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Wilson LN, Gardner JD, Wilson JP, Farnsworth A, Perry ZR, Druckenmiller PS, Erickson GM, Organ CL. Global latitudinal gradients and the evolution of body size in dinosaurs and mammals. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2864. [PMID: 38580657 PMCID: PMC10997647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Global climate patterns fundamentally shape the distribution of species and ecosystems. For example, Bergmann's rule predicts that homeothermic animals, including birds and mammals, inhabiting cooler climates are generally larger than close relatives from warmer climates. The modern world, however, lacks the comparative data needed to evaluate such macroecological rules rigorously. Here, we test for Bergmann's rule in Mesozoic dinosaurs and mammaliaforms that radiated within relatively temperate global climate regimes. We develop a phylogenetic model that accounts for biases in the fossil record and allows for variable evolutionary dispersal rates. Our analysis also includes new fossil data from the extreme high-latitude Late Cretaceous Arctic Prince Creek Formation. We find no evidence for Bergmann's rule in Mesozoic dinosaurs or mammaliaforms, the ancestors of extant homeothermic birds and mammals. When our model is applied to thousands of extant dinosaur (bird) and mammal species, we find that body size evolution remains independent of latitude. A modest temperature effect is found in extant, but not in Mesozoic, birds, suggesting that body size evolution in modern birds was influenced by Bergmann's rule during Cenozoic climatic change. Our study provides a general approach for studying macroecological rules, highlighting the fossil record's power to address longstanding ecological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Wilson
- University of Alaska Museum, 1962 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
- Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
| | - Jacob D Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK.
| | - John P Wilson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Alex Farnsworth
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1RL, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zackary R Perry
- University of Alaska Museum, 1962 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Patrick S Druckenmiller
- University of Alaska Museum, 1962 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
- Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Gregory M Erickson
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Chris L Organ
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK.
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA.
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2
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Names GR, Grindstaff JL, Westneat DF, Heidinger BJ. Climate change and its effects on body size and shape: the role of endocrine mechanisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220509. [PMID: 38310941 PMCID: PMC10838645 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In many organisms, rapidly changing environmental conditions are inducing dramatic shifts in diverse phenotypic traits with consequences for fitness and population viability. However, the mechanisms that underlie these responses remain poorly understood. Endocrine signalling systems often influence suites of traits and are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions; they are thus ideal candidates for uncovering both plastic and evolved consequences of climate change. Here, we use body size and shape, a set of integrated traits predicted to shift in response to rising temperatures with effects on fitness, and insulin-like growth factor-1 as a case study to explore these ideas. We review what is known about changes in body size and shape in response to rising temperatures and then illustrate why endocrine signalling systems are likely to be critical in mediating these effects. Lastly, we discuss research approaches that will advance understanding of the processes that underlie rapid responses to climate change and the role endocrine systems will have. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in phenotypic responses to climate change will be essential for predicting both the ecological and the long-term evolutionary consequences of a warming climate. This article is part of the theme issue 'Endocrine responses to environmental variation: conceptual approaches and recent developments'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R. Names
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Biology Department, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
| | | | - David F. Westneat
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Britt J. Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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3
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Russo D, Jones G, Martinoli A, Preatoni DG, Spada M, Pereswiet‐Soltan A, Cistrone L. Climate is changing, are European bats too? A multispecies analysis of trends in body size. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10872. [PMID: 38333101 PMCID: PMC10850807 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal size, a trait sensitive to spatial and temporal variables, is a key element in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. In the context of climate change, there is evidence that some bat species are increasing their body size via phenotypic responses to higher temperatures at maternity roosts. To test the generality of this response, we conducted a >20-year study examining body size changes in 15 bat species in Italy, analysing data from 4393 individual bats captured since 1995. In addition to examining the temporal effect, we considered the potential influence of sexual dimorphism and, where relevant, included latitude and altitude as potential drivers of body size change. Contrary to initial predictions of a widespread increase in size, our findings challenge this assumption, revealing a nuanced interplay of factors contributing to the complexity of bat body size dynamics. Specifically, only three species (Myotis daubentonii, Nyctalus leisleri, and Pipistrellus pygmaeus) out of the 15 exhibited a discernible increase in body size over the studied period, prompting a reassessment of bats as reliable indicators of climate change based on alterations in body size. Our investigation into influencing factors highlighted the significance of temperature-related variables, with latitude and altitude emerging as crucial drivers. In some cases, this mirrored patterns consistent with Bergmann's rule, revealing larger bats recorded at progressively higher latitudes (Plecotus auritus, Myotis mystacinus, and Miniopterus schreibersii) or altitudes (Pipistrellus kuhlii). We also observed a clear sexual dimorphism effect in most species, with females consistently larger than males. The observed increase in size over time in three species suggests the occurrence of phenotypic plasticity, raising questions about potential long-term selective pressures on larger individuals. The unresolved question of whether temperature-related changes in body size reflect microevolutionary processes or phenotypic plastic responses adds further complexity to our understanding of body size patterns in bats over time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Russo
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Evolution (AnEcoEvo), Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPorticiItaly
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Adriano Martinoli
- Unità di Analisi e Gestione delle Risorse Ambientali, Guido Tosi Research Group, Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche ed ApplicateUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Damiano G. Preatoni
- Unità di Analisi e Gestione delle Risorse Ambientali, Guido Tosi Research Group, Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche ed ApplicateUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVareseItaly
| | | | | | - Luca Cistrone
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Evolution (AnEcoEvo), Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPorticiItaly
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4
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Sauve D, Charmantier A, Hatch SA, Friesen VL. The magnitude of selection on growth varies among years and increases under warming conditions in a subarctic seabird. Evol Lett 2024; 8:56-63. [PMID: 38370550 PMCID: PMC10871900 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of ongoing rapid climate change, many ecosystems are becoming both warmer and more variable, and these changes are likely to alter the magnitude and variability of natural selection acting on wild populations. Critically, changes and fluctuations in selection can impact both population demography and evolutionary change. Therefore, predicting the impacts of climate change depends on understanding the magnitude and variation in selection on traits across different life stages and environments. Long-term experiments in wild settings are a great opportunity to determine the impact of environmental conditions on selection. Here we examined variability in the strength of selection on size traits of nestling black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in a 25-year study including a food supplementation experiment on Middleton Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Using mixed effect models, we examined the annual variability of stage-specific and resource-specific selection gradients across 25 years. We found that (a) larger and heavier hatchlings were the most likely to survive during early ontogeny, (b) non-food supplemented younger nestlings in a brood experienced the strongest selection, and (c) warmer conditions increased the magnitude of selection on nestling mass and affected non-food supplemented and second-hatched nestlings the most. Our results suggested that variable resource dynamics likely caused some of the changes in selection from year to year and that warming conditions increased the strength of selection on subarctic seabird growth. However, our experimental manipulation revealed that local environmental heterogeneity could buffer the selection expected from broader climatic changes. Consequently, understanding the interactive effects of local conditions and general changes in climate seems likely to improve our ability to predict future selection gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sauve
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Scott A Hatch
- Institute for Seabird Research and Conservation, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Vicki L Friesen
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Searing KB, Lomolino MV, Rozzi R. Melting climates shrink North American small mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310855120. [PMID: 38048453 PMCID: PMC10723146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310855120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals play important ecological roles in terrestrial ecosystems, with their particular niches and their impacts on energy flow and nutrient cycling being strongly influenced by one of their most fundamental traits-their body size. Body size influences nearly all of the physiological, behavioral, and ecological traits of mammals, and thus, shifts in body size often serve as key mechanisms of adaptation to variation in environmental conditions over space and time. Along with shifts in phenology and distributions, declining body size has been purported to be one of the three universal responses to anthropogenic climate change, yet few studies have been conducted at the spatial and temporal scales appropriate to test this claim. Here, we report that in response to warming of terrestrial ecosystems across North America over the past century, small mammals are decreasing in body size. We further estimate that by 2100 (when global temperatures may have risen some 2.5 to 5.5 °C since 1880), the total anthropogenic decline in body mass of these ecologically and economically important species may range from 10 to 21%. Such shifts in body size of the great multitudes of small mammal populations are, in turn, likely to have major impacts on the structural and functional diversity of terrestrial assemblages across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina B. Searing
- Department of Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY13210
| | - Mark V. Lomolino
- Department of Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY13210
| | - Roberto Rozzi
- Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108Halle (Saale), Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, 10115Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Ghosh S. Human adaptation to cold and warm climatic conditions: A comparison between two geographically diverse Indigenous populations. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23932. [PMID: 37269149 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to compare body adiposity and blood pressure (BP) in two climatically and ethnically diverse populations, examining whether thermoregulatory adaptive mechanism may protect Indigenous populations from exhibiting adverse consequences of increased adiposity. METHODS A cross sectional sample of 404 subjects, of which 200 were Monpa and 204 were Santhal, from two ethnically and geographically distinct populations of India were studied. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ), fat mass (FM; kg), fat free mass (kg), and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated for evaluation of body adiposity. Multivariate multiple regression analysis was adopted to examine the influence of age and sex of populations under study, on body adiposity and BP variables. RESULTS BMI, %BF, and FM were found to be significantly higher (p ˂ .001) among the Monpa males and females compared with their Santhal counterparts. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension among Monpa and Santhal is comparable (3.5%Monpa vs. 3.9%Santhal for systolic BP; 8.5%Monpa vs. 8.3%Santhal for diastolic BP). Adiposity, as quantitated by the fat mass index and %BF was significantly (p ˂ .001) correlated to age and sex of study population, explaining ~75.3% and ~75.4% of total variations of these variables, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall the present study suggests that modern human populations follow thermoregulatory mechanism for adaptation to different climatic conditions. Consequently, greater adiposity was evident among the Monpa who adapt to the cold climate, in comparison to their Santhal counterparts who dwell in warm climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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7
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Leles SG, Levine NM. Mechanistic constraints on the trade-off between photosynthesis and respiration in response to warming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh8043. [PMID: 37656790 PMCID: PMC10796116 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are responsible for half of all oxygen production and drive the ocean carbon cycle. Metabolic theory predicts that increasing global temperatures will cause phytoplankton to become more heterotrophic and smaller. Here, we uncover the metabolic trade-offs between cellular space, energy, and stress management driving phytoplankton thermal acclimation and how these might be overcome through evolutionary adaptation. We show that the observed relationships between traits such as chlorophyll, lipid content, C:N, and size can be predicted on the basis of the metabolic demands of the cell, the thermal dependency of transporters, and changes in membrane lipids. We suggest that many of the observed relationships are not fixed physiological constraints but rather can be altered through adaptation. For example, the evolution of lipid metabolism can favor larger cells with higher lipid content to mitigate oxidative stress. These results have implications for rates of carbon sequestration and export in a warmer ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana G. Leles
- Department of Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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El-Sabaawi RW, Lemmen KD, Jeyasingh PD, Declerck SAJ. SEED: A framework for integrating ecological stoichiometry and eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S109-S126. [PMID: 37840025 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterising the extent and sources of intraspecific variation and their ecological consequences is a central challenge in the study of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ecological stoichiometry, which uses elemental variation of organisms and their environment to understand ecosystem patterns and processes, can be a powerful framework for characterising eco-evolutionary dynamics. However, the current emphasis on the relative content of elements in the body (i.e. organismal stoichiometry) has constrained its application. Intraspecific variation in the rates at which elements are acquired, assimilated, allocated or lost is often greater than the variation in organismal stoichiometry. There is much to gain from studying these traits together as components of an 'elemental phenotype'. Furthermore, each of these traits can have distinct ecological effects that are underappreciated in the current literature. We propose a conceptual framework that explores how microevolutionary change in the elemental phenotype occurs, how its components interact with each other and with other traits, and how its changes can affect a wide range of ecological processes. We demonstrate how the framework can be used to generate novel hypotheses and outline pathways for future research that enhance our ability to explain, analyse and predict eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana W El-Sabaawi
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberley D Lemmen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Steven A J Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Shelomi M, Meiri S. A practical guide to collections-based research on ecogeographic rules. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10211. [PMID: 37332523 PMCID: PMC10276348 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecogeographic research into how species' forms vary across space, time, and climate has taken on new urgency due to contemporary global climate change. Research using museum specimens and other records to study biological rules like Bergmann's, Allen's, and Gloger's Rules has a long history and continues to generate publications and robust scientific debates. Despite the prevalence and history of the field, however, no simple guide on how to carry out such work has ever been published. To lower the barriers of entry for new researchers, this review was created as a practical guide on how to perform ecogeographic research. The guide consolidates disparately published methodologies into a single, convenient document that reviews the history and present of the field of ecogeographic rule research, and describes how to generate appropriate hypotheses, design experiments, gather, and analyze biotic and geographic data, and interpret the results in an ecologically meaningful manner. The result is a semi-standardized guide that enables scientists at all levels from any institution to carry out an investigation from start to finish on any biological rule, taxon, and location of their choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of EntomologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology & The Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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10
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Mariño J, Dufour SC, Hurford A, Récapet C. Resource and seasonality drive interspecific variability in simulations from a dynamic energy budget model. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad013. [PMID: 37006337 PMCID: PMC10064112 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Animals show a vast array of phenotypic traits in time and space. Such variation patterns have traditionally been described as ecogeographical rules; for example, the tendency of size and clutch size to increase with latitude (Bergmann's and Lack's rules, respectively). Despite considerable research into these variation patterns and their consequences for biodiversity and conservation, the processes behind trait variation remain controversial. Here, we show how food variability, largely set by climate and weather, can drive interspecific trait variation by determining individual energy input and allocation trade-offs. Using a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model, we simulated different food environments, as well as interspecific variability in the parameters for energy assimilation, mobilization and allocation to soma. We found that interspecific variability is greater when the resource is non-limiting in both constant and seasonal environments. Our findings further show that individuals can reach larger biomass and greater reproductive output in a seasonal environment than in a constant environment of equal average resource due to the peaks of food surplus. Our results agree with the classical patterns of interspecific trait variation and provide a mechanistic understanding that supports recent hypotheses which explain them: the resource and the eNPP (net primary production during the growing season) rules. Due to the current alterations to ecosystems and communities, disentangling the mechanisms of trait variation is increasingly important to understand and predict biodiversity dynamics under climate change, as well as to improve conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joany Mariño
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 45 Arctic Ave., St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7. Tel: +49 (0) 3834 7710.
| | - Suzanne C Dufour
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland 45 Arctic Ave., St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Amy Hurford
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland 45 Arctic Ave., St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Elizabeth Avenue, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Charlotte Récapet
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP. Quartier Ibarron 64210, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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11
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Kellner A, Atwood TC, Douglas DC, Breck SW, Wittemyer G. High winds and melting sea ice trigger landward movement in a polar bear population of concern. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kellner
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Todd C. Atwood
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center Anchorage Alaska USA
| | | | - Stewart W. Breck
- USDA‐WS‐National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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12
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Calsbeek R. Ecological rules for global species distribution also predict performance variation in Ironman triathletes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283282. [PMID: 37163562 PMCID: PMC10171585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bergmann's and Allen's rules predict changes in body size and appendage length across temperature gradients for species with broad geographic distributions. Larger bodies and longer limbs facilitate cooling whereas smaller bodies and compact limbs limit heat loss. Although these patterns are highly repeatable (hence "rules" of ecology) the patterns and underlying mechanisms are less-well understood in humans. Here I show that variation in running performance among human male triathletes is consistent with both Bergmann's and Allen's rules. Males (but not females) with relatively larger body size and longer limbs performed better at hot compared to cold race venues and vice-versa. Consistent with results in other taxa, sex-specificity may reflect selection for sexual dimorphism. Results suggest that ecological patterns detected over large-spatial scales may arise from fine-scale variation in locomotor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calsbeek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
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13
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Youngflesh C, Saracco JF, Siegel RB, Tingley MW. Abiotic conditions shape spatial and temporal morphological variation in North American birds. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1860-1870. [PMID: 36302998 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying environment-morphology relationships is important not only for understanding the fundamental processes driving phenotypic diversity within and among species but also for predicting how species will respond to ongoing global change. Despite a clear set of expectations motivated by ecological theory, broad evidence in support of generalizable effects of abiotic conditions on spatial and temporal intraspecific morphological variation has been limited. Using standardized data from >250,000 captures of 105 landbird species, we assessed intraspecific shifts in the morphology of adult male birds since 1989 while simultaneously measuring spatial morphological gradients across the North American continent. We found strong spatial and temporal trends in average body size, with warmer temperatures associated with smaller body sizes both at more equatorial latitudes and in more recent years. The magnitude of these thermal effects varied both across and within species, with results suggesting it is the warmest, rather than the coldest, temperatures that drive both spatial and temporal trends. Stronger responses to spatial-rather than temporal-variation in temperature suggest that morphological change may not be keeping up with the pace of climate change. Additionally, as elevation increases, we found that body size declines as relative wing length increases, probably due to the benefits that longer wings confer for flight in thin air environments. Our results provide support for both existing and new large-scale ecomorphological 'rules' and highlight how the response of functional trade-offs to abiotic variation drives morphological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Youngflesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Morgan W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Weeks BC, Klemz M, Wada H, Darling R, Dias T, O'Brien BK, Probst CM, Zhang M, Zimova M. Temperature, size and developmental plasticity in birds. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220357. [PMID: 36475424 PMCID: PMC9727665 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As temperatures increase, there is growing evidence that species across much of the tree of life are getting smaller. These climate change-driven size reductions are often interpreted as a temporal analogue of the observation that individuals within a species tend to be smaller in the warmer parts of the species' range. For ectotherms, there has been a broad effort to understand the role of developmental plasticity in temperature-size relationships, but in endotherms, this mechanism has received relatively little attention in favour of selection-based explanations. We review the evidence for a role of developmental plasticity in warming-driven size reductions in birds and highlight insulin-like growth factors as a potential mechanism underlying plastic responses to temperature in endotherms. We find that, as with ectotherms, changes in temperature during development can result in shifts in body size in birds, with size reductions associated with warmer temperatures being the most frequent association. This suggests developmental plasticity may be an important, but largely overlooked, mechanism underlying warming-driven size reductions in endotherms. Plasticity and natural selection have very different constraining forces, thus understanding the mechanism linking temperature and body size in endotherms has broad implications for predicting future impacts of climate change on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Weeks
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Madeleine Klemz
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haruka Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Darling
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tiffany Dias
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bruce K. O'Brien
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charlotte M. Probst
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marketa Zimova
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
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15
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Sacristán‐Bajo S, García‐Fernández A, Lara‐Romero C, Prieto‐Benítez S, Tabarés P, Morente‐López J, Rubio Teso ML, Alameda‐Martín A, Torres E, Iriondo JM. Population origin determines the adaptive potential for the advancement of flowering onset in Lupinus angustifolius L. (Fabaceae). Evol Appl 2022; 16:62-73. [PMID: 36699122 PMCID: PMC9850010 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present framework of global warming, it is unclear whether evolutionary adaptation can happen quick enough to preserve the persistence of many species. Specifically, we lack knowledge about the adaptive potential of the different populations in relation to the various constraints that may hamper particular adaptations. There is evidence indicating that early flowering often provides an adaptive advantage to plants in temperate zones in response to global warming. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the adaptive potential for advancing flowering onset in Lupinus angustifolius L. (Fabaceae). Seeds from four populations from two contrasting latitudes in Spain were collected and sown in a common garden environment. Selecting the 25% of the individuals that flowered earlier in the first generation, over three generations, three different early flowering selection lines were established, involving both self-crosses and outcrosses. All artificial selection lines advanced their flowering significantly with respect to the control line in the northernmost populations, but not in the southern ones. Selection lines obtained from outcrossing had a greater advancement in flowering than those from self-crossing. No differences were found in the number or weight of the seeds produced between control and artificial selection lines, probably because plants in the common garden were drip irrigated. These results suggest that northern populations may have a greater adaptive potential and that southern populations may be more vulnerable in the context of climate warming. However, earlier flowering was also associated with changes in other traits (height, biomass, shoot growth, specific leaflet area, and leaflet dry matter content), and the effects of these changes varied greatly depending on the latitude of the population and selection line. Assessments of the ability of populations to cope with climate change through this and other approaches are essential to manage species and populations in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sacristán‐Bajo
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
| | - Alfredo García‐Fernández
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
| | - Carlos Lara‐Romero
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain,Área de Botánica, Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Samuel Prieto‐Benítez
- Unidad de Ecotoxicología de la Contaminación Atmosférica, Departamento de Medio AmbienteCIEMATMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Tabarés
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
| | - Javier Morente‐López
- Grupo de Investigación de Ecología y Evolución en IslasInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC)TenerifeSpain
| | - María Luisa Rubio Teso
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
| | | | - Elena Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
| | - José María Iriondo
- Grupo de Ecología Evolutiva (ECOEVO), Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Dpto. de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCETUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
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16
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Juman MM, Millien V, Olson LE, Sargis EJ. Recent and rapid ecogeographical rule reversals in Northern Treeshrews. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19689. [PMID: 36446809 PMCID: PMC9708835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most-studied ecogeographical rules describe patterns of body size variation within species. Bergmann's rule predicts that individuals have larger body sizes in colder climates (typically at higher latitudes), and the island rule predicts that island populations of small-bodied species average larger in size than their mainland counterparts (insular gigantism). These rules are rarely tested in conjunction or assessed across space and time simultaneously. We investigated these patterns in the Northern Treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) using museum specimens collected across a wide spatial and temporal range. Contrary to Bergmann's rule, size increases with temperature in T. belangeri, a signal that is highly consistent across space and time. We also show that these rules are intertwined: Bergmann's rule is reversed on the mainland but holds on islands, and therefore the island rule is upheld at higher, but not lower, latitudes. Moreover, we demonstrate a rapid reversal of both rules over time. The mechanism behind these inversions remains unclear, though temperature and precipitation are significant predictors of body size. Ecogeographical rules rely on the assumption of a constant relationship between size and the factors driving its variation. Our results highlight the need to question this assumption and reevaluate these rules in the context of accelerating and uneven climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M. Juman
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.70738.3b0000 0004 1936 981XDepartment of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginie Millien
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Link E. Olson
- grid.70738.3b0000 0004 1936 981XDepartment of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA
| | - Eric J. Sargis
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Divisions of Vertebrate Zoology and Vertebrate Paleontology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, New Haven, CT USA
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17
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Warrington MH, Waterman J. Temperature-associated morphological changes in an African arid-zone ground squirrel. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The ecology, life histories, and physiology of many animals are changing in response to human-induced climate change. As the Earth warms, the ability of an animal to thermoregulate becomes ecologically and physiologically significant. Morphological adaptations to warmer temperatures include larger appendages and smaller bodies. We examined morphological features in a ground squirrel, Xerus inauris, living in the arid zones of South Africa, to examine whether squirrels have responded to increases in temperature and changes in seasonal rainfall with morphological modifications over the last 18 years. We found that over time, absolute hindfoot length and proportional hindfoot length increased, while spine length decreased. These changes are consistent with ecogeographical rules (Allen’s rule and Bergmann’s rule) and provide evidence in support of “shape-shifting” in response to climatic warming. Body mass also increased with time; however, these changes were not consistent with Bergmann’s rule, indicating that mass is influenced by other ecological factors (e.g., resource availability). Our study adds to the growing evidence that animal morphologies are changing in response to changing climatic conditions, although it remains to be seen whether these changes are adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako H Warrington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Jane Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria 0028 , South Africa
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18
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Sebastianelli M, Lukhele SM, Nwankwo EC, Hadjioannou L, Kirschel ANG. Continent-wide patterns of song variation predicted by classical rules of biogeography. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2448-2462. [PMID: 36124660 PMCID: PMC9826498 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Physiological constraints related to atmospheric temperature pose a limit to body and appendage size in endothermic animals. This relationship has been summarised by two classical principles of biogeography: Bergmann's and Allen's rules. Body size may also constrain other phenotypic traits important in ecology, evolution and behaviour, and such effects have seldom been investigated at a continental scale. Through a multilevel-modelling approach, we demonstrate that continent-wide morphology of related African barbets follows predictions of Bergmann's rule, and that body size mirrors variation in song pitch, an acoustic trait important in species recognition and sexual selection. Specifically, effects on song frequency in accordance with Bergmann's rule dwarf those of acoustic adaptation at a continental scale. Our findings suggest that macroecological patterns of body size can influence phenotypic traits important in ecology and evolution, and provide a baseline for further studies on the effects of environmental change on bird song.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander N. G. Kirschel
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus,University of California Los AngelesDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Edward Grey Institute, Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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19
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Cui J, Lei B, Newman C, Zhou Y, Wang Z. Food resources and competition rather than eco-geographic rules explain trait variations in two contrasting rat species: implications for future climate change. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Taylor JRE, Muturi M, Lázaro J, Zub K, Dechmann DKN. Fifty years of data show the effects of climate on overall skull size and the extent of seasonal reversible skull size changes (Dehnel's phenomenon) in the common shrew. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9447. [PMID: 36311390 PMCID: PMC9609440 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change affects many aspects of biology and has been shown to cause body size changes in animals. However, suitable datasets allowing the analysis of long‐term relationships between body size, climate, and its effects are rare. The size of the skull is often used as a proxy for overall body size. Skull size does not change much in fully grown vertebrates; however, some high‐metabolic small mammals shrink in winter and regrow in spring, including their skull and brain. This is thought to be a winter adaptation, as a smaller brain size reduces energy requirements. Climate could thus affect not only the overall size but also the pattern of the size change, that is, Dehnel's phenomenon, in these animals. We assessed the impact of the changes in climate on the overall skull size and the different stages of Dehnel's phenomenon in skulls of the common shrew, Sorex araneus, collected over 50 years in the Białowieża Forest, E Poland. Overall skull size decreased, along with increasing temperatures and decreasing soil moisture, which affected the availability of the shrews' main food source, earthworms. The skulls of males were larger than those of females, but the degree of the decrease in size did not differ between sexes. The magnitude of Dehnel's phenomenon increased over time, indicating an increasing selection pressure on animals in winter. Overall, climate clearly affected the common shrew's overall size as well as its seasonal size changes. With the current acceleration in climate change, the effects on the populations of this cold‐adapted species may be quite severe in a large part of its distribution range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Muturi
- Department of MigrationMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany,Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Javier Lázaro
- Department of MigrationMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany,Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Karol Zub
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
| | - Dina K. N. Dechmann
- Department of MigrationMax Planck Institute of Animal BehaviorRadolfzellGermany,Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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21
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Davy CM, von Zuben V, Kukka PM, Gerber BD, Slough BG, Jung TS. Rapidly declining body size in an insectivorous bat is associated with increased precipitation and decreased survival. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2639. [PMID: 35443093 PMCID: PMC10078423 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reduced food availability is implicated in declines in avian aerial insectivores, but the effect of nutritional stress on mammalian aerial insectivores is unclear. Unlike birds, insectivorous bats provision their young through lactation, which might protect nursing juveniles when prey availability is low but could increase the energetic burden on lactating females. We analyzed a 15-year capture-mark-recapture data set from 5312 individual little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) captured at 11 maternity colonies in northwestern Canada, to test the hypothesis that nutritional stress is impacting these mammalian aerial insectivores. We used long-bone (forearm [FA]) length as a proxy for relative access to nutrition during development, and body mass as a proxy for access to nutrition prior to capture. Average FA length and body mass both decreased significantly over the study period in adult females and juveniles, suggesting decreased access to nutrition. Effect sizes were very small, similar to those reported for declining body size in avian aerial insectivores. Declines in juvenile body mass were only observed in individuals captured in late summer when they were foraging independently, supporting our hypothesis that lactation provides some protection to nursing young during periods of nutritional stress. Potential drivers of the decline in bat size include one or both of (1) declining insect (prey) abundance, and (2) declining prey availability. Echolocating insectivorous bats cannot forage effectively during rainfall, which is increasing in our study area. The body mass of captured adult females and juveniles in our study was lower, on average, after periods of high rainfall, and higher after warmer-than-average periods. Finally, survival models revealed a positive association between FA length and survival, suggesting a fitness consequence to declines in body size. Our study area has not yet been impacted by bat white-nose syndrome (WNS), but research elsewhere has suggested that fatter bats are more likely to survive infection. We found evidence for WNS-independent shifts in the body size of little brown myotis, which can inform studies investigating population responses to WNS. More broadly, the cumulative effects of multiple stressors (e.g., disease, nutritional stress, climate change, and other pressures) on mammalian aerial insectivores require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Davy
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyCarleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Valerie von Zuben
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring SectionOntario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines, Natural Resources and ForestryPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | - Piia M. Kukka
- Department of EnvironmentGovernment of YukonWhitehorseYukon TerritoryCanada
| | - Brian D. Gerber
- Department of Natural Resources ScienceUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Thomas S. Jung
- Department of EnvironmentGovernment of YukonWhitehorseYukon TerritoryCanada
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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22
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Maher IM, Shelomi M. Increasing Body Sizes in Anomala expansa expansa (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Populations in Response to Rising Temperatures Over Time. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:798-805. [PMID: 35641116 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many insects have been studied over wide geographical areas to determine whether they follow Bergmann's Rule, which predicts that animal clades or populations should have smaller body sizes in warmer climates. While this ecogeographic rule is well supported in mammals and birds, insect latitudinal sizes can show Bergmann, converse Bergmann, or no size clines at all. Museum collections are typical sources of data for insect clines, and long-term collections should reflect rising global temperatures and shifting climates, possibly producing temporal size clines along with any geographical clines. We hypothesize that insects with Bergmann clines geographically will show Bergmann-like clines temporally as well, and that the converse and inverse of this rule are also true. By looking at museum samples going back a century, we tested whether Anomala expansa expansa (Bates, 1866), a species of Scarabaeidae beetle common in lowland Taiwan, was experiencing long-term changes in body size in response to rising temperatures. We found that overall, the size of these beetles increased over time. Within Taipei populations, this increase was correlated with rising average yearly temperatures. The impact of this pest species' rising size with time will need to be monitored, and temporal size clines in other pests need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Maher
- College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Wrozyna C, Mischke S, Hoehle M, Gross M, Piller WE. Large-Scale Geographic Size Variability of Cyprideis torosa (Ostracoda) and Its Taxonomic and Ecologic Implications. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.857499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-size variability results from a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors (environmental and biological influences) underpinned by phylogeny. In ostracodes it is assumed that body size is predominantly controlled by ecological conditions, but investigations have mostly focused on local or regional study areas. In this study, we investigate the geographical size variability (length, height, and width) of Holocene and Recent valves of the salinity-tolerant ostracode species Cyprideis torosa within a large geographical area (31°–51° latitude, and 12°–96° longitude). It is shown that distant local size clusters of Cyprideis torosa are framed within two large-scale geographical patterns. One pattern describes the separation of two different size classes (i.e., morphotypes) at around ∼42° N. The co-occurrence of both size morphotypes in the same habitats excludes an environmental control on the distribution of the morphotypes but rather could point to the existence of two differentiated lineages. Generally, correlations between valve size and environmental parameters (salinity, geographical positions) strongly depend on the taxonomic resolution. While latitude explains the overall size variability of C. torosa sensu lato (i.e., undifferentiated for morphotypes), salinity-size correlations are restricted to the morphotype scale. Another large-scale pattern represents a continuous increase in valve size of C. torosa with latitude according to the macroecological pattern referred as Bergmann trend. Existing explanations for Bergmann trends insufficiently clarify the size cline of C. torosa which might be because these models are restricted to intraspecific levels. The observed size-latitude relationship of C. torosa may, therefore, result from interspecific divergence (i.e., size ordered spatially may result from interspecific divergence sorting) while environmental influence is of minor importance. Our results imply that geographical body-size patterns of ostracodes are not straightforward and are probably not caused by universal mechanisms. Consideration of phylogenetic relationships of ostracodes is therefore necessary before attempting to identify the role of environmental controls on body size variability.
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24
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Walzer A, Nachman G, Spangl B, Stijak M, Tscholl T. Trans- and Within-Generational Developmental Plasticity May Benefit the Prey but Not Its Predator during Heat Waves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081123. [PMID: 36009751 PMCID: PMC9404866 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat waves can have fatal effects on arthropods such as insects and mites since their heat tolerance is often lower than the diurnal maximum temperatures during heat waves. Plastic modifications by the parents, however, can rapidly result in favorable adaptations in offspring traits. This question was investigated by using a prominent natural enemy/pest couple in biological control, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and its prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. We exposed both species separately to extreme or mild heat waves during their juvenile development, a vital phase of arthropod life, for two generations and assessed various fitness-relevant parameters of the offspring generation. Under extreme heat waves, adult body sizes of predator and prey males and prey females were insensitive, when they derived from parents also reared under extreme heat waves. Irrespective of their origin, offspring reached earlier adulthood under extreme heat waves. In general, prey benefitted more from parental modifications compared to the predator. However, further investigations are needed to verify whether these changes affect the interactions between the predators and their prey to an extent that it may jeopardize biological control during extreme heat waves. Abstract Theoretically, parents can adjust vital offspring traits to the irregular and rapid occurrence of heat waves via developmental plasticity. However, the direction and strength of such trait modifications are often species-specific. Here, we investigated within-generational plasticity (WGP) and trans-generational plasticity (TGP) effects induced by heat waves during the offspring development of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis and its herbivorous prey, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, to assess plastic developmental modifications. Single offspring individuals with different parental thermal origin (reared under mild or extreme heat waves) of both species were exposed to mild or extreme heat waves until adulthood, and food consumption, age and size at maturity were recorded. The offspring traits were influenced by within-generational plasticity (WGP), trans-generational plasticity (TGP), non-plastic trans-generational effects (TGE) and/or their interactions. When exposed to extreme heat waves, both species speeded up development (exclusively WGP), consumed more (due to the fact of WGP but also to TGP in prey females and to non-plastic TGE in predator males), and predator females got smaller (non-plastic TGE and WGP), whereas prey males and females were equally sized irrespective of their origin, because TGE, WGP and TGP acted in opposite directions. The body sizes of predator males were insensitive to parental and offspring heat wave conditions. Species comparisons indicated stronger reductions in the developmental time and reduced female predator-prey body size ratios in favor of the prey under extreme heat waves. Further investigations are needed to evaluate, whether trait modifications result in lowered suppression success of the predator on its prey under heat waves or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walzer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Gösta Nachman
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
| | - Bernhard Spangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, Institute of Statistics, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Miroslava Stijak
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
| | - Thomas Tscholl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-95329
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25
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Carbeck K, Wang T, Reid JM, Arcese P. Adaptation to climate change through seasonal migration revealed by climatic versus demographic niche models. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4260-4275. [PMID: 35366358 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the geographic range of species and their response to climatic variation and change are entwined goals in conservation and evolutionary ecology. Species distribution models (SDMs) are foundational in this effort and used to visualize the geographic range of species as the spatial representation of its realized niche. SDMs are also used to forecast range shifts under climate change, but often in the absence of empirical evidence that climate limits population growth. We explored the influence of climate on demography, seasonal migration, and the extent of the geographic range in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), a species thought to display marked local adaptation to regional climate. To do so, we developed SDMs to predict the demographic and climate niches of migratory and resident song sparrows across our study area in western North America from California to Alaska, using 48 years of demographic data from a focal population in British Columbia and 1.2 million continental-scale citizen science observations. Spatial agreement of our demographic and climate niche models in the region of our focal population was strong (76%), supporting the hypothesis that demographic performance and the occurrence of seasonal migration varied predictably with climatic conditions. In contrast, agreement at the northern (58%) and southern (40%) extents of our study area was lower, as expected if the factors limiting population growth vary regionally. Our results support the hypothesis that local climate drives spatial variation in the occurrence of seasonal migration in song sparrows by limiting the fitness of year-round residents, and suggest that climate warming has favored range expansions and facilitated an upward shift in elevational range song sparrows that forgo seasonal migration. Our work highlights the potential role of seasonal migration in climate adaptation and limits on the reliability of climate niche models not validated with demographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Carbeck
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The recent and ever-growing problem of boar (Sus scrofa forms including wild boar, hybrid and feral pig) expansion is a very complex issue in wildlife management. The damages caused to biodiversity and the economies are addressed in different ways by the various countries, but research is needed to shed light on the causal factors of this emergency before defining a useful collaborative management policy. In this review, we screened more than 280 references published between 1975–2022, identifying and dealing with five hot factors (climate change, human induced habitat modifications, predator regulation on the prey, hybridization with domestic forms, and transfaunation) that could account for the boar expansion and its niche invasion. We also discuss some issues arising from this boar emergency, such as epizootic and zoonotic diseases or the depression of biodiversity. Finally, we provide new insights for the research and the development of management policies.
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Li K, Sommer S, Yang Z, Guo Y, Yue Y, Ozgul A, Wang D. Distinct body-size responses to warming climate in three rodent species. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220015. [PMID: 35414239 PMCID: PMC9006008 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, body-size responses to warming climates are diverse, and the mechanisms underlying these different responses have been little investigated. Using temporal and spatial datasets of three rodent species distributed across different climatic zones in China, we investigated temporal and spatial trends of body size (length and mass), identified the critical drivers of these trends, and inferred the potential causes underlying the distinct body-size responses to the critical drivers. We found that body mass of all species remained stable over time and across space. Body length, however, increased in one species over time and in two species across space. Generally, body-length variation was predicted best by minimum ambient temperature. Moreover, in two species, body length changed linearly with temperature differences between ancestral and colonization areas. These distinct temperature-length patterns may jointly be caused by species-specific temperature sensitivities and experienced magnitudes of warming. We hypothesize that species or populations distributed across distinct temperature gradients evolved different intrinsic temperature sensitivities, which affect how their body sizes respond to warming climates. Our results suggest that size trends associated with climate change should be explored at higher temporal and spatial resolutions, and include clades of species with similar distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zaixue Yang
- Yuqing Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Yuqing County, Guizhou 564400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwang Guo
- National Agro-tech Extension and Service Center, 20 Maizidian Avenue, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxian Yue
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deng Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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28
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Zalewski A, Wereszczuk A, Brzeziński M. Polecat body size and sex ratio change over time: Impact of invasive competitor or climate warming? Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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29
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Theriot MK, Lanier HC, Olson LE. Harnessing natural history collections to detect trends in body‐size change as a response to warming: a critique and review of best practices. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda K. Theriot
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 2401 Chautauqua Ave Norman,, Oklahoma, 73072 USA
- Department of Biology University of Oklahoma 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 USA
- University of Alaska Museum 1962 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks 101 Murie 2090 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
| | - Hayley C. Lanier
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 2401 Chautauqua Ave Norman,, Oklahoma, 73072 USA
- Department of Biology University of Oklahoma 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Link E. Olson
- University of Alaska Museum 1962 Yukon Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks 101 Murie 2090 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
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30
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Kuo C, Ko C, Lai Y. Assessing warming impacts on marine fishes by integrating physiology‐guided distribution projections, life‐history changes, and food web dynamics. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi‐Yun Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Biology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ying Ko
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yin‐Zheng Lai
- Institute of Fisheries Science National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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31
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Baldwin JW, Garcia-Porta J, Botero CA. Phenotypic responses to climate change are significantly dampened in big-brained birds. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:939-947. [PMID: 35142006 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly altering local environments and threatening biodiversity throughout the world. Although many wildlife responses to this phenomenon appear largely idiosyncratic, a wealth of basic research on this topic is enabling the identification of general patterns across taxa. Here, we expand those efforts by investigating how avian responses to climate change are affected by the ability to cope with ecological variation through behavioural flexibility (as measured by relative brain size). After accounting for the effects of phylogenetic uncertainty and interspecific variation in adaptive potential, we confirm that although climate warming is generally correlated with major body size reductions in North American migrants, these responses are significantly weaker in species with larger relative brain sizes. Our findings suggest that cognition can play an important role in organismal responses to global change by actively buffering individuals from the environmental effects of warming temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Baldwin
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan Garcia-Porta
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carlos A Botero
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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32
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Grainger TN, Levine JM. Rapid evolution of life-history traits in response to warming, predation and competition: A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:541-554. [PMID: 34850533 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although studies quantifying evolutionary change in response to the selective pressures that organisms face in the wild have demonstrated that organisms can evolve rapidly, we lack a systematic assessment of the frequency, magnitude and direction of rapid evolutionary change across taxa. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of 58 studies that document the effects of warming, predation or competition on the evolution of body size, development rate or fecundity in natural or experimental animal populations. We tested whether there was a consistent effect of any selective agent on any trait, whether the direction of these effects align with theoretical predictions, and whether the three agents select in opposing directions on any trait. Overall, we found weak effects of all three selective agents on trait evolution: none of our nine traits by selective agent combinations had an overall effect that differed from zero, only 31% of studies had a significant within-study effect, and attributes of the included studies generally did not account for between-study variation in results. One notable exception was that predation targeting adults consistently resulted in the evolution of smaller prey body size. We discuss potential causes of these generally weak responses and consider how our results inform the ongoing development of eco-evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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33
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Jirinec V, Burner RC, Amaral BR, Bierregaard RO, Fernández-Arellano G, Hernández-Palma A, Johnson EI, Lovejoy TE, Powell LL, Rutt CL, Wolfe JD, Stouffer PC. Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk1743. [PMID: 34767440 PMCID: PMC8589309 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Warming from climate change is expected to reduce body size of endotherms, but studies from temperate systems have produced equivocal results. Over four decades, we collected morphometric data on a nonmigratory understory bird community within Amazonian primary rainforest that is experiencing increasingly extreme climate. All 77 species showed lower mean mass since the early 1980s—nearly half with 95% confidence. A third of species concomitantly increased wing length, driving a decrease in mass:wing ratio for 69% of species. Seasonal precipitation patterns were generally better than temperature at explaining morphological variation. Short-term climatic conditions affected all metrics, but time trends in wing and mass:wing remained robust even after controlling for annual seasonal conditions. We attribute these results to pressures to increase resource economy under warming. Both seasonal and long-term morphological shifts suggest response to climate change and highlight its pervasive consequences, even in the heart of the world’s largest rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitek Jirinec
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ryan C. Burner
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1435 Aas, Norway
| | - Bruna R. Amaral
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard O. Bierregaard
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernández-Arellano
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Ecology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Angélica Hernández-Palma
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Erik I. Johnson
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- National Audubon Society, 5615 Corporate Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lovejoy
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Luke L. Powell
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Biodiversity Initiative, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Cameron L. Rutt
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jared D. Wolfe
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Biodiversity Initiative, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Philip C Stouffer
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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34
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Faillace CA, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat warming and fragmentation in communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1933-1950. [PMID: 33998139 PMCID: PMC7614044 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics can mediate species and community responses to habitat warming and fragmentation, two of the largest threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. The eco-evolutionary consequences of warming and fragmentation are typically studied independently, hindering our understanding of their simultaneous impacts. Here, we provide a new perspective rooted in trade-offs among traits for understanding their eco-evolutionary consequences. On the one hand, temperature influences traits related to metabolism, such as resource acquisition and activity levels. Such traits are also likely to have trade-offs with other energetically costly traits, like antipredator defences or dispersal. On the other hand, fragmentation can influence a variety of traits (e.g. dispersal) through its effects on the spatial environment experienced by individuals, as well as properties of populations, such as genetic structure. The combined effects of warming and fragmentation on communities should thus reflect their collective impact on traits of individuals and populations, as well as trade-offs at multiple trophic levels, leading to unexpected dynamics when effects are not additive and when evolutionary responses modulate them. Here, we provide a road map to navigate this complexity. First, we review single-species responses to warming and fragmentation. Second, we focus on consumer-resource interactions, considering how eco-evolutionary dynamics can arise in response to warming, fragmentation, and their interaction. Third, we illustrate our perspective with several example scenarios in which trait trade-offs could result in significant eco-evolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we consider the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of (i) evolution in thermal performance of a species involved in a consumer-resource interaction, (ii) ecological or evolutionary changes to encounter and attack rates of consumers, and (iii) changes to top consumer body size in tri-trophic food chains. In these scenarios, we present a number of novel, sometimes counter-intuitive, potential outcomes. Some of these expectations contrast with those solely based on ecological dynamics, for example, evolutionary responses in unexpected directions for resource species or unanticipated population declines in top consumers. Finally, we identify several unanswered questions about the conditions most likely to yield strong eco-evolutionary dynamics, how better to incorporate the role of trade-offs among traits, and the role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in governing responses to warming in fragmented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,Address for correspondence (Tel: +33 5 61 04 05 89; )
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS 40061, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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35
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Moroz M, Jackson ISC, Ramirez D, Kemp ME. Divergent morphological responses to millennia of climate change in two species of bats from Hall's Cave, Texas, USA. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10856. [PMID: 33777514 PMCID: PMC7971077 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How species will respond to ongoing and future climate change is one of the most important questions facing biodiversity scientists today. The fossil record provides unparalleled insight into past ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change, but the resource remains virtually untapped for many organisms. We use geometric morphometrics and a 25,000 year fossil record to quantify changes in body size and mandible shape through time and across climate regimes for two bat species present in Quaternary paleontological deposits of central Texas: Myotis velifer, a bat distributed throughout the Southwestern US and Mexico that is still found in central Texas today, and Eptesicus fuscus, a bat widely distributed throughout North America that has been extirpated in central Texas. Because of ecogeographic rules like Bergmann's rule, which posits that endotherms are larger in colder environments, we hypothesized that both species were larger during cooler time intervals. Additionally, we hypothesized that both species would show variation in dental morphology across the studied sequence as a response to climate change. While we found a decrease in centroid size-a proxy for --body size-through time for both species, we could not establish a clear relationship between centroid size and temperature alone. However, we did find that specimens from drier environments were significantly larger than those from wetter ones. Furthermore, we found significant dental shape variation between environments reflecting different temperature levels for both species. Yet only M. velifer exhibited significant variation between environments of varying precipitation levels. This result was surprising because present-day populations of E. fuscus are highly variable across both temperature and precipitation gradients. We determined that the morphological change experienced by M. velifer through time, and between warmer and cooler temperatures, was associated with the coronoid process, condylar process, and the mandibular symphysis. These parts play a pivotal role in bite force, so changes in these features might relate to changes in diet. We show that long-term datasets derived from fossil material provide invaluable insight not only into the validity of ecogeographic rules, but also into the adaptive capacities of extant taxa when faced with environmental changes. Our results highlight diverging responses to a variety of climate factors that are relevant to consider in biodiversity research given ongoing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Moroz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Illiam S C Jackson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Melissa E Kemp
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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36
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Salinas-Ramos VB, Agnelli P, Bosso L, Ancillotto L, Russo D. Body size of Italian greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) increased over one century and a half: a response to climate change? Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Sauve D, Friesen VL, Charmantier A. The Effects of Weather on Avian Growth and Implications for Adaptation to Climate Change. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.569741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is forecasted to generate a range of evolutionary changes and plastic responses. One important aspect of avian responses to climate change is how weather conditions may change nestling growth and development. Early life growth is sensitive to environmental effects and can potentially have long-lasting effects on adult phenotypes and fitness. A detailed understanding of both how and when weather conditions affect the entire growth trajectory of a nestling may help predict population changes in phenotypes and demography under climate change. This review covers three main topics on the impacts of weather variation (air temperature, rainfall, wind speed, solar radiation) on nestling growth. Firstly, we highlight why understanding the effects of weather on nestling growth might be important in understanding adaptation to, and population persistence in, environments altered by climate change. Secondly, we review the documented effects of weather variation on nestling growth curves. We investigate both altricial and precocial species, but we find a limited number of studies on precocial species in the wild. Increasing temperatures and rainfall have mixed effects on nestling growth, while increasing windspeeds tend to have negative impacts on the growth rate of open cup nesting species. Thirdly, we discuss how weather variation might affect the evolution of nestling growth traits and suggest that more estimates of the inheritance of and selection acting on growth traits in natural settings are needed to make evolutionary predictions. We suggest that predictions will be improved by considering concurrently changing selection pressures like urbanization. The importance of adaptive plastic or evolutionary changes in growth may depend on where a species or population is located geographically and the species’ life-history. Detailed characterization of the effects of weather on growth patterns will help answer whether variation in avian growth frequently plays a role in adaption to climate change.
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38
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Bobretsov AV, Petrov AN, Bykhovets NM, Shchipanov NA. Craniometric Variability of the Common Shrew (Sorex araneus, Eulipotyphla) in the Northeastern Part of European Russia: Effects of Various Factors. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020090046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Ikpewe IE, Baudron AR, Ponchon A, Fernandes PG. Bigger juveniles and smaller adults: Changes in fish size correlate with warming seas. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R. Baudron
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Aurore Ponchon
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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40
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Nengovhela A, Denys C, Taylor PJ. Life history and habitat do not mediate temporal changes in body size due to climate warming in rodents. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9792. [PMID: 33024624 PMCID: PMC7520088 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal changes in body size have been documented in a number of vertebrate species, with different contested drivers being suggested to explain these changes. Among these are climate warming, resource availability, competition, predation risk, human population density, island effects and others. Both life history traits (intrinsic factors such as lifespan and reproductive rate) and habitat (extrinsic factors such as vegetation type, latitude and elevation) are expected to mediate the existence of a significant temporal response of body size to climate warming but neither have been widely investigated. Using examples of rodents, we predicted that both life history traits and habitat might explain the probability of temporal response using two tests of this hypothesis. Firstly, taking advantage of new data from museum collections spanning the last 106 years, we investigated geographical and temporal variation in cranial size (a proxy for body size) in six African rodent species of two murid subfamilies (Murinae and Gerbillinae) of varying life history, degree of commensality, range size, and habitat. Two species, the commensal Mastomys natalensis, and the non-commensal Otomys unisulcatus showed significant temporal changes in body size, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing, in relation with climate warming. Commensalism could explain the increase in size with time due to steadily increasing food availability through increased agricultural production. Apart from this, we found no general life history or habitat predictors of a temporal response in African rodents. Secondly, in order to further test this hypothesis, we incorporated our data into a meta-analysis based on published literature on temporal responses in rodents, resulting in a combined dataset for 50 species from seven families worldwide; among these, 29 species showed no significant change, eight showed a significant increase in size, and 13 showed a decline in size. Using a binomial logistic regression model for these metadata, we found that none of our chosen life history or habitat predictors could significantly explain the probability of a temporal response to climate warming, reinforcing our conclusion based on the more detailed data from the six African species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluwani Nengovhela
- South African Research Chair in Biodiversity Value and Change and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Christiane Denys
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Taylor
- South African Research Chair in Biodiversity Value and Change and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa.,Zoology and Entomology Department and Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, QwaQwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
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41
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Youtz J, Miller KD, Bowers EK, Rogers SL, Bulluck LP, Johnson M, Peer BD, Percy KL, Johnson EI, Ames EM, Tonra CM, Boves TJ. Bergmann's rule is followed at multiple stages of postembryonic development in a long-distance migratory songbird. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10672-10686. [PMID: 33072288 PMCID: PMC7548171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergmann’s rule is a well‐established, ecogeographical principle that states that body size varies positively with latitude, reflecting the thermoregulatory benefits of larger bodies as temperatures decline. However, this principle does not seem to easily apply to migratory species that are able to avoid the extreme temperatures during winter at higher latitudes. Further, little is known about the ontogeny of this relationship across life stages or how it is influenced by ongoing global climate change. To address these knowledge gaps, we assessed the contemporary relationship between latitude and body size in a long‐distance migratory species, the prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea) across life stages (egg to adult) on their breeding grounds. We also measured historic eggs (1865‐1961) to assess if the relationship between latitude and size during this life stage has changed over time. In accordance with Bergmann’s rule, we found a positive relationship between latitude and body mass during all post‐embryonic life stages, from early nestling stage through adulthood. We observed this same predicted pattern with historic eggs, but contemporary eggs exhibited the reverse (negative) relationship. We suggest that these results indicate a genetic component to this pattern and speculate that selection for larger body size in altricial nestlings as latitude increases may possibly drive the pattern in migratory species as even rare extreme cold weather events may cause mortality during early life stages. Furthermore, the opposite relationships observed in eggs, dependent on time period, may be related to the rapidly warming environments of higher latitudes that is associated with climate change. Although it is unclear what mechanism(s) would allow for this recent reversal in eggs (but still allow for its maintenance in later life stages). This evidence of a reversal suggests that anthropogenic climate change may be in the process of altering one of the longest‐standing principles in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Youtz
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas State University State University Arkansas USA
| | - Kelly D Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biodiversity Research University of Memphis Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - Emerson K Bowers
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biodiversity Research University of Memphis Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - Samantha L Rogers
- Center for Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA.,Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Lesley P Bulluck
- Center for Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Audubon South Carolina National Audubon Society Harleyville South Carolina USA
| | - Brian D Peer
- Department of Biological Sciences Western Illinois University Moline Illinois USA
| | - Katie L Percy
- Audubon Louisiana National Audubon Society Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Erik I Johnson
- Audubon Louisiana National Audubon Society Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Elizabeth M Ames
- School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Christopher M Tonra
- School of Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Than J Boves
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas State University State University Arkansas USA
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42
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Roitberg ES, Orlova VF, Bulakhova NA, Kuranova VN, Eplanova GV, Zinenko OI, Arribas O, Kratochvíl L, Ljubisavljević K, Starikov VP, Strijbosch H, Hofmann S, Leontyeva OA, Böhme W. Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the most widely ranging lizard: testing the effects of reproductive mode and climate. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4531-4561. [PMID: 32551042 PMCID: PMC7297768 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive mode, ancestry, and climate are hypothesized to determine body size variation in reptiles but their effects have rarely been estimated simultaneously, especially at the intraspecific level. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occupies almost the entire Northern Eurasia and includes viviparous and oviparous lineages, thus representing an excellent model for such studies. Using body length data for >10,000 individuals from 72 geographically distinct populations over the species' range, we analyzed how sex-specific adult body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with reproductive mode, lineage identity, and several climatic variables. Variation in male size was low and poorly explained by our predictors. In contrast, female size and SSD varied considerably, demonstrating significant effects of reproductive mode and particularly seasonality. Populations of the western oviparous lineage (northern Spain, south-western France) exhibited a smaller female size and less female-biased SSD than those of the western viviparous (France to Eastern Europe) and the eastern viviparous (Eastern Europe to Far East) lineages; this pattern persisted even after controlling for climatic effects. The phenotypic response to seasonality was complex: across the lineages, as well as within the eastern viviparous lineage, female size and SSD increase with increasing seasonality, whereas the western viviparous lineage followed the opposing trends. Altogether, viviparous populations seem to follow a saw-tooth geographic cline, which might reflect the nonmonotonic relationship of body size at maturity in females with the length of activity season. This relationship is predicted to arise in perennial ectotherms as a response to environmental constraints caused by seasonality of growth and reproduction. The SSD allometry followed the converse of Rensch's rule, a rare pattern for amniotes. Our results provide the first evidence of opposing body size-climate relationships in intraspecific units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina F. Orlova
- Zoological Research MuseumMoscow M.V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Nina A. Bulakhova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the NorthMagadanRussia
- Research Institute of Biology and BiophysicsTomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvia Hofmann
- Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UfZLeipzigGermany
| | - Olga A. Leontyeva
- Department of BiogeographyMoscow M. V. Lomonosov State UniversityMoscowRussia
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43
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Guralnick R, Hantak MM, Li D, McLean BS. Body size trends in response to climate and urbanization in the widespread North American deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8882. [PMID: 32483167 PMCID: PMC7264193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size decline is hypothesized to be a key response to climate warming, including warming driven by urban heat islands. However, urbanization may also generate selective gradients for body size increases in smaller endotherms via habitat fragmentation. Here we utilize a densely sampled, multi-source dataset to examine how climate and urbanization affect body size of Peromyscus maniculatus (PEMA), an abundant rodent found across North America. We predicted PEMA would conform to Bergmann's Rule, e.g. larger individuals in colder climates, spatially and temporally. Hypotheses regarding body size in relation to urbanization are less clear; however, with increased food resources due to greater anthropogenic activity, we expected an increase in PEMA size. Spatial mixed-models showed that PEMA conform to Bergmann's Rule and that PEMA were shorter in more urbanized areas. With the inclusion of decade in mixed-models, we found PEMA mass, but not length, is decreasing over time irrespective of climate or population density. We also unexpectedly found that, over time, smaller-bodied populations of PEMA are getting larger, while larger-bodied populations are getting smaller. Our work highlights the importance of using dense spatiotemporal datasets, and modeling frameworks that account for bias, to better disentangle broad-scale climatic and urbanization effects on body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Maggie M Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bryan S McLean
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
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44
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How climate change and wildlife management affect population structure in wild boars. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7298. [PMID: 32350377 PMCID: PMC7190818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change affects many species and contributes to the exceptional population growth of wild boar populations and thus to increasing human-wildlife conflicts. To investigate the impact of climate change on wild boar populations we extended existing models on population dynamics. We included for the first time different juvenile conditions to account for long-lasting effects of juvenile body mass on adult body mass and reproductive success. Our analysis shows that incorporating phenotypes, like body mass differences within age classes, has strong effects on projected population growth rates, population structures and the relative importance of certain vital rates. Our models indicated that an increase in winter temperatures and food availability will cause a decrease in mean body mass and litter size within Central European wild boar populations. We further analysed different hunting regimes to identify their effects on the population structure as well as their efficiency in limiting population growth. While targeting juveniles had the lowest effect on population structure, such strategies are, however, rather ineffective. In contrast, culling predominantly yearlings seems very effective. Despite being equally effective, only focusing on adults will not result in a reduction of population size due to their low proportion within populations.
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45
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Onley IR, Gardner JL, Symonds MRE. Spatial and temporal variation in morphology in Australian whistlers and shrike-thrushes: is climate change causing larger appendages? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allen’s rule is an ecogeographical pattern whereby the size of appendages of animals increases relative to body size in warmer climates in order to facilitate heat exchange and thermoregulation. Allen’s rule predicts that one consequence of a warming climate would be an increase in the relative size of appendages, and evidence from other bird species suggests that this might be occurring. Using measurements from museum specimens, we determined whether spatio-temporal variation in bills and legs of Australian Pachycephalidae species exhibits within-species trends consistent with Allen’s rule and increases in temperature attributable to climatic warming. We conducted regression model analyses relating appendage size to spatio-temporal variables, while controlling for body size. The relative bill size in four of the eight species was negatively associated with latitude. Tarsus length showed no significant trends consistent with Allen’s rule. No significant increases in appendage size were found over time. Although bill size in some species was positively correlated with warmer temperatures, the evidence was not substantial enough to suggest a morphological response to climatic warming. This study suggests that climate change is not currently driving adaptive change towards larger appendages in these species. We suggest that other adaptive mechanisms might be taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Onley
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Janet L Gardner
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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46
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Yue X, Hughes AC, Tomlinson KW, Xia S, Li S, Chen J. Body size and diet–related morphological variation of bats over the past 65 years in China. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We examined both historical (1960s) and recent (2017) specimens of an insectivorous bat species (Hipposideros armiger) and a phytophagous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) from the same latitudinal range to explore phenotypic responses to environmental change in China over the past 65 years. Hipposideros armiger exhibited significant increases in forearm length and three diet-related cranial traits, as well as carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition, suggesting that modern H. armiger must travel farther for food and may now use different food resources. In contrast, R. leschenaultii showed no change in forearm length but displayed significant increases in diet-related cranial traits. This study provides evidence for differential responses to recent environmental changes in bat species with different diets. The changes in diet-related traits of the two species and the forearm length change on the insectivorous bats suggest that recent phenotypic changes may be adaptions to land-use changes rather than to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Kyle W Tomlinson
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Song Li
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
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47
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Weeks BC, Willard DE, Zimova M, Ellis AA, Witynski ML, Hennen M, Winger BM. Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:316-325. [PMID: 31800170 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures associated with climate change are predicted to cause reductions in body size, a key determinant of animal physiology and ecology. Using a four-decade specimen series of 70 716 individuals of 52 North American migratory bird species, we demonstrate that increasing annual summer temperature over the 40-year period predicts consistent reductions in body size across these diverse taxa. Concurrently, wing length - an index of body shape that impacts numerous aspects of avian ecology and behaviour - has consistently increased across species. Our findings suggest that warming-induced body size reduction is a general response to climate change, and reveal a similarly consistent and unexpected shift in body shape. We hypothesise that increasing wing length represents a compensatory adaptation to maintain migration as reductions in body size have increased the metabolic cost of flight. An improved understanding of warming-induced morphological changes is important for predicting biotic responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Weeks
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Natural Resources Building, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 49109, USA.,Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David E Willard
- Gantz Family Collection Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Marketa Zimova
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Natural Resources Building, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 49109, USA
| | - Aspen A Ellis
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Max L Witynski
- Gantz Family Collection Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Mary Hennen
- Gantz Family Collection Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Benjamin M Winger
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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48
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Gardner JL, Amano T, Peters A, Sutherland WJ, Mackey B, Joseph L, Stein J, Ikin K, Little R, Smith J, Symonds MRE. Australian songbird body size tracks climate variation: 82 species over 50 years. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192258. [PMID: 31771472 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The observed variation in the body size responses of endotherms to climate change may be explained by two hypotheses: the size increases with climate variability (the starvation resistance hypothesis) and the size shrinks as mean temperatures rise (the heat exchange hypothesis). Across 82 Australian passerine species over 50 years, shrinking was associated with annual mean temperature rise exceeding 0.012°C driven by rising winter temperatures for arid and temperate zone species. We propose the warming winters hypothesis to explain this response. However, where average summer temperatures exceeded 34°C, species experiencing annual rise over 0.0116°C tended towards increasing size. Results suggest a broad-scale physiological response to changing climate, with size trends probably reflecting the relative strength of selection pressures across a climatic regime. Critically, a given amount of temperature change will have varying effects on phenotype depending on the season in which it occurs, masking the generality of size patterns associated with temperature change. Rather than phenotypic plasticity, and assuming body size is heritable, results suggest selective loss or gain of particular phenotypes could generate evolutionary change but may be difficult to detect with current warming rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Gardner
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - William J Sutherland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Brendan Mackey
- Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - John Stein
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Karen Ikin
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Roellen Little
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jesse Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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49
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Delgado MDM, Bettega C, Martens J, Päckert M. Ecotypic changes of alpine birds to climate change. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16082. [PMID: 31695069 PMCID: PMC6834662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In endotherm animals, several traits are related to climate. For example, Bergmann’s rule predicts a decrease in body size within species and across closely related species with increasing temperature, whereas Gloger’s rule states that birds and mammals should be darker in humid and warm environments compared to colder and drier areas. However, it is still not clear whether ecotypic responses to variation in the local environment can also apply to morphological and colouration changes through time in response to climate change. We present a 100-year-long time series on morphological and melanin-based colours of snowfinch (325 Montifringilla, 92 Pyrgilauda and 30 Onychostruthus) museum specimens. Here we show that the tarsus length of the species has decreased and the saturation of the melanin-based colour has increased, which was correlated with the increase of temperature and precipitations. As ecotypic variations are tightly linked to individual behavioural and physiological responses to environmental variations, differently sized and coloured individuals are expected to be differently penalized by global changes. This study opens the pertinent question about whether ecotypic responses can enhance population persistence in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Delgado
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, 33600, Mieres, Spain.
| | - Chiara Bettega
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University - Campus Mieres, 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Jochen Martens
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Päckert
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Museum für Tierkunde, Koenigsbruecker Landstraße 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
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50
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Wu CH, Holloway JD, Hill JK, Thomas CD, Chen IC, Ho CK. Reduced body sizes in climate-impacted Borneo moth assemblages are primarily explained by range shifts. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4612. [PMID: 31601806 PMCID: PMC6787050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both community composition changes due to species redistribution and within-species size shifts may alter body-size structures under climate warming. Here we assess the relative contribution of these processes in community-level body-size changes in tropical moth assemblages that moved uphill during a period of warming. Based on resurvey data for seven assemblages of geometrid moths (>8000 individuals) on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, in 1965 and 2007, we show significant wing-length reduction (mean shrinkage of 1.3% per species). Range shifts explain most size restructuring, due to uphill shifts of relatively small species, especially at high elevations. Overall, mean forewing length shrank by ca. 5%, much of which is accounted for by species range boundary shifts (3.9%), followed by within-boundary distribution changes (0.5%), and within-species size shrinkage (0.6%). We conclude that the effects of range shifting predominate, but considering species physiological responses is also important for understanding community size reorganization under climate warming. Body size shifts under climate change may arise from species range shifts, intraspecific size shifts, or both. Here the authors show that body size reduction in moth assemblages on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, over 42 years are driven more by species range shifts than by within-species shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Huey Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy D Holloway
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris D Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - I-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Kai Ho
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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