visual, behavioral phenotyping of seizure-like behaviors. These phenotyping CDEs and accompanying CRF can be used in parallel with video-electroencephalography (EEG) studies or as a first visual screen to determine whether a model manifests seizure-like behaviors before utilizing more specialized diagnostic tests, like video-EEG. Systematic logging of seizure-like behaviors may help identify models that could benefit from more specialized diagnostic tests to determine whether these are epileptic seizures, such as video-EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institut für Physiologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Katsarou AM, Kubova H, Auvin S, Mantegazza M, Barker-Haliski M, Galanopoulou AS, Reid CA, Semple BD. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for rodent models of pediatric acquired epilepsy: A report of the TASK3-WG1B, Pediatric and Genetic Models Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35950641 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy syndromes during the early years of life may be attributed to an acquired insult, such as hypoxic-ischemic injury, infection, status epilepticus, or brain trauma. These conditions are frequently modeled in experimental rodents to delineate mechanisms of epileptogenesis and investigate novel therapeutic strategies. However, heterogeneity and subsequent lack of reproducibility of such models across laboratories is an ongoing challenge to maintain scientific rigor and knowledge advancement. To address this, as part of the TASK3-WG1B Working Group of the International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society Joint Translational Task Force, we have developed a series of case report forms (CRFs) to describe common data elements for pediatric acquired epilepsy models in rodents. The "Rodent Models of Pediatric Acquired Epilepsy" Core CRF was designed to capture cohort-general information; while two Specific CRFs encompass physical induction models and chemical induction models, respectively. This companion manuscript describes the key elements of these models and why they are important to be considered and reported consistently. Together, these CRFs provide investigators with the tools to systematically record critical information regarding their chosen model of acquired epilepsy during early life, for improved standardization and transparency across laboratories. These outcomes will support the ultimate goal of such research; that is, to understand the childhood onset-specific biology of epileptogenesis after acquired insults, and translate this knowledge into therapeutics to improve pediatric patient outcomes and minimize the lifetime burden of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hana Kubova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, INSERM UMR 1141, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Inserm, LabEx ICST, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), CNRS UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Christopher A Reid
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Prakash C, Tyagi J, Rabidas SS, Kumar V, Sharma D. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin and its Derivatives in Epilepsy: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. Neuromolecular Med 2022:10.1007/s12017-022-08724-z. [PMID: 35951285 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-022-08724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenolic bioactive compound highly enriched in dietary fruits, vegetables, nuts, and berries. Quercetin and its derivatives like rutin and hyperoside are known for their beneficial effects in various neurological conditions including epilepsy. The clinical studies of quercetin and its derivatives in relation to epilepsy are limited. This review provides the evidence of most recent knowledge of anticonvulsant properties of quercetin and its derivatives on preclinical studies. Additionally, the studies demonstrating antiseizure potential of various plants extracts enriched with quercetin and its derivatives has been included in this review. Herein, we have also discussed neuroprotective effect of these bioactive compound and presented underlying mechanisms responsible for anticonvulsant properties in brief. Finally, limitations of quercetin and its derivatives as antiseizure compounds as well as possible strategies to enhance efficacy have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jyoti Tyagi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Rabidas
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Servilha-Menezes G, Garcia-Cairasco N. A complex systems view on the current hypotheses of epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S8-S22. [PMID: 35253410 PMCID: PMC9340300 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy remains to this day as a highly prevalent condition affecting around one-third of patients with epilepsy, despite all the research and the development of several new antiseizure medications (ASMs) over the last decades. Epilepsies are multifactorial complex diseases, commonly associated with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic comorbidities. Thus, to solve the puzzling problem of pharmacoresistance, the diagnosis and modeling of epilepsy and comorbidities need to change toward a complex system approach. In this review, we have summarized the sequence of events for the definition of epilepsies and comorbidities, the search for mechanisms, and the major hypotheses of pharmacoresistance, drawing attention to some of the many converging aspects between the proposed mechanisms, their supporting evidence, and comorbidities-related alterations. The use of systems biology applied to epileptology may lead to the discovery of new targets and the development of new ASMs, as may advance our understanding of the epilepsies and their comorbidities, providing much deeper insight on multidrug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Batulin D, Lagzi F, Vezzani A, Jedlicka P, Triesch J. A mathematical model of neuroimmune interactions in epileptogenesis for discovering treatment strategies. iScience 2022; 25:104343. [PMID: 35601918 PMCID: PMC9121278 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) involves a complex interplay of neuronal and immune processes. Here, we present a first-of-its-kind mathematical model to better understand the relationships among these processes. Our model describes the interaction between neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal loss, circuit remodeling, and seizures. Formulated as a system of nonlinear differential equations, the model reproduces the available data from three animal models. The model successfully describes characteristic features of epileptogenesis such as its paradoxically long timescales (up to decades) despite short and transient injuries or the existence of qualitatively different outcomes for varying injury intensity. In line with the concept of degeneracy, our simulations reveal multiple routes toward epilepsy with neuronal loss as a sufficient but non-necessary component. Finally, we show that our model allows for in silico predictions of therapeutic strategies, revealing injury-specific therapeutic targets and optimal time windows for intervention. A dynamical systems model describes the development of epilepsy after different injuries Simulation results are in agreement with data from three animal models Model shows degeneracy: multiple distinct but linked mechanisms cause epileptogenesis Framework permits studying the effects of therapeutic interventions in silico
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Batulin
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60486, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Fereshteh Lagzi
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Computational Neuroscience and Swartz Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- ICAR3R - Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen 35390, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60486, Germany
- CePTER – Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Karabulut S, Filiz AK, Akkaya R. Thiamine alleviates cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis by relieving brain inflammation in PTZ-induced kindling rat model. Neurol Res 2022; 44:902-909. [PMID: 35446240 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2066785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epileptogenesis, the process by which the brain becomes epileptic, is related to neuroinflammation, hyperexcitability cognitive deficits. Evidence suggests that improving brain inflammation can inhibit the epileptogenesis process and help the emergence of new drugs for the treatment of epilepsy. Therefore, the PTZ kindling model of epilepsy was utilized to assess the neuroprotective role of thiamine in epileptogenesis. METHODS Male rats were exposed to PTZ-induced kindling and pretreated with low thiamine (25 mg/kg) or high thiamine (50 mg/kg). Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) concentrations in the brain were analyzed using biochemical assays. Cognitive function was evaluated using the passive avoidance test. RESULTS Thiamine ameliorated epileptogenesis and enhanced the rats' performance in the passive avoidance test. Also, thiamine significantly decreased the level of neuroinflammatory mediators in the brain induced by PTZ. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that thiamine alleviates PTZ-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahattin Karabulut
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kemal Filiz
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Recep Akkaya
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Thergarajan P, Hudson MR, Carmichael I, Clasadonte J, Dedeurwaerdere S, O'Brien TJ, Jones NC, Ali I. Characterising seizure development, behavioural comorbidities and neuroinflammation in a self-sustained electrical status epilepticus model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in C57BL/6J mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Howe CL, LaFrance-Corey RG, Overlee BL, Johnson RK, Clarkson BDS, Goddery EN. Inflammatory monocytes and microglia play independent roles in inflammatory ictogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:22. [PMID: 35093106 PMCID: PMC8800194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenic contribution of neuroinflammation to ictogenesis and epilepsy may provide a therapeutic target for reduction of seizure burden in patients that are currently underserved by traditional anti-seizure medications. The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model has provided important insights into the role of inflammation in ictogenesis, but questions remain regarding the relative contribution of microglia and inflammatory monocytes in this model. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were inoculated by intracranial injection of 2 × 105, 5 × 104, 1.25 × 104, or 3.125 × 103 plaque-forming units (PFU) of the Daniel's strain of TMEV at 4-6 weeks of age. Infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, microglial activation, and cytokine production were measured at 24 h post-infection (hpi). Viral load, hippocampal injury, cognitive performance, and seizure burden were assessed at several timepoints. RESULTS The intensity of inflammatory infiltration and the extent of hippocampal injury induced during TMEV encephalitis scaled with the amount of infectious virus in the initial inoculum. Cognitive performance was preserved in mice inoculated with 1.25 × 104 PFU TMEV relative to 2 × 105 PFU TMEV, but peak viral load at 72 hpi was equivalent between the inocula. CCL2 production in the brain was attenuated by 90% and TNFα and IL6 production was absent in mice inoculated with 1.25 × 104 PFU TMEV. Acute infiltration of inflammatory monocytes was attenuated by more than 80% in mice inoculated with 1.25 × 104 PFU TMEV relative to 2 × 105 PFU TMEV but microglial activation was equivalent between groups. Seizure burden was attenuated and the threshold to kainic acid-induced seizures was higher in mice inoculated with 1.25 × 104 PFU TMEV but low-level behavioral seizures persisted and the EEG exhibited reduced but detectable abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The size of the inflammatory monocyte response induced by TMEV scales with the amount of infectious virus in the initial inoculum, despite the development of equivalent peak infectious viral load. In contrast, the microglial response does not scale with the inoculum, as microglial hyper-ramification and increased Iba-1 expression were evident in mice inoculated with either 1.25 × 104 or 2 × 105 PFU TMEV. Inoculation conditions that drive inflammatory monocyte infiltration resulted in robust behavioral seizures and EEG abnormalities, but the low inoculum condition, associated with only microglial activation, drove a more subtle seizure and EEG phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Brittany L Overlee
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Renee K Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin D S Clarkson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Moderna, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Neuroinflammation and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1724-1743. [PMID: 35015252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence corroborates the fundamental role of neuroinflammation in the development of epilepsy. Proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) are crucial contributors to the inflammatory reactions in the brain. It is evidenced that epileptic seizures are associated with elevated levels of PICs, particularly interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which underscores the impact of neuroinflammation and PICs on hyperexcitability of the brain and epileptogenesis. Since the pathophysiology of epilepsy is unknown, determining the possible roles of PICs in epileptogenesis could facilitate unraveling the pathophysiology of epilepsy. About one-third of epileptic patients are drug-resistant, and existing treatments only resolve symptoms and do not inhibit epileptogenesis; thus, treatment of epilepsy is still challenging. Accordingly, understanding the function of PICs in epilepsy could provide us with promising targets for the treatment of epilepsy, especially drug-resistant type. In this review, we outline the role of neuroinflammation and its primary mediators, including IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Furthermore, we discuss the potential therapeutic targeting of PICs and cytokine receptors in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Gage M, Putra M, Wachter L, Dishman K, Gard M, Gomez-Estrada C, Thippeswamy T. Saracatinib, a Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, as a Disease Modifier in the Rat DFP Model: Sex Differences, Neurobehavior, Gliosis, Neurodegeneration, and Nitro-Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 35052568 PMCID: PMC8773289 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an organophosphate nerve agent (OPNA), exposure causes status epilepticus (SE) and epileptogenesis. In this study, we tested the protective effects of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src kinase inhibitor, in mixed-sex or male-only Sprague Dawley rats exposed to 4-5 mg/kg DFP followed by 2 mg/kg atropine and 25 mg/kg 2-pralidoxime. Midazolam (3 mg/kg) was given to the mixed-sex cohort (1 h post-DFP) and male-only cohort (~30 min post-DFP). Saracatinib (20 mg/kg, oral, daily for 7 days) or vehicle was given two hours later and euthanized eight days or ten weeks post-DFP. Brain immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed increased microgliosis, astrogliosis, and neurodegeneration in DFP-treated animals. In the 10-week post-DFP male-only group, there were no significant differences between groups in the novel object recognition, Morris water maze, rotarod, or forced swim test. Brain IHC revealed significant mitigation by saracatinib in contrast to vehicle-treated DFP animals in microgliosis, astrogliosis, neurodegeneration, and nitro-oxidative stressors, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, GP91phox, and 3-Nitrotyrosine. These findings suggest the protective effects of saracatinib on brain pathology seem to depend on the initial SE severity. Further studies on dose optimization, including extended treatment regimen depending on the SE severity, are required to determine its disease-modifying potential in OPNA models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.G.); (M.P.); (L.W.); (K.D.); (M.G.); (C.G.-E.)
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TPPU Pre-Treatment Rescues Dendritic Spine Loss and Alleviates Depressive Behaviours during the Latent Period in the Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111465. [PMID: 34827464 PMCID: PMC8615907 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptogenesis may be responsible for both of recurrent seizures and comorbid depression in epilepsy. Disease-modifying treatments targeting the latent period before spontaneous recurrent seizures may contribute to the remission of seizures and comorbid depression. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, which has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects might rescue status epilepticus (SE)-induced dendritic spine loss and alleviate depressive behaviours. Rats were either pre-treated with TPPU (0.1 mg/kg/d) intragastrically or with vehicle (40% polyethylene glycol 400) from 7 days before to 7 days after SE that was induced with lithium chloride and pilocarpine intraperitoneally. Rats in the Control group were given saline instead. The forced swim test (FST) was performed on the 8th day after SE to evaluate the depression-like behaviours in rats. The results showed that seizures severity during SE was significantly decreased, and the immobility time during FST was significantly increased through TPPU pre-treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated inflammations including microglial gliosis and the level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus; in addition, neuronal and dendritic spine loss in the subfields of hippocampus was selectively rescued, and the expression of NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, ERK1/2, CREB, and their phosphorylated forms involved in the dendritic spine development were all significantly increased. We concluded that pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated seizures severity during SE and depressive behaviours during the period of epileptogenesis probably by rescuing dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus.
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Gage M, Putra M, Gomez-Estrada C, Golden M, Wachter L, Gard M, Thippeswamy T. Differential Impact of Severity and Duration of Status Epilepticus, Medical Countermeasures, and a Disease-Modifier, Saracatinib, on Brain Regions in the Rat Diisopropylfluorophosphate Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:772868. [PMID: 34720886 PMCID: PMC8555467 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.772868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute organophosphate (OP) toxicity poses a significant threat to both military and civilian personnel as it can lead to a variety of cholinergic symptoms including the development of status epilepticus (SE). Depending on its severity, SE can lead to a spectrum of neurological changes including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this study, we determined the impact of SE severity and duration on disease promoting parameters such as gliosis and neurodegeneration and the efficacy of a disease modifier, saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src/Fyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Animals were exposed to 4 mg/kg diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, s.c.) followed by medical countermeasures. We had five experimental groups: controls (no DFP), animals with no continuous convulsive seizures (CS), animals with ∼20-min continuous CS, 31-60-min continuous CS, and > 60-min continuous CS. These groups were then assessed for astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration 8 days after DFP exposure. The 31-60-min and > 60-min groups, but not ∼20-min group, had significantly upregulated gliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus compared to controls. In the piriform cortex and amygdala, however, all three continuous CS groups had significant upregulation in both gliosis and neurodegeneration. In a separate cohort of animals that had ∼20 and > 60-min of continuous CS, we administered saracatinib for 7 days beginning three hours after DFP. There was bodyweight loss and mortality irrespective of the initial SE severity and duration. However, in survived animals, saracatinib prevented spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) during the first week in both severity groups. In the ∼20-min CS group, compared to the vehicle, saracatinib significantly reduced neurodegeneration in the piriform cortex and amygdala. There were no significant differences in the measured parameters between the naïve control and saracatinib on its own (without DFP) groups. Overall, this study demonstrates the differential effects of the initial SE severity and duration on the localization of gliosis and neurodegeneration. We have also demonstrated the disease-modifying potential of saracatinib. However, its’ dosing regimen should be optimized based on initial severity and duration of CS during SE to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity in the DFP model as well as in other OP models such as soman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Gage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal Gomez-Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Madison Golden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Logan Wachter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Megan Gard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Kilinc E, Ankarali S, Ayhan D, Ankarali H, Torun IE, Cetinkaya A. Protective effects of long-term probiotic mixture supplementation against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures, inflammation and oxidative stress in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108830. [PMID: 34333116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that dysbiosis of gut microbiota plays an important role in epilepsy, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear due to the complex nature of both microbial composition and pathophysiology of epilepsy. We investigated effects of long-term probiotics supplementation on epileptic seizures, and inflammatory and oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers in a pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure model in rats. Male Wistar weaner-rats were divided into four groups. The first two groups received 1 ml/day saline solution, while the other groups received 0.05 mg/1ml/day vehicle or 109cfu/1ml/day probiotic-mixture, respectively, for 60 days by gavage. Seizure was induced by a single convulsive dose of PTZ. Seizures were evaluated using Racine's scale. Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma and brain tissue were determined using ELISA, while oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers were measured using an automated-colorimetric method. Probiotics supplementation exhibited anticonvulsant effects against PTZ-induced seizures by retarding onset-times of both myoclonic-jerk and generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and by shortening duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Additionally, it alleviated PTZ-induced increases in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A, but not of IFNγ, in plasma and brain tissue. Moreover, it restored PTZinduced fluctuations in levels of oxidants TOS and disulfide, and of antioxidants native thiol and total thiol. Our findings suggest that long-term probiotics supplementation exhibits protective effects against epileptic seizures, and alleviates (neuro)inflammation and oxidative stress related to pathophysiology of epilepsy. A probiotic-rich diet provided from childhood may provide prophylaxis against epileptic seizures, especially in susceptible individuals, as the neonate diet represents a fundamental extrinsic factor in establishing gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Kilinc
- Department of Physiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Seyit Ankarali
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Ayhan
- Department of Physiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankarali
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ayhan Cetinkaya
- Department of Physiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Dang J, Paudel YN, Yang X, Ren Q, Zhang S, Ji X, Liu K, Jin M. Schaftoside Suppresses Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish via Suppressing Apoptosis, Modulating Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2542-2552. [PMID: 34128378 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies against epileptic seizures has caused a surge in preclinical research focused on exploring and developing novel therapeutic candidates for epilepsy. Compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have gained much attention for a plethora of neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Herein, for the first time, we evaluated the anticonvulsive effects of schaftoside (SS), a TCM, on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic seizures in zebrafish and examined the underlying mechanisms. We observed that SS pretreatments significantly suppressed seizure-like behavior and prolonged the onset of seizures. Zebrafish larvae pretreated with SS demonstrated downregulation of c-fos expression during seizures. PTZ-induced upregulation of apoptotic cells was decreased upon pretreatment with SS. Inflammatory phenomena during seizure progression including the upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were downregulated upon pretreatment with SS. The PTZ-induced recruitment of immunocytes was in turn reduced upon SS pretreatment. Moreover, SS pretreatment modulated oxidative stress, as demonstrated by decreased levels of catalase (CAT) and increased levels of glutathione peroxidase-1a (GPx1a) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). However, pretreatment with SS modulated the PTZ-induced downregulation of the relative enzyme activity of CAT, GPx, and SOD. Hence, our findings suggest that SS pretreatment ameliorates PTZ-induced seizures, suppresses apoptosis, and downregulates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which potentially protect against further seizures in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Dang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xueliang Yang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Ren
- School of Psychology, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tang’shan 063210, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuna Ji
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250103, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Ciurkiewicz M, Floess S, Beckstette M, Kummerfeld M, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Transcriptome analysis following neurotropic virus infection reveals faulty innate immunity and delayed antigen presentation in mice susceptible to virus-induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e13000. [PMID: 34231271 PMCID: PMC8549031 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system cause acute or delayed neuropathology and clinical consequences ranging from asymptomatic courses to chronic, debilitating diseases. The outcome of viral encephalitis is partially determined by genetically programed immune response patterns of the host. Experimental infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes diverse neurologic diseases, including TMEV‐induced demyelinating disease (TMEV‐IDD), depending on the used mouse strain. The aim of the present study was to compare initial transcriptomic changes occurring in the brain of TMEV‐infected SJL (TMEV‐IDD susceptible) and C57BL/6 (TMEV‐IDD resistant) mice. Animals were infected with TMEV and sacrificed 4, 7, or 14 days post infection. RNA was isolated from brain tissue and analyzed by whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Selected differences were confirmed on a protein level by immunohistochemistry. In mock‐infected SJL and C57BL/6 mice, >200 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Following TMEV‐infection, the number of DEGs increased to >700. Infected C57BL/6 mice showed a higher expression of transcripts related to antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, innate antiviral immune responses and cytotoxicity, compared with infected SJL animals. Expression of many of those genes was weaker or delayed in SJL mice, associated with a failure of viral clearance in this mouse strain. SJL mice showed prolonged elevation of MHC II and chemotactic genes compared with C57BL/6 mice, which presumably facilitates the induction of chronic demyelinating disease. In addition, elevated expression of several genes associated with immunomodulatory or –suppressive functions was observed in SJL mice. The exploratory study confirms previous observations in the model and provides an extensive list of new immunologic parameters potentially contributing to different outcomes of viral encephalitis in two mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kummerfeld
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Neuroinflammation: A Signature or a Cause of Epilepsy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136981. [PMID: 34209535 PMCID: PMC8267969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy can be both a primary pathology and a secondary effect of many neurological conditions. Many papers show that neuroinflammation is a product of epilepsy, and that in pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammation, there is a higher probability to develop epilepsy. However, the bidirectional mechanism of the reciprocal interaction between epilepsy and neuroinflammation remains to be fully understood. Here, we attempt to explore and discuss the relationship between epilepsy and inflammation in some paradigmatic neurological and systemic disorders associated with epilepsy. In particular, we have chosen one representative form of epilepsy for each one of its actual known etiologies. A better understanding of the mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and epilepsy would be important to improve subject-based therapies, both for prophylaxis and for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Galanopoulou AS, Löscher W, Lubbers L, O’Brien TJ, Staley K, Vezzani A, D’Ambrosio R, White HS, Sontheimer H, Wolf JA, Twyman R, Whittemore V, Wilcox KS, Klein B. Antiepileptogenesis and disease modification: Progress, challenges, and the path forward-Report of the Preclinical Working Group of the 2018 NINDS-sponsored antiepileptogenesis and disease modification workshop. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:276-296. [PMID: 34033232 PMCID: PMC8166793 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic brain diseases and is often associated with cognitive, behavioral, or other medical conditions. The need for therapies that would prevent, ameliorate, or cure epilepsy and the attendant comorbidities is a priority for both epilepsy research and public health. In 2018, the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke (NINDS) convened a workshop titled "Accelerating the Development of Therapies for Antiepileptogenesis and Disease Modification" that brought together preclinical and clinical investigators and industry and regulatory bodies' representatives to discuss and propose a roadmap to accelerate the development of antiepileptogenic (AEG) and disease-modifying (DM) new therapies. This report provides a summary of the discussions and proposals of the Preclinical Science working group. Highlights of the progress of collaborative preclinical research projects on AEG/DM of ongoing research initiatives aiming to improve infrastructure and translation to clinical trials are presented. Opportunities and challenges of preclinical epilepsy research, vis-à-vis clinical research, were extensively discussed, as they pertain to modeling of specific epilepsy types across etiologies and ages, the utilization of preclinical models in AG/DM studies, and the strategies and study designs, as well as on matters pertaining to transparency, data sharing, and reporting research findings. A set of suggestions on research initiatives, infrastructure, workshops, advocacy, and opportunities for expanding the borders of epilepsy research were discussed and proposed as useful initiatives that could help create a roadmap to accelerate and optimize preclinical translational AEG/DM epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S. Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of NeurologyDominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceIsabelle Rapin Division of Child NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and PharmacyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | | | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Department of NeuroscienceCentral Clinical SchoolAlfred HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Kevin Staley
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of NeuroscienceIRCCS‐Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchMilanoItaly
| | | | - H. Steve White
- Department of PharmacySchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury and RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | | | - Vicky Whittemore
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Karen S. Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Brian Klein
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Dual COX-2/5-LOX Inhibitor Darbufelon and Its Novel Analogues. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an integral part of epilepsy pathogenesis and other convulsive conditions, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) present a potent tool for the contemporary search and design of novel anticonvulsants. In the present paper, evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of the potential NSAID dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitor darbufelone methanesulfonate using an scPTZ model in mice in dose 100 mg/kg is reported. Darbufelone possesses anticonvulsant properties in the scPTZ model and presents interest for in-depth studies as a possible anticonvulsant multi-target agent with anti-inflammatory activity. The series of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives have been synthesized following the analogue-based drug design and hybrid-pharmacophore approach using a darbufelone matrix. The synthesized derivatives showed a significant protection level for animals in the scPTZ model and are promising compounds for the design of potential anticonvulsants with satisfactory drug-like parameters.
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: Role of Neuroinflammation. A Literature Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050663. [PMID: 34069567 PMCID: PMC8161227 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurring spontaneous seizures. Drug resistance appears in 30% of patients and it can lead to premature death, brain damage or a reduced quality of life. The purpose of the study was to analyze the drug resistance mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation, in the epileptogenesis. The information bases of biomedical literature Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and SciVerse were used. To obtain full-text documents, electronic resources of PubMed Central and Research Gate were used. The article examines the recent research of the mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy and discusses the hypotheses of drug resistance development (genetic, epigenetic, target hypothesis, etc.). Drug-resistant epilepsy is associated with neuroinflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes. Neuroinflammation causes immune, pathophysiological, biochemical and psychological consequences. Focal or systemic unregulated inflammatory processes lead to the formation of aberrant neural connections and hyperexcitable neural networks. Inflammatory mediators affect the endothelium of cerebral vessels, destroy contacts between endothelial cells and induce abnormal angiogenesis (the formation of “leaky” vessels), thereby affecting the blood–brain barrier permeability. Thus, the analysis of pro-inflammatory and other components of epileptogenesis can contribute to the further development of the therapeutic treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Chen L, Wang Y, Chen Z. Adult Neurogenesis in Epileptogenesis: An Update for Preclinical Finding and Potential Clinical Translation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:464-484. [PMID: 31744451 PMCID: PMC7457402 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptogenesis refers to the process in which a normal brain becomes epileptic, and is characterized by hypersynchronous spontaneous recurrent seizures involving a complex epileptogenic network. Current available pharmacological treatment of epilepsy is generally symptomatic in controlling seizures but is not disease-modifying in epileptogenesis. Cumulative evidence suggests that adult neurogenesis, specifically in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, is crucial in epileptogenesis. In this review, we describe the pathological changes that occur in adult neurogenesis in the epileptic brain and how adult neurogenesis is involved in epileptogenesis through different interventions. This is followed by a discussion of some of the molecular signaling pathways involved in regulating adult neurogenesis, which could be potential druggable targets for epileptogenesis. Finally, we provide perspectives on some possible research directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Lubbers L, Iyengar SS. A team science approach to discover novel targets for infantile spasms (IS). Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:49-61. [PMID: 33681648 PMCID: PMC7918303 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS) is a devastating epilepsy syndrome that typically begins in the first year of life. Symptoms consist of stereotypical spasms, developmental delay, and electroencephalogram (EEG) that may demonstrate Hypsarhythmia. Current therapeutic approaches are not always effective, and there is no reliable way to predict which patient will respond to therapy. Given this disorder's complexity and the potential impact of a disease-modifying approach, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE) employed a "team science" approach to advance the understanding of IS pathology and explore therapeutic modalities that might lead to the development of new ways to potentially prevent spasms and Hypsarhythmia. This approach was a first-of-its-kind collaborative initiative in epilepsy. The IS initiative funded 8 investigative teams over the course of 1-3 years. Projects included the following: discovery on the basic biology of IS, discovery of novel therapeutic targets, cross-validation of targets, discovery of biomarkers, and prognosis and treatment of IS. The combined efforts of a strong investigative team led to numerous advances in understanding the neural pathways underlying IS, testing of small molecules in preclinical models of IS and generated preliminary data on potential biomarkers. Thus far, the initiative has resulted in over 19 publications and subsequent funding for several investigators. Investigators reported that the IS initiative generally affected their research positively due to its collaborative and iterative nature. It also provided a unique opportunity to mentor junior investigators with an interest in translational research. Learnings included the need for a dedicated project manager and more transparent and real-time communication with investigators. The CURE IS initiative represents a unique approach to fund scientific discoveries on epilepsy. It brought together an interdisciplinary group of investigators-who otherwise would not have collaborated-to find transformative therapies for IS. Learnings from this initiative are being utilized for subsequent initiatives at CURE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lubbers
- Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE)ChicagoILUSA
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Duration and choices of prophylactic anticonvulsants in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 44:2459-2467. [PMID: 33389342 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of prophylactic anticonvulsants among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is controversial. We sought to assess the effectiveness of different durations of prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) use among SAH patients. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases until March 1, 2020. Randomized controlled trials or observational studies comparing different durations or different drugs were selected. The primary outcome was poor clinical outcomes. The secondary outcome was in-hospital seizure. Bayesian network meta-analysis was also performed to indirectly compare the effectiveness of different prophylaxes. A total of 5 papers were included. Three studies with a total of 959 patients were included in the analysis of the primary outcome; the results showed that long-term exposure to prophylactic AEDs (more than 3 days) led to poor clinical outcomes (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.01-2.39; p = 0.045). Four studies with 1024 patients were included in the analysis of the secondary outcome; the results showed no association between the duration of prophylactic AED use and the occurrence of in-hospital seizures (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.18-2.15; p = 0.447). In the network meta-analysis, no significant difference was found among the four different prophylaxes. Our findings suggested that, when compared with the short-term use, the long-term use of prophylactic AEDs in SAH patients has a similar effect on in-hospital seizure prevention but is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, these findings were based on a small number of available studies with obvious heterogeneity in study design and different prescription regimens. Further well-designed studies are warranted to elucidate these questions.
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Chmielewska N, Maciejak P, Osuch B, Kursa MB, Szyndler J. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not brain- and extracellular matrix-derived proteins, are increased in the plasma following electrically induced kindling of seizures. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:506-515. [PMID: 33377994 PMCID: PMC7994222 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the brain-derived proteins, extracellular matrix-derived protein and cytokines as potential peripheral biomarkers of different susceptibility to seizure development in an animal model of epilepsy evoked by chronic focal electrical stimulation of the brain. Methods The plasma levels of IL-1β (interleukin 1β), IL-6 (interleukin 6), UCH-L1 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 1), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9), and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were assessed. The peripheral concentrations of the selected proteins were analyzed according to the status of kindling and seizure severity parameters. In our study, increased concentrations of plasma IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in rats subjected to hippocampal kindling compared to sham-operated rats. Results Animals that developed tonic–clonic seizures after the last stimulation had higher plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 than sham-operated rats and rats that did not develop seizure. Elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in rats that presented more severe seizures after the last five stimulations compared to sham-operated animals. A correlation between plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations was also found. On the other hand, the plasma levels of the brain-derived proteins UCH-L1, MMP-9, and GFAP were unaffected by kindling status and seizure severity parameters. Conclusions The plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-6 may have potential utility as peripheral biomarkers of immune system activation in the course of epilepsy and translational potential for future clinical use. Surprisingly, markers of cell and nerve ending damage (GFAP, UCH-L1 and MMP-9) may have limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chmielewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Osuch
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miron B Kursa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego Street 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Street 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Thambi M, Nathan J, Radhakrishnan K. Can change in gut microbiota composition be used as a surrogate marker of treatment efficacy of ketogenic diet in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav 2020; 113:107444. [PMID: 33091747 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To answer the question posed in the title of the manuscript, we critically examined the connection between ketogenic diet (KD), gut microbiota (GM), and epilepsy. We conclude that although the evidence for a KD-GM-epilepsy link is fairly robust in rodent epilepsy models, it is very hard to draw meaningful conclusions in humans. The limitations of human studies that have investigated the KD-microbiota-epilepsy relationship include small sample size, a heterogeneous patient population with regard to age and epilepsy type, failure to account for the effect of dietary habits, antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and comedications on GM composition, variability in the KD administered and in the duration of the intervention, and different approaches used in sequencing the microbiome. Although alteration in the GM composition may be a potential indicator of responsiveness/resistance to a KD, we need well-designed randomized case-control and cohort studies involving a large number of a fairly homogenous population of patients with epilepsy adjusted to their habitual dietary habits and region of residence before labeling it as a surrogate marker. Research in this direction may also help us to unravel the mysteries of GM-brain axis not only concerning epilepsy but also in other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magith Thambi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Janak Nathan
- Sanjeev Clinic, Mahim, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400016, India
| | - Kurupath Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Avitis Institute of Medical Sciences, Palakkad, Kerala 678508, India.
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Abstract
AbstractThe high prevalence and spread of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) make them an important cause of viral encephalitis in humans. Most epidemic viral encephalitides have an etiology associated with arboviruses. Among various arboviruses, the Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, Dengue virus and Chikungunya virus can induce seizures. Arboviruses of the genus Flavivirus are usually transmitted by mosquitoes and other host animals. These vector-borne pathogens can cause epidemic viral encephalitis. Seizures may not be the major manifestation in these viral encephalitides, but may predict a poor prognosis. In this article, we discuss the relationships between these viruses and seizures from perspectives of clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatments of each.
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Shen W, Poliquin S, Macdonald RL, Dong M, Kang JQ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases inflammatory cytokines in an epilepsy mouse model Gabrg2 +/Q390X knockin: A link between genetic and acquired epilepsy? Epilepsia 2020; 61:2301-2312. [PMID: 32944937 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation is a major theme in epilepsy, which has been characterized in acquired epilepsy but is poorly understood in genetic epilepsy. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gene mutations are significant causes of epilepsy, and we have studied the pathophysiology directly resulting from defective receptor channels. Here, we determined the proinflammatory factors in a genetic mouse model, the Gabrg2+/Q390X knockin (KI). We have identified increased cytokines in multiple brain regions of the KI mouse throughout different developmental stages and propose that accumulation of the trafficking-deficient mutant protein may increase neuroinflammation, which would be a novel mechanism for genetic epilepsy. METHODS We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoprecipitation, nuclei purification, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy to characterize increased neuroinflammation and its potential causes in a Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mouse and a Gabrg2+/- knockout (KO) mouse, each associated with a different epilepsy syndrome with different severities. RESULTS We found that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 were increased in the KI mice but not in the KO mice. A major underlying basis for the discrepancy in cytokine expression between the two mouse models is likely chronic mutant protein accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The presence of mutant protein dampened cytokine induction upon further cellular stimulation or external stress such as elevated temperature. Pharmacological induction of ER stress upregulated cytokine expression in the wild-type and KO but not in the KI mice. The increased cytokine expression was independent of seizure occurrence, because it was upregulated in both mice and cultured neurons. SIGNIFICANCE Together, these data demonstrate a novel pathophysiology for genetic epilepsy, increased neuroinflammation, which is a common mechanism for acquired epilepsy. The findings thus provide the first link of neuroinflammation between genetic epilepsy associated with an ion channel gene mutation and acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhen Shen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Poliquin
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert L Macdonald
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marco Dong
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jing-Qiong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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MacLean MA, Kamintsky L, Leck ED, Friedman A. The potential role of microvascular pathology in the neurological manifestations of coronavirus infection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:55. [PMID: 32912226 PMCID: PMC7481544 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses are highly pathogenic viruses that pose a serious threat to human health. Examples include the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003 (SARS-CoV-1), the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) outbreak of 2012, and the current SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Herein, we review the neurological manifestations of coronaviruses and discuss the potential pathogenic role of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We present the hypothesis that pre-existing vascular damage (due to aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension or other conditions) facilitates infiltration of the virus into the central nervous system (CNS), increasing neuro-inflammation and the likelihood of neurological symptoms. We also discuss the role of a neuroinflammatory cytokine profile in both blood-brain barrier dysfunction and macrovascular disease (e.g. ischemic stroke and thromboembolism). Future studies are needed to better understand the involvement of the microvasculature in coronavirus neuropathology, and to test the diagnostic potential of minimally-invasive screening tools (e.g. serum biomarkers, fluorescein retinal angiography and dynamic-contrast MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. MacLean
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre (Halifax Infirmary), 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
| | - L. Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Room 12 H, 12th Floor, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - E. D. Leck
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre (Halifax Infirmary), 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7 Canada
| | - A. Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Room 12 H, 12th Floor, Sir Charles Tupper Building, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS Canada
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Arulsamy A, Shaikh MF. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, the Pathological Key to Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1900-1908. [PMID: 32479057 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one of the detrimental outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in recurrent seizures that impact daily life. However, the pathological relationship between PTE and TBI remains unclear, and commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AED) are ineffective against PTE. Fortunately, emerging research implicates neuroinflammation, particularly, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as the key mediator for PTE development. Thus, this review aims to examine the available literature regarding the role of TNF-α in PTE pathology and, subsequently, evaluate TNF-α as a possible target for its treatment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on four databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus. Articles with relevance in investigating TNF-α expression in PTE were considered in this review. Critical evaluation of four articles that met the inclusion criteria suggests a proportional relationship between TNF-α expression and seizure susceptibilit and that neutralization or suppression of TNF-α release results in reduced susceptibility to seizures. In conclusion, this review elucidates the importance of TNF-α expression in epileptogenesis postinjury and urges future research to focus more on clinical studies involving TNF-α, which may provide clearer insight into PTE prevention, therefore improving the lives of PTE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Galanopoulou AS, Ferastraoaru V, Correa DJ, Cherian K, Duberstein S, Gursky J, Hanumanthu R, Hung C, Molinero I, Khodakivska O, Legatt AD, Patel P, Rosengard J, Rubens E, Sugrue W, Yozawitz E, Mehler MF, Ballaban‐Gil K, Haut SR, Moshé SL, Boro A. EEG findings in acutely ill patients investigated for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A small case series preliminary report. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:314-324. [PMID: 32537529 PMCID: PMC7289172 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute encephalopathy may occur in COVID-19-infected patients. We investigated whether medically indicated EEGs performed in acutely ill patients under investigation (PUIs) for COVID-19 report epileptiform abnormalities and whether these are more prevalent in COVID-19 positive than negative patients. METHODS In this retrospective case series, adult COVID-19 inpatient PUIs underwent EEGs for acute encephalopathy and/or seizure-like events. PUIs had 8-channel headband EEGs (Ceribell; 20 COVID-19 positive, 6 COVID-19 negative); 2 more COVID-19 patients had routine EEGs. Overall, 26 Ceribell EEGs, 4 routine and 7 continuous EEG studies were reviewed. EEGs were interpreted by board-certified clinical neurophysiologists (n = 16). EEG findings were correlated with demographic data, clinical presentation and history, and medication usage. Fisher's exact test was used. RESULTS We included 28 COVID-19 PUIs (30-83 years old), of whom 22 tested positive (63.6% males) and 6 tested negative (33.3% male). The most common indications for EEG, among COVID-19-positive vs COVID-19-negative patients, respectively, were new onset encephalopathy (68.2% vs 33.3%) and seizure-like events (14/22, 63.6%; 2/6, 33.3%), even among patients without prior history of seizures (11/17, 64.7%; 2/6, 33.3%). Sporadic epileptiform discharges (EDs) were present in 40.9% of COVID-19-positive and 16.7% of COVID-19-negative patients; frontal sharp waves were reported in 8/9 (88.9%) of COVID-19-positive patients with EDs and in 1/1 of COVID-19-negative patient with EDs. No electrographic seizures were captured, but 19/22 COVID-19-positive and 6/6 COVID-19-negative patients were given antiseizure medications and/or sedatives before the EEG. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first preliminary report of EDs in the EEG of acutely ill COVID-19-positive patients with encephalopathy or suspected clinical seizures. EDs are relatively common in this cohort and typically appear as frontal sharp waves. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the potential direct or indirect effects of COVID-19 on activating epileptic activity.
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Ramos AB, Cruz RA, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Olejniczak PW, Mader EC. Dexamethasone as Abortive Treatment for Refractory Seizures or Status Epilepticus in the Inpatient Setting. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 7:2324709619848816. [PMID: 31104535 PMCID: PMC6537247 DOI: 10.1177/2324709619848816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory seizures or status epilepticus (RS/SE) continues to be a challenge in
the inpatient setting. Failure to abort a seizure with antiepileptic drugs
(AEDs) may lead to intubation and treatment with general anesthesia exposing
patients to complications, extending hospitalization, and increasing the cost of
care. Studies have shown a key role of inflammatory mediators in seizure
generation and termination. We describe 4 patients with RS/SE that was aborted
when dexamethasone was added to conventional AEDs: a 61-year-old female with
temporal lobe epilepsy who presented with delirium, nonconvulsive status
epilepticus, and oculomyoclonic status; a 56-year-old female with history of
traumatic left frontal lobe hemorrhage who developed right face and hand
epilepsia partialis continua followed by refractory focal clonic seizures; a
51-year-old male with history of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage who exhibited
left-sided epilepsia partialis continua; and a 75-year-old female with history
of breast cancer who manifested nonconvulsive status epilepticus and refractory
focal clonic seizures. All patients continued experiencing RS/SE despite first-
and second-line therapy, and one patient continued to experience RS/SE despite
third-line therapy. Failure to abort RS/SE with conventional therapy motivated
us to administer intravenous dexamethasone. A 10-mg load was given (except in
one patient) followed by 4.0- 5.2 mg q6h. All clinical and electrographic
seizures stopped 3-4 days after starting dexamethasone. When dexamethasone was
discontinued 1-3 days after seizures stopped, all patients remained seizure-free
on 2-3 AEDs. The cessation of RS/SE when dexamethasone was added to conventional
antiseizure therapy suggests that inflammatory processes are involved in the
pathogenesis of RS/SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Ramos
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Roberto A Cruz
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Piotr W Olejniczak
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Edward C Mader
- 1 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Wesselingh R, Butzkueven H, Buzzard K, Tarlinton D, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Seizures in autoimmune encephalitis: Kindling the fire. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1033-1044. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Katherine Buzzard
- Department of Neurology Melbourne Health Parkville Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Eastern Health Box Hill Victoria Australia
| | - David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neurosciences Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Melbourne Health Parkville Victoria Australia
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