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Oliver ET, Saini SS. Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Etiology and Pathogenesis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:421-438. [PMID: 38937007 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common condition thought to affect up to 20% of individuals worldwide in their lifetime. This skin condition is characterized by the appearance of pruritic, erythematous papules or plaques with superficial swelling of the dermis. The major complaint is the symptom of pruritus. Angioedema, which involves a deeper swelling of dermal or mucosal tissues, may accompany urticaria. Urticaria can be classified by both time course of symptoms and the underlying etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Oliver
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle/ Room 3A. 18A, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sarbjit S Saini
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B. 71B, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Hu M, Scheffel J, Frischbutter S, Steinert C, Reidel U, Spindler M, Przybyłowicz K, Hawro M, Maurer M, Metz M, Hawro T. Characterization of cells and mediators associated with pruritus in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:171. [PMID: 39068637 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Patients with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) often experience severe and difficult-to-treat pruritus that negatively affects their quality of life (QoL). However, the mechanisms of pruritus in CTCL, including mycosis fungoides (MF), remain largely unknown, and detailed characteristics of CTCL-associated pruritus is not fully elucidated. To characterize pruritus in CTCL, cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), and large plaque parapsoriasis (LPP), and to identify potential itch mediators involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus in CTCL patients. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from 129 healthy subjects and 142 patients. Itch intensity, QoL impairment, psychological distress, and sleep quality were assessed using validated questionnaires and instruments. Blood levels of BDNF, CCL24, GRP, IL-31, IL-33, sST2, substance P, TSLP, tryptase and total IgE were measured using ELISA or ImmunoCAP. Pruritus was prevalent in CTCL, LPP and CBCL patients, with higher prevalence and severity observed in CTCL. In CTCL, pruritus correlated with significant impairment in QoL, sleep, psychological distress. Compared to healthy controls, elevated levels of IL-31, IL-33, substance P, total IgE, tryptase, and TSLP were found in MF patients. A comparison of MF patients with and without pruritus revealed higher levels of IL-31, substance P, GRP, and CCL24 in the former. Itch intensity positively correlated with IL-31, GRP, CCL24, and tryptase levels. Pruritus significantly burdens CTCL patients, necessitating appropriate therapeutic management. Our findings suggest that various non-histaminergic mediators such as tryptase and IL-31 could be explored as novel therapeutic targets for managing pruritus in MF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Steinert
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reidel
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Spindler
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Przybyłowicz
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlena Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Inflammation Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Metz
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tomasz Hawro
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Inflammation Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kumar M, Choi YG, Wong T, Li PH, Chow BKC. Beyond the classic players: Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member X2 role in pruritus and skin diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 39044547 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis and rosacea are highly prevalent inflammatory skin conditions which impose a significant burden on patients' quality of life. Their pathophysiology is likely multifactorial, involving genetic, immune and environmental factors. Recent advancements in the field have demonstrated the key role of mast cells (MC) in the pathophysiology of these conditions. The Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) has emerged as a promising non-IgE-mediated MC activation receptor. MRGPRX2 is predominately expressed on MC and activated by endogenous and exogenous ligands, leading to MC degranulation and release of various pro-inflammatory mediators. Mounting evidence on the presence of endogenous MRGPRX2 agonists (substance P, cortistatin-14, LL37, PAMP-12 and VIP) and its high expression among patients with CSU, AD, rosacea, psoriasis and chronic pruritus emphasizes the pathogenic role of MRGPRX2 in these conditions. Despite the currently available treatments, there remains a pressing need for novel drug targets and treatment options for these chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Here, we reviewed the pathogenic role of MRGPRX2 and its potential as a novel therapeutic target and provided an update on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ye Gi Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Trevor Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip H Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Wong TK, Choi YG, Li PH, Chow BKC, Kumar M. MRGPRX2 antagonist GE1111 attenuated DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice by reducing inflammatory cytokines and restoring skin integrity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406438. [PMID: 38817611 PMCID: PMC11137259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterised by itching, erythema, and epidermal barrier dysfunction. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and multifactorial; however,mast cell (MC) activation has been reported to be one of the crucial mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. The MC receptor Mas related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) has been identified as a prominent alternative receptor to the IgE receptor in causing MC activation and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a novel small molecule MRGPRX2 antagonist GE1111 in AD using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods We developed an in vitro cell culture disease model by using LAD-2 MC, HaCaT keratinocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. We challenged keratinocytes and macrophage cells with CST-14 treated MC supernatant in the presence and absence of GE1111 and measured the expression of tight junction protein claudin 1, inflammatory cytokines and macrophage phagocytosis activity through immunohistochemistry, western blotting, RT-qPCR and fluorescence imaging techniques. In addition to this, we developed a DFNB-induced AD model in mice and evaluated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of GE1111. Results and Discussion Our in vitro findings demonstrated a potential therapeutic effect of GE1111, which inhibits the expression of TSLP, IL-13, MCP-1, TNF-a, and IL-1ß in MC and keratinocytes. In addition to this, GE1111 was able to preserve the expression of claudin 1 in keratinocytes and the phagocytotic activity of macrophage cells. The in vivo results demonstrated that GE1111 treatment significantly reduced phenotypic changes associated with AD (skin thickening, scaling, erythema and epidermal thickness). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that GE1111 treatment preserved the expression of the tight junction protein Involucrin and reduced the expression of the inflammatory mediator periostin in the mouse model of AD. These findings were supported by gene and protein expression analysis, where GE1111 treatment reduced the expression of TSLP, IL-13, and IL-1ß, as well as downstream signalling pathways of MRGPRX2 in AD skin lesions. In conclusion, our findings provide compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the contribution of MRGPRX2-MC interaction with keratinocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K. Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamliton, ON, Canada
| | - Ye Gi Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip H. Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kim B, Rothenberg ME, Sun X, Bachert C, Artis D, Zaheer R, Deniz Y, Rowe P, Cyr S. Neuroimmune interplay during type 2 inflammation: Symptoms, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets in atopic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:879-893. [PMID: 37634890 PMCID: PMC11215634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation is characterized by overexpression and heightened activity of type 2 cytokines, mediators, and cells that drive neuroimmune activation and sensitization to previously subthreshold stimuli. The consequences of altered neuroimmune activity differ by tissue type and disease; they include skin inflammation, sensitization to pruritogens, and itch amplification in atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis; airway inflammation and/or hyperresponsiveness, loss of expiratory volume, airflow obstruction and increased mucus production in asthma; loss of sense of smell in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; and dysphagia in eosinophilic esophagitis. We describe the neuroimmune interactions that underlie the various sensory and autonomic pathologies in type 2 inflammatory diseases and present recent advances in targeted treatment approaches to reduce type 2 inflammation and its associated symptoms in these diseases. Further research is needed to better understand the neuroimmune mechanisms that underlie chronic, sustained inflammation and its related sensory pathologies in diseases associated with type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kim
- Kimberly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, Mark Lebwohl Center for Neuroinflammation and Sensation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Calif
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, International Airway Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | | | - Yamo Deniz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
| | | | - Sonya Cyr
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
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Kim JE, Budluang P, Park J, Lee KH, Pakdeepromma S, Kaewpiboon C, Kang HY, Hwang DY, Chung YH. N-benzyl-N-methyldecan-1-amine, derived from garlic, and its derivative alleviate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6776. [PMID: 38514712 PMCID: PMC10958003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the intricate etiology and pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), the complete cure of AD remains challenging. This study aimed to investigate if topically applying N-benzyl-N-methyldecan-1-amine (BMDA), derived from garlic, and its derivative [decyl-(4-methoxy-benzyl)-methyl-1-amine] (DMMA) could effectively alleviate AD-like skin lesions in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-treated mice. Administering these compounds to the irritated skin of DNCB-treated mice significantly reduced swelling, rash, and excoriation severity, alongside a corresponding decrease in inflamed epidermis and dermis. Moreover, they inhibited spleen and lymph node enlargement and showed fewer infiltrated mast cells in the epidermis and dermis through toluidine-blue staining. Additionally, they led to a lower IgE titer in mouse sera as determined by ELISA, compared to vehicle treatment. Analyzing skin tissue from the mice revealed decreased transcript levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), IL-4, iNOS, and COX-2, compared to control mice. Simultaneously, the compounds impeded the activation of inflammation-related signaling molecules such as JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB in the mouse skin. In summary, these findings suggest that BMDA and DMMA hold the potential to be developed as a novel treatment for healing inflammatory AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Phatcharaporn Budluang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Optomechatronics Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jumin Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon Ho Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sirichatnach Pakdeepromma
- Department of General Science and Liberal Arts, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Prince of Chumphon Campus, Pathio, Chumphon, 86160, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kaewpiboon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Digital Innovation, Thaksin University, Phatthalung Campus, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
| | - Ho Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Optomechatronics Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Wu J, Li L, Zhang T, Lu J, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Chen Z. The epidermal lipid-microbiome loop and immunity: Important players in atopic dermatitis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00088-2. [PMID: 38460775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promotion of epidermal barrier dysfunction is attributed to abnormalities in the lipid-microbiome positive feedback loop which significantly influences the imbalance of the epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis (AD). This imbalance encompasses impaired lamellar membrane integrity, heightened exposure to epidermal pathogens, and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The lipid-microbiome loop is substantially influenced by intense adaptive immunity which is triggered by abnormal loop activity and affects the loop's integrity through the induction of atypical lipid composition and responses to dysregulated epidermal microbes. Immune responses participate in lipid abnormalities within the EIME by downregulating barrier gene expression and are further cascade-amplified by microbial dysregulation which is instigated by barrier impairment. AIM OF REVIEW This review examines the relationship between abnormal lipid composition, microbiome disturbances, and immune responses in AD while progressively substantiating the crosstalk mechanism among these factors. Based on this analysis, the "lipid-microbiome" positive feedback loop, regulated by immune responses, is proposed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The review delves into the impact of adaptive immune responses that regulate the EIME, driving AD, and investigates potential mechanisms by which lipid supplementation and probiotics may alleviate AD through the up-regulation of the epidermal barrier and modulation of immune signaling. This exploration offers support for targeting the EIME to attenuate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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Huang JL, Xu YH, Yang XW, Wang J, Zhu Y, Wu XB. Jiawei guomin decoction regulates the degranulation of mast cells in atopic dermatitis mice via the HIS/PAR-2 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117485. [PMID: 38008276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Guomin decoction (GMD) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in clinical practice. It has traditionally been used to treat all allergic diseases. Currently, Jiawei Guomin Decoction (JWGMD) is used to treat sensitive skin after initial therapy. Although it has a significant clinical therapeutic effect, the exact role of mast cell degranulation in treating atopic dermatitis (AD) is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY GMD and JWGMD can both treat allergic diseases, while JWGMD focuses on skin allergies. This study aims to explore the potential effect of JWGMD on the degranulation of mast cells in an AD mouse model induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and investigate the effectiveness of JWGMD in alleviating disease progression to further provide specific therapeutic targets for treating AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The scratching times and skin lesions of model mice induced by DNFB were observed, and skin tissues were collected for subsequent measurement. Histopathological changes in the back skin of mice were observed by haematoxylin eosin (H&E) staining, Toluidine blue staining was used to detect the degranulation of mouse skin mast cells, and the relationship between the expression of histamine (HIS), mast cell tryptase (MCT) and mast cell degranulation was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), histamine 1 receptor (H1R), H2R, H4R and MCT proteins in AD mice was detected by Western blot (WB). Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) further confirmed the localization of PAR-2, H1R, H2R, H4R, and MCT proteins in the skin. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to determine PAR-2, H1R, H2R and H4R mRNA levels in skin lesions to further clarify the mechanism by which JWGMD amplifies mast cell degranulation in AD. In addition, a reliable ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) nontargeted metabolomics analysis was performed to analyse the differences in metabolite abundance between GMD and JWGMD, and these results were used to identify the active components in JWGMD that may have antipruritic and anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit mast cell degranulation. RESULTS After intermittent stimulation with DNFB, the skin lesions showed extensive desquamation, dryness, scabbing, skin thickening, and slight bleeding. Both treatments alleviated this phenomenon and reduced the number of scratches, with JWGMD being the most effective. JWGMD can significantly reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, oedema, and some capillary neogenesis in mice and reduce the degranulation of mast cells. The ELISA results showed that JWGMD can increase the levels of MCT and HIS proteins. The WB and IFA results demonstrated that JWGMD reduced the expression levels of PAR-2, H1R, H4R, and MCT proteins in skin lesions, with protein localization mainly in the epidermal layer, while H2R protein levels were increased and mainly localized in the dermis. In addition, JWGMD downregulates the mRNA expression of PAR-2, H1R, H2R, and H4R. Interestingly, through UPLC-QE-MS nontargeted metabolomic analysis, we detected the anti-inflammatory and antiallergy active substances in JWGMD, such as methyl eugenol, dictamnine and sinapine. CONCLUSIONS JWGMD may alleviate itching through methyl syringol, dictamnine, sinapine and other substances, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the HIS/PAR-2 pathway in AD model mice and further regulating the self-amplification of mast cell degranulation. JWGMD is a potential drug for treating AD. Therefore, it deserves continuous attention and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Li Huang
- Chengdu Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610095, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Xu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Xin-Wei Yang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, China.
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xian-Bo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Lerner L, Babina M, Zuberbier T, Stevanovic K. Beyond Allergies-Updates on The Role of Mas-Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptor X2 in Chronic Urticaria and Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2024; 13:220. [PMID: 38334612 PMCID: PMC10854933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are an important part of the immune system, responding both to pathogens and toxins, but they also play an important role in allergic diseases, where recent data show that non-IgE-mediated activation is also of relevance, especially in chronic urticaria (CU) and atopic dermatitis (AD). Skin MCs express Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), a key protein in non-IgE-dependent MC degranulation, and its overactivity is one of the triggering factors for the above-mentioned diseases, making MRGPRX2 a potential therapeutic target. Reviewing the latest literature revealed our need to focus on the discovery of MRGPRX2 activators as well as the ongoing vast research towards finding specific MRGPRX2 inhibitors for potential therapeutic approaches. Most of these studies are in their preliminary stages, with one drug currently being investigated in a clinical trial. Future studies and improved model systems are needed to verify whether any of these inhibitors may have the potential to be the next therapeutic treatment for CU, AD, and other pseudo-allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Lerner
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarina Stevanovic
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (L.L.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Bal G, Schneikert J, Li Z, Franke K, Tripathi SR, Zuberbier T, Babina M. CREB Is Indispensable to KIT Function in Human Skin Mast Cells-A Positive Feedback Loop between CREB and KIT Orchestrates Skin Mast Cell Fate. Cells 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 38201246 PMCID: PMC10778115 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin mast cells (MCs) are critical effector cells in acute allergic reactions, and they contribute to chronic dermatoses like urticaria and atopic and contact dermatitis. KIT represents the cells' crucial receptor tyrosine kinase, which orchestrates proliferation, survival, and functional programs throughout the lifespan. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), an evolutionarily well-conserved transcription factor (TF), regulates multiple cellular programs, but its function in MCs is poorly understood. We recently reported that CREB is an effector of the SCF (Stem Cell Factor)/KIT axis. Here, we ask whether CREB may also act upstream of KIT to orchestrate its functioning. Primary human MCs were isolated from skin and cultured in SCF+IL-4 (Interleukin-4). Pharmacological inhibition (666-15) and RNA interference served to manipulate CREB function. We studied KIT expression using flow cytometry and RT-qPCR, KIT-mediated signaling using immunoblotting, and cell survival using scatterplot and caspase-3 activity. The proliferation and cycle phases were quantified following BrdU incorporation. Transient CREB perturbation resulted in reduced KIT expression. Conversely, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) was unnecessary for KIT maintenance. KIT attenuation secondary to CREB was associated with heavily impaired KIT functional outputs, like anti-apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Likewise, KIT-elicited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2), AKT, and STAT5 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) was substantially diminished upon CREB inhibition. Surprisingly, the longer-term interference of CREB led to complete cell elimination, in a way surpassing KIT inhibition. Collectively, we reveal CREB as non-redundant in MCs, with its absence being incompatible with skin MCs' existence. Since SCF/KIT regulates CREB activity and, vice versa, CREB is required for KIT function, a positive feedforward loop between these elements dictates skin MCs' fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean Schneikert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shiva Raj Tripathi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (G.B.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (K.F.); (S.R.T.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Franke K, Li Z, Bal G, Zuberbier T, Babina M. Synergism between IL-33 and MRGPRX2/FcεRI Is Primarily Due to the Complementation of Signaling Modules, and Only Modestly Supplemented by Prolonged Activation of Selected Kinases. Cells 2023; 12:2700. [PMID: 38067128 PMCID: PMC10705352 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin mast cells (MCs) express high levels of MRGPRX2, FcεRI, and ST2, and vigorously respond to their ligands when triggered individually. IL-33/ST2 also potently synergizes with other receptors, but the molecular underpinnings are poorly understood. Human skin-derived MCs were stimulated via different receptors individually or jointly in the presence/absence of selective inhibitors. TNF was quantified by ELISA. Signaling cascades were studied by immunoblot. TNF was stimulated by FcεRI ≈ ST2 > MRGPRX2. Surprisingly, neither FcεRI nor MRGPRX2 stimulation elicited NF-κB activation (IκB degradation, p65 phosphorylation) in stark contrast to IL-33. Accordingly, TNF production did not depend on NF-κB in FcεRI- or MRGPRX2-stimulated MCs, but did well so downstream of ST2. Conversely, ERK1/2 and PI3K were the crucial modules upon FcεRI/MRGPRX2 stimulation, while p38 was key to the IL-33-elicited route. The different signaling prerequisites were mirrored by their activation patterns with potent pERK/pAKT after FcεRI/MRGPRX2, but preferential induction of pp38/NF-κB downstream of ST2. FcεRI/MRGPRX2 strongly synergized with IL-33, and some synergy was still observed upon inhibition of each module (ERK1/2, JNK, p38, PI3K, NF-κB). IL-33's contribution to synergism was owed to p38 > JNK > NF-κB, while the partner receptor contributed through ERK > PI3K ≈ JNK. Concurrent IL-33 led to slightly prolonged pERK (downstream of MRGPRX2) or pAKT (activated by FcεRI), while the IL-33-elicited modules (pp38/NF-κB) remained unaffected by co-stimulation of FcεRI/MRGPRX2. Collectively, the strong synergistic activity of IL-33 primarily results from the complementation of highly distinct modules following co-activation of the partner receptor rather than by altered signal strength of the same modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.); (Z.L.); (G.B.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.); (Z.L.); (G.B.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.); (Z.L.); (G.B.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.); (Z.L.); (G.B.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (K.F.); (Z.L.); (G.B.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D. Potential Role of Moesin in Regulating Mast Cell Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12081. [PMID: 37569454 PMCID: PMC10418457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have existed for millions of years in species that never suffer from allergic reactions. Hence, in addition to allergies, mast cells can play a critical role in homeostasis and inflammation via secretion of numerous vasoactive, pro-inflammatory and neuro-sensitizing mediators. Secretion may utilize different modes that involve the cytoskeleton, but our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating secretion is still not well understood. The Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family of proteins is involved in linking cell surface-initiated signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. However, how ERMs may regulate secretion from mast cells is still poorly understood. ERMs contain two functional domains connected through a long α-helix region, the N-terminal FERM (band 4.1 protein-ERM) domain and the C-terminal ERM association domain (C-ERMAD). The FERM domain and the C-ERMAD can bind to each other in a head-to-tail manner, leading to a closed/inactive conformation. Typically, phosphorylation on the C-terminus Thr has been associated with the activation of ERMs, including secretion from macrophages and platelets. It has previously been shown that the ability of the so-called mast cell "stabilizer" disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) to inhibit secretion from rat mast cells closely paralleled the phosphorylation of a 78 kDa protein, which was subsequently shown to be moesin, a member of ERMs. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of moesin during the inhibition of mast cell secretion was on the N-terminal Ser56/74 and Thr66 residues. This phosphorylation pattern could lock moesin in its inactive state and render it inaccessible to binding to the Soluble NSF attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and synaptosomal-associated proteins (SNAPs) critical for exocytosis. Using confocal microscopic imaging, we showed moesin was found to colocalize with actin and cluster around secretory granules during inhibition of secretion. In conclusion, the phosphorylation pattern and localization of moesin may be important in the regulation of mast cell secretion and could be targeted for the development of effective inhibitors of secretion of allergic and inflammatory mediators from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
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Franke K, Bal G, Li Z, Zuberbier T, Babina M. Clorfl86/RHEX Is a Negative Regulator of SCF/KIT Signaling in Human Skin Mast Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091306. [PMID: 37174705 PMCID: PMC10177086 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are key effector cells in allergic and inflammatory diseases, and the SCF/KIT axis regulates most aspects of the cells' biology. Using terminally differentiated skin MCs, we recently reported on proteome-wide phosphorylation changes initiated by KIT dimerization. C1orf186/RHEX was revealed as one of the proteins to become heavily phosphorylated. Its function in MCs is undefined and only some information is available for erythroblasts. Using public databases and our own data, we now report that RHEX exhibits highly restricted expression with a clear dominance in MCs. While expression is most pronounced in mature MCs, RHEX is also abundant in immature/transformed MC cell lines (HMC-1, LAD2), suggesting early expression with further increase during differentiation. Using RHEX-selective RNA interference, we reveal that RHEX unexpectedly acts as a negative regulator of SCF-supported skin MC survival. This finding is substantiated by RHEX's interference with KIT signal transduction, whereby ERK1/2 and p38 both were more strongly activated when RHEX was attenuated. Comparing RHEX and capicua (a recently identified repressor) revealed that each protein preferentially suppresses other signaling modules elicited by KIT. Induction of immediate-early genes strictly requires ERK1/2 in SCF-triggered MCs; we now demonstrate that RHEX diminution translates to this downstream event, and thereby enhances NR4A2, JUNB, and EGR1 induction. Collectively, our study reveals RHEX as a repressor of KIT signaling and function in MCs. As an abundant and selective lineage marker, RHEX may have various roles in the lineage, and the provided framework will enable future work on its involvement in other crucial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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CREB Is Activated by the SCF/KIT Axis in a Partially ERK-Dependent Manner and Orchestrates Survival and the Induction of Immediate Early Genes in Human Skin Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044135. [PMID: 36835547 PMCID: PMC9966046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) functions as a prototypical stimulus-inducible transcription factor (TF) that initiates multiple cellular changes in response to activation. Despite pronounced expression in mast cells (MCs), CREB function is surprisingly ill-defined in the lineage. Skin MCs (skMCs) are critical effector cells in acute allergic and pseudo-allergic settings, and they contribute to various chronic dermatoses such as urticaria, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, prurigo, rosacea and others. Using MCs of skin origin, we demonstrate herein that CREB is rapidly phosphorylated on serine-133 upon SCF-mediated KIT dimerization. Phosphorylation initiated by the SCF/KIT axis required intrinsic KIT kinase activity and partially depended on ERK1/2, but not on other kinases such as p38, JNK, PI3K or PKA. CREB was constitutively nuclear, where phosphorylation occurred. Interestingly, ERK did not translocate to the nucleus upon SCF activation of skMCs, but a fraction was present in the nucleus at baseline, and phosphorylation was prompted in the cytoplasm and nucleus in situ. CREB was required for SCF-facilitated survival, as demonstrated with the CREB-selective inhibitor 666-15. Knock-down of CREB by RNA interference duplicated CREB's anti-apoptotic function. On comparison with other modules (PI3K, p38 and MEK/ERK), CREB was equal or more potent at survival promotion. SCF efficiently induces immediate early genes (IEGs) in skMCs (FOS, JUNB and NR4A2). We now demonstrate that CREB is an essential partaker in this induction. Collectively, the ancient TF CREB is a crucial component of skMCs, where it operates as an effector of the SCF/KIT axis, orchestrating IEG induction and lifespan.
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Kunimura K, Akiyoshi S, Uruno T, Matsubara K, Sakata D, Morino K, Hirotani K, Fukui Y. DOCK2 regulates MRGPRX2/B2-mediated mast cell degranulation and drug-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023:S0091-6749(23)00209-9. [PMID: 36804596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced anaphylaxis is triggered by the direct stimulation of mast cells (MCs) via Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2; mouse ortholog MRGPRB2). However, the precise mechanism that links MRGPRX2/B2 to MC degranulation is poorly understood. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) is a Rac activator predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Although DOCK2 regulates migration and activation of leukocytes, its role in MCs remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate whether-and if so, how-DOCK2 is involved in MRGPRX2/B2-mediated MC degranulation and anaphylaxis. METHODS Induction of drug-induced systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis was compared between wild-type and DOCK2-deficient mice. In addition, genetic or pharmacologic inactivation of DOCK2 in human and murine MCs was used to reveal its role in MRGPRX2/B2-mediated signal transduction and degranulation. RESULTS Induction of MC degranulation and anaphylaxis by compound 48/80 and ciprofloxacin was severely attenuated in the absence of DOCK2. Although calcium influx and phosphorylation of several signaling molecules were unaffected, MRGPRB2-mediated Rac activation and phosphorylation of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) were impaired in DOCK2-deficient MCs. Similar results were obtained when mice or MCs were treated with small-molecule inhibitors that bind to the catalytic domain of DOCK2 and inhibit Rac activation. CONCLUSION DOCK2 regulates MRGPRX2/B2-mediated MC degranulation through Rac activation and PAK1 phosphorylation, thereby indicating that the DOCK2-Rac-PAK1 axis could be a target for preventing drug-induced anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Kunimura
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Akiyoshi
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehito Uruno
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsubara
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiji Sakata
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Morino
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hirotani
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Division of Immunogenetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Huang X, Li F, Wang F. Neural Regulation of Innate Immunity in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:246. [PMID: 37259392 PMCID: PMC9961653 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the largest barrier organ of the body, the skin is highly innervated by peripheral sensory neurons. The major function of these sensory neurons is to transmit sensations of temperature, pain, and itch to elicit protective responses. Inflammatory skin diseases are triggered by the aberrant activation of immune responses. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that the skin peripheral nervous system also acts as a regulator of immune responses, particularly innate immunity, in various skin inflammatory processes. Meanwhile, immune cells in the skin can express receptors that respond to neuropeptides/neurotransmitters, leading to crosstalk between the immune system and nervous system. Herein, we highlight recent advances of such bidirectional neuroimmune interactions in certain inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fengxian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation in Atopic Dermatitis by Celastrol through Suppressing MRGPRX2. DISEASE MARKERS 2023; 2023:9049256. [PMID: 36712922 PMCID: PMC9876689 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis is a common dermatological disease, and mast cell degranulation is believed to be related with the progression of atopic dermatitis. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2), and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1-2 (ORAI-1, ORAI-2) are involved in mast cell degranulation. Celastrol is an active monomer of Tripterygium wilfordii, and it presents an antiatopic role. Methods 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and compound 48/80 (C 48/80) were used to establish a slow and acute scratching animal model, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining was used to investigate tissue injury. Inflammatory factor concentration was measured with ELISA. The expression of MRGPRX2, ORAI-1, and ORAI-2 was detected with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Gene expression profiling and microRNA array were performed to investigate gene differential expression. Results Celastrol greatly inhibited atopic dermatitis-related tissues injury, mast cell production, histamine release, scratching level, inflammatory factor expression, and activation of MRGPRX2/ORAI axis in the DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis model. The influence of Celastrol on atopic dermatitis was remarkably reversed by overexpression of MRGPRX2. Conclusion We found that the improvements of atopic dermatitis caused by Celastrol were reversed by treatment with MRGPRX2OE, indicating that Celastrol might affect atopic dermatitis through MRGPRX2. This study might provide a novel thought for the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis by regulating MRGPRX2.
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Chen Y, Griffiths CEM, Bulfone-Paus S. Exploring Mast Cell-CD8 T Cell Interactions in Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1564. [PMID: 36675078 PMCID: PMC9861959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is exposed to environmental challenges and contains skin-resident immune cells, including mast cells (MCs) and CD8 T cells that act as sentinels for pathogens and environmental antigens. Human skin MCs and their mediators participate in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and regulate the recruitment and activity of immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. The cutaneous CD8 T cell compartment is comprised of long-persisting resident memory T cells (TRM) and migratory or recirculating cells; both populations provide durable site immune surveillance. Several lines of evidence indicate that MC-derived products, such as CCL5 and TNF-α, modulate the migration and function of CD8 T cells. Conversely, activated CD8 T cells induce the upregulation of MC costimulatory molecules. Moreover, the close apposition of MCs and CD8 T cells has been recently identified in the skin of several dermatoses, such as alopecia areata. This review outlines the current knowledge about bidirectional interactions between human MCs and CD8 T cells, analyses the alteration of their communication in the context of three common skin disorders in which these cells have been found altered in number or function-psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and vitiligo-and discusses the current unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Dermatology Research Centre, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Franke K, Kirchner M, Mertins P, Zuberbier T, Babina M. The SCF/KIT axis in human mast cells: Capicua acts as potent KIT repressor and ERK predominates PI3K. Allergy 2022; 77:3337-3349. [PMID: 35652819 DOI: 10.1111/all.15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SCF/KIT axis regulates nearly all aspects of mast cell (MC) biology. A comprehensive view of SCF-triggered phosphorylation dynamics is lacking. The relationship between signaling modules and SCF-supported functions likewise remains ill-defined. METHODS Mast cells were isolated from human skin; upon stimulation by SCF, global phosphoproteomic changes were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and selectively validated by immunoblotting. MC survival was inspected by YoPro; BrdU incorporation served to monitor proliferation. Gene expression was quantified by RT-qPCR and cytokines by ELISA. Pharmacological inhibitors were supplemented by ERK1 and/or ERK2 knockdown. CIC translocation and degradation were studied in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. CIC's impact on KIT signaling and function was assessed following RNA interference. RESULTS ≈5400 out of ≈10,500 phosphosites experienced regulation by SCF. The MEK/ERK cascade was strongly induced surpassing STAT5 > PI3K/Akt > p38 > JNK. Comparison between MEK/ERK's and PI3K's support of basic programs (apoptosis, proliferation) revealed equipotency between modules. In functional outputs (gene expression, cytokines), ERK was the most influential kinase. OSM and LIF production was identified in skin MCs. Strikingly, SCF triggered massive phosphorylation of a protein not associated with KIT previously: CIC. Phosphorylation was followed by CIC's cytoplasmic appearance and degradation, the latter sensitive to protease but not preoteasome inhibition. Both shuttling and degradation were ERK-dependent. Conversely, CIC-siRNA facilitated KIT signaling, functional outputs, and survival. CONCLUSION The SCF/KIT axis shows notable strength in MCs, and MEK/ERK as most prominent module. An inhibitory circuit exists between KIT and CIC. CIC stabilization in MCs may turn out as a therapeutic option to interfere with allergic and MC-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Franke
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieluise Kirchner
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Babina M, Franke K, Bal G. How "Neuronal" Are Human Skin Mast Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810871. [PMID: 36142795 PMCID: PMC9505265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are evolutionarily old cells and the principal effectors in allergic responses and inflammation. They are seeded from the yolk sac during embryogenesis or are derived from hematopoietic progenitors and are therefore related to other leukocyte subsets, even though they form a separate clade in the hematopoietic system. Herein, we systematically bundle information from several recent high-throughput endeavors, especially those comparing MCs with other cell types, and combine such information with knowledge on the genes’ functions to reveal groups of neuronal markers specifically expressed by MCs. We focus on recent advances made regarding human tissue MCs, but also refer to studies in mice. In broad terms, genes hyper-expressed in MCs, but largely inactive in other myelocytes, can be classified into subcategories such as traffic/lysosomes (MLPH and RAB27B), the dopamine system (MAOB, DRD2, SLC6A3, and SLC18A2), Ca2+-related entities (CALB2), adhesion molecules (L1CAM and NTM) and, as an overall principle, the transcription factors and modulators of transcriptional activity (LMO4, PBX1, MEIS2, and EHMT2). Their function in MCs is generally unknown but may tentatively be deduced by comparison with other systems. MCs share functions with the nervous system, as they express typical neurotransmitters (histamine and serotonin) and a degranulation machinery that shares features with the neuronal apparatus at the synapse. Therefore, selective overlaps are plausible, and they further highlight the uniqueness of MCs within the myeloid system, as well as when compared with basophils. Apart from investigating their functional implications in MCs, a key question is whether their expression in the lineage is due to the specific reactivation of genes normally silenced in leukocytes or whether the genes are not switched off during mastocytic development from early progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Wang Z, Li Z, Bal G, Franke K, Zuberbier T, Babina M. β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 Restrain MRGPRX2-Triggered Degranulation and ERK1/2 Activation in Human Skin Mast Cells. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:930233. [PMID: 35910860 PMCID: PMC9337275 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.930233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel receptor that efficiently elicits degranulation upon binding to one of its numerous ligands, MRGPRX2 has moved to the center of attention in mast cell (MC) research. Indeed, MRGPRX2 is believed to be a major component of pseudo-allergic reactions to drugs and of neuropeptide-elicited MC activation in skin diseases alike. MRGPRX2 signals via G proteins which organize downstream events ultimately leading to granule discharge. Skin MCs require both PI3K and ERK1/2 cascades for efficient exocytosis. β-arrestins act as opponents of G proteins and lead to signal termination with or without subsequent internalization. We recently demonstrated that ligand-induced internalization of MRGPRX2 requires the action of β-arrestin-1, but not of β-arrestin-2. Here, by using RNA interference, we find that both isoforms counter skin MC degranulation elicited by three MRGPRX2 agonists but not by FcεRI-aggregation. Analyzing whether this occurs through MRGPRX2 stabilization under β-arrestin attenuation, we find that reduction of β-arrestin-1 indeed leads to increased MRGPRX2 abundance, while this is not observed for β-arrestin-2. This led us speculate that β-arrestin-2 is involved in signal termination without cellular uptake of MRGPRX2. This was indeed found to be the case, whereby interference with β-arrestin-2 has an even stronger positive effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation compared to β-arrestin-1 perturbation. Neither β-arrestin-1 nor β-arrestin-2 had an impact on AKT phosphorylation nor affected signaling via the canonical FcεRI-dependent route. We conclude that in skin MCs, β-arrestin-2 is chiefly involved in signal termination, whereas β-arrestin-1 exerts its effects by controlling MRGPRX2 abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Snow AL, Margolis DJ, Latrous M, Milner JD, Turvey SE, Biggs CM. Atopy as Immune Dysregulation: Offender Genes and Targets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1737-1756. [PMID: 35680527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from exaggerated type 2 inflammation. Although typically viewed as polygenic multifactorial disorders caused by the interaction of several genes with the environment, we have come to appreciate that allergic diseases can also be caused by monogenic variants affecting the immune system and the skin epithelial barrier. Through a myriad of genetic association studies and high-throughput sequencing tools, many monogenic and polygenic culprits of allergic diseases have been described. Identifying the genetic causes of atopy has shaped our understanding of how these conditions occur and how they may be treated and even prevented. Precision diagnostic tools and therapies that address the specific molecular pathways implicated in allergic inflammation provide exciting opportunities to improve our care for patients across the field of allergy and immunology. Here, we highlight offender genes implicated in polygenic and monogenic allergic diseases and list targeted therapeutic approaches that address these disrupted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Meriem Latrous
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine M Biggs
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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23
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Bieber T, Paller AS, Kabashima K, Feely M, Rueda MJ, Ross Terres JA, Wollenberg A. Atopic dermatitis: pathomechanisms and lessons learned from novel systemic therapeutic options. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1432-1449. [PMID: 35575442 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, heterogenous, inflammatory skin disorder associated with a high skin-related health burden, typically starting in childhood and often persisting into adulthood. AD is characterized by a wide range of clinical phenotypes, reflecting multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and interactions between genetics, immune system dysregulation, and environmental factors. In this review, we describe the diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in AD, including the critical role of T cell-driven inflammation, primarily via T helper (Th) 2- and Th17-derived cytokines, many of which are mediated by the Janus kinase (JAK) signaling pathway. These local inflammatory processes interact with sensory neuronal pathways, contributing to the clinical manifestations of AD, including itch, pain, and sleep disturbance. The recent elucidation of the molecular pathways involved in AD has allowed treatment strategies to evolve from broad-acting systemic immunosuppressive therapies to more targeted agents, including JAK inhibitors and cytokine-specific biologic agents. Evidence from the clinical development of these targeted therapies has reinforced and expanded our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD and holds promise for individualized treatment strategies tailored to specific AD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - A S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Kabashima
- Department Dermatology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Feely
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - M J Rueda
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - A Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Dermatology, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Wang Z, Franke K, Bal G, Li Z, Zuberbier T, Babina M. MRGPRX2-Mediated Degranulation of Human Skin Mast Cells Requires the Operation of Gαi, Gαq, Ca++ Channels, ERK1/2 and PI3K—Interconnection between Early and Late Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060953. [PMID: 35326404 PMCID: PMC8946553 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of MRGPRX2 explains mast cell (MC)-dependent symptoms independently of FcεRI-activation. Because of its novelty, signaling cascades triggered by MRGPRX2 are rudimentarily understood, especially in cutaneous MCs, by which MRGPRX2 is chiefly expressed. Here, MCs purified from human skin were used following preculture or ex vivo and stimulated by FcεRI-aggregation or MRGPRX2 agonists (compound 48/80, Substance P) in the presence/absence of inhibitors. Degranulation was assessed by β-hexosaminidase or histamine release. Phosphorylation events were studied by immunoblotting. As a G protein-coupled receptor, MRGPRX2 signals by activating G proteins; however, their nature has remained controversial. In skin MCs, Gαi and Gαq were required for degranulation, but Gαi was clearly more relevant. Ca++ channels were likewise crucial. Downstream, PI3K was essential for granule discharge initiated by MRGPRX2 or FcεRI. ERK1/2 and JNK were additional participants, especially in the allergic route. Addressing possible points of intersection between early and later events, pERK1/2 and pAKT were found to depend on Gαi, further highlighting its significance. Gαq and Ca++ channels made some contributions to the phosphorylation of ERK. Ca++ differentially affected PI3K activation in FcεRI- vis-à-vis MRGPRX2-signaling, as channel inhibition increased pAKT only when triggered via FcεRI. Collectively, our study significantly extends our understanding of the molecular framework behind granule secretion from skin MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Northwest Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Kristin Franke
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Institute for Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (Z.W.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (Z.L.); (T.Z.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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25
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Redhu D, Franke K, Aparicio-Soto M, Kumari V, Pazur K, Illerhaus A, Hartmann K, Worm M, Babina M. Mast cells instruct keratinocytes to produce TSLP - relevance of the tryptase/PAR-2 axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:2053-2061.e6. [PMID: 35240143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) promotes Th2 inflammation and is deeply intertwined with inflammatory dermatoses like atopic dermatitis. The mechanisms regulating TSLP are poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and by what mechanisms mast cells (MCs) foster TSLP responses in the cutaneous environment. METHODS Ex vivo and in vivo skin MC degranulation was induced by compound 48/80 in wildtype, PAR-2- and MC-deficient mice in the presence/absence of neutralizing antibodies, antagonists or exogenous mMCP6. Primary human keratinocytes (hKCs) and murine skin explants (mSEs) were stimulated with lysates/supernatants of human skin MCs, purified tryptase or MC-lysate diminished of tryptase. Chymase and histamine were also used. TSLP was quantified by ELISA, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Mrgprb2-activation elicited TSLP in intact skin, mainly in the epidermis. Responses were strictly MC-dependent and relied on PAR-2. Complementarily, TSLP was elicited by tryptase in mSEs. Exogenous mMCP6 could fully restore responsiveness in MC-deficient mSEs. Conversely, PAR-2-knockout mice were unresponsive to mMCP6, while displaying increased responsiveness to other inflammatory pathways, e.g. IL-1α. Indeed, IL-1α acted in concert with tryptase. In hKCs, MC-elicited TSLP generation was likewise abolished by tryptase inhibition or elimination. Chymase and histamine did not impact TSLP production, but histamine triggered IL-6, IL-8, and SCF. CONCLUSION MCs communicate with KCs more broadly than hitherto suspected. The tryptase-PAR-2 axis is a crucial component of this crosstalk, underlying MC-dependent stimulation of TSLP in neighboring KCs. Interference specifically with MC tryptase may offer a treatment option for disorders initiated or perpetuated by aberrant TSLP, such as atopic dermatitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Awareness of the crosstalk between MCs and KCs may permit improved management of skin disorders, e.g. by selective targeting of tryptase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davender Redhu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristijan Pazur
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Illerhaus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Allergy, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Ogasawara H, Noguchi M. Therapeutic Potential of MRGPRX2 Inhibitors on Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112906. [PMID: 34831128 PMCID: PMC8616451 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) act as primary effectors in inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing intracellularly-stored inflammatory mediators in diseases. The two major pathways for MC activation are known to be immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and -independent. Although IgE-dependent signaling is the main pathway to MC activation, IgE-independent pathways have also been found to serve pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have shown that human and mouse MCs express several regulatory receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD48, C300a, and GPCRs, including mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2). MRGPRX2 has been reported as a novel GPCR that is expressed in MCs activated by basic secretagogues, neurokinin peptides, host defense antimicrobial peptides, and small molecule compounds (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and leads to MC degranulation and eicosanoids release under in vitro experimental condition. Functional analyses of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2 (mouse ortholog) indicate that MRGPRX2 is involved in MC hypersensitivity reactions causing neuroinflammation such as postoperative pain, type 2 inflammation, non-histaminergic itch, and drug-induced anaphylactic-like reactions. In this review, we discuss the roles in innate immunity through functional studies on MRGPRX2-mediated IgE-independent MC activation and also the therapeutic potential of MRGPRX2 inhibitors on allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-786-7690
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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27
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Roy S, Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Thapaliya M, Deepak V, Ali H. Multifaceted MRGPRX2: New insight into the role of mast cells in health and disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:293-308. [PMID: 33957166 PMCID: PMC8355064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cells (MCs) express Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2; mouse ortholog MrgprB2), which is activated by an ever-increasing number of cationic ligands. Antimicrobial host defense peptides (HDPs) generated by keratinocytes contribute to host defense likely by 2 mechanisms, one involving direct killing of microbes and the other via MC activation through MRGPRX2. However, its inappropriate activation may cause pseudoallergy and likely contribute to the pathogenesis of rosacea, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria, and mastocytosis. Gain- and loss-of-function missense single nucleotide polymorphisms in MRGPRX2 have been identified. The ability of certain ligands to serve as balanced or G protein-biased agonists has been defined. Small-molecule HDP mimetics that display both direct antimicrobial activity and activate MCs via MRGPRX2 have been developed. In addition, antibodies and reagents that modulate MRGPRX2 expression and signaling have been generated. In this article, we provide a comprehensive update on MrgprB2 and MRGPRX2 biology. We propose that harnessing MRGPRX2's host defense function by small-molecule HDP mimetics may provide a novel approach for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant cutaneous infections. In contrast, MRGPRX2-specific antibodies and inhibitors could be used for the modulation of allergic and inflammatory diseases that are mediated via this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Chalatip Chompunud Na Ayudhya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Monica Thapaliya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Vishwa Deepak
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Wang Z, Franke K, Zuberbier T, Babina M. Cytokine Stimulation via MRGPRX2 Occurs with Lower Potency than by FcεRI-aggregation but with Similar Dependence on the ERK1/2 Module in Human Skin Mast Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:414-424.e8. [PMID: 34329659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin mast cells (MCs) contribute to chronic dermatoses that partially rely on MC-derived cytokines. The discovery of MRGPRX2 explains MC-dependent symptoms independently of FcεRI-activation. Here, we investigated whether MRGPRX2 can elicit cytokines, determined its relative potency versus FcεRI and addressed the underlying mechanisms. MRGPRX2-activation by compound 48/80 or Substance P on skin MCs induced TNF-α, IL-8, IL-13, CCL1, CCL2 mRNA and protein, yet induction was typically reduced compared with FcεRI-crosslinking. Generally, cytokine secretion required de-novo-synthesis with maximum accumulation at ≈8 h. Addressing key kinases revealed robust, rapid (1 min), and lasting (30 min) phosphorylation of ERK1/2 following MRGPRX2-ligation, while pp38, and pAKT signals were weaker, and pJNK hardly detectable. The kinase spectrum following FcεRI-aggregation was comparable, but responses considerably delayed. The MEK/ERK pathway was essential for all cytokines examined and four inhibitors of this module gave complete suppression. Variable and weaker contribution was found for PI3K>JNK>p38. Strikingly, cytokine profiles and signaling prerequisites were similar for MRGPRX2 and FcεRI and likely mainly dictated by the MC subset. Collectively, in skin MCs, the physiological producers of MRGPRX2, agonist binding elicits cytokines, yet less efficiently than FcεRI-aggregation. MRGPRX2-associated inflammation may thus be less tissue-destructive than responses to allergic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Northwest Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Böhm M. In search of the needle in a haystack: Finding a suitable serum biomarker for monitoring disease activity of systemic sclerosis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:880-886. [PMID: 34121239 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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30
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Zhang LJ. Recent progress at the psoriasis and atopic dermatitis research front: An experimental dermatology perspective. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:756-764. [PMID: 34057758 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Kim HS, Hashimoto T, Fischer K, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, Yosipovitch G. Scabies itch: an update on neuroimmune interactions and novel targets. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1765-1776. [PMID: 33960033 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently described as 'the worst itch' one can ever experience scabies itch is the hallmark of Sarcoptes scabiei mite infestation. Notably, the itchiness often persists for weeks despite scabicides therapy. The mechanism of scabies itch is not yet fully understood, and effective treatment modalities are still missing which can severely affect the quality of life. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scope of itch in scabies and highlight candidate mechanisms underlying this itch. We herein discuss scabies itch, with a focus on the nature, candidate underlying mechanisms and treatment options. We also synthesize this information with current understanding of the mechanisms contributing to non-histaminergic itch in other conditions. Itch is a major problem in scabies and can lead to grave consequences. We provide the latest insights on host-mite interaction, secondary microbial infection and neural sensitization with special emphasis on keratinocytes and mast cells to better understand the mechanism of itch in scabies. Also, the most relevant current modalities remaining under investigation that possess promising perspectives for scabies itch (i.e. protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) inhibitor, Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) antagonist) are discussed. Greater understanding of these diverse mechanisms may provide a rational basis for the development of improved and targeted approaches to control itch in individuals with scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kim
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - T Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - C Bernigaud
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - O Chosidow
- Faculté de Santé de Créteil et Service de Dermatologie, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.,Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - G Yosipovitch
- Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Infection-Associated Mechanisms of Neuro-Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115699. [PMID: 34071807 PMCID: PMC8197882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive airway diseases are characterized by airflow obstruction and airflow limitation as well as chronic airway inflammation. Especially bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, can be difficult to treat, and ultimately lack cures. While there are substantial knowledge gaps with respect to disease pathophysiology, our awareness of the role of neurological and neuro-immunological processes in the development of symptoms, the progression, and the outcome of these chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, is growing. Likewise, the role of pathogenic and colonizing microorganisms of the respiratory tract in the development and manifestation of asthma and COPD is increasingly appreciated. However, their role remains poorly understood with respect to the underlying mechanisms. Common bacteria and viruses causing respiratory infections and exacerbations of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases have also been implicated to affect the local neuro-immune crosstalk. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described neuro-immune interactions in asthma, COPD, and respiratory infections that support the hypothesis of a neuro-immunological component in the interplay between chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and respiratory microbial colonization.
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33
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Paramita DA, Nasution K, Lubis NZ. Relationship of Substance P with the Degree of Atopic Dermatitis Severity. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:551-555. [PMID: 34079320 PMCID: PMC8164664 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s306557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that starts during childhood with a varied course. Itching or incessant itching in severe cases, sleep disturbance, and infection-prone skin are the typical symptoms of this disease. Substance P is postulated to have an important role in AD. Increasing levels of substance P in AD induce the release of IFN-γ, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-10 from peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes, inducing an itching response. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study that aims to analyze the relationship between serum substance P levels and AD severity in children using Score of AD (SCORAD), and to determine the mean serum substance P levels and severity of AD in patients with AD. This study also aims to find out the correlation of substance P levels with the SCORAD values. Results Forty-six children (29 males; 17 females) with a mean age of 10.35 years (standard deviation (SD) = 4.01) were diagnosed with AD. The SCORAD index assessment was conducted to analyze AD (mean value, 23.15; SD = 9.42), and mild AD obtained the highest degree. The level of substance P was also examined (mean value, 300.88; SD = 127.55). Discussion This study did not find a significant relationship between substance P levels and AD severity (p-value = 0.880), and there was no significant correlation between substance P levels and SCORAD values (p-value = 0.233; r = −0.179). The limitations of this study include a small number of cases, no control group, and we only found two cases of severe AD. To generalize the results, further studies with wide range population and AD severity might be done in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deryne Anggia Paramita
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas of Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Utara, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Khairina Nasution
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas of Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Utara, 20155, Indonesia
| | - Nova Zairina Lubis
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas of Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Utara, 20155, Indonesia
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Voss M, Kotrba J, Gaffal E, Katsoulis-Dimitriou K, Dudeck A. Mast Cells in the Skin: Defenders of Integrity or Offenders in Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094589. [PMID: 33925601 PMCID: PMC8123885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are best-known as key effector cells of immediate-type allergic reactions that may even culminate in life-threatening anaphylactic shock syndromes. However, strategically positioned at the host–environment interfaces and equipped with a plethora of receptors, MCs also play an important role in the first-line defense against pathogens. Their main characteristic, the huge amount of preformed proinflammatory mediators embedded in secretory granules, allows for a rapid response and initiation of further immune effector cell recruitment. The same mechanism, however, may account for detrimental overshooting responses. MCs are not only detrimental in MC-driven diseases but also responsible for disease exacerbation in other inflammatory disorders. Focusing on the skin as the largest immune organ, we herein review both beneficial and detrimental functions of skin MCs, from skin barrier integrity via host defense mechanisms to MC-driven inflammatory skin disorders. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of IgE-independent pathways of MC activation and their role in sustained chronic skin inflammation and disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (J.K.); (K.K.-D.)
| | - Johanna Kotrba
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (J.K.); (K.K.-D.)
| | - Evelyn Gaffal
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Konstantinos Katsoulis-Dimitriou
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (J.K.); (K.K.-D.)
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.V.); (J.K.); (K.K.-D.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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35
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Quan PL, Sabaté-Brescó M, Guo Y, Martín M, Gastaminza G. The Multifaceted Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor Member X2 in Allergic Diseases and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094421. [PMID: 33922606 PMCID: PMC8122879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on mast cell biology has turned its focus on MRGPRX2, a new member of the Mas-related G protein-coupled subfamily of receptors (Mrgprs), originally described in nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. MRGPRX2, a member of this group, is present not only in neurons but also in mast cells (MCs), specifically, and potentially in other cells of the immune system, such as basophils and eosinophils. As emerging new functions for this receptor are studied, a variety of both natural and pharmacologic ligands are being uncovered, linked to the ability to induce receptor-mediated MC activation and degranulation. The diversity of these ligands, characterized in their human, mice, or rat homologues, seems to match that of the receptor's interactions. Natural ligands include host defense peptides, basic molecules, and key neuropeptides such as substance P and vasointestinal peptide (known for their role in the transmission of pain and itch) as well as eosinophil granule-derived proteins. Exogenous ligands include MC secretagogues such as compound 48/80 and mastoparan, a component of bee wasp venom, and several peptidergic drugs, among which are members of the quinolone family, neuromuscular blocking agents, morphine, and vancomycin. These discoveries shed light on its capacity as a multifaceted participant in naturally occurring responses within immunity and neural stimulus perception, as in responses at the center of immune pathology. In host defense, the mice Mrgprb2 has been proven to aid mast cells in the detection of peptidic molecules from bacteria and in the release of peptides with antimicrobial activities and other immune mediators. There are several potential actions described for it in tissue homeostasis and repair. In the realm of pathologic response, there is evidence to suggest that this receptor is also involved in chronic inflammation. Furthermore, MRGPRX2 has been linked to the pathophysiology of non-IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity drug reactions. Different studies have shown its possible role in other allergic diseases as well, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and chronic spontaneous urticaria. In this review, we sought to cover its function in physiologic processes and responses, as well as in allergic and nonallergic immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonor Quan
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.S.-B.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marina Sabaté-Brescó
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.S.-B.); (G.G.)
- Navarra Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra) (IdiSNA), 31008 Navarra, Spain
| | - Yanru Guo
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Martín
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gastaminza
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.S.-B.); (G.G.)
- Navarra Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra) (IdiSNA), 31008 Navarra, Spain
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Hermans MAW, van Stigt AC, van de Meerendonk S, Schrijver B, van Daele PLA, van Hagen PM, van Splunter M, Dik WA. Human Mast Cell Line HMC1 Expresses Functional Mas-Related G-Protein Coupled Receptor 2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625284. [PMID: 33790895 PMCID: PMC8006456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) is prominently expressed by mast cells and induces degranulation upon binding by different ligands. Its activation has been linked to various mast cell-related diseases, such as chronic spontaneous urticaria, atopic dermatitis and asthma. Therefore, inhibition of MRGPRX2 activity represents a therapeutic target for these conditions. However, the exact pathophysiology of this receptor is still unknown. In vitro research with mast cells is often hampered by the technical limitations of available cell lines. The human mast cell types LAD2 and HuMC (human mast cells cultured from CD34+ progenitor cells) most closely resemble mature human mast cells, yet have a very slow growth rate. A fast proliferating alternative is the human mast cell line HMC1, but they are considered unsuitable for degranulation assays due to their immature phenotype. Moreover, the expression and functionality of MRGPRX2 on HMC1 is controversial. Here, we describe the MRGPRX2 expression and functionality in HMC1 cells, and compare these with LAD2 and HuMC. We also propose a model to render HMC1 suitable for degranulation assays by pre-incubating them with latrunculin-B (Lat-B). Expression of MRGPRX2 by HMC1 was proven by RQ-PCR and flowcytometry, although at lower levels compared with LAD2 and HuMC. Pre-incubation of HMC1 cells with Lat-B significantly increased the overall degranulation capacity, without significantly changing their MRGPRX2 expression, phenotype or morphology. The MRGPRX2 specific compound 48/80 (C48/80) effectively induced degranulation of HMC1 as measured by CD63 membrane expression and β-hexosaminidase release, albeit in lower levels than for LAD2 or HuMC. HMC1, LAD2 and HuMC each had different degranulation kinetics upon stimulation with C48/80. Incubation with the MRGPRX2 specific inhibitor QWF inhibited C48/80-induced degranulation, confirming the functionality of MRGPRX2 on HMC1. In conclusion, HMC1 cells have lower levels of MRGPRX2 expression than LAD2 or HuMC, but are attractive for in vitro research because of their high growth rate and stable phenotype. HMC1 can be used to study MRGPRX2-mediated degranulation after pre-incubation with Lat-B, which provides the opportunity to explore MPRGRX2 biology in mast cells in a feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud A W Hermans
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid C van Stigt
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne van de Meerendonk
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Schrijver
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul L A van Daele
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petrus M van Hagen
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marloes van Splunter
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Section of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Gao J, Ding Y, Wang Y, Liang P, Zhang L, Liu R. Oroxylin A is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-spiked pseudotyped virus blocker obtained from Radix Scutellariae using angiotensin-converting enzyme II/cell membrane chromatography. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3194-3204. [PMID: 33587321 PMCID: PMC8013958 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been declared a public health emergency. The angiotensin‐converting enzyme II (ACE2) has been reported as the primary host‐cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative virus of COVID‐19. In this study, we screened ACE2 ligands from Radix Scutellariae and investigated its suppressive effect on SARS‐CoV‐2 spiked pseudotyped virus in vitro. HEK293T cells stably expressing ACE2 receptors (ACE2 cells) were used to provide the receptor for the ACE2/cell membrane chromatography (CMC) method used for analysis. The SARS‐CoV‐2‐spiked pseudotyped virus was used to examine the anti‐viropexis effect of the screened compounds in ACE2 cells. Molecular docking and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay were used to determine the binding properties. Oroxylin A exhibited an appreciable suppressive effect against the entrance of the SARS‐CoV‐2‐spiked pseudotyped virus into ACE2 cells, which showed good binding to ACE2 as determined using SPR and CMC. Oroxylin A was shown to be a potential candidate in the treatment for COVID‐19 by virtue of its blocking the entrance of SARS‐CoV‐2 into ACE2 cells by specifically binding to the ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peida Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Babina M, Wang Z, Franke K, Zuberbier T. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Promotes MRGPRX2-Triggered Degranulation of Skin Mast Cells in a STAT5-Dependent Manner with Further Support from JNK. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010102. [PMID: 33429916 PMCID: PMC7826995 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is released by epithelial cells following disturbed homeostasis to act as “alarmin” and driver of Th2-immunity. Aberrant TSLP expression is a hallmark of atopic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). Mast cells (MCs) are overabundant in AD lesions and show signs of degranulation, but it remains unknown whether TSLP contributes to granule discharge. Degranulation of skin MCs proceeds via two major routes, i.e., FcεRI-dependent (allergic) and MRGPRX2-mediated (pseudo-allergic/neurogenic). Evidence is accumulating that MRGPRX2 may be crucial in the context of skin diseases, including eczema. The current study reveals TSLP as a novel priming factor of human skin MCs. Interestingly, TSLP selectively cooperates with MRGPRX2 to support granule discharge, while it does not impact spontaneous or FcεRI-driven exocytosis. TSLP-assisted histamine liberation triggered by compound 48/80 or Substance P, two canonical MRGPRX2 agonists, was accompanied by an increase in CD107a+ cells (a MC activation marker). The latter process was less potent, however, and detectable only at the later of two time points, suggesting TSLP may prolong opening of the granules. Mechanistically, TSLP elicited phosphorylation of STAT5 and JNK in skin MCs and the reinforced degranulation critically depended on STAT5 activity, while JNK had a contributory role. Results from pharmacological inhibition were confirmed by RNA-interference, whereby silencing of STAT5 completely abolished the priming effect of TSLP on MRGPRX2-mediated degranulation. Collectively, TSLP is the first factor to favor MRGPRX2- over FcεRI-triggered MC activation. The relevance of TSLP, MCs and MRGPRX2 to pruritis and atopic skin pathology indicates broad repercussions of the identified connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-1751649539; Fax: +49-30-450518900
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