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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Doran SJ, Khan N, Henry RJ, Brunner K, Loane DJ, Faden AI, Szeto GL, Wu J. Bi-directional neuro-immune dysfunction after chronic experimental brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:83. [PMID: 38581043 PMCID: PMC10996305 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and chronic alterations in systemic immune function and that systemic immune changes contribute to posttraumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, how TBI affects bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells chronically and to what extent such changes may negatively impact innate immunity and neurological function has not been examined. METHODS To further understand the role of BM cell derivatives on TBI outcome, we generated BM chimeric mice by transplanting BM from chronically injured or sham (i.e., 90 days post-surgery) congenic donor mice into otherwise healthy, age-matched, irradiated CD45.2 C57BL/6 (WT) hosts. Immune changes were evaluated by flow cytometry, multiplex ELISA, and NanoString technology. Moderate-to-severe TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact injury and neurological function was measured using a battery of behavioral tests. RESULTS TBI induced chronic alterations in the transcriptome of BM lineage-c-Kit+Sca1+ (LSK+) cells in C57BL/6 mice, including modified epigenetic and senescence pathways. After 8 weeks of reconstitution, peripheral myeloid cells from TBI→WT mice showed significantly higher oxidative stress levels and reduced phagocytic activity. At eight months after reconstitution, TBI→WT chimeric mice were leukopenic, with continued alterations in phagocytosis and oxidative stress responses, as well as persistent neurological deficits. Gene expression analysis revealed BM-driven changes in neuroinflammation and neuropathology after 8 weeks and 8 months of reconstitution, respectively. Chimeric mice subjected to TBI at 8 weeks and 8 months post-reconstitution showed that longer reconstitution periods (i.e., time post-injury) were associated with increased microgliosis and leukocyte infiltration. Pre-treatment with a senolytic agent, ABT-263, significantly improved behavioral performance of aged C57BL/6 mice at baseline, although it did not attenuate neuroinflammation in the acutely injured brain. CONCLUSIONS TBI causes chronic activation and progressive dysfunction of the BM stem/progenitor cell pool, which drives long-term deficits in hematopoiesis, innate immunity, and neurological function, as well as altered sensitivity to subsequent brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kavitha Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gregory L Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Etami Y, Lildharrie C, Manza P, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Neuroimaging in Adolescents: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Risk for Substance Use Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2113. [PMID: 38136935 PMCID: PMC10743116 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma in childhood and adolescence has long-term negative consequences in brain development and behavior and increases the risk for psychiatric disorders. Among them, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during adolescence illustrates the connection between trauma and substance misuse, as adolescents may utilize substances to cope with PTSD. Drug misuse may in turn lead to neuroadaptations in learning processes that facilitate the consolidation of traumatic memories that perpetuate PTSD. This reflects, apart from common genetic and epigenetic modifications, overlapping neurocircuitry engagement triggered by stress and drug misuse that includes structural and functional changes in limbic brain regions and the salience, default-mode, and frontoparietal networks. Effective strategies to prevent PTSD are needed to limit the negative consequences associated with the later development of a substance use disorder (SUD). In this review, we will examine the link between PTSD and SUDs, along with the resulting effects on memory, focusing on the connection between the development of an SUD in individuals who struggled with PTSD in adolescence. Neuroimaging has emerged as a powerful tool to provide insight into the brain mechanisms underlying the connection of PTSD in adolescence and the development of SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.E.); (C.L.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
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Ritzel RM, Li Y, Jiao Y, Doran SJ, Khan N, Henry RJ, Brunner K, Loane DJ, Faden AI, Szeto GL, Wu J. The brain-bone marrow axis and its implications for chronic traumatic brain injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3356007. [PMID: 37790560 PMCID: PMC10543403 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3356007/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and chronic alterations in systemic immune function which contribute to posttraumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, how TBI affects bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells chronically and to what extent such changes may negatively impact innate immunity and neurological function has not been examined. To further understand the role of BM cell derivatives on TBI outcome, we generated BM chimeric mice by transplanting BM from chronically injured or sham congenic donor mice into otherwise healthy, age-matched, irradiated hosts. After 8 weeks of reconstitution, peripheral myeloid cells from TBI→WT mice showed significantly higher oxidative stress levels and reduced phagocytic activity. At eight months after reconstitution, TBI→WT chimeric mice were leukopenic, with continued alterations in phagocytosis and oxidative stress responses, as well as persistent neurological deficits. Gene expression analysis revealed BM-driven changes in neuroinflammation and neuropathology after 8 weeks and 8 months of reconstitution, respectively. Chimeric mice subjected to TBI showed that longer reconstitution periods were associated with increased microgliosis and leukocyte infiltration. Thus, TBI causes chronic activation and progressive dysfunction of the BM stem/progenitor cell pool, which drives long-term deficits in innate immunity and neurological function, as well as altered sensitivity to subsequent brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J. Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kavitha Brunner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wisłowska-Stanek A, Lehner M, Tomczuk F, Kołosowska K, Krząśnik P, Turzyńska D, Skórzewska A. The role of the dorsal hippocampus in resistance to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder-like behaviours. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114185. [PMID: 36334781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the activity of the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) in resistance to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behaviours. Rats were divided into resistant, PTSD(-), and susceptible, PTSD(+) groups based on the time spent in the central area in an open field test and freezing duration during exposure to an aversive context one week after stress experience (electric foot shock). The PTSD(-) rats, compared to the PTSD(+) group, had an increased concentration of corticosterone in plasma and changes in the activity of the dHIP, specifically, increased c-Fos expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) and increased Neuroligin-2 (marker of GABAergic neurotransmission) expression in the DG and CA3 area of the dHIP. Moreover, in the hippocampus, the PTSD(-) group showed decreased mRNA expression for corticotropin-releasing factor receptors type 1 and 2, increased mRNA expression for orexin receptor type 1, and decreased miR-9 and miR-34c levels compared with the PTSD(+) group. This study may suggest that the increase in GABA signalling in the hippocampus attenuates the activity of the CRF system and enhances the function of the orexin system. Moreover, decreased expression of miR-34c and miR-9 could facilitate fear extinction and diminishes the anxiety response. These effects may lead to an anxiolytic-like effect and improve resistance to developing PTSD-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Tomczuk
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Kołosowska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krząśnik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Turzyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skórzewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
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Chan RF, Copeland WE, Zhao M, Xie LY, Costello EJ, Aberg KA, van den Oord EJCG. A methylation study implicates the rewiring of brain neural circuits during puberty in the emergence of sex differences in depression symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:802-809. [PMID: 34541665 PMCID: PMC8933287 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are 1.5-3 times more likely to suffer from depression than men. This sex bias first emerges during puberty and then persists across the reproductive years. As the cause remains largely elusive, we performed a methylation-wide association study (MWAS) to generate novel hypotheses. METHODS We assayed nearly all 28 million possible methylation sites in blood in 595 blood samples from 487 participants aged 9-17. MWASs were performed to identify methylation sites associated with increasing sex differences in depression symptoms as a function of pubertal stage. Epigenetic deconvolution was applied to perform analyses on a cell-type specific level. RESULTS In monocytes, a substantial number of significant associations were detected after controlling the FDR at 0.05. These results could not be explained by plasma testosterone/estradiol or current/lifetime trauma. Our top results in monocytes were significantly enriched (ratio of 2.48) for genes in the top of a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of depression and neurodevelopment-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms that remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. Focusing on our most robust findings (70 genes overlapping with the GWAS meta-analysis and the significant GO terms), we find genes coding for members of each of the major classes of axon guidance molecules (netrins, slits, semaphorins, ephrins, and cell adhesion molecules). Many of these genes were previously implicated in rodent studies of brain development and depression-like phenotypes, as well as human methylation, gene expression and GWAS studies. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the emergence of sex differences in depression may be related to the differential rewiring of brain circuits between boys and girls during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Chan
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E. Copeland
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington
| | - Min Zhao
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lin Ying Xie
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Karolina A. Aberg
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edwin JCG van den Oord
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Gentsch A, Kuehn E. Clinical Manifestations of Body Memories: The Impact of Past Bodily Experiences on Mental Health. Brain Sci 2022; 12:594. [PMID: 35624981 PMCID: PMC9138975 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodily experiences such as the feeling of touch, pain or inner signals of the body are deeply emotional and activate brain networks that mediate their perception and higher-order processing. While the ad hoc perception of bodily signals and their influence on behavior is empirically well studied, there is a knowledge gap on how we store and retrieve bodily experiences that we perceived in the past, and how this influences our everyday life. Here, we explore the hypothesis that negative body memories, that is, negative bodily experiences of the past that are stored in memory and influence behavior, contribute to the development of somatic manifestations of mental health problems including somatic symptoms, traumatic re-experiences or dissociative symptoms. By combining knowledge from the areas of cognitive neuroscience and clinical neuroscience with insights from psychotherapy, we identify Clinical Body Memory (CBM) mechanisms that specify how mental health problems could be driven by corporeal experiences stored in memory. The major argument is that the investigation of the neuronal mechanisms that underlie the storage and retrieval of body memories provides us with empirical access to reduce the negative impact of body memories on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gentsch
- Department of Psychology, General and Experimental Psychology, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
- Institute for Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (IPB), 10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Kuehn
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Cordero MI, Stenz L, Moser DA, Rusconi Serpa S, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Schechter DS. The relationship of maternal and child methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 during early childhood and subsequent child psychopathology at school-age in the context of maternal interpersonal violence-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:919820. [PMID: 36061270 PMCID: PMC9437341 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.919820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interpersonal violent (IPV) experiences when they begin in childhood and continue in various forms during adulthood often lead to chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is associated in multiple studies with hypocortisolism and lower percentage of methylation of the promoter region of the gene coding for the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1). This prospective, longitudinal study examined the relationship of NR3C1 methylation among mothers with IPV-related PTSD and their toddlers and then looked at the relationship of maternal NR3C1 methylation and child psychopathology at school age. METHODS Forty-eight mothers were evaluated for life-events history and post-traumatic stress disorder via structured clinical interview when their children were ages 12-42 months (mean age 26.7 months, SD 8.8). Their children's psychopathology in terms of internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors was evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 5-9 years (mean age 7 years, SD 1.1). Percentage of methylation for the NR3C1 gene promoter region was assessed from DNA extracted from maternal and child saliva using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Data analysis involved parametric and non-parametric correlations and multiple linear and logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Logistic regression models using child NR3C1 methylation as the dependent variable and maternal NR3C1 methylation and PTSD group status as predictors, as well as the interaction indicated that all three of these significantly predicted child NR3C1 methylation. These findings remained significant when controlling for child age, sex and maternal child abuse history. Overall, maternal NR3C1 methylation when children were toddlers was negatively and significantly associated with child externalizing behavior severity at school age. DISCUSSION We found that correlations between mothers and their children of NR3C1 methylation levels overall and at all individual CpG sites of interest were significant only in the IPV-PTSD group. The latter findings support that NR3C1 methylation in mothers positively and statistically significantly correlates with NR3C1 methylation in their children only in presence of IPV-PTSD in the mothers. This maternal epigenetic signature with respect to this glucocorticoid receptor is significantly associated with child behavior that may well pose a risk for intergenerational transmission of violence and related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Cordero
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ludwig Stenz
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominik A Moser
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Rusconi Serpa
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Faculty of Psychology, Social Science and Education, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Paoloni-Giacobino
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Scott Schechter
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Lehner M, Skórzewska A, Wisłowska-Stanek A. Sex-Related Predisposition to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Development-The Role of Neuropeptides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:314. [PMID: 35010574 PMCID: PMC8750761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by re-experiencing a traumatic event, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, hyperarousal, and severe functional impairment. Women have a two times higher risk of developing PTSD than men. The neurobiological basis for the sex-specific predisposition to PTSD might be related to differences in the functions of stress-responsive systems due to the interaction between gonadal hormones and stress peptides such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), orexin, oxytocin, and neuropeptide Y. Additionally, in phases where estrogens levels are low, the risk of developing or exacerbating PTSD is higher. Most studies have revealed several essential sex differences in CRF function. They include genetic factors, e.g., the CRF promoter contains estrogen response elements. Importantly, sex-related differences are responsible for different predispositions to PTSD and diverse treatment responses. Fear extinction (the process responsible for the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for PTSD) in women during periods of high endogenous estradiol levels (the primary form of estrogens) is reportedly more effective than in periods of low endogenous estradiol. In this review, we present the roles of selected neuropeptides in the sex-related predisposition to PTSD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Skórzewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CEPT), Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a worldwide prevalence of 2%-3%. Characterized by the presence of either one or two core symptoms-obsessions and compulsions-it generally runs a chronic course and may cause serious functional impairment. Though previously thought to be of psychogenic origin, the pathophysiology of OCD is now understood to be more complex. A multitude of environmental factors have been shown to contribute to the development of OCD, including infection, neonatal complications, childhood trauma, occurrence of stressful events, and brain injury. It has also been proposed that genetic vulnerability may play a role in OCD pathology, although candidate genes have yet to be identified. Likewise, although it is widely accepted that stress plays a role in OCD pathophysiology, the mechanisms remain unclear. Observations from the clinics indicate that stress may serve as both a triggering and aggravating factor, meaning it can prompt symptoms to appear while also contributing to their exacerbation. Additionally, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and impaired stress response have been identified in OCD patients. In this review, we analyze the role of stress in the pathophysiology of OCD, complemented by relevant findings from recent animal studies.
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The Molecular Biology of Susceptibility to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Highlights of Epigenetics and Epigenomics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910743. [PMID: 34639084 PMCID: PMC8509551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to trauma is one of the most important and prevalent risk factors for mental and physical ill-health. Excessive or prolonged stress exposure increases the risk of a wide variety of mental and physical symptoms. However, people differ strikingly in their susceptibility to develop signs and symptoms of mental illness after traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder affecting approximately 8% of the world’s population during their lifetime, and typically develops after exposure to a traumatic event. Despite that exposure to potentially traumatizing events occurs in a large proportion of the general population, about 80–90% of trauma-exposed individuals do not develop PTSD, suggesting an inter-individual difference in vulnerability to PTSD. While the biological mechanisms underlying this differential susceptibility are unknown, epigenetic changes have been proposed to underlie the relationship between exposure to traumatic stress and the susceptibility to develop PTSD. Epigenetic mechanisms refer to environmentally sensitive modifications to DNA and RNA molecules that regulate gene transcription without altering the genetic sequence itself. In this review, we provide an overview of various molecular biological, biochemical and physiological alterations in PTSD, focusing on changes at the genomic and epigenomic level. Finally, we will discuss how current knowledge may aid us in early detection and improved management of PTSD patients.
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Hien DA, López-Castro T, Fitzpatrick S, Ruglass LM, Fertuck EA, Melara R. A unifying translational framework to advance treatment research for comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:779-794. [PMID: 34062208 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We provide a unifying translational framework that can be used to synthesize extant lines of human laboratory research in four neurofunctional domains that underlie the co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders (PTSD+SUD). We draw upon the Alcohol and Addiction Research Domain Criteria (AARDOC) to include executive functioning, negative emotionality, reward, and added social cognition from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria into our framework. We review research findings across each of the four domains, emphasizing human experimental studies in PTSD, SUD, and PTSD+SUD for each domain. We also discuss the implications of research findings for treatment development by considering new ways of conceptualizing risk factors and outcomes at the level of the individual patient, which will enhance treatment matching and advance innovations in intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Hien
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States.
| | - Teresa López-Castro
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Lesia M Ruglass
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States; Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric A Fertuck
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Melara
- Psychology Department, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Xu W, Zhao M, Lin Z, Liu H, Ma H, Hong Q, Gui D, Feng J, Liu Y, Zhou W, Liu H. Increased expression of plasma hsa-miR-181a in male patients with heroin addiction use disorder. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23486. [PMID: 32748469 PMCID: PMC7676194 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is an uncontrolled, chronic, and recurrent encephalopathy that presently lacks specific and characteristic biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. As regulators of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in various disease states. Previous studies indicated that miRNAs play important roles in the development and progression of drug addictions, including addiction to methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, and heroin. METHODS We identified significant miRNAs using the microarray method and then validated the hsa-miR-181a expression levels in 53 heroin addiction patients and 49 normal controls using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, the potential associations between transcriptional levels in heroin addiction patients and their clinicopathological features were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2006 miRNAs were differentially expressed between heroin addiction patients and normal controls. The top 10 up-regulated miRNAs in patients were hsa-miR-21a, hsa-miR-181a, hsa-miR-4459, hsa-miR-4430, hsa-miR-4306, hsa-miR-22-3P, hsa-miR-486-5P, hsa-miR-371b-5P, hsa-miR-92a-3P, and hsa-miR-5001-5P. The top 10 down-regulated miRNAs in patients were hsa-miR-3195, hsa-miR-4767, hsa-miR-3135b, hsa-miR-6087, hsa-miR-1181, hsa-miR-4785, hsa-miR-718, hsa-miR-3141, hsa-miR-652-5P, and hsa-miR-6126. The expression level of hsa-miR-181a in heroin addiction patients was significantly increased compared with that in normal controls (P < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of hsa-miR-181a was 0.783, the sensitivity was 0.867, and the specificity was 0.551. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of hsa-miR-181a in the plasma of heroin patients may be a consequence of the pathological process of heroin abuse. This study highlights the potential of hsa-miR-181a as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medical Services, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zi Lin
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haixiong Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingxiao Hong
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Donghui Gui
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiying Feng
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, Key Laboratory of Addiction Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Ningbo Institute of Microcirculation and Henbane, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Skórzewska A, Lehner M, Wisłowska-Stanek A, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Krząścik P, Szyndler J, Maciejak P, Chmielewska N, Kołosowska K, Płaźnik A. Individual susceptibility or resistance to posttraumatic stress disorder-like behaviours. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112591. [PMID: 32194190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the neurobiological background of individual susceptibility and resistance to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behaviours. Rats were divided into susceptible, PTSD(+), and resistant, PTSD(-), groups based on freezing duration during exposure to aversive context and the time spent in the central area in open field test one week after threefold stress experience (modified single prolonged stress). PTSD(-) rats showed increased concentrations of corticosterone in plasma and changes in GAD67 expression: decreased in the infralimbic cortex (IL) and increased in the lateral amygdala (LA), dentate gyrus (DG), and CA1 area of the hippocampus. Moreover, in this group, we found an increase in the number of CRF-positive nuclei in the parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (pPVN). The PTSD(+) group, compared to PTSD(-) rats, had decreased concentrations of corticosterone in plasma and reduced CRF expression in the pPVN, higher CRF expression in the CA1, increased expression of CRF-positive nuclei and GR receptors in the CA3 area of the hippocampus, and increased expression of GR receptors in the DG and the central amygdala (CeA). Biochemical analysis showed higher concentrations of noradrenaline, glutamic acid in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala and lower levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the amygdala of the PTSD(+) group than in the PTSD(-) group. The study revealed different behavioural and biochemical profiles of PTSD(+) and PTSD(-) rats and suggested that individual differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity may determine hippocampal- and amygdala-dependent memory and fear processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skórzewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Turzyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sobolewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Krząścik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, 1B Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Chmielewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Kołosowska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Płaźnik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Kapitány-Fövény M, Kiss A, Farkas J, Kuczora KE, Pataki P, Horváth J, Demetrovics Z. Childhood Trauma, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Motivation for Behavior Change Among Clients of Opioid Substitution Treatment With and Without Past Year Synthetic Cathinone Use During Therapy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32082111 PMCID: PMC7004963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With a decrease in heroin's purity and availability in the European drug market, Hungarian opioid dependent patients started to substitute heroin with novel psychoactive substances (NPS) and especially with synthetic cathinones. Goal This study aims to assess whether clients of opioid substitution treatment (OST) with and without a history of synthetic cathinone use during therapy differ in (1) the rate and type of experienced childhood trauma, (2) the way they cope with negative life events, (3) their motivation to change substance use behavior, (4) the rate of treatment retention. Methods A total of 198 clients of an outpatient centers (Nyírõ Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest) OST were asked to provide information about their general substance use experiences, including the consumption of NPS during treatment, their childhood traumatic experiences (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), their motivation to change substance use behavior (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale) and current psychiatric symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory). Baseline data was collected in the summer of 2015, while 4 years follow-up data on treatment retention was obtained in the summer of 2019. Results The majority of the clients were male (N = 141, 71.2%), receiving methadone as a substitute for opioids (N = 178, 89.9%), while mean age of the full sample was 39.7 (SD = 6.8). Based on a logistic regression model, the odds for past year synthetic cathinone use was higher among clients with more severe psychiatric symptoms (B = 0.8, OR = 2.2, p < 0.01) and among clients who were in treatment for a shorter period of time (B = 0.1, OR = 0.9, p < 0.05). Synthetic cathinone use during treatment was further associated with less adaptive strategies to cope with negative life events. Synthetic cathinone use was also a risk factor for reduced treatment retention (B = -0.8, OR = 0.4, p < 0.05) and was associated with lower odds of being member of a latent class with less severe psychopathological profile (B = -0.9, OR = 0.4, p < 0.05). Conclusion Synthetic cathinone use during treatment is associated with poorer treatment outcomes and might be characterized by more severe psychiatric symptoms and amotivation to change substance use among opioid dependent clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Kapitány-Fövény
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Nyírõ Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kiss
- Nyírõ Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Farkas
- Nyírõ Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Edit Kuczora
- Nyírõ Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Patrícia Pataki
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janka Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Carolina Maria Motta Stoffel B, Felix Henrique PK, Flavio P, Lisia VD, Maria Fátima Olivier S, Tatiana HL, Marcelo SC, Marcelo SC. Crack users and violence. What is the relationship between trauma, antisocial personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder? Addict Behav 2019; 98:106012. [PMID: 31233950 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
TITLE Crack users and violence. What is the relationship between trauma, antisocial personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder? BACKGROUND Crack use is frequently related to severe social and psychiatric conditions including Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Social vulnerabilities increase the frequency of traumatic exposure. The relationship of trauma and psychiatric disorders among crack users is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of crack users with ASPD and to verify of the association between ASPD and PTSD, ASPD and each type of traumatic event and the temporality of these events. METHODS Data from a multicenter cross-sectional sample of 733 crack users under treatment in six Brazilian capitals was obtained via interviews with Addiction Severity Index (ASI) 6 and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Demographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis and trauma history were examined. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were used to assess the relationship between the studied variables. RESULTS More than 80% of crack users with ASPD and >65% without this diagnosis report traumatic experiences. The prevalence of PTSD disorder among those with ASPD (47.3%) is lower than among those without (52.7%) this diagnosis. The traumatic experiences occur either before or after the first episode of drug use. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of ASPD and PTSD among crack users and their frequent exposure to severe traumatic events was verified as well as the fact that they are often victims and sometimes perpetrators of violence illustrating the complexity of the relationships between crack use, trauma and comorbidities.
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16
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Williams AR, Kim ES, Lattal KM. Behavioral and immunohistochemical characterization of rapid reconditioning following extinction of contextual fear. Learn Mem 2019; 26:1-16. [PMID: 31527183 PMCID: PMC6749931 DOI: 10.1101/lm.048439.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental property of extinction is that the behavior that is suppressed during extinction can be unmasked through a number of postextinction procedures. Of the commonly studied unmasking procedures (spontaneous recovery, reinstatement, contextual renewal, and rapid reacquisition), rapid reacquisition is the only approach that allows a direct comparison between the impact of a conditioning trial before or after extinction. Thus, it provides an opportunity to evaluate the ways in which extinction changes a subsequent learning experience. In five experiments, we investigate the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of postextinction reconditioning. We show that rapid reconditioning of unsignaled contextual fear after extinction in male Long-Evans rats is associative and not affected by the number or duration of extinction sessions that we examined. We then evaluate c-Fos expression and histone acetylation (H4K8) in the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. We find that in general, initial conditioning has a stronger impact on c-Fos expression and acetylation than does reconditioning after extinction. We discuss implications of these results for theories of extinction and the neurobiology of conditioning and extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Williams
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Earnest S Kim
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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17
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Rakesh G, Morey RA, Zannas AS, Malik Z, Clausen A, Marx CE, Kritzer MD, Szabo ST. Resilience as a translational endpoint in the treatment of PTSD. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1268-1283. [PMID: 30867558 PMCID: PMC6713904 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is a neurobiological entity that shapes an individual's response to trauma. Resilience has been implicated as the principal mediator in the development of mental illness following exposure to trauma. Although animal models have traditionally defined resilience as molecular and behavioral changes in stress responsive circuits following trauma, this concept needs to be further clarified for both research and clinical use. Here, we analyze the construct of resilience from a translational perspective and review optimal measurement methods and models. We also seek to distinguish between resilience, stress vulnerability, and posttraumatic growth. We propose that resilience can be quantified as a multifactorial determinant of physiological parameters, epigenetic modulators, and neurobiological candidate markers. This multifactorial definition can determine PTSD risk before and after trauma exposure. From this perspective, we propose the use of an 'R Factor' analogous to Spearman's g factor for intelligence to denote these multifactorial determinants. In addition, we also propose a novel concept called 'resilience reserve', analogous to Stern's cognitive reserve, to summarize the sum total of physiological processes that protect and compensate for the effect of trauma. We propose the development and application of challenge tasks to measure 'resilience reserve' and guide the assessment and monitoring of 'R Factor' as a biomarker for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkumar Rakesh
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center (BIAC), Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA. .,VISN 6 VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3022 Croasdaile Drive, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham NC, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,VISN 6 VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3022 Croasdaile Drive, Durham, NC 27705
| | | | - Zainab Malik
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ashley Clausen
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center (BIAC), Durham VA Health Care System, VISN 6 VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, 3022 Croasdaile Drive, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Christine E Marx
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA,Division of Translational Neurosciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Michael D Kritzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Steven T Szabo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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18
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Blacker CJ, Frye MA, Morava E, Kozicz T, Veldic M. A Review of Epigenetics of PTSD in Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020140. [PMID: 30781888 PMCID: PMC6410143 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an acquired psychiatric disorder with functionally impairing physiological and psychological symptoms following a traumatic exposure. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors act together to determine both an individual's susceptibility to PTSD and its clinical phenotype. In this literature review, we briefly review the candidate genes that have been implicated in the development and severity of the PTSD phenotype. We discuss the importance of the epigenetic regulation of these candidate genes. We review the general epigenetic mechanisms that are currently understood, with examples of each in the PTSD phenotype. Our focus then turns to studies that have examined PTSD in the context of comorbid psychiatric disorders or associated social and behavioral stressors. We examine the epigenetic variation in cases or models of PTSD with comorbid depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders. We reviewed the literature that has explored epigenetic regulation in PTSD in adverse childhood experiences and suicide phenotypes. Finally, we review some of the information available from studies of the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic variation in maternal cases of PTSD. We discuss areas pertinent for future study to further elucidate the complex interactions between epigenetic modifications and this complex psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren J Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eva Morava
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Sah A, Sotnikov S, Kharitonova M, Schmuckermair C, Diepold RP, Landgraf R, Whittle N, Singewald N. Epigenetic Mechanisms Within the Cingulate Cortex Regulate Innate Anxiety-Like Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:317-328. [PMID: 30668714 PMCID: PMC6441131 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological anxiety originates from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors, acting via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic processes that can counteract detrimental genetic risk towards innate high anxiety are not well characterized. METHODS We used female mouse lines of selectively bred high (HAB)- vs low (LAB)-innate anxiety-related behavior and performed select environmental and pharmacological manipulations to alter anxiety levels as well as brain-specific manipulations and immunohistochemistry to investigate neuronal mechanisms associated with alterations in anxiety-related behavior. RESULTS Inborn hyperanxiety of high anxiety-like phenotypes was effectively reduced by environmental enrichment exposure. c-Fos mapping revealed that hyperanxiety in high anxiety-like phenotypes was associated with blunted challenge-induced neuronal activation in the cingulate-cortex, which was normalized by environmental enrichment. Relating this finding with epigenetic modifications, we found that high anxiety-like phenotypes (compared with low-innate anxiety phenotypes) showed reduced acetylation in the hypoactivated cingulate-cortex neurons following a mild emotional challenge, which again was normalized by environmental enrichment. Paralleling the findings using environmental enrichment, systemic administration of histone-deacetylase-inhibitor MS-275 elicited an anxiolytic-like effect, which was correlated with increased acetylated-histone-3 levels within cingulate-cortex. Finally, as a proof-of-principle, local MS-275 injection into cingulate-cortex rescued enhanced innate anxiety and increased acetylated-histone-3 within the cingulate-cortex, suggesting this epigenetic mark as a biomarker for treatment success. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present findings provide the first causal evidence that the attenuation of high innate anxiety-like behavior via environmental/pharmacological manipulations is epigenetically mediated via acetylation changes within the cingulate-cortex. Finally, histone-3 specific histone-deacetylase-inhibitor could be of therapeutic importance in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maria Kharitonova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudia Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Nigel Whittle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Correspondence: Nicolas Singewald, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82/III, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ()
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Frías-Lasserre D, Villagra CA, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Stress in the Educational System as a Potential Source of Epigenetic Influences on Children's Development and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:143. [PMID: 30057532 PMCID: PMC6053942 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current advances on the relevance of environmental cues and epigenetic mechanisms in biological processes, including behavior, little attention has been paid to the potential link between epigenetic influences and educational sciences. For instance, could the learning environment and stress determine epigenetic marking, affecting students' behavior development? Could this have consequences on educational outcomes? So far, it has been shown that environmental stress influences neurological processes and behavior both in humans and rats. Through epigenetic mechanisms, offspring from stressed individuals develop altered behavior without any exposure to traumatizing experiences. Methylated DNA and noncoding RNAs regulate neurological processes such as synaptic plasticity and brain cortex development in children. The malfunctioning of these processes is associated with several neurological disorders, and these findings open up new avenues for the design of enriched environments for education and therapy. In this article, we discuss current cases of stress and behavioral disorders found in youngsters, and highlight the importance of considering epigenetic processes affecting the development of cognitive abilities and learning within the educational environment and for the development of teaching methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frías-Lasserre
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A. Villagra
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
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Règue-Guyon M, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R. Neuroepigenetics of Neurotrophin Signaling: Neurobiology of Anxiety and Affective Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 158:159-193. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Whole-genome DNA methylation status associated with clinical PTSD measures of OIF/OEF veterans. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1169. [PMID: 28696412 PMCID: PMC5538114 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging knowledge suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pathophysiology is linked to the patients' epigenetic changes, but comprehensive studies examining genome-wide methylation have not been performed. In this study, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation in peripheral whole blood in combat veterans with and without PTSD to ascertain differentially methylated probes. Discovery was initially made in a training sample comprising 48 male Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans with PTSD and 51 age/ethnicity/gender-matched combat-exposed PTSD-negative controls. Agilent whole-genome array detected ~5600 differentially methylated CpG islands (CpGI) annotated to ~2800 differently methylated genes (DMGs). The majority (84.5%) of these CpGIs were hypermethylated in the PTSD cases. Functional analysis was performed using the DMGs encoding the promoter-bound CpGIs to identify networks related to PTSD. The identified networks were further validated by an independent test set comprising 31 PTSD+/29 PTSD- veterans. Targeted bisulfite sequencing was also used to confirm the methylation status of 20 DMGs shown to be highly perturbed in the training set. To improve the statistical power and mitigate the assay bias and batch effects, a union set combining both training and test set was assayed using a different platform from Illumina. The pathways curated from this analysis confirmed 65% of the pool of pathways mined from training and test sets. The results highlight the importance of assay methodology and use of independent samples for discovery and validation of differentially methylated genes mined from whole blood. Nonetheless, the current study demonstrates that several important epigenetically altered networks may distinguish combat-exposed veterans with and without PTSD.
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Vujanovic AA, Wardle MC, Smith LJ, Berenz EC. Reward functioning in posttraumatic stress and substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 14:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hemstedt TJ, Lattal KM, Wood MA. Reconsolidation and extinction: Using epigenetic signatures to challenge conventional wisdom. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:55-65. [PMID: 28119018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms have the potential to give rise to lasting changes in cell function that ultimately can affect behavior persistently. This concept is especially interesting with respect to fear reconsolidation and fear memory extinction. These two behavioral approaches are used in the laboratory to investigate how fear memory can be attenuated, which becomes important when searching for therapeutic intervention to treat anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Here we review the role of several key epigenetic mechanisms in reconsolidation and extinction of learned fear and their potential to persistently alter behavioral responses to conditioned cues. We also briefly discuss how epigenetic mechanisms may establish persistent behaviors that challenge our definitions of extinction and reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla J Hemstedt
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Alaghband Y, Bredy TW, Wood MA. The role of active DNA demethylation and Tet enzyme function in memory formation and cocaine action. Neurosci Lett 2016; 625:40-6. [PMID: 26806038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Active DNA modification is a major epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression in an experience-dependent manner, which is thought to establish stable changes in neuronal function and behavior. Recent discoveries regarding the Ten eleven translocation (Tet1-3) family of DNA hydroxylases have provided a new avenue for the study of active DNA demethylation, and may thus help to advance our understanding of how dynamic DNA modifications lead to long-lasting changes in brain regions underlying learning and memory, as well as drug-seeking and propensity for relapse following abstinence. Drug addiction is a complex, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking behavior can persist despite aversive consequences. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the onset and persistence of drug addiction, as well as the pronounced propensity for relapse observed in addicts, is necessary for the development of selective treatments and therapies. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the involvement of active DNA demethylation with an emphasis on the Tet family of enzymes and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in learning and memory, as well as in drug-seeking behavior. Memory and addiction share overlapping molecular, cellular, and circuit functions allowing research in one area to inform the other. Current discrepancies and directions for future studies focusing on the dynamic interplay between DNA methylation and demethylation, and how they orchestrate gene expression required for neuronal plasticity underlying memory formation, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Irvine, USA; UC Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, UC Irvine, USA
| | - Timothy W Bredy
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Irvine, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, UC Irvine, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, UC Irvine, USA; UC Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, UC Irvine, USA.
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Maren S, Holmes A. Stress and Fear Extinction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:58-79. [PMID: 26105142 PMCID: PMC4677122 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders, and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the efficacy of behavioral therapies aimed at limiting pathological fear, such as exposure therapy. Here we examine emerging evidence that stress impairs recovery from trauma by impairing fear extinction, a form of learning thought to underlie the suppression of trauma-related fear memories. We describe the major structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions that are particularly vulnerable to stress, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, which may underlie stress-induced impairments in extinction. We also discuss some of the stress-induced neurochemical and molecular alterations in these brain regions that are associated with extinction deficits, and the potential for targeting these changes to prevent or reverse impaired extinction. A better understanding of the neurobiological basis of stress effects on extinction promises to yield novel approaches to improving therapeutic outcomes for PTSD and other anxiety and trauma-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Borghans B, Homberg JR. Animal models for posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview of what is used in research. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:387-396. [PMID: 26740930 PMCID: PMC4694552 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common anxiety disorder characterised by its persistence of symptoms after a traumatic experience. Although some patients can be cured, many do not benefit enough from the psychological therapies or medication strategies used. Many researchers use animal models to learn more about the disorder and several models are available. The most-used physical stressor models are single-prolonged stress, restraint stress, foot shock, stress-enhanced fear learning, and underwater trauma. Common social stressors are housing instability, social instability, early-life stress, and social defeat. Psychological models are not as diverse and rely on controlled exposure to the test animal’s natural predator. While validation of these models has been resolved with replicated symptoms using analogous stressors, translating new findings to human patients remains essential for their impact on the field. Choosing a model to experiment with can be challenging; this overview of what is possible with individual models may aid in making a decision.
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Blum K, Thanos PK, Badgaiyan RD, Febo M, Oscar-Berman M, Fratantonio J, Demotrovics Z, Gold MS. Neurogenetics and gene therapy for reward deficiency syndrome: are we going to the Promised Land? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:973-85. [PMID: 25974314 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1045871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Addiction is a substantial health issue with limited treatment options approved by the FDA and as such currently available. The advent of neuroimaging techniques that link neurochemical and neurogenetic mechanisms to the reward circuitry brain function provides a framework for potential genomic-based therapies. AREAS COVERED Through candidate and genome-wide association studies approaches, many gene polymorphisms and clusters have been implicated in drug, food and behavioral dependence linked by the common rubric reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The results of selective studies that include the role of epigenetics, noncoding micro RNAs in RDS behaviors especially drug abuse involving alcohol, opioids, cocaine, nicotine, pain and feeding are reviewed in this article. New targets for addiction treatment and relapse prevention, treatment alternatives such as gene therapy in animal models, and pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics methods to manipulate transcription and gene expression are explored. EXPERT OPINION The recognition of the clinical benefit of early genetic testing to determine addiction risk stratification and dopaminergic agonistic, rather than antagonistic therapies are potentially the genomic-based wave of the future. In addition, further development, especially in gene transfer work and viral vector identification, could make gene therapy for RDS a possibility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
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Holmes A. G2B Reviews: stress at the intersection of anxiety, addiction and eating disorders. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:1-3. [PMID: 25626482 PMCID: PMC4976599 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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