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Santos MA, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Antunes MA, Kristensen TN, Santos M, Matos M, Fragata I, Simões P. Experimental Evolution in a Warming World: The Omics Era. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae148. [PMID: 39034684 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that shape species responses to thermal variation is essential for more accurate predictions of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Experimental evolution with high-throughput resequencing approaches (evolve and resequence) is a highly effective tool that has been increasingly employed to elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation. The number of thermal evolve and resequence studies is rising, yet there is a dearth of efforts to integrate this new wealth of knowledge. Here, we review this literature showing how these studies have contributed to increase our understanding on the genetic basis of thermal adaptation. We identify two major trends: highly polygenic basis of thermal adaptation and general lack of consistency in candidate targets of selection between studies. These findings indicate that the adaptive responses to specific environments are rather independent. A review of the literature reveals several gaps in the existing research. Firstly, there is a paucity of studies done with organisms of diverse taxa. Secondly, there is a need to apply more dynamic and ecologically relevant thermal environments. Thirdly, there is a lack of studies that integrate genomic changes with changes in life history and behavioral traits. Addressing these issues would allow a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We highlight key methodological aspects that can address some of the limitations and omissions identified. These include the need for greater standardization of methodologies and the utilization of new technologies focusing on the integration of genomic and phenotypic variation in the context of thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Quina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Almada, Portugal
| | - Marta A Antunes
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mauro Santos
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Margarida Matos
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Fragata
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Choy YMM, Walter GM, Mirth CK, Sgrò CM. Within-population plastic responses to combined thermal-nutritional stress differ from those in response to single stressors, and are genetically independent across traits in both males and females. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:717-731. [PMID: 38757509 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity helps animals to buffer the effects of increasing thermal and nutritional stress created by climate change. Plastic responses to single and combined stressors can vary among genetically diverged populations. However, less is known about how plasticity in response to combined stress varies among individuals within a population or whether such variation changes across life-history traits. This is important because individual variation within populations shapes population-level responses to environmental change. Here, we used isogenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster to assess the plasticity of egg-to-adult viability and sex-specific body size for combinations of 2 temperatures (25 °C or 28 °C) and 3 diets (standard diet, low caloric diet, or low protein:carbohydrate ratio diet). Our results reveal substantial within-population genetic variation in plasticity for egg-to-adult viability and wing size in response to combined thermal-nutritional stress. This genetic variation in plasticity was a result of cross-environment genetic correlations that were often < 1 for both traits, as well as changes in the expression of genetic variation across environments for egg-to-adult viability. Cross-sex genetic correlations for body size were weaker when the sexes were reared in different conditions, suggesting that the genetic basis of traits may change with the environment. Furthermore, our results suggest that plasticity in egg-to-adult viability is genetically independent from plasticity in body size. Importantly, plasticity in response to diet and temperature individually differed from plastic shifts in response to diet and temperature in combination. By quantifying plasticity and the expression of genetic variance in response to combined stress across traits, our study reveals the complexity of animal responses to environmental change, and the need for a more nuanced understanding of the potential for populations to adapt to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeuk Man Movis Choy
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg M Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Santos MA, Antunes MA, Grandela A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. Slow and population specific evolutionary response to a warming environment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9700. [PMID: 37322066 PMCID: PMC10272154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to increasingly warmer environments may be critical to avoid extinction. Whether and how these adaptive responses can arise is under debate. Though several studies have tackled evolutionary responses under different thermal selective regimes, very few have specifically addressed the underlying patterns of thermal adaptation under scenarios of progressive warming conditions. Also, considering how much past history affects such evolutionary response is critical. Here, we report a long-term experimental evolution study addressing the adaptive response of Drosophila subobscura populations with distinct biogeographical history to two thermal regimes. Our results showed clear differences between the historically differentiated populations, with adaptation to the warming conditions only evident in the low latitude populations. Furthermore, this adaptation was only detected after more than 30 generations of thermal evolution. Our findings show some evolutionary potential of Drosophila populations to respond to a warming environment, but the response was slow and population specific, emphasizing limitations to the ability of ectotherms to adapt to rapid thermal shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta A Antunes
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso Grandela
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S Quina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mauro Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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4
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Santos MA, Carromeu-Santos A, Quina AS, Santos M, Matos M, Simões P. No evidence for short-term evolutionary response to a warming environment in Drosophila. Evolution 2021; 75:2816-2829. [PMID: 34617283 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution is key in mediating responses to global warming and may sometimes be the only solution for species to survive. Such evolution will expectedly lead to changes in the populations' thermal reaction norm and improve their ability to cope with stressful conditions. Conversely, evolutionary constraints might limit the adaptive response. Here, we test these expectations by performing a real-time evolution experiment in historically differentiated Drosophila subobscura populations. We address the phenotypic change after nine generations of evolution in a daily fluctuating environment with average constant temperature, or in a warming environment with increasing average and amplitude temperature across generations. Our results showed that (1) evolution under a global warming scenario does not lead to a noticeable change in the thermal response; (2) historical background appears to be affecting responses under the warming environment, particularly at higher temperatures; and (3) thermal reaction norms are trait dependent: although lifelong exposure to low temperature decreases fecundity and productivity but not viability, high temperature causes negative transgenerational effects on productivity and viability, even with high fecundity. These findings in such an emblematic organism for thermal adaptation studies raise concerns about the short-term efficiency of adaptive responses to the current rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Ana Carromeu-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Ana S Quina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, 3810-193
| | - Mauro Santos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 08193
| | - Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 1749-016
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5
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Matos M, Simões P, Fragata I, Quina AS, Kristensen TN, Santos M. Editorial: Coping With Climate Change: A Genomic Perspective on Thermal Adaptation. Front Genet 2021; 11:619441. [PMID: 33519921 PMCID: PMC7838599 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.619441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Matos
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Simões
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Fragata
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Quina
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Universidade de Aveiro and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mauro Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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MacLean HJ, Sørensen JG, Kristensen TN, Loeschcke V, Beedholm K, Kellermann V, Overgaard J. Evolution and plasticity of thermal performance: an analysis of variation in thermal tolerance and fitness in 22 Drosophila species. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180548. [PMID: 31203763 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal biology of ectotherms is often used to infer species' responses to changes in temperature. It is often proposed that temperate species are more cold-tolerant, less heat-tolerant, more plastic, have broader thermal performance curves (TPCs) and lower optimal temperatures when compared to tropical species. However, relatively little empirical work has provided support for this using large interspecific studies. In the present study, we measure thermal tolerance limits and thermal performance in 22 species of Drosophila that developed under common conditions. Specifically, we measure thermal tolerance (CTmin and CTmax) as well as the fitness components viability, developmental speed and fecundity at seven temperatures to construct TPCs for each of these species. For 10 of the species, we also measure thermal tolerance and thermal performance following developmental acclimation to three additional temperatures. Using these data, we test several fundamental hypotheses about the evolution and plasticity of heat and cold resistance and thermal performance. We find that cold tolerance (CTmin) varied between the species according to the environmental temperature in the habitat from which they originated. These data support the idea that the evolution of cold tolerance has allowed species to persist in colder environments. However, contrary to expectation, we find that optimal temperature ( Topt) and the breadth of thermal performance ( Tbreadth) are similar in temperate, widespread and tropical species and we also find that the plasticity of TPCs was constrained. We suggest that the temperature range for optimal thermal performance is either fixed or under selection by the more similar temperatures that prevail during growing seasons. As a consequence, we find that Topt and Tbreadth are of limited value for predicting past, present and future distributions of species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Torsten N Kristensen
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark.,2 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University , 9220 Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Kristian Beedholm
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Vanessa Kellermann
- 3 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne 3800 , Australia
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- 1 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus , Denmark
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7
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Etterson JR, Deacon NJ, Cavender-Bares J. Evolutionary potential varies across populations and traits in the neotropical oak Quercus oleoides. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:427-439. [PMID: 30321394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heritable variation in polygenic (quantitative) traits is critical for adaptive evolution and is especially important in this era of rapid climate change. In this study, we examined the levels of quantitative genetic variation of populations of the tropical tree Quercus oleoides Cham. and Schlect. for a suite of traits related to resource use and drought resistance. We tested whether quantitative genetic variation differed across traits, populations and watering treatments. We also tested potential evolutionary factors that might have shaped such a pattern: selection by climate and genetic drift. We measured 15 functional traits on 1322 1-year-old seedlings of 84 maternal half-sib families originating from five populations growing under two watering treatments in a greenhouse. We estimated the additive genetic variance, coefficient of additive genetic variation and narrow-sense heritability for each combination of traits, populations and treatments. In addition, we genotyped a total of 119 individuals (with at least 20 individuals per population) using nuclear microsatellites to estimate genetic diversity and population genetic structure. Our results showed that gas exchange traits and growth exhibited strikingly high quantitative genetic variation compared with traits related to leaf morphology, anatomy and photochemistry. Quantitative genetic variation differed between populations even at geographical scales as small as a few kilometers. Climate was associated with quantitative genetic variation, but only weakly. Genetic structure and diversity in neutral markers did not relate to coefficient of additive genetic variation. Our study demonstrates that quantitative genetic variation is not homogeneous across traits and populations of Q. oleoides. More importantly, our findings suggest that predictions about potential responses of species to climate change need to consider population-specific evolutionary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ramírez-Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. de la Coruna km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1049 University Drive, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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8
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Kristensen TN, Ketola T, Kronholm I. Adaptation to environmental stress at different timescales. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1476:5-22. [PMID: 30259990 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environments are changing rapidly, and to cope with these changes, organisms have to adapt. Adaptation can take many shapes and occur at different speeds, depending on the type of response, the trait, the population, and the environmental conditions. The biodiversity crisis that we are currently facing illustrates that numerous species and populations are not capable of adapting with sufficient speed to ongoing environmental changes. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the ability of animals and plants to adapt to environmental stress on different timescales, mainly focusing on thermal stress and ectotherms. We discuss within-generation responses that can be fast and induced within minutes or hours, evolutionary adaptations that are often slow and take several generations, and mechanisms that lay somewhere in between and that include epigenetic transgenerational effects. To understand and predict the impacts of environmental change and stress on biodiversity, we suggest that future studies should (1) have an increased focus on understanding the type and speed of responses to fast environmental changes; (2) focus on the importance of environmental fluctuations and the predictability of environmental conditions on adaptive capabilities, preferably in field studies encompassing several fitness components; and (3) look at ecosystem responses to environmental stress and their resilience when disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kronholm
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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9
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Wensing KU, Fricke C. Divergence in sex peptide-mediated female post-mating responses in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1563. [PMID: 30209231 PMCID: PMC6158525 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer and receipt of seminal fluid proteins crucially affect reproductive processes in animals. Evolution in these male ejaculatory proteins is explained with post-mating sexual selection, but we lack a good understanding of the evolution of female post-mating responses (PMRs) to these proteins. Some of these proteins are expected to mediate sexually antagonistic coevolution generating the expectation that females evolve resistance. One candidate in Drosophila melanogaster is the sex peptide (SP) which confers cost of mating in females. In this paper, we compared female SP-induced PMRs across three D. melanogaster wild-type populations after mating with SP-lacking versus control males including fitness measures. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for SP-mediated fitness costs in any of the populations. However, female lifetime reproductive success and lifespan were differently affected by SP receipt indicating that female PMRs diverged among populations. Injection of synthetic SP into virgin females further supported these findings and suggests that females from different populations require different amounts of SP to effectively initiate PMRs. Molecular analyses of the SP receptor suggest that genetic differences might explain the observed phenotypical divergence. We discuss the evolutionary processes that might have caused this divergence in female PMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina U Wensing
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany .,Muenster Graduate School of Evolution, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Claudia Fricke
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
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10
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Ørsted M, Hoffmann AA, Rohde PD, Sørensen P, Kristensen TN. Strong impact of thermal environment on the quantitative genetic basis of a key stress tolerance trait. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:315-325. [PMID: 30050062 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms experience variable and sometimes suboptimal environments in their lifetime. While stressful environmental conditions are normally viewed as a strong selective force, they can also impact directly on the genetic basis of traits such as through environment-dependent gene action. Here, we used the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel to investigate the impact of developmental temperature on variance components and evolutionary potential of cold tolerance. We reared 166 lines at five temperatures and assessed cold tolerance of adult male flies from each line and environment. We show (1) that the expression of genetic variation for cold tolerance is highly dependent on developmental temperature, (2) that the genetic correlation of cold tolerance between environments decreases as developmental temperatures become more distinct, (3) that the correlation between cold tolerance at individual developmental temperatures and plasticity for cold tolerance differs across developmental temperatures, and even switches sign across the thermal developmental gradient, and (4) that evolvability decrease with increasing developmental temperatures. Our results show that the quantitative genetic basis of low temperature tolerance is environment specific. This conclusion is important for the understanding of evolution in variable thermal environments and for designing experiments aimed at pinpointing candidate genes and performing functional analyses of thermal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark. .,Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark.,School of Biosciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Palle Duun Rohde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, 9220, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
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11
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Ramírez‐Valiente JA, Deacon NJ, Etterson J, Center A, Sparks JP, Sparks KL, Longwell T, Pilz G, Cavender‐Bares J. Natural selection and neutral evolutionary processes contribute to genetic divergence in leaf traits across a precipitation gradient in the tropical oak
Quercus oleoides. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2176-2192. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas J. Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Julie Etterson
- Department of Biology University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth MN USA
| | - Alyson Center
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
- Department of Biology Normandale Community College Bloomington MN USA
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Kimberlee L. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | | | - George Pilz
- Herbarium Paul C. Standley Escuela Agricola Panamericana Tegucigalpa Honduras
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12
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Heys C, Lizé A, Blow F, White L, Darby A, Lewis ZJ. The effect of gut microbiota elimination in Drosophila melanogaster: A how-to guide for host-microbiota studies. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4150-4161. [PMID: 29721287 PMCID: PMC5916298 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the effects of the microbiota on the host. Increasingly, we are coming to understand the importance of the gut microbiota in modulating host physiology, ecology, behavior, and evolution. One method utilized to evaluate the effect of the microbiota is to suppress or eliminate it, and compare the effect on the host with that of untreated individuals. In this study, we evaluate some of these commonly used methods in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. We test the efficacy of a low‐dose streptomycin diet, egg dechorionation, and an axenic or sterile diet, in the removal of gut bacteria within this species in a fully factorial design. We further determine potential side effects of these methods on host physiology by performing a series of standard physiological assays. Our results showed that individuals from all treatments took significantly longer to develop, and weighed less, compared to normal flies. Males and females that had undergone egg dechorionation weighed significantly less than streptomycin reared individuals. Similarly, axenic female flies, but not males, were much less active when analyzed in a locomotion assay. All methods decreased the egg to adult survival, with egg dechorionation inducing significantly higher mortality. We conclude that low‐dose streptomycin added to the dietary media is more effective at removing the gut bacteria than egg dechorionation and has somewhat less detrimental effects to host physiology. More importantly, this method is the most practical and reliable for use in behavioral research. Our study raises the important issue that the efficacy of and impacts on the host of these methods require investigation in a case‐by‐case manner, rather than assuming homogeneity across species and laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Heys
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Anne Lizé
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK.,UMR 6553 ECOBIO University of Rennes Rennes France
| | - Frances Blow
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Lewis White
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Alistair Darby
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Zenobia J Lewis
- School of Life Sciences/Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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13
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Saxon AD, O'Brien EK, Bridle JR. Temperature fluctuations during development reduce male fitness and may limit adaptive potential in tropical rainforest Drosophila. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:405-415. [PMID: 29282784 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the potential for organisms to tolerate thermal stress through physiological or evolutionary responses is crucial given rapid climate change. Although climate models predict increases in both temperature mean and variance, such tolerances are typically assessed under constant conditions. We tested the effects of temperature variability during development on male fitness in the rainforest fly Drosophila birchii, by simulating thermal variation typical of the warm and cool margins of its elevational distribution, and estimated heritabilities and genetic correlations of fitness traits. Reproductive success was reduced for males reared in warm (mean 24 °C) fluctuating (±3 °C) vs. constant conditions but not in cool fluctuating conditions (mean 17 °C), although fluctuations reduced body size at both temperatures. Male reproductive success under warm fluctuating conditions was similar to that at constant 27 °C, indicating that briefly exceeding critical thermal limits has similar fitness costs to continuously stressful conditions. There was substantial heritable variation in all traits. However, reproductive success traits showed no genetic correlation between treatments reflecting temperature variation at elevational extremes, which may constrain evolutionary responses at these ecological margins. Our data suggest that even small increases in temperature variability will threaten tropical ectotherms living close to their upper thermal limits, both through direct effects on fitness and by limiting their adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Saxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - E K O'Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J R Bridle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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Lockwood BL, Gupta T, Scavotto R. Disparate patterns of thermal adaptation between life stages in temperate vs. tropical Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:323-331. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Lockwood
- Department of Biology; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
| | - T. Gupta
- Department of Biology; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
| | - R. Scavotto
- Department of Biology; The University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
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15
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Ketola T, Kristensen TN. Experimental Approaches for Testing if Tolerance Curves Are Useful for Predicting Fitness in Fluctuating Environments. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Stahlschmidt ZR, French SS, Ahn A, Webb A, Butler MW. A Simulated Heat Wave Has Diverse Effects on Immune Function and Oxidative Physiology in the Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus). Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:434-444. [DOI: 10.1086/691315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Revisiting Adaptive Potential, Population Size, and Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:506-517. [PMID: 28476215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance (VA) reflects the potential for evolutionary shifts and can be low for some traits or populations. High VA is critical for the conservation of threatened species under selection to facilitate adaptation. Theory predicts tight associations between population size and VA, but data from some experimental models, and managed and natural populations do not always support this prediction. However, VA comparisons often have low statistical power, are undertaken in highly controlled environments distinct from natural habitats, and focus on traits with limited ecological relevance. Moreover, investigations of VA typically fail to consider rare alleles, genetic load, or linkage disequilibrium, resulting in deleterious effects associated with favored alleles in small populations. Large population size remains essential for ensuring adaptation.
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18
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Diamond SE, Chick L, Perez A, Strickler SA, Martin RA. Rapid evolution of ant thermal tolerance across an urban-rural temperature cline. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Porcelli D, Gaston KJ, Butlin RK, Snook RR. Local adaptation of reproductive performance during thermal stress. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:422-429. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Porcelli
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - K. J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - R. K. Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - R. R. Snook
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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20
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Muñoz MM, Langham GM, Brandley MC, Rosauer DF, Williams SE, Moritz C. Basking behavior predicts the evolution of heat tolerance in Australian rainforest lizards. Evolution 2016; 70:2537-2549. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708
| | | | - Matthew C. Brandley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Dan F. Rosauer
- Centre for Biodiversity Analysis Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Stephen E. Williams
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Centre for Biodiversity Analysis Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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21
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Clemson AS, Sgrò CM, Telonis-Scott M. Thermal plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster populations from eastern Australia: quantitative traits to transcripts. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2447-2463. [PMID: 27542565 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility afforded to genotypes in different environments by phenotypic plasticity is of interest to biologists studying thermal adaptation because of the thermal lability of many traits. Differences in thermal performance and reaction norms can provide insight into the evolution of thermal adaptation to explore broader questions such as species distributions and persistence under climate change. One approach is to study the effects of temperature on fitness, morphological and more recently gene expression traits in populations from different climatic origins. The diverse climatic conditions experienced by Drosophila melanogaster along the eastern Australian temperate-tropical gradient are ideal given the high degree of continuous trait differentiation, but reaction norm variation has not been well studied in this system. Here, we reared a tropical and temperate population from the ends of the gradient over six developmental temperatures and examined reaction norm variation for five quantitative traits including thermal performance for fecundity, and reaction norms for thermotolerance, body size, viability and 23 transcript-level traits. Despite genetic variation for some quantitative traits, we found no differentiation between the populations for fecundity thermal optima and breadth, and the reaction norms for the other traits were largely parallel, supporting previous work suggesting that thermal evolution occurs by changes in trait means rather than by reaction norm shifts. We examined reaction norm variation in our expanded thermal regime for a gene set shown to previously exhibit GxE for expression plasticity in east Australian flies, as well as key heat-shock genes. Although there were differences in curvature between the populations suggesting a higher degree of thermal plasticity in expression patterns than for the quantitative traits, we found little evidence to support a role for genetic variation in maintaining expression plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Clemson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - M Telonis-Scott
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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22
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The impact of geographical origin of two strains of the herbivore, Eccritotarsus catarinensis, on several fitness traits in response to temperature. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Buckley LB, Huey RB. How Extreme Temperatures Impact Organisms and the Evolution of their Thermal Tolerance. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:98-109. [PMID: 27126981 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SynopsisUnderstanding the biological impacts of extreme temperatures requires translating meteorological estimates into organismal responses, but that translation is complex. In general, the physiological stress induced by a given thermal extreme should increase with the extreme's magnitude and duration, though acclimation may buffer that stress. However, organisms can differ strikingly in their exposure to and tolerance of a given extreme temperatures. Moreover, their sensitivity to extremes can vary during ontogeny, across seasons, and among species; and that sensitivity and its variation should be subject to selection. We use a simple quantitative genetic model and demonstrate that thermal extremes-even when at low frequency-can substantially influence the evolution of thermal sensitivity, particularly when the extremes cause mortality or persistent physiological injury, or when organisms are unable to use behavior to buffer exposure to extremes. Thermal extremes can drive organisms in temperate and tropical sites to have similar thermal tolerances despite major differences in mean temperatures. Indeed, the model correctly predicts that Australian Drosophila should have shallower latitudinal gradients in thermal tolerance than would be expected based only on gradients in mean conditions. Predicting responses to climate change requires understanding not only how past selection to tolerate thermal extremes has helped establish existing geographic gradients in thermal tolerances, but also how increasing the incidence of thermal extremes will alter geographic gradients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981951800, USA
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981951800, USA
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24
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Huang Y, Tran I, Agrawal AF. Does Genetic Variation Maintained by Environmental Heterogeneity Facilitate Adaptation to Novel Selection? Am Nat 2016; 188:27-37. [PMID: 27322119 DOI: 10.1086/686889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity helps maintain genetic variation in fitness. Therefore, one might predict that populations living in heterogeneous environments have higher adaptive potential than populations living in homogeneous environments. Such a prediction could be useful in guiding conservation priorities without requiring detailed genetic studies. However, this prediction will be true only if the additional genetic variation maintained by environmental heterogeneity can be used to respond to novel selection. Here we examine the effect of environmental heterogeneity on future adaptability using replicated experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously evolved for ∼100 generations under one of four selective regimes: constant salt-enriched larvae medium, constant cadmium-enriched larvae medium, and two heterogeneous regimes that vary either temporally or spatially between the two media. Replicates of these experimental populations were subjected to a novel heat stress while being maintained in their original larval diet selection regimes. Adaptation to increased temperature was measured with respect to female productivity and male siring success after ∼20 generations. For female productivity, there was evidence of adaptation overall and heterogeneous populations had a larger adaptive response than homogeneous populations. There was less evidence of adaptation overall for male siring success and no support for faster adaptation in heterogeneous populations.
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25
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A Quantitative Genomic Approach for Analysis of Fitness and Stress Related Traits in a Drosophila melanogaster Model Population. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:2157494. [PMID: 27274984 PMCID: PMC4853962 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2157494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of natural populations to withstand environmental stresses relies partly on their adaptive ability. In this study, we used a subset of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, a population of inbred, genome-sequenced lines derived from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate whether this population harbors genetic variation for a set of stress resistance and life history traits. Using a genomic approach, we found substantial genetic variation for metabolic rate, heat stress resistance, expression of a major heat shock protein, and egg-to-adult viability investigated at a benign and a higher stressful temperature. This suggests that these traits will be able to evolve. In addition, we outline an approach to conduct pathway associations based on genomic linear models, which has potential to identify adaptive genes and pathways, and therefore can be a valuable tool in conservation genomics.
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26
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Gibert P, Hill M, Pascual M, Plantamp C, Terblanche JS, Yassin A, Sgrò CM. Drosophila as models to understand the adaptive process during invasion. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Esperk T, Kjaersgaard A, Walters RJ, Berger D, Blanckenhorn WU. Plastic and evolutionary responses to heat stress in a temperate dung fly: negative correlation between basal and induced heat tolerance? J Evol Biol 2016; 29:900-15. [PMID: 26801318 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extreme weather events such as heat waves are becoming more frequent and intense. Populations can cope with elevated heat stress by evolving higher basal heat tolerance (evolutionary response) and/or stronger induced heat tolerance (plastic response). However, there is ongoing debate about whether basal and induced heat tolerance are negatively correlated and whether adaptive potential in heat tolerance is sufficient under ongoing climate warming. To evaluate the evolutionary potential of basal and induced heat tolerance, we performed experimental evolution on a temperate source population of the dung fly Sepsis punctum. Offspring of flies adapted to three thermal selection regimes (Hot, Cold and Reference) were subjected to acute heat stress after having been exposed to either a hot-acclimation or non-acclimation pretreatment. As different traits may respond differently to temperature stress, several physiological and life history traits were assessed. Condition dependence of the response was evaluated by exposing juveniles to different levels of developmental (food restriction/rearing density) stress. Heat knockdown times were highest, whereas acclimation effects were lowest in the Hot selection regime, indicating a negative association between basal and induced heat tolerance. However, survival, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility did not show such a pattern. Acclimation had positive effects in heat-shocked flies, but in the absence of heat stress hot-acclimated flies had reduced life spans relative to non-acclimated ones, thereby revealing a potential cost of acclimation. Moreover, body size positively affected heat tolerance and unstressed individuals were less prone to heat stress than stressed flies, offering support for energetic costs associated with heat tolerance. Overall, our results indicate that heat tolerance of temperate insects can evolve under rising temperatures, but this response could be limited by a negative relationship between basal and induced thermotolerance, and may involve some but not other fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Esperk
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kjaersgaard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R J Walters
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - D Berger
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W U Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Kristensen TN, Kjeldal H, Schou MF, Nielsen JL. Proteomic data reveals a physiological basis for costs and benefits associated with thermal acclimation. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:969-76. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physiological adaptation through acclimation is one way to cope with temperature changes. Biochemical studies on acclimation responses in ectotherms have so far mainly investigated consequences of short-term acclimation at the adult stage and focussed on adaptive responses. Here we assessed the consequences of developmental and adult rearing at low (12°C), benign (25°C) and high (31°C) temperatures in Drosophila melanogaster. We assessed cold and heat tolerance and obtained detailed proteomic profiles of flies from the three temperatures. The proteomic profiles provided a holistic understanding of the underlying biology associated with both adaptive and non-adaptive temperature responses. Results show strong benefits and costs across tolerances: rearing at low temperature increased adult cold tolerance and decreased adult heat tolerance and vice versa with development at high temperatures. In the proteomic analysis we were able to identify and quantify a large number of proteins compared to previous studies on ectotherms (1440 proteins across all replicates and rearing regimes), enabling us to extend the proteomic approach using enrichment analyses. This gave us both detailed information on individual proteins as well as pathways affected by rearing temperature, pinpointing mechanisms likely responsible for the strong costs and benefits of rearing temperature on functional phenotypes. Several well-known heat shock proteins as well as proteins not previously associated with thermal stress were among the differentially expressed proteins. Upregulation of proteasome proteins was found to be an important adaptive process at high stressful rearing temperatures, and occurs at the expense of downregulation of basal metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten N. Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
| | - Henrik Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
| | - Mads F. Schou
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
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29
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DeBiasse MB, Kelly MW. Plastic and Evolved Responses to Global Change: What Can We Learn from Comparative Transcriptomics?: Table 1. J Hered 2015; 107:71-81. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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30
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Diamond SE, Dunn RR, Frank SD, Haddad NM, Martin RA. Shared and unique responses of insects to the interaction of urbanization and background climate. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 11:71-77. [PMID: 28285761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization profoundly alters biological systems; yet the predictability of responses to urbanization based on key biological traits, the repeatability of these patterns among cities, and how the impact of urbanization on biological systems varies as a function of background climatic conditions remain unknown. We use insects as a focal system to review the major patterns of responses to urbanization, and develop a framework for exploring the shared and unique features that characterize insect responses to urbanization and how responses to urbanization might systematically vary along background environmental gradients in climate. We then illustrate this framework using established patterns in insect macrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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31
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Kellermann V, Hoffmann AA, Kristensen TN, Moghadam NN, Loeschcke V. Experimental Evolution under Fluctuating Thermal Conditions Does Not Reproduce Patterns of Adaptive Clinal Differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2015; 186:582-93. [PMID: 26655772 DOI: 10.1086/683252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution can be a useful tool for testing the impact of environmental factors on adaptive changes in populations, and this approach is being increasingly used to understand the potential for evolutionary responses in populations under changing climates. However, selective factors will often be more complex in natural populations than in laboratory environments and produce different patterns of adaptive differentiation. Here we test the ability of laboratory experimental evolution under different temperature cycles to reproduce well-known patterns of clinal variation in Drosophila melanogaster. Six fluctuating thermal regimes mimicking the natural temperature conditions along the east coast of Australia were initiated. Contrary to expectations, on the basis of field patterns there was no evidence for adaptation to thermal regimes as reflected by changes in cold and heat resistance after 1-3 years of laboratory natural selection. While laboratory evolution led to changes in starvation resistance, development time, and body size, patterns were not consistent with those seen in natural populations. These findings highlight the complexity of factors affecting trait evolution in natural populations and indicate that caution is required when inferring likely evolutionary responses from the outcome of experimental evolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kellermann
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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32
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Bahrndorff S, Gertsen S, Pertoldi C, Kristensen TN. Investigating thermal acclimation effects before and after a cold shock inDrosophila melanogasterusing behavioural assays. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Section of Biology and Environmental Science; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark
| | - Søren Gertsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Section of Biology and Environmental Science; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Section of Biology and Environmental Science; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo; Mølleparkvej 63 DK-9000 Aalborg Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience; Section of Biology and Environmental Science; Aalborg University; Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark
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