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Vänni P, Turunen J, Äijälä VK, Tapiainen VV, Paalanne M, Pokka T, Paalanne N, Tejesvi MV, Ruuska TS. Gut Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis and in Overweight Young Children: A Prospective Cohort Study in Finland. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:333. [PMID: 38786688 PMCID: PMC11122208 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut bacterial alterations have been previously linked to several non-communicable diseases in adults, while the association of mycobiome is not well understood in these diseases, especially in infants and children. Few studies have been conducted on the association between gut mycobiome and non-communicable diseases in children. We investigated gut mycobiome composition using 194 faecal samples collected at birth, 6 months after birth, and 18 months after birth in relation to atopic dermatitis (AD) and overweight diagnoses at the age of 18 or 36 months. The mycobiome exhibited distinct patterns, with Truncatella prevalent in the meconium samples of both overweight and non-overweight groups. Saccharomyces took precedence in overweight cases at 6 and 18 months, while Malassezia dominated non-overweight samples at 6 months. Saccharomyces emerged as a consistent high-abundance taxon across groups that had dermatitis and were overweight. We found a weak association between gut mycobiome and AD at birth and overweight at 18 months when using machine learning (ML) analyses. In ML, unidentified fungi, Alternaria, Rhodotorula, and Saccharomyces, were important for classifying AD, while Saccharomyces, Thelebolus, and Dothideomycetes were important for classifying overweight. Gut mycobiome might be associated with the development of AD and overweight in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Vänni
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
| | - Jenni Turunen
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville K. Äijälä
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (V.K.Ä.); (V.V.T.)
| | - Vilja V. Tapiainen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (V.K.Ä.); (V.V.T.)
| | - Marika Paalanne
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (V.K.Ä.); (V.V.T.)
| | - Tytti Pokka
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Research Service Unit, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Paalanne
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (V.K.Ä.); (V.V.T.)
| | - Mysore V. Tejesvi
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Ecology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi S. Ruuska
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (J.T.); (M.P.); (T.P.); (N.P.); (M.V.T.); (T.S.R.)
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 8000 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, 8000 Oulu, Finland; (V.K.Ä.); (V.V.T.)
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Dulai AS, Min M, Sivamani RK. The Role of the Skin Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis: Implication of Yeast and Fungus Overgrowth in Disease Exacerbation. Dermatitis 2024; 35:S111-S112. [PMID: 38016035 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay S Dulai
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mildred Min
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Integrative Skin Science and Research, Sacramento, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, USA
- Pacific Skin Institute, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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3
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Glatthardt T, van Tilburg Bernardes E, Arrieta MC. The mycobiome in atopic diseases: Inducers and triggers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1368-1375. [PMID: 37865199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, with high levels of allergen-specific TH2 cell immune responses and elevated production of IgE. These common disorders have increased in incidence around the world, which is partly explained by detrimental disturbances to the early-life intestinal microbiome. Although most studies have focused exclusively on bacterial members of the microbiome, intestinal fungi have started to be recognized for their impact on host immune development and atopy pathogenesis. From this perspective, we review recent findings demonstrating the strong interactions between members of the mycobiome and the host immune system early in life, leading to immune tolerance during eubiosis or inducing sensitization and overt TH2 cell responses during dysbiosis. Current evidence places intestinal fungi as central players in the development of allergic diseases and potential targets for atopy prevention and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Glatthardt
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary; the International Microbiome Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary; the Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary; the International Microbiome Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary; the Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary; the International Microbiome Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary; the Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary.
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Tuor M, LeibundGut-Landmann S. The skin mycobiome and intermicrobial interactions in the cutaneous niche. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 76:102381. [PMID: 37703811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian microbiomes have coevolved with their host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship. Multifaceted commensal-host and commensal-commensal interactions contribute to the maintenance of the equilibrium with an impact on diverse host physiological processes. Despite constant exposure to physical and chemical insults from the environment, the skin harbors a surprisingly stable microbiome. The fungal compartment of the skin microbiome, the skin mycobiome, is unique in that it is dominated by a single fungus, Malassezia. The lack in diversity suggests that the skin may provide a unique niche for this fungal genus and that Malassezia may efficiently outcompete other fungi from the skin. This opinion article examines aspects in support of this hypothesis, discusses how changes in niche conditions associate with skin mycobiome dysregulation, and highlights an emerging example of Malassezia being displaced from the skin by the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris, thereby generating a predisposing situation for fatal-invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Tuor
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Jung WH. Alteration in skin mycobiome due to atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011309. [PMID: 38505818 PMCID: PMC10903429 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A microbiome consists of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other microeukaryotes. It influences host immune systems and contributes to the development of various diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, and skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and has various microorganisms on its surface. Several studies on skin microbiomes have illustrated the effects of their composition, metabolites, and interactions with host cells on diseases. However, most studies have focused on the bacterial microbiome rather than the fungal microbiome, namely, mycobiome, although emerging evidence indicates that fungi also play a critical role in skin microbiomes through interactions with the host cells. I briefly summarize the current progress in the analysis of mycobiomes on human skin. I focused on alteration of the skin mycobiome caused by atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, with an emphasis on the Malassezia genus, which are the most dominant fungi residing here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, South Korea
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The dynamic balance of the skin microbiome across the lifespan. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:71-86. [PMID: 36606709 PMCID: PMC9988004 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For decades research has centered on identifying the ideal balanced skin microbiome that prevents disease and on developing therapeutics to foster this balance. However, this single idealized balance may not exist. The skin microbiome changes across the lifespan. This is reflected in the dynamic shifts of the skin microbiome's diverse, inter-connected community of microorganisms with age. While there are core skin microbial taxa, the precise community composition for any individual person is determined by local skin physiology, genetics, microbe-host interactions, and microbe-microbe interactions. As a key interface with the environment, the skin surface and its appendages are also constantly exchanging microbes with close personal contacts and the environment. Hormone fluctuations and immune system maturation also drive age-dependent changes in skin physiology that support different microbial community structures over time. Here, we review recent insights into the factors that shape the skin microbiome throughout life. Collectively, the works summarized within this review highlight how, depending on where we are in lifespan, our skin supports robust microbial communities, while still maintaining microbial features unique to us. This review will also highlight how disruptions to this dynamic microbial balance can influence risk for dermatological diseases as well as impact lifelong health.
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Rao WQ, Lin Z, Jiang J, Wang JW, Lin ZF, Fu R, Chen WL, Chen YM, Peng XE, Hu ZJ. Esophageal mycobiome landscape and interkingdom interactions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2023; 11:goad022. [PMID: 37124071 PMCID: PMC10147516 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Patients with primary ESCC were recruited from two central hospitals. We performed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA sequencing analysis. We compared differential fungi and explored the ecology of fungi and the interaction of bacteria and fungi. Results The mycobiota diversity was significantly different between tumors and tumor-adjacent samples. We further analysed the differences between the two groups, at the species level, confirming that Rhodotorula toruloides, Malassezia dermatis, Hanseniaspora lachancei, and Spegazzinia tessarthra were excessively colonized in the tumor samples, whereas Preussia persica, Fusarium solani, Nigrospora oryzae, Acremonium furcatum, Golovinomyces artemisiae, and Tausonia pullulans were significantly more abundant in tumor-adjacent samples. The fungal co-occurrence network in tumor-adjacent samples was larger and denser than that in tumors. Similarly, the more complex bacterial-fungal interactions in tumor-adjacent samples were also detected. The expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase was positively correlated with the abundance of N. oryzae and T. pullulans in tumor-adjacent samples. In tumors, the expression of MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) had a negative correlation and a positive correlation with the abundance of R. toruloides and S. tessarthra, respectively. Conclusion This study revealed the landscape of the esophageal mycobiome characterized by an altered fungal composition and bacterial and fungal ecology in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Department of Medical Services, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Anxi County Hospital, Anxi, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Mei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital Affiliation to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xian-E Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Medical University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jian Hu
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China. Tel: +86-591-83383362; Fax: +86-591-22862510;
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Nguyen UT, Kalan LR. Forgotten fungi: the importance of the skin mycobiome. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102235. [PMID: 36372041 PMCID: PMC10044452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mosaic ecosystems of microbes that live on our skin encompass not only bacteria but also fungi, microeukaryotes, and viruses. As the second most prevalent group, unique fungal communities are found across the dry, moist, and oily microenvironments of human skin, and alterations of these communities are largely driven by changes in skin physiology throughout an individual's lifespan. Fungi have also been associated with infection and dermatological disorders, resulting from the disrupted balance between fungal-bacterial networks on the skin. Mechanisms of colonization resistance toward fungi in the skin microbiome of animals have advanced our understanding in conservation strategies, yet in the human skin, the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) remains vastly unexplored. Here, we review recent studies on the role of fungi in the skin microbiome, emphasizing how fungal-bacterial interactions at the skin surface play an important ecological function in vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thy Nguyen
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Lindsay R Kalan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Hammond M, Gamal A, Mukherjee PK, Damiani G, McCormick TS, Ghannoum MA, Nedorost S. Cutaneous dysbiosis may amplify barrier dysfunction in patients with atopic dermatitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:944365. [PMID: 36452925 PMCID: PMC9701744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.944365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with cutaneous dysbiosis, barrier defects, and immune dysregulation, but the interplay between these factors needs further study. Early-onset barrier dysfunction may facilitate an innate immune response to commensal organisms and, consequently, the development of allergic sensitization. We aimed to compare the cutaneous microbiome in patients with active dermatitis with and without a history of childhood flexural dermatitis (atopic dermatitis). Next-gen Ion-Torrent deep-sequencing identified AD-associated changes in the skin bacterial microbiome ("bacteriome") and fungal microbiome ("mycobiome") of affected skin in swabs from areas of skin affected by dermatitis. Data were analyzed for diversity, abundance, and inter-kingdom correlations. Microbial interactions were assessed in biofilms using metabolic activity (XTT) assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while host-pathogen interactions were determined in cultured primary keratinocytes exposed to biofilms. Increased richness and abundance of Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, and Alternaria were found in atopics. Staphylococcus and Alternaria formed robust mixed-species biofilms (based on XTT and SEM) that were resistant to antifungals/antimicrobials. Furthermore, their biofilm supernatant was capable of influencing keratinocytes biology (pro-inflammatory cytokines and structural proteins), suggesting an additive effect on AD-associated host response. In conclusion, microbial inter-kingdom and host-microbiome interactions may play a critical role in the modulation of atopic dermatitis to a greater extent than in non-atopic adults with allergic contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Hammond
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ahmed Gamal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pranab K. Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, PhD Degree Program in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Susan Nedorost
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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DeVore SB, Khurana Hershey GK. The role of the CBM complex in allergic inflammation and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1011-1030. [PMID: 35981904 PMCID: PMC9643607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The caspase activation and recruitment domain-coiled-coil (CARD-CC) family of proteins-CARD9, CARD10, CARD11, and CARD14-is collectively expressed across nearly all tissues of the body and is a crucial mediator of immunologic signaling as part of the CARD-B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (CBM) complex. Dysfunction or dysregulation of CBM proteins has been linked to numerous clinical manifestations known as "CBM-opathies." The CBM-opathy spectrum encompasses diseases ranging from mucocutaneous fungal infections and psoriasis to combined immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases; however, there is accumulating evidence that the CARD-CC family members also contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and allergic diseases. Here, we review the 4 CARD-CC paralogs, as well as B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, and their individual and collective roles in the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and 4 major allergic diseases (allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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The Role of the Cutaneous Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111153. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by eczematous lesions, itch, and a significant deterioration in the quality of life. Recently, microbiome dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Changes in the fungal microbiome (also termed mycobiome) appear to be an important factor influencing the clinical picture of this entity. This review summarizes the available insights into the role of the cutaneous mycobiome in atopic dermatitis and the new research possibilities in this field. The prevalence and characteristics of key fungal species, the most important pathogenesis pathways, as well as classic and emerging therapies of fungal dysbiosis and infections complicating atopic dermatitis, are presented.
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Schmid B, Künstner A, Fähnrich A, Bersuch E, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Busch H, Glatz M, Bosshard PP. Dysbiosis of Skin Microbiota with Increased Fungal Diversity is Associated with Severity of Disease in Atopic Dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1811-1819. [PMID: 35729711 PMCID: PMC9545669 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease and an altered skin microbiota with an increase of Staphylococcus aureus has been reported. However, the role of fungi remains poorly investigated. Objectives We aimed to improve the understanding of the fungal skin microbiota, the mycobiota, in AD in relation to the bacterial colonization. Methods Skin swabs of 16 AD patients and 16 healthy controls (HC) from four different skin sites, that is antecubital crease, dorsal neck, glabella and vertex from multiple time points were analysed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) and 16S rRNA gene for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Results Malassezia spp. were the predominant fungi in all subjects but with a decreased dominance in severe AD patients in favour of non‐Malassezia fungi, for example Candida spp. For bacteria, a decrease of Cutibacterium spp. in AD patients in favour of Staphylococcus spp., particularly S. aureus, was observed. Further, both bacterial and fungal community compositions of severe AD patients significantly differed from mild‐to‐moderate AD patients and HC with the latter two having overall similar microbiota showing some distinctions in bacterial communities. Conclusions We conclude that severe AD is associated with a pronounced dysbiosis of the microbiota with increased fungal diversity. Potentially infectious agents, for example Staphylococcus and Candida, were increased in severe AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schmid
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Künstner
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - A Fähnrich
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - E Bersuch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Busch
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
| | - M Glatz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P P Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bieber T, Paller AS, Kabashima K, Feely M, Rueda MJ, Ross Terres JA, Wollenberg A. Atopic dermatitis: pathomechanisms and lessons learned from novel systemic therapeutic options. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1432-1449. [PMID: 35575442 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, heterogenous, inflammatory skin disorder associated with a high skin-related health burden, typically starting in childhood and often persisting into adulthood. AD is characterized by a wide range of clinical phenotypes, reflecting multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions between genetics, immune system dysregulation, and environmental factors. In this review, we describe the diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in AD, including the critical role of T cell-driven inflammation, primarily via T helper (Th) 2- and Th17-derived cytokines, many of which are mediated by the Janus kinase (JAK) signaling pathway. These local inflammatory processes interact with sensory neuronal pathways, contributing to the clinical manifestations of AD, including itch, pain, and sleep disturbance. The recent elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in AD has allowed treatment strategies to evolve from broad-acting systemic immunosuppressive therapies to more targeted agents, including JAK inhibitors and cytokine-specific biologic agents. Evidence from the clinical development of these targeted therapies has reinforced and expanded our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD and holds promise for individualized treatment strategies tailored to specific AD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - A S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Kabashima
- Department Dermatology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Feely
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - M J Rueda
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - A Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Choi Y, Park KY, Han HS, Lee MK, Seo SJ. Comparative Analysis of Cutaneous Fungi in Atopic Dermatitis Patients and Healthy Individuals. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:118-124. [PMID: 35450318 PMCID: PMC8989898 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2022.34.2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease triggered by diverse factors. Microbes are one of the crucial risk factors for AD development or exacerbation. However, the effect of a fungal burden on AD has been overlooked compared to bacteria. Objective This study aimed to comparatively analyze cutaneous fungal distribution between AD patients and healthy individuals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis. Methods Skin samples of AD outpatients and healthy individuals collected at the Chung-Ang University were analyzed. Representative AD-associated fungal genera, Candida, dermatophytes, and Malassezia , were analyzed using specific primer and amplification methods. Amplicons were sequenced, and the fungal distribution of both groups were compared. Results Totally, 211 patients and 23 healthy individuals were studied. Of the 211 patients, 10.90% (23/211) had Candida species, whereas 0% (0/23) healthy individuals showed its presence. The most frequently detected species in patients was Candida albicans (5.21%) followed by Candida parapsilosis (3.79%). For dermatophytes, 1.42% (3/211) of patients showed positive results, whereas 0% (0/23) healthy individuals showed positive results. Malassezia species were identified in 20.85% (44/211) and 8.70% (2/23) in patients and healthy individuals, respectively. Malassezia restricta was the most frequently identified species in the AD patient group, and the only species found in the healthy control group. Conclusion The distribution of Candida spp., dermatophytes, and Malassezia spp. are altered with AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojeong Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sung Han
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Tao R, Li R, Wang R. Dysbiosis of skin mycobiome in atopic dermatitis. Mycoses 2021; 65:285-293. [PMID: 34817898 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide. The aetiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have suggested the role of fungi as a triggering factor in the development AD. Here we conducted a systematic review to investigate the skin mycobiome profiles in AD and to address whether there is an association between fungal dysbiosis and AD. We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for research studies published in English between January 1st, 2010 and April 21st, 2021. A total of 11 human studies and 3 animal studies were included in this analysis. Fungal dysbiosis was observed in AD lesions with a depleted amount of Malassezia and a higher abundance of filamentous fungi. A positive correlation between Candida and Staphylococcus was also demonstrated in AD. We supposed that specific species of Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by interacting with the pathogenic bacteria. Topical application of emollients could improve the skin barrier function and restore the skin fungal flora by increasing the amount of Malassezia. Further studies focusing on the complex interplay between specific skin fungi and the host can provide better insight into the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Meason-Smith C, Olivry T, Lawhon SD, Hoffmann AR. Malassezia species dysbiosis in natural and allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in dogs. Med Mycol 2021; 58:756-765. [PMID: 31782778 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia dermatitis and otitis are recurrent features of canine atopic dermatitis, increasing the cost of care, and contributing to a reduced quality of life for the pet. The exact pathogenesis of secondary yeast infections in allergic dogs remains unclear, but some have proposed an overgrowth of M. pachydermatis to be one of the flare factors. The distribution of Malassezia populations on healthy and allergic canine skin has not been previously investigated using culture-independent methods. Skin swabs were collected from healthy, naturally affected allergic, and experimentally sensitized atopic dogs. From the extracted DNA, fungal next-generations sequencing (NGS) targeting the ITS region with phylogenetic analysis of sequences for species level classification, and Malassezia species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. M. globosa was significantly more abundant on healthy canine skin by both methods (NGS P < .0001, qPCR P < .0001). M. restricta was significantly more abundant on healthy skin by NGS (P = .0023), and M. pachydermatis was significantly more abundant on naturally-affected allergic skin by NGS (P < .0001) and on allergen-induced atopic skin lesions by qPCR (P = .0015). Shifts in Malassezia populations were not observed in correlation with the development of allergen-induced skin lesions. Differences in the lipid dependency of predominant Malassezia commensals between groups suggests a role of the skin lipid content in driving community composition and raises questions of whether targeting skin lipids with therapeutics could promote healthy Malassezia populations on canine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
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17
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Park DH, Kim JW, Park HJ, Hahm DH. Comparative Analysis of the Microbiome across the Gut-Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084228. [PMID: 33921772 PMCID: PMC8073639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a refractory and relapsing skin disease with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Various congenital malformations and environmental factors are thought to be involved in the onset of the disease. The etiology of the disease has been investigated, with respect to clinical skin symptoms and systemic immune response factors. A gut microbiome–mediated connection between emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, and dermatologic conditions such as acne, based on the comorbidities of these two seemingly unrelated disorders, has long been hypothesized. Many aspects of this gut–brain–skin integration theory have recently been revalidated to identify treatment options for AD with the recent advances in metagenomic analysis involving powerful sequencing techniques and bioinformatics that overcome the need for isolation and cultivation of individual microbial strains from the skin or gut. Comparative analysis of microbial clusters across the gut–skin axis can provide new information regarding AD research. Herein, we provide a historical perspective on the modern investigation and clinical implications of gut–skin connections in AD in terms of the integration between the two microbial clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Park
- College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (D.H.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Joo Wan Kim
- College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (D.H.P.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (D.H.P.); (J.W.K.)
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0366
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18
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Hur MS, Lee JS, Jang M, Shin HJ, Lee YW. Analysis of the Conjunctival Microbiome in Patients with Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis and Healthy Individuals. Ann Dermatol 2021; 33:163-169. [PMID: 33935458 PMCID: PMC8082000 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2021.33.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been clarified that imbalance of bacterial and fungal communities in the skin and gut play key roles in immunologic dysfunction. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), one of severe ophthalmic manifestation of AD, could be related with dysbiosis as same as AD. Objective In this case-control study, the roles of conjunctival microbial communities in AKC were evaluated by a comparative analysis with healthy controls (HCs). Methods 16S rRNA sequencing was used to construct libraries of compositional information for a total of 30 volunteers including 20 patients with AKC and 10 HCs. Results In the results, variation in the conjunctival taxonomic composition was higher in patients with AKC than in the HC group. In an analysis of relative abundance at the genus level, some taxa significantly differed between groups, including Ralstonia, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Haemophilus, and Bifidobacterium (p<0.05). Beta diversity was significantly higher in patients with AKC than in HCs (PERMANOVA, p=0.004). Conclusion The results indicated that the diversity and composition of the microbiome differs between patients with AKC and HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Hur
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsu Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Won Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Edslev SM, Andersen PS, Agner T, Saunte DML, Ingham AC, Johannesen TB, Clausen ML. Identification of cutaneous fungi and mites in adult atopic dermatitis: analysis by targeted 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:72. [PMID: 33663381 PMCID: PMC7934438 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have an altered skin bacterial community, with an abundance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with flares, highlighting that microbial organisms may be important for disease exacerbation. Despite strong evidence of association between bacterial skin colonisation and AD, very limited knowledge regarding the eukaryotic microbial community, including fungi and ectoparasites, in AD exists. In this study, we compared the skin and nasal eukaryotic microbial community between adult AD patients (n = 55) and non-AD healthy controls (n = 45) using targeted 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Analysis was based on the presence or absence of eukaryotic microorganisms. RESULTS The cutaneous composition of the eukaryotic microbial community and the alpha-diversity differed significantly between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with increased species richness on AD skin. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin of patients. The ectoparasite Demodex folliculorum and the yeast Geotrichum candidum were significantly more prevalent on the skin of AD patients. The prevalence of D. folliculorum on lesional skin was greater among patients recently treated with topical corticosteroid. Malassezia was one of the most frequently detected genera at all sites, with M. globosa and M. restricta being the most prevalent. M. restricta was under represented in the anterior nares of AD patients as compared to the non-AD control population. CONCLUSION Significant differences in the eukaryotic microbial communities were found between AD patients and non-AD individuals, with the most striking finding being the significantly overrepresentation of D. folliculorum on AD skin. Whether D. folliculorum can contribute to skin inflammation in AD needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhage, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tove Agner
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Lindhardt Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Cäcilia Ingham
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja-Lisa Clausen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Hackl H, Gruber R, Pilecky M, Knabl L, Orth-Höller D, Dubrac S. Initial Evidence of Distinguishable Bacterial and Fungal Dysbiosis in the Skin of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis or Netherton Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:114-123. [PMID: 32553662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease in which epidermal barrier impairment, often owing to FLG null mutations, precedes immune hyperresponsiveness. Ichthyosis vulgaris is characterized by FLG null mutations and noninflamed dry skin. Netherton syndrome (NS), caused by SPINK5 null mutations, is characterized by generalized erythroderma with scaling and atopic manifestations. The goal of this work was to evaluate associations between specific skin disease features, such as ichthyotic and/or atopic manifestations, and the skin bacterial and fungal microbiota. Taxon diversity showed greater variation in the bacterial microbiota than in the fungal microbiota in the skin diseases. The relative abundances of Firmicutes (Staphylococcus) and Actinobacteria (Corynebacterium) were augmented in ichthyosis vulgaris, AD, and NS, whereas those of Proteobacteria/Enhydrobacter and Bacteroidetes were reduced, regardless of body site. Furthermore, proportions of Staphylococcus were correlated with transepidermal water loss and serum IgE levels. Nevertheless, the skin of patients with low to mild AD was overcolonized with Staphylococcus epidermidis and not with Staphylococcus aureus. Ascomycota were increased in both AD and NS, but from expansion of different fungal species. Finally, the expansion of pathologic bacteria in AD and NS might be supported by surrounding fungi. Thus, distinguishable bacterial and fungal skin dysbiosis in AD, NS, and ichthyosis vulgaris emphasizes disease-specific pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Pilecky
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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21
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DeVore SB, Gonzalez T, Sherenian MG, Herr AB, Khurana Hershey GK. On the surface: Skin microbial exposure contributes to allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:628-638. [PMID: 32853786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the skin microbiome modulates immunity by interactions between skin immunology with keratinocytes to combat pathogens. Allergic disorders are classified by immunoglobulin E sensitivity and aberrant TH2 cell responses, and an increasing number of studies have described the associations with skin microbiome fluctuations. In this review, we discuss commensal-epidermal homeostasis and its influence on allergic disease. DATA SOURCES All included references were obtained from the PubMed database. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies addressing relevant aspects of commensal-epidermal homeostasis, skin microbiome dysbiosis, microbiome-targeted therapeutics, and prevention in allergy were included. RESULTS Homeostasis between the commensal microbiome and the epidermis is important in protecting against allergic disease. Commensals promote antiallergic TH1 and TH17 immunophenotypes within the skin and induce keratinocytes to secrete antimicrobial peptides and alarmins that enhance barrier function and antagonize proallergic organisms. Perturbations in this homeostasis, however, is associated with allergic disease development. Atopic dermatitis is associated with decreases in skin commensals and increases in the pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus. Fluctuations in the skin microbiome contributes to decreased barrier dysfunction, allergic sensitization, and TH2 cytokine secretion. Little is known about how the skin microbiome affects food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, and it is poorly understood how cutaneous inflammation influences systemic allergic responses. Therapies are targeted toward maintenance of the skin barrier, replacement of healthy commensals, and anti-TH2 biologic therapy. CONCLUSION Although the effects of commensal-epidermal homeostasis on allergy within the skin are becoming increasingly clear, future studies are necessary to assess its effects on extracutaneous allergic disorders and explore potential therapeutics targeting the skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tammy Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael G Sherenian
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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22
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Gaffal E. Focus theme issue: Celebrating the ADF-EXD partnership: A look back into the future of experimental dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1036-1038. [PMID: 32935364 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gaffal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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23
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Myles IA, Castillo CR, Barbian KD, Kanakabandi K, Virtaneva K, Fitzmeyer E, Paneru M, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Markowitz TE, Moore IN, Liu X, Ferrer M, Sakamachi Y, Garantziotis S, Swamydas M, Lionakis MS, Anderson ED, Earland NJ, Ganesan S, Sun AA, Bergerson JRE, Silverman RA, Petersen M, Martens CA, Datta SK. Therapeutic responses to Roseomonas mucosa in atopic dermatitis may involve lipid-mediated TNF-related epithelial repair. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaz8631. [PMID: 32908007 PMCID: PMC8571514 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the skin microbiota is increasingly implicated as a contributor to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). We previously reported first-in-human safety and clinical activity results from topical application of the commensal skin bacterium Roseomonas mucosa for the treatment of AD in 10 adults and 5 children older than 9 years of age. Here, we examined the potential mechanism of action of R. mucosa treatment and its impact on children with AD less than 7 years of age, the most common age group for children with AD. In 15 children with AD, R. mucosa treatment was associated with amelioration of disease severity, improvement in epithelial barrier function, reduced Staphylococcus aureus burden on the skin, and a reduction in topical steroid requirements without severe adverse events. Our observed response rates to R. mucosa treatment were greater than those seen in historical placebo control groups in prior AD studies. Skin improvements and colonization by R. mucosa persisted for up to 8 months after cessation of treatment. Analyses of cellular scratch assays and the MC903 mouse model of AD suggested that production of sphingolipids by R. mucosa, cholinergic signaling, and flagellin expression may have contributed to therapeutic impact through induction of a TNFR2-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of R. mucosa treatment in individuals with AD is warranted and implicate commensals in the maintenance of the skin epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlo R Castillo
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kent D Barbian
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kishore Kanakabandi
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emily Fitzmeyer
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Monica Paneru
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | - Tovah E Markowitz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Department of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yosuke Sakamachi
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik D Anderson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah J Earland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashleigh A Sun
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenna R E Bergerson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Craig A Martens
- RTS Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Kurosaki Y, Tsurumachi M, Kamata Y, Tominaga M, Suga Y, Takamori K. Effects of 308 nm excimer light treatment on the skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis patients. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:185-191. [PMID: 31880842 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin microbiome has been implicated in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD). Although 308 nm excimer light treatment is an effective phototherapy for AD, its effects on the skin microbiome currently remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the excimer light treatment on the skin bacterial and fungal microbiome of lesional skin of AD. METHODS Swab samples were collected from 11 healthy controls, non-lesional and lesional skin of 11 AD patients. The excimer light treatment was administered to the lesional skin. The composition of the skin microbiome, the clinical score and skin barrier function of the lesional skin were examined before and after the treatment. The composition of the skin microbiome was determined by sequencing bacterial 16S and fungal internal transcribed spacer regions. RESULTS The excimer light treatment significantly changed the composition of the bacterial microbiome in the lesional skin of AD, as well as improved the clinical score and skin barrier function. The treatment increased the relative abundance of the phylum Cyanobacteria and decreased that of the phylum Bacteroidetes in lesional skin. At the species level, the treatment significantly decreased the relative abundance of Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus) in lesional skin. There was also a significant correlation between the reduction of S aureus and improvement of the clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that alterations of the skin microbiome with excimer light treatment, specifically the decrease in the abundance of S aureus, are partly involved in the improvement of AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kurosaki
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Munehiro Tsurumachi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kamata
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Suga
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
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Tiew PY, Mac Aogain M, Ali NABM, Thng KX, Goh K, Lau KJX, Chotirmall SH. The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:207-231. [PMID: 31894501 PMCID: PMC7223441 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal disease is an increasingly recognised global clinical challenge associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis of fungal infection remains problematic due to the poor sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic modalities. Advances in sequencing technologies hold promise in addressing these shortcomings and for improved fungal detection and identification. To translate such emerging approaches into mainstream clinical care will require refinement of current sequencing and analytical platforms, ensuring standardisation and consistency through robust clinical benchmarking and its validation across a range of patient populations. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with fungal disease and provide key examples where the application of sequencing technologies has potential diagnostic application in assessing the human ‘mycobiome’. We assess how ready access to fungal sequencing may be exploited in broadening our insight into host–fungal interaction, providing scope for clinical diagnostics and the translation of emerging mycobiome research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yee Tiew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Micheál Mac Aogain
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | | | - Kai Xian Thng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Karlyn Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenny J X Lau
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Dubrac S. Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4234. [PMID: 31470652 PMCID: PMC6747412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide. It is a chronic, relapsing and pruritic skin disorder which results from epidermal barrier abnormalities and immune dysregulation, both modulated by environmental factors. AD is strongly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the so-called 'atopic march.' Xenobiotic receptors and their mates are ligand-activated transcription factors expressed in the skin where they control cellular detoxification pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of genes in pathways involved in AD in epithelial cells and immune cells. Activation or overexpression of xenobiotic receptors in the skin can be deleterious or beneficial, depending on context, ligand and activation duration. Moreover, their impact on skin might be amplified by crosstalk among xenobiotic receptors and their mates. Because they are activated by a broad range of endogenous molecules, drugs and pollutants owing to their promiscuous ligand affinity, they have recently crystalized the attention of researchers, including in dermatology and especially in the AD field. This review examines the putative roles of these receptors in AD by critically evaluating the conditions under which the proteins and their ligands have been studied. This information should provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and ways to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Nowicka D, Nawrot U. Contribution of Malassezia spp. to the development of atopic dermatitis. Mycoses 2019; 62:588-596. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Nowicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Wrocław Medical University Wrocław Poland
| | - Urszula Nawrot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology Wrocław Medical University Wrocław Poland
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Neutral Processes Drive Seasonal Assembly of the Skin Mycobiome. mSystems 2019; 4:mSystems00004-19. [PMID: 30944878 PMCID: PMC6435813 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00004-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of microorganisms to human skin health has led to a growing interest in the temporal stability of skin microbiota. Here we investigated the dynamics and assembly of skin fungal communities (mycobiomes) with amplicon sequencing of samples collected from multiple sites on 24 healthy Chinese individuals across four seasons (in the order of winter, spring, summer, and autumn in a calendar year). We found a significant difference in community compositions between individuals, and intrapersonal community variation increased over time at all body sites. Within each season, the frequency of occurrence of most operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was well fitted by a neutral model, highlighting the importance of stochastic forces such as passive dispersal and ecological drift in skin community assembly. Despite the significant richness contributed by neutrally distributed OTUs, skin coassociation networks were dominated by taxa well-adapted to multiple body sites (forehead, forearm, and palm), although hub species were disproportionately rare. Taken together, these results suggest that while skin mycobiome assembly is a predominantly neutral process, taxa that could be under the influence of selective forces (e.g., host selection) are potentially key to the structure of a community network. IMPORTANCE Fungi are well recognized members of the human skin microbiota and are crucial to cutaneous health. Common cutaneous diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis and dermatophytes are linked to fungal species. Most studies related to skin microbial community dynamics have focused on Western subjects, while non-Western individuals are understudied. In this study, we explore the seasonal changes of the skin mycobiome in a healthy Chinese cohort and identify ecological processes that could possibly give rise to such variations. Our work reveals the dynamic nature of host skin fungal community, highlighting the dominant roles neutral forces play in the seasonal assembly of skin mycobiome. This study provides insight into the microbial ecology of the human skin microbiome and fills a knowledge gap in the literature regarding the dynamics of skin fungal community.
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Myles IA. Allergy as a Disease of Dysbiosis: Is It Time to Shift the Treatment Paradigm? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 30899699 PMCID: PMC6416200 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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30
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Valencia-Herrera A, Toledo-Bahena M, Ramírez-Cortés E, Duarte-Abdala M, Toussaint-Caire S, Mena-Cedillos C, Castellanos J, Bonifaz A. Association of Malassezia to Atopic Dermatitis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-018-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kabashima K, Biedermann T. A new era for translational atopic dermatitis research and management. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:313-317. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kabashima
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medicine; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
- Clinical Unit Allergology; Helmholtz Zentrum München; German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH); Germany
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Widmer G, Ferrer L, Favrot C, Paps J, Huynh K, Olivry T. Glucocorticosteroids and ciclosporin do not significantly impact canine cutaneous microbiota. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:51. [PMID: 29471815 PMCID: PMC5824610 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As prednisone and ciclosporin can have immunosuppressive effects and have been considered potential predisposing factors for skin infections, we investigated the impact of these drugs on the diversity of the cutaneous microbiota, the abundance of Malassezia and infection with Papillomaviruses. Results Six atopic, asymptomatic Maltese-beagle dogs were treated with ciclosporin for one month and then with prednisone for another month, with a one-month wash-out between treatments. The dogs were sampled on the abdomen and pinna before and after each treatment using a swab. Samples for Papillomavirus detection were obtained with cytobrush sticks. The bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S amplicon high-throughput sequencing. Malassezia populations were quantified with nested real-time PCR targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1. The diversity and composition of cutaneous microbiota was not impacted in a detectable manner by any of the treatments. As observed for the bacterial microbiota, Malassezia populations were not affected by treatment. Three dogs were positive for Papillomavirus at more than one timepoint, but an association with treatment was not apparent. Conclusions Ciclosporin and prednisone at doses used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis do not impact the canine cutaneous microbiota in a detectable manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1370-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Widmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Claude Favrot
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, -8057, Zürich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Judy Paps
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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