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Tang J, Zhao S, Shi H, Li X, Ran L, Cao J, He Y. Effects on peripheral and central nervous system of key inflammatory intercellular signalling peptides and proteins in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15104. [PMID: 38794817 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory cutaneous disease. Where the immune system plays an important role in its pathogenesis, with key inflammatory intercellular signalling peptides and proteins including IL-17 and IL-23. The psychoneurological system also figures prominently in development of psoriasis. There is a high prevalence of comorbidity between psoriasis and mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety and mania. Patients with psoriasis often suffer from pathological pain in the lesions, and their neurological accidents could improve the lesions in innervated areas. The immune system and the psychoneurological system interact closely in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis exhibit abnormal levels of neuropeptides both in circulating and localized lesion, acting as immunomodulators involved in the inflammatory response. Moreover, receptors for inflammatory factors are expressed in both peripheral and central nervous systems (CNSs), suggesting that nervous system can receive and be influenced by signals from immune system. Key inflammatory intercellular signalling peptides and proteins in psoriasis, such as IL-17 and IL-23, can be involved in sensory signalling and may affect synaptic plasticity and the blood-brain barrier of CNS through the circulation. This review provides an overview of the multiple effects on the peripheral and CNS under conditions of systemic inflammation in psoriasis, providing a framework and inspiration for in-depth studies of neuroimmunomodulation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Ran
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Branch in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Pyle HJ, Evans JC, Artami M, Raj P, Sridharan S, Arana C, Eckert KM, McDonald JG, Harris-Tryon TA, Mauskar MM. Assessment of the Cutaneous Hormone Landscapes and Microbiomes in Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00111-8. [PMID: 38368928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a progressive skin disease of unknown etiology. In this longitudinal case-control exploratory study, we evaluated the hormonal and microbial landscapes in 18 postmenopausal females (mean [SD] age: 64.4 [8.4] years) with VLS and controls. We reevaluated the patients with VLS after 10-14 weeks of daily topical class I steroid. We found that groin cutaneous estrone was lower in VLS than in controls (-22.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -36.96 to -7.70; P = .006); cutaneous progesterone was higher (5.73, 95% CI = 3.74-7.73; P < .0001). Forehead 11-deoxycortisol (-0.24, 95% CI = -0.42 to -0.06; P = .01) and testosterone (-7.22, 95% CI = -12.83 to -1.62; P = .02) were lower in disease. With treatment, cutaneous estrone (-7.88, 95% CI = -44.07 to 28.31; P = .62), progesterone (2.02, 95% CI = -2.08 to 6.11; P = .29), and 11-deoxycortisol (-0.13, 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.05; P = .15) normalized; testosterone remained suppressed (-7.41, 95% CI = -13.38 to -1.43; P = .02). 16S ribosomal RNA V1-V3 and ITS1 amplicon sequencing revealed bacterial and fungal microbiome alterations in disease. Findings suggest that cutaneous sex hormone and bacterial microbiome alterations may be associated with VLS in postmenopausal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter J Pyle
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica C Evans
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Methinee Artami
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Srisha Sridharan
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos Arana
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Eckert
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tamia A Harris-Tryon
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Melissa M Mauskar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Merk VM, Phan TS, Wiedmann A, Hardy RS, Lavery GG, Brunner T. Local glucocorticoid synthesis regulates house dust mite-induced airway hypersensitivity in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252874. [PMID: 37936704 PMCID: PMC10626452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis at epithelial barriers, such as skin and intestine, has been shown to be important in the local regulation of inflammation. However, the role of local GC synthesis in the lung is less well studied. Based on previous studies and the uncontentious efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in asthma patients, we here investigated the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1/Hsd11b1)-dependent local GC reactivation in the regulation of allergic airway inflammation. Methods Airway inflammation in Hsd11b1-deficient and C57BL/6 wild type mice was analyzed after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-CD3 antibody, and in acute and chronic models of airway hypersensitivity induced by house dust mite (HDM) extract. The role of 11β-HSD1 in normal and inflammatory conditions was assessed by high dimensional flow cytometry, histological staining, RT-qPCR analysis, ex vivo tissue cultures, GC-bioassays and protein detection by ELISA and immunoblotting. Results Here we show that lung tissue from Hsd11b1-deficient mice synthesized significantly less GC ex vivo compared with wild type animals in response to immune cell stimulation. We further observed a drastically aggravated phenotype in Hsd11b1-deficient mice treated with HDM extract compared to wild type animals. Besides eosinophilic infiltration, Hsd11b1-deficient mice exhibited aggravated neutrophilic infiltration caused by a strong Th17-type immune response. Conclusion We propose an important role of 11β-HSD1 and local GC in regulating Th17-type rather than Th2-type immune responses in HDM-induced airway hypersensitivity in mice by potentially controlling Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and cytokine/chemokine secretion by airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M. Merk
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Truong San Phan
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alice Wiedmann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rowan S. Hardy
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Bocheva G, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10502. [PMID: 37445680 PMCID: PMC10341863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in air pollution worldwide represents an environmental risk factor that has global implications for the health of humans worldwide. The skin of billions of people is exposed to a mixture of harmful air pollutants, which can affect its physiology and are responsible for cutaneous damage. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are photoreactive and could be activated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore, such UVR exposure would enhance their deleterious effects on the skin. Air pollution also affects vitamin D synthesis by reducing UVB radiation, which is essential for the production of vitamin D3, tachysterol, and lumisterol derivatives. Ambient air pollutants, photopollution, blue-light pollution, and cigarette smoke compromise cutaneous structural integrity, can interact with human skin microbiota, and trigger or exacerbate a range of skin diseases through various mechanisms. Generally, air pollution elicits an oxidative stress response on the skin that can activate the inflammatory responses. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) can act as a sensor for small molecules such as air pollutants and plays a crucial role in responses to (photo)pollution. On the other hand, targeting AhR/Nrf2 is emerging as a novel treatment option for air pollutants that induce or exacerbate inflammatory skin diseases. Therefore, AhR with downstream regulatory pathways would represent a crucial signaling system regulating the skin phenotype in a Yin and Yang fashion defined by the chemical nature of the activating factor and the cellular and tissue context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Informatics Institute in the School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neurogenic Inflammation of the Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055001. [PMID: 36902434 PMCID: PMC10003326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, including the hypodermis, is the largest body organ and is in constant contact with the environment. Neurogenic inflammation is the result of the activity of nerve endings and mediators (neuropeptides secreted by nerve endings in the development of the inflammatory reaction in the skin), as well as interactions with other cells such as keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, endothelial cells and mast cells. The activation of TRPV-ion channels results in an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, induces the release of other pro-inflammatory mediators and contributes to the maintenance of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI) in diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, prurigo and rosacea. Immune cells present in the skin (mononuclear cells, dendritic cells and mast cells) also express TRPV1, and their activation directly affects their function. The activation of TRPV1 channels mediates communication between sensory nerve endings and skin immune cells, increasing the release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines and neuropeptides). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation, activation and modulation of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors in cutaneous cells can aid in the development of effective treatments for inflammatory skin disorders.
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6
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Liang Y, Su W, Wang F. Skin Ageing: A Progressive, Multi-Factorial Condition Demanding an Integrated, Multilayer-Targeted Remedy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1215-1229. [PMID: 37192990 PMCID: PMC10182820 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s408765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Of the human organs, skin is the most visible one that displays the manifestations of ageing. It has a very intricate microanatomical structure and performs several key physiological functions. The pathophysiology of cutaneous ageing is characterized by deterioration of structural stability and functional integrity, implying a continuous reduction in maximal function and reserve capacity, as a result of the accumulating damage due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Elimination of unfavorable expressions associated with facial and cutaneous ageing is the key patient demand in aesthetic dermatology. Even though the progress has been made in nonsurgical therapies like fillers and lasers, non-invasive interventions by using skin care products designed for rejuvenation at an early stage are the most popular and accessible solution among people. In this review, we have scrutinized the ageing-associated cutaneous changes at molecular, cellular and tissue levels. To optimize the ageing process towards a healthy skin, we propose an integrated, multilayer-targeted intervention, which involves both topical application of anti-ageing formulations from outside and oral supplementation from inside. Additionally, several promising naturally derived ingredients are reviewed from an anti-aging perspective. Most of them possess various bioactivities and may contribute to the development of the mentioned anti-ageing remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Liang
- Research and Development Center, Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co. Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co. Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenrou Su
- Research and Development Center, Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co. Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co. Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Research and Development Center, Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co. Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co. Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- Medaesthee (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Feifei Wang, Research and Development Center, Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co. Ltd, No. 999 Huaxu Road, Shanghai, 201702, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 39880807, Email
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7
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Slominski AT, Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Athar M, Elmets C. Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1757-C1776. [PMID: 36317800 PMCID: PMC9744652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, is the largest organ in the human body and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions are regulated by local neuroendocrine and immune systems with a plethora of signaling molecules produced by resident and immune cells. In addition, neurotransmitters, endocrine factors, neuropeptides, and cytokines released from nerve endings play a central role in the skin's responses to stress. These molecules act on the corresponding receptors in an intra-, juxta-, para-, or autocrine fashion. The epidermis as the outer most component of skin forms a barrier directly protecting against environmental stressors. This protection is assured by an intrinsic keratinocyte differentiation program, pigmentary system, and local nervous, immune, endocrine, and microbiome elements. These constituents communicate cross-functionally among themselves and with corresponding systems in the dermis and hypodermis to secure the basic epidermal functions to maintain local (skin) and global (systemic) homeostasis. The neurohormonal mediators and cytokines used in these communications regulate physiological skin functions separately or in concert. Disturbances in the functions in these systems lead to cutaneous pathology that includes inflammatory (i.e., psoriasis, allergic, or atopic dermatitis, etc.) and keratinocytic hyperproliferative disorders (i.e., seborrheic and solar keratoses), dysfunction of adnexal structure (i.e., hair follicles, eccrine, and sebaceous glands), hypersensitivity reactions, pigmentary disorders (vitiligo, melasma, and hypo- or hyperpigmentary responses), premature aging, and malignancies (melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers). These cellular, molecular, and neural components preserve skin integrity and protect against skin pathologies and can act as "messengers of the skin" to the central organs, all to preserve organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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8
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The Trinity of Skin: Skin Homeostasis as a Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Organ. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050725. [PMID: 35629392 PMCID: PMC9144330 DOI: 10.3390/life12050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, skin was thought to be no more than the barrier of our body. However, in the last few decades, studies into the idea of skin as an independent functional organ have gradually deepened our understanding of skin and its functions. In this review, we gathered evidence that presented skin as a “trinity” of neuro–endocrine–immune function. From a neuro perspective, skin communicates through nerves and receptors, releasing neurotrophins and neuropeptides; from an endocrine perspective, skin is able to receive and secrete most hormones and has the cutaneous equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; from an immune perspective, skin is protected not only by its physical barrier, but also immune cells and molecules, which can also cause inflammation. Together as an organ, skin works bidirectionally by operating peripheral neuro–endocrine–immune function and being regulated by the central nervous system, endocrine system and immune system at the same time, maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, to further explain the “trinity” of cutaneous neuro–endocrine–immune function and how it works in disease pathophysiology, a disease model of rosacea is presented.
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Mozaffari MS, Abdelsayed R. Expression Profiles of GILZ and SGK-1 in Potentially Malignant and Malignant Human Oral Lesions. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:675288. [PMID: 35048019 PMCID: PMC8757717 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.675288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper and serum-glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) are major glucocorticoid-inducible proteins. Recent studies indicate the local production of cortisol in oral mucosa, which can impact the tissue generation of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and SGK-1. Furthermore, GILZ and SGK-1 play pathogenic roles in a variety of cancers, but their status in potentially malignant (e.g., epithelial dysplasia) or malignant oral lesions remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that expression profiles of GILZ and SGK-1, along with the phosphorylated (active) form of SGK-1 (pSGK-1), are different in epithelial dysplasia than squamous cell carcinoma. Accordingly, archived paraffin-embedded biopsy samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry to establish tissue localization and the profile of proteins of interest, while hematoxylin-eosin stained tissues were used for histopathological assessment. Based on histopathological examinations, tissue specimens were categorized as displaying mild-moderate or severe epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma; benign keratosis specimens served as controls. All the tissue specimens showed staining for SGK-1 and pSGK-1; however, while SGK-1 staining was primarily cytoplasmic, pSGK-1 was mainly confined to the cell membrane. On the other hand, all the tissue specimens displayed primarily nuclear staining for GILZ. A semi-quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry staining indicates increased GILZ expression in epithelial dysplasia but reversal in squamous cell carcinoma to a level seen for benign keratosis. On the other hand, the SGK-1 and pSGK-1 expressions decreased for squamous cell carcinoma specimens compared with benign keratosis or dysplastic specimens. Collectively, in this cross-sectional study, immunostaining patterns for proteins of interest do not seemingly differentiate epithelial dysplasia from squamous cell carcinoma. However, subcellular localization and expression profiles for GILZ, SGK-1, and pSGK-1 are suggestive of differential functional roles in dysplastic or malignant oral lesions compared with benign keratosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Rafik Abdelsayed
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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10
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Slominski RM, Raman C, Elmets C, Jetten AM, Slominski AT, Tuckey RC. The significance of CYP11A1 expression in skin physiology and pathology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111238. [PMID: 33716049 PMCID: PMC8205265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CYP11A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, plays several key roles in the human body. It catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. Aside from the classical steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenals, gonads and placenta, CYP11A1 has also been found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, immune systems, and finally the skin. CYP11A1 activity in the skin is regulated predominately by StAR protein and hence cholesterol levels in the mitochondria. However, UVB, UVC, CRH, ACTH, cAMP, and cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα can also regulate its expression and activity. Indeed, CYP11A1 plays several critical roles in the skin through its initiation of local steroidogenesis and specific metabolism of vitamin D, lumisterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Products of these pathways regulate the protective barrier and skin immune functions in a context-dependent fashion through interactions with a number of receptors. Disturbances in CYP11A1 activity can lead to skin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Slominski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Raman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, USA; Department of Dermatology, USA
| | - C Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - A M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - R C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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11
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Beck KR, Odermatt A. Antifungal therapy with azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 524:111168. [PMID: 33484741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess describe a heterogeneous group of clinical manifestations leading to endocrine hypertension, typically either through direct activation of mineralocorticoid receptors or indirectly by impaired pre-receptor enzymatic regulation or through disturbed renal sodium homeostasis. The phenotypes of these disorders can be caused by inherited gene variants and somatic mutations or may be acquired upon exposures to exogenous substances. Regarding the latter, the symptoms of an acquired mineralocorticoid excess have been reported during treatment with azole antifungal drugs. The current review describes the occurrence of mineralocorticoid excess particularly during the therapy with posaconazole and itraconazole, addresses the underlying mechanisms as well as inter- and intra-individual differences, and proposes a therapeutic drug monitoring strategy for these two azole antifungals. Moreover, other therapeutically used azole antifungals and ongoing efforts to avoid adverse mineralocorticoid effects of azole compounds are shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Phan TS, Schink L, Mann J, Merk VM, Zwicky P, Mundt S, Simon D, Kulms D, Abraham S, Legler DF, Noti M, Brunner T. Keratinocytes control skin immune homeostasis through de novo-synthesized glucocorticoids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/5/eabe0337. [PMID: 33514551 PMCID: PMC7846173 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC), synthesized by the 11β-hydroxylase (Cyp11b1), control excessive inflammation through immunosuppressive actions. The skin was proposed to regulate homeostasis by autonomous GC production in keratinocytes. However, their immunosuppressive capacity and clinical relevance remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the potential of skin-derived GC and their role in the regulation of physiological and prevalent inflammatory skin conditions. In line with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency in human inflammatory skin disorders, genetic in vivo Cyp11b1 ablation and long-term GC deficiency in keratinocytes primed the murine skin immune system resulting in spontaneous skin inflammation. Deficient skin GC in experimental models for inflammatory skin disorders led to exacerbated contact hypersensitivity and psoriasiform skin inflammation accompanied by decreased regulatory T cells and the involvement of unconventional T cells. Our findings provide insights on how skin homeostasis and pathology are critically regulated by keratinocyte-derived GC, emphasizing the immunoregulatory potential of endogenous GC in the regulation of epithelial immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong San Phan
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Leonhard Schink
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mann
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Verena M Merk
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Abraham
- Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario Noti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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13
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Woo YR, Jung Y, Jeong SW, Park HJ. Paracrine roles of hormone receptors in Riehl's melanosis: A quantitative analysis of oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression patterns. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:396-401. [PMID: 33141431 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Riehl's melanosis (RM) is most common in the fifth or sixth decade of life with a female preponderance. As the skin is regarded a non-reproductive organ on which sex steroid hormones act, a possible relationship between the pathogenesis of RM and sex steroid hormone receptors can be inferred. This study intended to evaluate the expression profile of oestrogen receptor (ER)β and progesterone receptor (PR) in RM. Twelve lesional and perilesional normal-appearing skin samples of RM patients and the skin of 12 healthy controls were retrieved for the analysis. Real-time PCR analysis and immunohistochemical studies were conducted for ERβ and PR, respectively. The lesional and perilesional normal-appearing skin of 12 patients with RM and the skin of 12 healthy controls were retrieved for the analysis. Interestingly, the dermal ERβ immunostaining intensity was increased more in lesional skin than in perilesional skin. When compared to healthy controls, increased expression of ERβ and PR mRNAs was observed in the lesional skin of patients with RM. Of note, epidermal and dermal ERβ and dermal PR expressions showed increased staining intensities in the lesional skin of RM patients compared with healthy controls. The altered expression of ERβ and PR in RM supports the possible role of these hormone receptors in the pathogenesis of RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yujin Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Won Jeong
- Institute of Clinical Medical Research, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Ramot Y, Böhm M, Paus R. Translational Neuroendocrinology of Human Skin: Concepts and Perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:60-74. [PMID: 32981840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human skin responds to numerous neurohormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters that reach it via the vasculature or skin nerves, and/or are generated intracutaneously, thus acting in a para- and autocrine manner. This review focuses on how neurohormones impact on human skin physiology and pathology. We highlight basic concepts, major open questions, and translational research perspectives in cutaneous neuroendocrinology and argue that greater emphasis on neuroendocrine human skin research will foster the development of novel dermatological therapies. Furthermore, human skin and its appendages can be used as highly accessible and clinically relevant model systems for probing nonclassical, ancestral neurohormone functions. This calls for close interdisciplinary collaboration between dermatologists, skin biologists, neuroendocrinologists, and neuropharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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15
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Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun 2020; 21:150-168. [PMID: 32203088 PMCID: PMC7276297 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here its side chain is cleaved by CYP11A1 producing pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to cortisol by the enzymes 3-βHSD, CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the regulation of the immune system and exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although corticosteroids are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, they can also be produced in a number of extra-adrenal tissue including the immune system, skin, brain, and intestine. Glucocorticoid production is regulated by ACTH, CRH, and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα. The bioavailability of cortisol is also dependent on its interconversion to cortisone which is inactive, by 11βHSD1/2. Local and systemic glucocorticoid biosynthesis can be stimulated by ultraviolet B, explaining its immunosuppressive activity. In this review, we want to emphasize that dysregulation of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production can play a key role in a variety of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus (LE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and skin inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research on local glucocorticoid production and its bioavailability may open doors into new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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16
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Cuellar-Barboza A, Cardenas-de la Garza JA, Cruz-Gómez LG, Barboza-Quintana O, Flores-Gutiérrez JP, Gómez-Flores M, Welsh O, Ocampo-Candiani J, Herz-Ruelas ME. Local secretion of stress hormones increases in alopecia areata lesions after treatment with UVA-1 phototherapy. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:259-264. [PMID: 31997403 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. Keratinocytes of the hair follicle generate an immunosuppressive environment by the local secretion of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the skin (skin HPA analog). Our objective was to measure the local production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in the scalp tissue of patients with AA before and after ultraviolet A1 (UVA-1) phototherapy to determine their role in the pathogenesis of AA and the effect of UVA-1 on the AA hormonal environment. This was a retrospective and descriptive study of skin samples from 22 patients with AA before and after UVA-1 treatment. We compared the changes in the local hormonal environment by measuring CRH, ACTH, type 2 melanocortin receptor (ACTH receptor) and α-MSH with immunohistochemical stains. The positivity of MSH was significantly higher (P = .037) in the post-treatment samples compared with the baseline value. ACTH was significantly higher in intensity (P = .032) in the post-treatment samples compared with the initial value. CRH was significantly higher in intensity (P = .013) in baseline samples compared with the final biopsies. The positivity of the ACTH receptor MC2R was not different between the two groups (P = .626). In AA, an interruption in the signalling of CRH could decrease the local concentration of ACTH and MSH, and consequently, the immunosuppressive effect of these hormones. This phenomenon is normalized in the skin treated with UVA-1. A defective signalling system in the cutaneous HPA axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Cuellar-Barboza
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Gerardo Cruz-Gómez
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Oralia Barboza-Quintana
- Department of Pathology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Flores-Gutiérrez
- Department of Pathology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Minerva Gómez-Flores
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Oliverio Welsh
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Maira E Herz-Ruelas
- Department of Dermatology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, University Hospital "Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez", Monterrey, Mexico
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17
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Abstract
Apart from its protective function, the skin is also both hormonally and metabolically active. Many hormones are produced in the skin and the regulation of these changes is controlled, as are other organs, by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Under the influence of stress factors such as ultraviolet radiation, many reactions are stimulated. After exposure to light in keratinocytes apart from eumelanin, also proopiomelanocortin, dopamine, and opioid substances – β-endorphins are produced. The skin also has a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homolog. A corticotropin-releasing hormone is produced and reacts with its skin receptors that lead to, among others, increasing vascular permeability or induce keratinocytes differentiation. A similar homologous system found in skin structures is the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which is expressed by the presence of e.g. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors or thyroglobulin genes. Our review presents selected hormonal skin systems, reactions within them and their products.
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18
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Sawaya AP, Jozic I, Stone RC, Pastar I, Egger AN, Stojadinovic O, Glinos GD, Kirsner RS, Tomic-Canic M. Mevastatin promotes healing by targeting caveolin-1 to restore EGFR signaling. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129320. [PMID: 31661463 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a life-threatening disease that often results in lower limb amputations and a shortened life span. Current treatment options are limited and often not efficacious, raising the need for new therapies. To investigate the therapeutic potential of topical statins to restore healing in patients with DFUs, we performed next-generation sequencing on mevastatin-treated primary human keratinocytes. We found that mevastatin activated and modulated the EGF signaling to trigger an antiproliferative and promigratory phenotype, suggesting that statins may shift DFUs from a hyperproliferative phenotype to a promigratory phenotype in order to stimulate healing. Furthermore, mevastatin induced a migratory phenotype in primary human keratinocytes through EGF-mediated activation of Rac1, resulting in actin cytoskeletal reorganization and lamellipodia formation. Interestingly, the EGF receptor is downregulated in tissue biopsies from patients with DFUs. Mevastatin restored EGF signaling in DFUs through disruption of caveolae to promote keratinocyte migration, which was confirmed by caveolin-1 (Cav1) overexpression studies. We conclude that topical statins may have considerable therapeutic potential as a treatment option for patients with DFUs and offer an effective treatment for chronic wounds that can be rapidly translated to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and.,Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Jozic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and
| | - Andjela N Egger
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and.,Immunology, Infection and Inflammation Graduate Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - George D Glinos
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and.,Wound Healing Clinical Research Program, University of Miami Hospital, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, and.,Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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19
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Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid-Induced-Leucine-Zipper (GILZ) in Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2220. [PMID: 31572404 PMCID: PMC6753639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory human disease initiated by impaired function of immune cells and epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in increased cytokine production and hyperproliferation, leading to skin lesions. Overproduction of Th1- and Th17-cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, and IL-22, is a major driver of the disease. Glucocorticoids (GCs) represent the mainstay protocol for treating psoriasis as they modulate epidermal differentiation and are potent anti-inflammatory compounds. The development of safer GC-based therapies is a high priority due to potentially severe adverse effects associated with prolonged GC use. Specific efforts have focused on downstream anti-inflammatory effectors of GC-signaling such as GC-Induced-Leucine-Zipper (GILZ), which suppresses Th17 responses and antagonizes multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in psoriasis, including AP-1, NF-κB, STAT3, and ROR-γt. Here we review evidence regarding defective GC signaling, GC receptor (GR) function, and GILZ in psoriasis. We discuss seemingly contradicting data on the loss- and gain-of-function of GILZ in the imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis. We also present potential therapeutic strategies aimed to restore GC-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Animal Models of Skin Pathologies Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Animal Models of Skin Pathologies Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Pharmacological and Genetic Inhibition of Caveolin-1 Promotes Epithelialization and Wound Closure. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1992-2004. [PMID: 31409528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds-including diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers-represent a major health problem that demands an urgent solution and new therapies. Despite major burden to patients, health care professionals, and health care systems worldwide, there are no efficacious therapies approved for treatment of chronic wounds. One of the major obstacles in achieving wound closure in patients is the lack of epithelial migration. Here, we used multiple pre-clinical wound models to show that Caveolin-1 (Cav1) impedes healing and that targeting Cav1 accelerates wound closure. We found that Cav1 expression is significantly upregulated in wound edge biopsies of patients with non-healing wounds, confirming its healing-inhibitory role. Conversely, Cav1 was absent from the migrating epithelium and is downregulated in acutely healing wounds. Specifically, Cav1 interacted with membranous glucocorticoid receptor (mbGR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner to inhibit cutaneous healing. However, pharmacological disruption of caveolae by MβCD or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Cav1 knockdown resulted in disruption of Cav1-mbGR and Cav1-EGFR complexes and promoted epithelialization and wound healing. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition of epithelialization and wound closure, providing a rationale for pharmacological targeting of Cav1 as potential therapy for patients with non-healing chronic wounds.
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21
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Tsepkolenko A, Tsepkolenko V, Dash S, Mishra A, Bader A, Melerzanov A, Giri S. The regenerative potential of skin and the immune system. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:519-532. [PMID: 31410045 PMCID: PMC6643261 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s196364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin has the natural ability to heal and replace dead cells regulated by a network of complex immune processes. This ability is conferred by the population of resident immune cells that act in coordination with other players to provide a homeostatic environment under constant challenge. Other than providing structure and integrity, the epidermis and dermis also house distinct immune properties. The dermal part is represented by fibroblasts and endothelial cells followed by an array of immune cells which includes dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, mast cells, NK-cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, αβ T lymphocytes, B-cells and platelets. On the other hand, the functionally active immune cells in the epidermis comprise keratinocytes, DCs, NKT-cells, γδ T cells and αβ T cells (CD4+ and CD8+). Keratinocytes create a unique microenvironment for the cells of the immune system by promoting immune recognition and cellular differentiation. T lymphocytes exhibit tissue-specific tropism toward the epidermis and the lymphatic drainage system important for their function in immune regulation. This diversity in immune regulators makes the skin a unique organ to overcome pathogenic or foreign invasion. In addition, the highly coordinated molecular events make the skin an attractive model to understand and explore its regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10044, USA
| | - Apoorva Mishra
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region141700, Russia
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Technology, Biomedical and Biotechnological Center (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Alexander Melerzanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region141700, Russia
| | - Shibashish Giri
- Applied Stem Cell Biology and Cell Technology, Biomedical and Biotechnological Center (BBZ), Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich Technical University, Munich, Germany
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22
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Nguyen VT, Farman N, Palacios-Ramirez R, Sbeih M, Behar-Cohen F, Aractingi S, Jaisser F. Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice Is Improved by Topical Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:223-234.e7. [PMID: 31278904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin ulcers resulting from impaired wound healing are a serious complication of diabetes. Unresolved inflammation, associated with the dysregulation of both the phenotype and function of macrophages, is involved in the poor healing of diabetic wounds. Here, we report that topical pharmacological inhibition of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by canrenoate or MR small interfering RNA can resolve inflammation to improve delayed skin wound healing in diabetic mouse models; importantly, wounds from normal mice are unaffected. The beneficial effect of canrenoate is associated with an increased ratio of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages to proinflammatory M1 macrophages in diabetic wounds. Furthermore, we show that MR blockade leads to downregulation of the MR target, LCN2, which may facilitate macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and improve impaired angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Indeed, diabetic LCN2-deficient mice showed improved wound healing associated with macrophage M2 polarization and angiogenesis. In addition, recombinant LCN2 protein prevented IL-4-induced macrophage switch from M1 to M2 phenotype. In conclusion, topical MR blockade accelerates skin wound healing in diabetic mice via LCN2 reduction, M2 macrophage polarization, prevention of inflammation, and induction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tuan Nguyen
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Department of Basic Science, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thainguyen, Vietnam
| | - Nicolette Farman
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Palacios-Ramirez
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Maria Sbeih
- Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Laboratory of progenitors and endothelial cells during and after pregnancy, INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; INSERM, Clinical Investigation Centre 1433, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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23
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Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112798. [PMID: 31181682 PMCID: PMC6600459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults. The skin’s functions and its abilities to cope with external stressors are regulated by the cutaneous neuroendocrine systems encompassing the regulated and coordinated production of neuropeptides, neurohormones, neurotransmitters and hormones, including steroids and secosteroids. These will induce/stimulate downstream signaling through activation of corresponding receptors. These pathways and corresponding coordinated responses to the stressors decay with age or undergo pathological malfunctions. This affects the overall skin phenotype and epidermal, dermal, hypodermal and adnexal functions. We propose that skin aging can be attenuated or its phenotypic presentation reversed by the topical use of selected factors with local neurohormonal activities targeting specific receptors or enzymes. Some of our favorite factors include melatonin and its metabolites, noncalcemic secosteroids and lumisterol derivatives, because of their low toxicity and their desirable local phenotypic effects.
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24
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Manna PR, Ahmed AU, Yang S, Narasimhan M, Cohen-Tannoudji J, Slominski AT, Pruitt K. Genomic Profiling of the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein in Breast Cancer: In Silico Assessments and a Mechanistic Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050623. [PMID: 31060224 PMCID: PMC6562549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial condition with aberrant growth of cells. A substantial number of cancers, breast in particular, are hormone sensitive and evolve due to malfunction in the steroidogenic machinery. Breast cancer, one of the most prevalent form of cancers in women, is primarily stimulated by estrogens. Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol, and regulation of steroid/estrogen biosynthesis is essentially influenced by the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Although the impact of StAR in breast cancer remains a mystery, we recently reported that StAR protein is abundantly expressed in hormone sensitive breast cancer, but not in its non-cancerous counterpart. Herein, we analyzed genomic profiles, hormone receptor expression, mutation, and survival for StAR and steroidogenic enzyme genes in a variety of hormone sensitive cancers. These profiles were specifically assessed in breast cancer, exploiting The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. Whereas StAR and key steroidogenic enzyme genes evaluated (CYP11A1, HSD3B, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and HSD17B) were altered to varying levels in these hormone responsive cancers, amplification of the StAR gene was correlated with poor overall survival of patients afflicted with breast cancer. Amplification of the StAR gene and its correlation to survival was also verified in a number of breast cancer studies. Additionally, TCGA breast cancer tumors associated with aberrant high expression of StAR mRNA were found to be an unfavorable risk factor for survival of patients with breast cancer. Further analyses of tumors, nodal status, and metastases of breast cancer tumors expressing StAR mRNA displayed cancer deaths in stage specific manners. The majority of these tumors were found to express estrogen and progesterone receptors, signifying a link between StAR and luminal subtype breast cancer. Collectively, analyses of genomic and molecular profiles of key steroidogenic factors provide novel insights that StAR plays an important role in the biologic behavior and/or pathogenesis of hormone sensitive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Ahsen U Ahmed
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Shengping Yang
- Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji
- Physiologie de l'axe gonadotrope U1133, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CNRS, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris, France.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Effect of Mechanical Stretch on the DNCB-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Human Keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5156. [PMID: 30914685 PMCID: PMC6435715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is exposed to various physico-chemical cues. Keratinocytes, a major component of the skin epidermis, directly interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix, and thus, biochemical and biophysical stimulations from the matrix regulate the function of keratinocytes. Although it was reported that inflammatory responses of skin were altered by an applied mechanical force, understanding how the keratinocytes sense the mechanical stimuli and regulate a cytokine secretion remains unclear. Here, we designed a device that is able to apply chemo-mechanical cues to keratinocytes and assess their proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 production. We showed that when chemical stimuli were applied with mechanical stimuli simultaneously, the IL-6 production markedly increased compared to that observed with a single stimulus. Quantitative structural analysis of cellular components revealed that the applied mechanical stretch transformed the cell morphology into an elongated shape, increased the cell size, and dictated the distribution of focal adhesion complex. Our results suggest that the mechanical cue-mediated modulation of focal adhesion proteins and actin cytoskeleton translates into intracellular signaling associated with the IL-6 production particularly in skin sensitization. Our study can be applied to understand proinflammatory responses of skin under altered biophysical environments of the skin.
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Park G, Jung YS, Park MK, Yang CH, Kim YU. Melatonin inhibits attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder caused by atopic dermatitis-induced psychological stress in an NC/Nga atopic-like mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14981. [PMID: 30297827 PMCID: PMC6175954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with the hallmark characteristics of pruritus, psychological stress, and sleep disturbance, all possibly associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the etiology of the possible association between AD and ADHD is still not well understood. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene or corticosterone was used to evaluate the atopic symptom and its psychologic stress in the atopic mice model. Melatonin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor, urocortin, proopiomelanocortin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, cAMP, cAMP response element-binding protein, dopamine and noradrenaline were analyzed spectrophotometrically, and the expression of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase were measured by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. AD-related psychological stress caused an increase in the levels of dopamine beta-hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, degradation of melatonin, hyper-activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and dysregulation of dopamine and noradrenaline levels (ADHD phenomena) in the locus coeruleus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum of the AD mouse brain. Notably, melatonin administration inhibited the development of ADHD phenomena and their-related response in the mouse model. This study demonstrated that AD-related psychological stress increased catecholamine dysfunction and accelerated the development of psychiatric comorbidities, such as ADHD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/chemically induced
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/metabolism
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Dermatitis, Atopic/chemically induced
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Stress, Psychological/chemically induced
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhyuk Park
- The K-herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ki Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea.
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Kong L, Liang X, Liu A, Yang X, Luo Q, Lv Y, Dong J. Icariin inhibits inflammation via immunomodulation of the cutaneous hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 44:144-152. [PMID: 30155911 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Kong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Liang
- Department of Geriatrics; Yangpu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - A. Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Huashan Hospital North Campus of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - X. Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Huashan Hospital North Campus of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Q. Luo
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Lv
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - J. Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Sevilla LM, Pérez P. Roles of the Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Skin Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071906. [PMID: 29966221 PMCID: PMC6073661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily comprises approximately 50 evolutionarily conserved proteins that play major roles in gene regulation by prototypically acting as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Besides their central role in physiology, NRs have been largely used as therapeutic drug targets in many chronic inflammatory conditions and derivatives of their specific ligands, alone or in combination, are frequently prescribed for the treatment of skin diseases. In particular, glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most commonly used compounds for treating prevalent skin diseases such as psoriasis due to their anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. However, and despite their therapeutic efficacy, the long-term use of GCs is limited because of the cutaneous adverse effects including atrophy, delayed wound healing, and increased susceptibility to stress and infections. The GC receptor (GR/NR3C1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR/NR3C2) are members of the NR subclass NR3C that are highly related, both structurally and functionally. While the GR is ubiquitously expressed and is almost exclusively activated by GCs; an MR has a more restricted tissue expression pattern and can bind GCs and the mineralocorticoid aldosterone with similar high affinity. As these receptors share 95% identity in their DNA binding domains; both can recognize the same hormone response elements; theoretically resulting in transcriptional regulation of the same target genes. However, a major mechanism for specific activation of GRs and/or MRs is at the pre-receptor level by modulating the local availability of active GCs. Furthermore, the selective interactions of each receptor with spatio-temporally regulated transcription factors and co-regulators are crucial for the final transcriptional outcome. While there are abundant genome wide studies identifying GR transcriptional targets in a variety of tissue and cell types; including keratinocytes; the data for MR is more limited thus far. Our group and others have studied the role of GRs and MRs in skin development and disease by generating and characterizing mouse and cellular models with gain- and loss-of-function for each receptor. Both NRs are required for skin barrier competence during mouse development and also play a role in adult skin homeostasis. Moreover, the combined loss of epidermal GRs and MRs caused a more severe skin phenotype relative to single knock-outs (KOs) in developing skin and in acute inflammation and psoriasis, indicating that these corticosteroid receptors play cooperative roles. Understanding GR- and MR-mediated signaling in skin should contribute to deciphering their tissue-specific relative roles and ultimately help to improve GC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV)-CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Epidermal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors act cooperatively to regulate epidermal development and counteract skin inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 29789551 PMCID: PMC5964110 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate epidermal development and combat skin inflammatory diseases. GC actions can be mediated through the GC receptor (GR) and/or the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), highly homologous ligand-activated transcription factors. While the role of GR as a potent anti-inflammatory mediator is well known, that of MR is not as clear, nor is whether these receptors cooperate or antagonize each other in the epidermis. To address this, we generated mice with epidermal-specific loss of both receptors (double knockout, DKO), and analyzed the phenotypical and functional consequences relative to single KOs or controls (CO). At birth, DKO epidermis displayed a phenotype of defective differentiation and inflammation, which was more severe than in either single KO, featuring neutrophil-containing infiltrates, and gene dysregulation characteristic of human psoriatic lesions. This phenotype resolved spontaneously. However, in adulthood, single or combined loss of GC receptors increased susceptibility to inflammation and hyperproliferation triggered by phorbol ester which, different to CO, was not effectively counteracted by GC treatment. Also, DKOs were more susceptible to imiquimod-induced psoriasis than CO showing severe defective epidermal differentiation and microabcesses while single KOs showed an intermediate response. Immortalized DKO keratinocytes featured increased proliferation kinetics and reduced cell size, a unique phenotype relative to single KO cells. The lack of GR and MR in keratinocytes, individual or combined, caused constitutive increases in p38 and ERK activities, which were partially reversed upon reinsertion of receptors into DKO cells. DKO keratinocytes also displayed significant increases in AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional activities, which were partially rescued by ERK and p38 inhibition, respectively. Reinsertion of GR and MR in DKO keratinocytes resulted in physical and cooperative functional interactions that restored the transcriptional response to GCs. In conclusion, our data have revealed that epidermal GR and MR act cooperatively to regulate epidermal development and counteract skin inflammation.
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Plonka PM, Szaflarski JP, Paus R. How UV Light Touches the Brain and Endocrine System Through Skin, and Why. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1992-2007. [PMID: 29546369 PMCID: PMC5905393 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin, a self-regulating protective barrier organ, is empowered with sensory and computing capabilities to counteract the environmental stressors to maintain and restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. These complex functions are coordinated by a cutaneous neuro-endocrine system that also communicates in a bidirectional fashion with the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, all acting in concert to control body homeostasis. Although UV energy has played an important role in the origin and evolution of life, UV absorption by the skin not only triggers mechanisms that defend skin integrity and regulate global homeostasis but also induces skin pathology (e.g., cancer, aging, autoimmune responses). These effects are secondary to the transduction of UV electromagnetic energy into chemical, hormonal, and neural signals, defined by the nature of the chromophores and tissue compartments receiving specific UV wavelength. UV radiation can upregulate local neuroendocrine axes, with UVB being markedly more efficient than UVA. The locally induced cytokines, corticotropin-releasing hormone, urocortins, proopiomelanocortin-peptides, enkephalins, or others can be released into circulation to exert systemic effects, including activation of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, opioidogenic effects, and immunosuppression, independent of vitamin D synthesis. Similar effects are seen after exposure of the eyes and skin to UV, through which UVB activates hypothalamic paraventricular and arcuate nuclei and exerts very rapid stimulatory effects on the brain. Thus, UV touches the brain and central neuroendocrine system to reset body homeostasis. This invites multiple therapeutic applications of UV radiation, for example, in the management of autoimmune and mood disorders, addiction, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- Correspondence: Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294. E-mail:
| | | | - Przemyslaw M Plonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and the UAB Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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31
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Skobowiat C, Slominski AT. Sun-derived infrared A and ultraviolet B radiation: allies or enemies in melanomagenesis? Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:760-2. [PMID: 27315042 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Laboratory Service of the VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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32
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Boix J, Nguyen VT, Farman N, Aractingi S, Pérez P. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improves glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy but partially ameliorates anti-inflammatory actions in an irritative model in human skin explants. Exp Dermatol 2017; 27:185-187. [PMID: 29178328 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) effectively ameliorated GC-induced skin atrophy in healthy human skin explants and epidermal MR knockout mice. However, whether MR blockade improves the therapeutic index of glucocorticoids (GCs) in skin pathology was not investigated. We assessed the effects of GCs, MR antagonists (MRA) or both, in SDS-treated human skin explants. All treatments restored SDS-augmented epidermal thickness but only GC plus MRA restored the expression of COL1A1. However, MRA alone or in combination with GCs may exert a dual role in regulating inflammatory cytokines. Thus, although combined treatment may be beneficial to improve irritative skin, extensive in vivo testing is required to establish whether the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs are maintained in the presence of MRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Boix
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Van Tuan Nguyen
- UMR 1138, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Basic Science Department, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Nicolette Farman
- UMR 1138, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sélim Aractingi
- Hôpital Cochin Tarnier, Département de Dermatologie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Defective glucocorticoid receptor signaling and keratinocyte-autonomous defects contribute to skin phenotype of mouse embryos lacking the Hsp90 co-chaperone p23. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650975 PMCID: PMC5484504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
p23 is a small acidic protein with intrinsic molecular chaperone activity. It is best known as a co-chaperone of the major cytosolic molecular chaperone Hsp90. p23 binds the N-terminus of Hsp90 and stabilizes the ATP-bound and N-terminally closed Hsp90 dimer. It is in this configuration that many Hsp90 clients are most stably bound. Considering the important role of p23 in the Hsp90 cycle, it came as a surprise that it is not absolutely essential for viability in the budding yeast or for mouse development. Mice without p23 develop quite normally until birth and then all die perinatally because of immature lungs. The only other apparent phenotype of late stage embryos and newborns is a skin defect, which we have further characterized here. We found that skin differentiation is impaired, and that both apoptosis and cell proliferation are augmented in the absence of p23; the consequences are a severe thinning of the stratum corneum and reduced numbers of hair follicles. The altered differentiation, spontaneous apoptosis and proliferation are all mimicked by isolated primary keratinocytes indicating that they do require p23 functions in a cell-autonomous fashion. Since the phenotype of p23-null embryos is strikingly similar to that of embryos lacking the glucocorticoid receptor, a paradigmatic Hsp90-p23 client protein, we investigated glucocorticoid signaling. We discovered that it is impaired in vivo and for some aspects in isolated keratinocytes. Our results suggest that part of the phenotype of p23-null embryos can be explained by an impact on this particular Hsp90 client, but do not exclude that p23 by itself or in association with Hsp90 affects skin development and homeostasis through yet other pathways.
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Bergler-Czop B, Miziołek B, Brzezińska-Wcisło L. Alopecia areata - hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a myth? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1555-1561. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bergler-Czop
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Katowice Poland
| | - B. Miziołek
- Department of Dermatology; Andrzej Mielęcki Silesian Independent Public Clinic in Katowice; Katowice Poland
| | - L. Brzezińska-Wcisło
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine in Katowice; Medical University of Silesia in Katowice; Katowice Poland
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35
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Hodes A, Lodish MB, Tirosh A, Meyer J, Belyavskaya E, Lyssikatos C, Rosenberg K, Demidowich A, Swan J, Jonas N, Stratakis CA, Zilbermint M. Hair cortisol in the evaluation of Cushing syndrome. Endocrine 2017; 56:164-174. [PMID: 28194652 PMCID: PMC5437744 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hair cortisol evaluation has been used to help detect patients with suspected Cushing syndrome. Our goal was to correlate segmental hair cortisol with biochemical testing in patients with Cushing syndrome and controls. This study was a prospective analysis of hair cortisol in confirmed Cushing syndrome cases over 16 months. METHODS Thirty-six subjects (26.5 ± 18.9 years, 75% female, and 75% Caucasian) were analyzed by diurnal serum cortisol, 24 h urinary free cortisol corrected for body surface area (UFC/BSA), and 24 h urinary 17-hydroxysteroids corrected for creatinine (17OHS/Cr). Thirty patients were diagnosed with Cushing syndrome, and six were defined as controls. 3-cm hair samples nearest to the scalp, cut into 1-cm segments (proximal, medial, and distal), were analyzed for cortisol by enzyme immunoassay and measured as pmol cortisol/g dry hair. Hair cortisol levels were compared with laboratory testing done within previous 2 months of the evaluation. RESULTS Proximal hair cortisol was higher in Cushing syndrome patients (266.6 ± 738.4 pmol/g) than control patients (38.9 ± 25.3 pmol/g) (p = 0.003). Proximal hair cortisol was highest of all segments in 25/36 (69%) patients. Among all subjects, proximal hair cortisol was strongly correlated with UFC/BSA (r = 0.5, p = 0.005), midnight serum cortisol (r = 0.4, p = 0.03), and 17OHS/Cr, which trended towards significance (r = 0.3, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Among the three examined hair segments, proximal hair contained the highest cortisol levels and correlated the most with the initial biochemical tests for Cushing syndrome in our study. Further studies are needed to validate proximal hair cortisol in the diagnostic workup for Cushing syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hodes
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maya B Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amit Tirosh
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Jerrold Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kendra Rosenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Andrew Demidowich
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeremy Swan
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nichole Jonas
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mihail Zilbermint
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Hannen R, Udeh-Momoh C, Upton J, Wright M, Michael A, Gulati A, Rajpopat S, Clayton N, Halsall D, Burrin J, Flower R, Sevilla L, Latorre V, Frame J, Lightman S, Perez P, Philpott M. Dysfunctional Skin-Derived Glucocorticoid Synthesis Is a Pathogenic Mechanism of Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1630-1637. [PMID: 28359725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are the primary steroids that regulate inflammation and have been exploited therapeutically in inflammatory skin diseases. Despite the broad-spectrum therapeutic use of GC, the biochemical rationale for locally treating inflammatory skin conditions is poorly understood, as systemic GC production remains largely functional in these patients. GC synthesis has been well characterized in healthy skin, but the pathological consequence has not been examined. Here we show de novo GC synthesis, and GC receptor expression is dysfunctional in both nonlesional and lesional psoriatic skin. Use of GC receptor epidermal knockout mice with adrenalectomy allowed for the distinction between local (keratinocyte) and systemic GC activity. Compensation exhibited by adult GC receptor epidermal knockout mice demonstrated that keratinocyte-derived GC synthesis protected skin from topical phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammatory assault. Thus, localized de novo GC synthesis in skin is essential for controlling inflammation, and loss of the GC pathway in psoriatic skin represents an additional pathological process in this complex inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Hannen
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Chinedu Udeh-Momoh
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, Imperial Collage, London, UK
| | - James Upton
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK; LGC, Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Anthony Michael
- The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Abha Gulati
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - Shefali Rajpopat
- Department of Dermatology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Leytonstone, London, UK
| | - Nicky Clayton
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - David Halsall
- Department of Biochemistry, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacky Burrin
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roderick Flower
- Centre for Pharmacology and Biochemistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Sevilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Latorre
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - James Frame
- Anglia-Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Paloma Perez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ouedraogo ZG, Fouache A, Trousson A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Role of the liver X receptors in skin physiology: Putative pharmacological targets in human diseases. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:59-68. [PMID: 28259649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have been shown to regulate various physiological functions such as lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. Concordant reports have elicited the possibility to target them to cure many human diseases including arteriosclerosis, cancer, arthritis, and diabetes. The high relevance of modulating LXR activities to treat numerous skin diseases, mainly those with exacerbated inflammation processes, contrasts with the lack of approved therapeutic use. This review makes an assessment to sum up the findings regarding the physiological roles of LXRs in skin and help progress towards the therapeutic and safe management of their activities. It focuses on the possible pharmacological targeting of LXRs to cure or prevent selected skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zangbéwendé Guy Ouedraogo
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, 28, place Henri Dunant, BP38, F63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Azher S, Azami O, Amato C, McCullough M, Celentano A, Cirillo N. The Non-Conventional Effects of Glucocorticoids in Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2368-73. [PMID: 27115293 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic corticosteroids are widely used for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including pre-malignant and malignant conditions. In striking contrast, recent evidence suggests that corticosteroids can bear tumor-promoting effects in solid tumors of epithelial origin. We have recently shown that epithelial tissues, including the mucosa of the oral cavity and the skin, are able to modulate the local concentration of active corticosteroids and to produce steroids de novo. This has important clinical and physiopathological implications, because tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoids plays a key role in the overall effect of these molecules. In the present review of the current English literature, performed using MEDLINE/PubMed/Ovid databases, we collected published evidence to demonstrate that corticosteroids induce effects that are more complex and controversial than previously acknowledged. Published studies clearly demonstrate that this class of molecules influences pathophysiological processes that are strictly related to malignancy, providing the rationale for further investigation. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2368-2373, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simra Azher
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omid Azami
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caterina Amato
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The skin is an important extra-gonadal steroidogenic organ, capable of metabolizing various hormones from their precursors, as well as of synthesizing de novo a broad palette of sex steroids and glucocorticoids from cholesterol. In this manuscript, we review the major steroidogenic properties of human skin and we suggest steroidogenesis' impairment as a cardinal factor for various pathological conditions such as acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, and androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Nikolakis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | | | - Theodora Kanaki
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany
| | - Andrej Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany
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Epidermal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Plays Beneficial and Adverse Effects in Skin and Mediates Glucocorticoid Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2417-2426. [PMID: 27464843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate skin homeostasis and combat cutaneous inflammatory diseases; however, adverse effects of chronic GC treatments limit their therapeutic use. GCs bind and activate the GC receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), transcription factors that recognize identical hormone responsive elements. Whether epidermal MR mediates beneficial or deleterious GC effects is of great interest for improving GC-based skin therapies. MR epidermal knockout mice exhibited increased keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and showed resistance to GC-induced epidermal thinning. However, crucially, loss of epidermal MR rendered mice more sensitive to inflammatory stimuli and skin damage. MR epidermal knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced inflammation with higher cytokine induction. Likewise, cultured MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes had increased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation, highlighting an anti-inflammatory function for MR. GC-induced transcription was reduced in MR epidermal knockout keratinocytes, at least partially due to decreased recruitment of GC receptor to hormone responsive element-containing sequences. Our results support a role for epidermal MR in adult skin homeostasis and demonstrate nonredundant roles for MR and GC receptor in mediating GC actions.
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Tiganescu A, Hupe M, Jiang YJ, Celli A, Uchida Y, Mauro TM, Bikle DD, Elias PM, Holleran WM. UVB induces epidermal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:370-6. [PMID: 25739654 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detrimental consequences of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin include photoageing, immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis, processes also significantly regulated by local glucocorticoid (GC) availability. In man, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) generates the active GC cortisol from cortisone (or corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents). 11β-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity requires the cofactor NADPH, generated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated increased 11β-HSD1 levels in skin obtained from photoexposed versus photoprotected anatomical regions. However, the direct effect of UVR on 11β-HSD1 expression remains to be elucidated. To investigate the cutaneous regulation of 11β-HSD1 following UVR in vivo, the dorsal skin of female SKH1 mice was irradiated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB. Measurement of transepidermal water loss, 11β-HSD1 activity, mRNA/protein expression and histological studies was taken at 1, 3 and 7 days postexposure. 11β-HSD1 and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression peaked 1 day postexposure to 400 mJ/cm(2) UVB before subsequently declining (days 3 and 7). Corresponding increases in 11β-HSD1 protein and enzyme activity were observed 3 days postexposure coinciding with reduced GC receptor mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence studies revealed 11β-HSD1 localization to hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes in UVB-exposed skin. 11β-HSD1 expression and activity were also induced by 200 and 100 (but not 50) mJ/cm(2) UVB and correlated with increased transepidermal water loss (indicative of barrier disruption). UVB-induced 11β-HSD1 activation represents a novel mechanism that may contribute to the regulation of cutaneous responses to UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tiganescu
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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Terao M, Itoi S, Matsumura S, Yang L, Murota H, Katayama I. Local Glucocorticoid Activation by 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 in Keratinocytes: The Role in Hapten-Induced Dermatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1499-510. [PMID: 27070821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, extra-adrenal cortisol production was reported in various tissues. The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hormonally inactive cortisone into active cortisol in cells is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1). We recently reported that 11β-HSD1 is also expressed in keratinocytes and regulates inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. To investigate the function of 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes during inflammation in vivo, we created keratinocyte-specific 11β-HSD1 knockout (K5-Hsd11b1-KO) mice and analyzed the inflammatory response in models of hapten-induced contact irritant dermatitis. K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice showed enhanced ear swelling in low-dose oxazolone-, 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB)-, and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced irritant dermatitis associated with increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Topical application of corticosterone dose dependently suppressed TNCB-induced ear swelling and cytokine expression. Similarly in mouse keratinocytes in vitro, corticosterone dose dependently suppressed 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced IL-1α and IL-1β expression. The effect of 11-dehydrocorticosterone was attenuated in TNCB-induced irritant dermatitis in K5-Hsd11b1-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. In human samples, 11β-HSD1 expression was decreased in epidermis of psoriasis vulgaris compared with healthy skin. Taken together, these data suggest that corticosterone activation by 11β-HSD1 in keratinocytes suppresses hapten-induced irritant dermatitis through suppression of expression of cytokines, such as IL-1α and IL-1β, in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Saori Itoi
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsumura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Sawaya AP, Stone RC, Lindley LE, Ojeh N, Vukelic S, Samuels HH, Tomic-Canic M. Skin Metabolite, Farnesyl Pyrophosphate, Regulates Epidermal Response to Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Migration. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2452-63. [PMID: 26916741 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin produces cholesterol and a wide array of sterols and non-sterol mevalonate metabolites, including isoprenoid derivative farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). To characterize FPP action in epidermis, we generated transcriptional profiles of primary human keratinocytes treated with zaragozic acid (ZGA), a squalene synthase inhibitor that blocks conversion of FPP to squalene resulting in endogenous accumulation of FPP. The elevated levels of intracellular FPP resulted in regulation of epidermal differentiation and adherens junction signaling, insulin growth factor (IGF) signaling, oxidative stress response and interferon (IFN) signaling. Immunosuppressive properties of FPP were evidenced by STAT-1 downregulation and prominent suppression of its nuclear translocation by IFNγ. Furthermore, FPP profoundly downregulated genes involved in epidermal differentiation of keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin ex vivo. Elevated levels of FPP resulted in induction of cytoprotective transcriptional factor Nrf2 and its target genes. We have previously shown that FPP functions as ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), one of the major regulator of epidermal homeostasis. Comparative microarray analyses show significant but not complete overlap between FPP and glucocorticoid regulated genes, suggesting that FPP may have wider transcriptional impact. This was further supported by co-transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments where we show that upon binding to GR, FPP recruits β-catenin and, unlike glucocorticoids, recruits co-repressor GRIP1 to suppress keratin 6 gene. These findings have many clinical implications related to epidermal lipid metabolism, response to glucocorticoid therapy as well as pleiotropic effects of cholesterol lowering therapeutics, statins. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2452-2463, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Andrew P Sawaya
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Linsey E Lindley
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Sasa Vukelic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Geogria
| | - Herbert H Samuels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Manna PR, Stetson CL, Slominski AT, Pruitt K. Role of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in health and disease. Endocrine 2016; 51:7-21. [PMID: 26271515 PMCID: PMC4707056 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are an important class of regulatory molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, ovary, testis, placenta, brain, and skin, and influence a spectrum of developmental and physiological processes. The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) predominantly mediates the rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis, i.e., the transport of the substrate of all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. At the inner membrane, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme cleaves the cholesterol side chain to form the first steroid, pregnenolone, which is converted by a series of enzymes to various steroid hormones in specific tissues. Both basic and clinical evidence have demonstrated the crucial involvement of the STAR protein in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis. Multiple levels of regulation impinge on STAR action. Recent findings demonstrate that hormone-sensitive lipase, through its action on the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, plays an important role in regulating STAR expression and steroidogenesis which involve the liver X receptor pathway. Activation of the latter influences macrophage cholesterol efflux that is a key process in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate regulation of steroid hormones is vital for proper functioning of many important biological activities, which are also paramount for geriatric populations to live longer and healthier. This review summarizes the current level of understanding on tissue-specific and hormone-induced regulation of STAR expression and steroidogenesis, and provides insights into a number of cholesterol and/or steroid coupled physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
| | - Cloyce L Stetson
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
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Goswami S, Haldar C. Melatonin as a possible antidote to UV radiation induced cutaneous damages and immune-suppression: An overview. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li J, Papadopoulos V, Vihma V. Steroid biosynthesis in adipose tissue. Steroids 2015; 103:89-104. [PMID: 25846979 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of steroidogenic enzymes allows the modulation of active steroid levels in a local manner. Thus, the measurement of local steroid concentrations, rather than the circulating levels, has been recognized as a more accurate indicator of the steroid action within a specific tissue. Adipose tissue, one of the largest endocrine tissues in the human body, has been established as an important site for steroid storage and metabolism. Locally produced steroids, through the enzymatic conversion from steroid precursors delivered to adipose tissue, have been proven to either functionally regulate adipose tissue metabolism, or quantitatively contribute to the whole body's steroid levels. Most recently, it has been suggested that adipose tissue may contain the steroidogenic machinery necessary for the initiation of steroid biosynthesis de novo from cholesterol. This review summarizes the evidence indicating the presence of the entire steroidogenic apparatus in adipose tissue and discusses the potential roles of local steroid products in modulating adipose tissue activity and other metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehan Li
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Peveling-Oberhag A, Reimann H, Weyer V, Goloborodko E, Staubach P. High-Concentration Liquid Prednisolone Formula: Filling a Therapeutic Niche in Severe Acute Attacks of Urticaria and Angioedema. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 29:9-12. [DOI: 10.1159/000439032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Up-regulation of steroid biosynthesis by retinoid signaling: Implications for aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 150:74-82. [PMID: 26303142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) are critical for a spectrum of developmental and physiological processes, in which steroid hormones also play indispensable roles. The StAR protein predominantly regulates steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic tissues. We have reported that regulation of retinoid, especially atRA and 9-cis RA, responsive StAR transcription is largely mediated by an LXR-RXR/RAR heterodimeric motif in the mouse StAR promoter. Herein we demonstrate that retinoids are capable of enhancing StAR protein, P-StAR, and steroid production in granulosa, adrenocortical, glial, and epidermal cells. Whereas transient expression of RARα and RXRα enhanced 9-cis RA induced StAR gene transcription, silencing of RXRα with siRNA, decreased StAR and steroid levels. An oligonucleotide probe encompassing an LXR-RXR/RAR motif bound to adrenocortical and epidermal keratinocyte nuclear proteins in EMSAs. ChIP studies revealed association of RARα and RXRα with the StAR proximal promoter. Further studies demonstrated that StAR mRNA levels decreased in diseased and elderly men and women skin tissues and that atRA could restore steroidogenesis in epidermal keratinocytes of aged individuals. These findings provide novel insights into the relevance of retinoid signaling in the up-regulation of steroid biosynthesis in various target tissues, and indicate that retinoid therapy may have important implications in age-related complications and diseases.
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50
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Nikolakis G, Zouboulis CC. Skin and glucocorticoids: effects of local skin glucocorticoid impairment on skin homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:807-8. [PMID: 25056134 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of skin as a de novo source of glucocorticoids and the importance of cutaneous glucocorticoidogenesis as a homeostatic mechanism in human skin is highlighted by Slominski et al. in a recently published issue. Impairment of glucocorticoidogenesis through noxious stimuli, such as UVB, can explain pathophysiology of skin diseases (e.g. rosacea). In addition to keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts, cutaneous adnexes also play a significant role as targets and sources of glucocorticoids, because they express most of the enzymes required for steroidogenesis. Glucocorticoids are also involved in the pathogenesis of acne lesions, affecting sebum production in vivo and in vitro. Certain steroidogenic enzymes, such as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, are upregulated in acne lesions. On this background, the paper by Slominski et al. provides further insights into dermatoendocrinology, with emphasis on the importance of an impairment of the skin's own hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-like axis in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Nikolakis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
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