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Sui L, Zhu H, Wang D, Zhang Z, Bidochka MJ, Barelli L, Lu Y, Li Q. Tripartite interactions of an endophytic entomopathogenic fungus, Asian corn borer, and host maize under elevated carbon dioxide. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4575-4584. [PMID: 38738508 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological control of insect pests is encountering an unprecedented challenge in agricultural systems due to the ongoing rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) level. The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) in these systems is gaining increased attention, and EPF as crop endophytes hold the potential for combining insect pest control and yield enhancement of crops, but the effects of increased CO2 concentration on this interaction are poorly understood. Here, the introduction of endophytic EPF was explored as an alternative sustainable management strategy benefiting crops under elevated CO2, using maize (Zea mays), Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), and EPF (Beauveria bassiana) to test changes in damage to maize plants from O. furnacalis, and the nutritional status (content of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), biomass, and yield of maize. RESULTS The results showed that endophytic B. bassiana could alleviate the damage caused by O. furnacalis larvae for maize plants under ambient CO2 concentration, and this effect was enhanced under higher CO2 concentration. Inoculation with B. bassiana effectively counteracted the adverse impact of elevated CO2 on maize plants by preserving the nitrogen content at its baseline level (comparable with ambient CO2 conditions without B. bassiana). Both simultaneous effects could explain the improvement of biomass and yield of maize under B. bassiana inoculation and elevated CO2. CONCLUSION This finding provides key information about the multifaceted benefits of B. bassiana as a maize endophyte. Our results highlight the promising potential of incorporating EPF as endophytes into integrated pest management strategies, particularly under elevated CO2 concentrations. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin, China
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Deli Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengkun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin, China
| | - Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Larissa Barelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin, China
| | - Qiyun Li
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
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Song Y, Cui H, Guo W, Sindhu L, Lv S, Li L, Yu Y, Men X. Endophytic fungi improved wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi by decreasing its feeding efficiency and population fitness. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115865. [PMID: 38134640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of crop resistance to insect using endophytic fungi is an environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for agricultural pest control. Clarifying the efficacy and mechanism of endophytic fungi in improving crop resistance to pest offers the opportunity for biological control. In this study, changes in the transcriptome and defense compounds of wheat inoculated with endophytic fungal strains (i.e., YC and BB) were evaluated, and the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi was studied. The results showed that the numbers of upregulated differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in wheat plants inoculated with endophytic fungal strains YC and BB were higher than those of the downregulated DEGs, irrespective of R. padi infestation. Defense-related metabolic pathways, such as plant hormone signal transduction and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. Endophytic fungal strains YC and BB significantly increased jasmonic acid, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), total flavone, and tannin contents in wheat plants (P < 0.05) but decreased salicylic acid content. Variations in the contents of defense compounds were significantly correlated with decreased feeding, development, and reproduction of R. padi fed on wheat plants inoculated with strains YC and BB (|r| = 0.68-0.91, P < 0.05). The results suggested that endophytic fungi significantly decreased the feeding efficiency and population fitness [YC: (-11.13%) - (-22.07%); BB: (-10.98%) - (-22.20%)] of R. padi by altering the phytohormone pathway and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in wheat plants. This study helps in understanding of the efficacy of endophytic fungi in improving wheat resistance to insect and will be conducive to integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hongying Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiu Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lara Sindhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Suhong Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xingyuan Men
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Jing K, Li M, Zhao H, Guo J, Yang N, Yang M, Xian X, Liu W. Estimating the Global Geographical Distribution Patterns of the Invasive Crop Pest Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov under Current and Future Climatic Scenarios. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050425. [PMID: 37233053 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Invasive crop pests (ICPs) are a major cause of crop losses and adversely affect global food security. Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov is a significant ICP that feeds on the sap of crops, reducing crop yield and quality. Although estimating the geographical distribution patterns of D. noxia under climate change is critical for its management and global food security, such information remains unclear. Based on 533 global occurrence records and 9 bioclimatic variables, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential global geographical distribution of D. noxia. The results showed that Bio1, Bio2, Bio7, and Bio12 were significant bioclimatic variables that influenced the potential geographical distribution of D. noxia. Under current climatic conditions, D. noxia was mainly distributed in west-central Asia, most of Europe, central North America, southern South America, southern and northern Africa, and southern Oceania. Under the SSP 1-2.6, SSP 2-4.5, and SSP 5-8.5 scenarios for the 2030s and 2050s, the potential suitable areas increased, and the centroid migrated to higher latitudes. The early warning of D. noxia in northwestern Asia, western Europe, and North America should be attended to further. Our results provide a theoretical basis for early monitoring and warning of D. noxia worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiting Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nianwan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Tao T, Wang Z, Mao R, Hussain M, Arthurs SP, Ye F, An X, Gao J. Vermicompost Amendments Disrupt Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Boost Activities of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathway-Related Enzymes in Citrus. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050410. [PMID: 37233038 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants grown with vermicompost amendments are known to be harmful to sap-sucking insects, but the underlying mechanism remains to be determined. Here we investigated the feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama on Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F using the electrical penetration graph technique. Plants were grown in soil with different vermicompost rates (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% w/w). Additionally, plants were tested for the activity of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathway-related enzymes. When compared to the control, vermicompost treatments (40% and 60%) decreased duration of phloem sap feeding and increased duration of the pathway phase of D. citri, and the 60% vermicompost made it more difficult for D. citri to reach and gain access to phloem sap. Enzymatic assays indicated that the 40% amendment rate increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (involved in the SA pathway) and polyphenol oxidase (involved in the JA pathway), while the 60% amendment rate increased -1,3-glucanases (involved in the SA pathway) and lipoxygenase (involved in the JA pathway). The 20% amendment rate had no effect on feeding or enzyme activities. This study revealed that vermicompost amendments can reduce the efficiency of D. citri feeding, which may result from increased plant resistance via the SA and JA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglai Tao
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhaohong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | | | - Fengxian Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xincheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
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Li H, Li Z, Zhao Z. Egg-Associated Germs Induce Salicylate Defenses but Not Render Plant Against a Global Invasive Fruit Fly Effectively. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37021960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Germs associated with insect eggs can profoundly mediate interactions between host plants and herbivores, with the potential to coordinate plant physiological reactions with cascading effects on insect fitness. An experimental system was established including the oriental fruit fly (OFF, Bactrocera dorsalis) and tomato to examine the functions of egg-associated germs in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. OFF feeding resulted in significantly increased tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, and salicylic acid in the host tomato. These defensive responses of tomato were induced by the egg-associated germs, including Lactococcus sp., Brevundimonas sp., and Vagococcus sp. Tannins and flavonoids had no significant feedback effects on the pupal weight of OFF, while pupal biomass was significantly decreased by tannins and flavonoids in the germ-free treatment. Metabolome analysis showed that OFF mainly induced metabolic changes in carboxylic acid derivatives. Phenylalanine significantly induced downstream metabolic changes associated with phenylpropanoid accumulation. Finally, we conclude that the effects of egg-associated germs played an important role in facilitating OFF population adaptation and growth by mediating plant defenses, which provides a new paradigm for exploring the interaction of plant-pest and implementing effective pest biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
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6
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Li JY, Chen YT, Zheng LZ, Fu JW, Shi MZ. Effects of Elevated CO2 on the Fitness Parameters of Individually- and Group-Reared Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:119-126. [PMID: 36440699 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a natural enemy of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb (Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera), a worldwide invasive weed. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations may have significant impacts plants, herbivorous insects, and natural enemies. To assess the concurrent effect of elevated CO2 on the development time, fecundity, and population parameters of A. hygrophila, the age-stage, two-sex life table was used to understand the fitness and population parameters of individually-reared and group-reared A. hygrophila under elevated CO2 concentration. In individually-reared population, the development time of preadults, adult pre-oviposition period, and total pre-oviposition period of A. hygrophila in the elevated CO2 (eCO2, 750 ppm) treatment were shorter than those in the ambient CO2 (aCO2, 420 ppm) treatment. In group-reared population, the developmental time of preadults, female adult longevity, female proportion, adult pre-oviposition period, and total pre-oviposition period of A. hygrophila in eCO2 were longer than those in aCO2. Additionally, in both individually-reared and group-reared population, fecundity and oviposition days of A. hygrophila in eCO2 were higher than those in aCO2, and a higher intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and the net reproductive rate of A. hygrophila were observed at eCO2. Moreover, shorter preadult development time, adult pre-oviposition period, total pre-oviposition period, male adult longevity, and higher fecundity were found in group-reared cohort at both aCO2 and eCO2. The results indicates that elevated CO2 has effects on the growth and reproduction of A. hygrophila, and the population growth rate of group-reared was faster and produced more offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Li-Zhen Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Jian-Wei Fu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Fuzhou 350001, China
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7
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Peng P, Li R, Chen ZH, Wang Y. Stomata at the crossroad of molecular interaction between biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1031891. [PMID: 36311113 PMCID: PMC9614343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing global food production is threatened by harsh environmental conditions along with biotic stresses, requiring massive new research into integrated stress resistance in plants. Stomata play a pivotal role in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses, but their orchestrated interactions at the molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels were less investigated. Here, we reviewed the influence of drought, pathogen, and insect herbivory on stomata to provide a comprehensive overview in the context of stomatal regulation. We also summarized the molecular mechanisms of stomatal response triggered by these stresses. To further investigate the effect of stomata-herbivore interaction at a transcriptional level, integrated transcriptome studies from different plant species attacked by different pests revealed evidence of the crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress. Comprehensive understanding of the involvement of stomata in some plant-herbivore interactions may be an essential step towards herbivores' manipulation of plants, which provides insights for the development of integrated pest management strategies. Moreover, we proposed that stomata can function as important modulators of plant response to stress combination, representing an exciting frontier of plant science with a broad and precise view of plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshuai Peng
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Li C, Sun Q, Gou Y, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Zhou JJ, Liu C. Long-Term Effect of Elevated CO 2 on the Development and Nutrition Contents of the Pea Aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum). Front Physiol 2021; 12:688220. [PMID: 34149461 PMCID: PMC8213344 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.688220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is predicted that the current atmospheric CO2 level will be doubled by the end of this century. Here, we investigate the impacts of elevated CO2 (550 and 750 μL/L) on the development and nutrition status of the green pea aphid for six generations, which is longer than previous studies. All seven examined physiological parameters were not affected over six generations under the ambient CO2 level (380 μL/L). However, the elevated CO2 levels (550 and 750 μL/L) prolonged nymph duration, decreased adult longevity, female fecundity and protein content, and increased the contents of total lipid, soluble sugar and glycogen. There was a significant interaction between the effect of CO2 levels and the effect of generations on nymph duration, female fecundity and adult longevity. The elevated CO2 had immediate effects on the female fecundity and the contents of total protein, total lipid and soluble sugar, starting within F0 generation. The adult longevity decreased, and the glycogen content increased from the F1 generation. However, the significant effect on the nymph development was only observed after three generations. Our study indicates that the elevated CO2 levels first influence the reproduction, the nutrition and the energy supply, then initiate aphid emergency responses by shortening lifespan and increasing glucose metabolism, and finally result in the slow development under further persistent elevated CO2 conditions after three generations, possibly leading to population decline under elevated CO2 conditions. Our results will guide further field experiments under climate change conditions to evaluate the effects of elevated CO2 on the development of the pea aphids and other insects, and to predict the population dynamics of the green pea aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Gou
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiangyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Changzhong Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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9
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Johnson SN, Waterman JM, Hall CR. Increased insect herbivore performance under elevated CO 2 is associated with lower plant defence signalling and minimal declines in nutritional quality. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14553. [PMID: 32883958 PMCID: PMC7471906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in insect herbivore performance under elevated atmosphere carbon dioxide concentrations e[CO2] are often driven by changes in the nutritional and defensive chemistry of their host plants. Studies addressing how the prolific pest cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) responds to e[CO2] show that performance usually declines, often associated with lower nutritional (e.g. nitrogen (N) concentrations) quality of host plants under e[CO2]. We investigated the impacts of e[CO2] on nutritional quality and anti-herbivore (jasmonate) defensive signalling in lucerne (Medicago sativa) when challenged by H. armigera. While foliar N decreased under e[CO2], other aspects of nutritional quality (soluble protein, amino acids, foliar C:N) were largely unaffected, potentially due to increased root nodulation under e[CO2]. In contrast, e[CO2] greatly reduced jasmonate signalling in M. sativa following H. armigera attack; jasmonic acid concentrations were ca. 56% lower in attacked plants grown under e[CO2]. Concurrent with this, relative growth rates of H. armigera were ca. 66% higher when feeding on e[CO2]-grown plants. In contrast with previous reports, which we meta-analytically summarise, we provide the first evidence that H. armigera performance can increase under e[CO2]. This may occur in plants, such as M. sativa, where e[CO2] has limited impacts on nutritional quality yet reduces jasmonate defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Jamie M Waterman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Casey R Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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10
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Singer SD, Chatterton S, Soolanayakanahally RY, Subedi U, Chen G, Acharya SN. Potential effects of a high CO 2 future on leguminous species. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 1:67-94. [PMID: 37283729 PMCID: PMC10168062 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes provide an important source of food and feed due to their high protein levels and many health benefits, and also impart environmental and agronomic advantages as a consequence of their ability to fix nitrogen through their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. As a result of our growing population, the demand for products derived from legumes will likely expand considerably in coming years. Since there is little scope for increasing production area, improving the productivity of such crops in the face of climate change will be essential. While a growing number of studies have assessed the effects of climate change on legume yield, there is a paucity of information regarding the direct impact of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) itself, which is a main driver of climate change and has a substantial physiological effect on plants. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the influence of e[CO2] on the photosynthetic process, as well as biomass production, seed yield, quality, and stress tolerance in legumes, and examine how these responses differ from those observed in non-nodulating plants. Although these relationships are proving to be extremely complex, mounting evidence suggests that under limiting conditions, overall declines in many of these parameters could ensue. While further research will be required to unravel precise mechanisms underlying e[CO2] responses of legumes, it is clear that integrating such knowledge into legume breeding programs will be indispensable for achieving yield gains by harnessing the potential positive effects, and minimizing the detrimental impacts, of CO2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
| | - Syama Chatterton
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
| | | | - Udaya Subedi
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Surya N. Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
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11
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Abstract
The application of RNAi promotes the development of novel approaches toward plant protection in a sustainable way. Genetically modified crops expressing dsRNA have been developed as commercial products with great potential in insect pest management. Alternatively, some nontransformative approaches, including foliar spray, irrigation and trunk injection, are favorable in actual utilization. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and successful cases of RNAi-based pest management strategy, explore essential implications and possibilities to improve RNAi efficiency by delivery of dsRNA through transformative and nontransformative approaches, and highlight the remaining challenges and important issues related to the application of this technology.
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12
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van Munster M. Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids. Viruses 2020; 12:E216. [PMID: 32075208 PMCID: PMC7077179 DOI: 10.3390/v12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella van Munster
- INRA, UMR385, CIRAD TA-A54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 05, 34398 Montpellier, France
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13
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Yan HY, Guo HG, Sun YC, Ge F. Plant phenolics mediated bottom-up effects of elevated CO 2 on Acyrthosiphon pisum and its parasitoid Aphidius avenae. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:170-184. [PMID: 29938899 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 can alter plant secondary metabolites, which play important roles in the interactions among plants, herbivorous insects and natural enemies. However, few studies have examined the cascading effects of host plant secondary metabolites on tri-trophic interactions under elevated CO2 (eCO2 ). In this study, we determined the effects of eCO2 on the growth and foliar phenolics of Medicago truncatula and the cascading effects on two color genotypes of Acyrthosiphon pisum (pink vs. green) and their parasitoid Aphidius avenae in the field open-top chambers. Our results showed that eCO2 increased photosynthetic rate, nodule number, yield and the total phenolic content of M. truncatula. eCO2 had contrasting effects on two genotypes of A. pisum; the green genotype demonstrated increased population abundance, fecundity, growth and feeding efficiency, while the pink genotype showed decreased fitness and these were closely associated with the foliar genstein content. Furthermore, eCO2 decreased the parasitic rate of A. avenae independent of aphid genotypes. eCO2 prolonged the emergence time and reduced the emergence rate and percentage of females when associated with the green genotype, but little difference, except for increased percentage of females, was observed in A. avenae under eCO2 when associated with the pink genotype, indicating that parasitoids can perceive and discriminate the qualities of aphid hosts. We concluded that eCO2 altered plant phenolics and thus the performance of aphids and parasitoids. Our results indicate that plant phenolics vary by different abiotic and biotic stimuli and could potentially deliver the cascading effects of eCO2 to the higher trophic levels. Our results also suggest that the green genotype is expected to perform better in future eCO2 because of decreased plant resistance after its infestation and decreased parasitic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Hu L, Gui W, Chen B, Chen L. Transcriptome profiling of maternal stress-induced wing dimorphism in pea aphids. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11848-11862. [PMID: 31695892 PMCID: PMC6822051 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wing dimorphism, that is, wingless and winged forms, can be induced by maternal stress signals and is an adaptive response of aphids to environmental changes. Here, we investigated the ecological and molecular effects of three kinds of stress, namely crowding, predation, and aphid alarm pheromone, on wing dimorphism. These three stressors induced high proportion of up to 60% of winged morphs in offspring. Transcriptome analysis of stress-treated female aphids revealed different changes in maternal gene expression induced by the three stressors. Crowding elicited widespread changes in the expression of genes involved in nutrient accumulation and energy mobilization. Distinct from crowding, predation caused dramatic expression changes in cuticle protein (CP) genes. Twenty-three CP genes that belong to CP RR2 subfamily and are highly expressed in legs and embryos were greatly repressed by the presence of ladybird. By contrast, application of alarm pheromone, E-β-farnesene, caused slight changes in gene expression. The three factors shared a responsive gene, cuticle protein 43. This study reveals the adaptive response of aphids to environmental stresses and provides a rich resource on genome-wide expression genes for exploring molecular mechanisms of ecological adaptation in aphids. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.55b2b15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environment Change and Resources Utilization of Ministry of EducationNanning Normal UniversityNanningChina
| | - Wanying Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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15
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Ahmed M, Stöckle CO, Nelson R, Higgins S, Ahmad S, Raza MA. Novel multimodel ensemble approach to evaluate the sole effect of elevated CO 2 on winter wheat productivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7813. [PMID: 31127159 PMCID: PMC6534615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated carbon-dioxide concentration [eCO2] is a key climate change factor affecting plant growth and yield. Conventionally, crop modeling work has evaluated the effect of climatic parameters on crop growth, without considering CO2. It is conjectured that a novel multimodal ensemble approach may improve the accuracy of modelled responses to eCO2. To demonstrate the applicability of a multimodel ensemble of crop models to simulation of eCO2, APSIM, CropSyst, DSSAT, EPIC and STICS were calibrated to observed data for crop phenology, biomass and yield. Significant variability in simulated biomass production was shown among the models particularly at dryland sites (44%) compared to the irrigated site (22%). Increased yield was observed for all models with the highest average yield at dryland site by EPIC (49%) and lowest under irrigated conditions (17%) by APSIM and CropSyst. For the ensemble, maximum yield was 45% for the dryland site and a minimum 22% at the irrigated site. We concluded from our study that process-based crop models have variability in the simulation of crop response to [eCO2] with greater difference under water-stressed conditions. We recommend the use of ensembles to improve accuracy in modeled responses to [eCO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA.
- Department of Northern Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden.
| | - Claudio O Stöckle
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Roger Nelson
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Stewart Higgins
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6120, USA
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR, China
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16
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Aucott M. Are Changes in Plants due to Enhanced CO2 Contributing to Insect Population Declines? ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:274-275. [PMID: 30849173 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aucott
- Chemistry Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
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17
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Jiang S, Dai Y, Lu Y, Fan S, Liu Y, Bodlah MA, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Molecular Evidence for the Fitness of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii in Response to Elevated CO 2 From the Perspective of Feeding Behavior Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1444. [PMID: 30483140 PMCID: PMC6240613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is likely to influence insect-plant interactions. Aphid, as a typical phloem-feeding herbivorous insect, has shown consistently more positive responses in fitness to elevated CO2 concentrations than those seen in leaf-chewing insects. But, little is known about the mechanism of this performance. In this study, the foliar soluble constituents of cotton and the life history of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and its mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and feeding behavior were measured, as well as the relative transcript levels of target genes related appetite, salivary proteins, molting hormone (MH), and juvenile hormone, to investigate the fitness of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2 (800 ppm vs. 400 ppm). The results indicated that elevated CO2 significantly stimulated the increase in concentrations of soluble proteins in the leaf and sucrose in seedlings. Significant increases in adult longevity, lifespan, fecundity, and MRGR of A. gossypii were found under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Furthermore, the feeding behavior of A. gossypii was significantly affected by elevated CO2, including significant shortening of the time of stylet penetration to phloem position and significant decrease in the mean frequency of xylem phase. It is presumed that the fitness of A. gossypii can be enhanced, resulting from the increases in nutrient sources and potential increase in the duration of phloem ingestion under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. In addition, the qPCR results also demonstrated that the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins were significantly upregulated, whereas, the genes related to MH were significantly downregulated under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2, this is in accordance with the performance of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2. In conclusion, rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration can enhance the fitness of A. gossypii by increasing their ingestion of higher quantity and higher quality of host plant tissues and by simultaneously upregulating the transcript expression of the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins, and then this may increase the control risk of A. gossypii under conditions of climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Personnel Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqin Fan
- Qidong Agricultural Commission, Qidong, China
| | - Yanmin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Bodlah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Megha N. Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Gao J, Guo HJ, Sun YC, Ge F. Juvenile hormone mediates the positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on weight and reproduction in pea aphid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2511-2519. [PMID: 29656587 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on the performance of phytophagous insects have been reported extensively; the physiological and molecular basis involved, however, is largely unclear. Here, we test experimentally whether enhancement of juvenile hormone (JH) is responsible for the increased weight and fecundity of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Aphids fed on Medicago truncatula with nitrogen fertilization have a greater amino acid content, higher weight at the fourth instar and adult stage, and produce more offspring than those without nitrogen fertilization. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization upregulates the transcripts of JH biosynthesis-related genes and increases JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage, suggesting that JH is involved in the positive responses of aphids to nitrogen fertilization. Application of 100 ng JH increases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula without nitrogen fertilization. Conversely, impairing JH signalling by pharmacologically inhibiting the target of rapamycin pathway or by knocking down JH biosynthetic gene decreases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula with nitrogen fertilization, whereas application of JH rescued the phenotype. CONCLUSION The increased JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage is required for the increases of weight and fecundity of A. pisum under nitrogen fertilization. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Gao J, Guo H, Sun Y, Ge F. Differential accumulation of leucine and methionine in red and green pea aphids leads to different fecundity in response to nitrogen fertilization. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1779-1789. [PMID: 29384253 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen fertilization affects plants directly and herbivorous insects indirectly. Although insect species and even genotypes are known to differ in their responses to nitrogen fertilization, the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study assessed the fecundity and related regulatory signaling pathways in the green and red morphs of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) feeding on Medicago truncatula with and without nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased foliar amino acid concentrations and consequently increased the concentrations of several individual essential amino acids in body tissue of the green morph. The increased concentration of Leu, Ile, Met and Val was consistent with enhanced biosynthesis of these amino acids in the endosymbiont Buchnera. Under nitrogen fertilization, Leu and Met accumulated in the green morph enhanced the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, which consequently increased fecundity by promoting vitellogenin synthesis. In the red morph, however, nitrogen fertilization did not change the concentration of essential amino acids, TOR signaling or fecundity. CONCLUSION Specific amino acids accumulation and the nutrient transduction pathway in pea aphids are responsible for genotype-specific fecundity in response to nitrogen fertilization, which could be used as potential target for pest control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Dai Y, Wang MF, Jiang SL, Zhang YF, Parajulee MN, Chen FJ. Host-selection behavior and physiological mechanisms of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, in response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 109:149-156. [PMID: 29859837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can markedly affect the growth, development, reproduction and behavior of herbivorous insects, mainly by changing the primary and secondary metabolites of their host plants. However, little is known about the host-selection behavior and the respective intrinsic mechanism of sap-sucking insects in response to elevated CO2. In this experiment, the host-selection behavior, as well as the physiological mechanism based on the analysis of growth, development and energy substances, and the expression of the olfactory-related genes of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, were studied under ambient (407.0 ± 4.3 μl/L) and elevated (810.5 ± 7.2 μl/L) CO2. The results indicated that the aphids reared under ambient and elevated CO2 did not differ in their level of preference for cotton seedlings, whatever the CO2 conditions in which the plants developed. However, aphids reared under elevated CO2 showed a greater ability to respond to the plant volatiles compared to aphids that developed under ambient CO2 (+23.3%). This suggests that rising atmospheric CO2 enhances the activity of host selection in this aphid. Compared with ambient CO2, elevated CO2 significantly increased aphid body weight (+36.7%) and the contents of glycogen (+18.9%), body fat (+14.6%), and amino acids (+16.8%) and increased the expression of odor-binding protein genes, OBP2 (+299.6%) and OBP7 (+47.4%), and chemosensory protein genes, CSP4 (+265.3%) and CSP6 (+50.9%), potentially enhancing the overall life activities and upregulating the olfactory ability of A. gossypii. We speculated that the rising atmospheric CO2 level would likely aggravate the damage caused by A. gossypii due to the higher potential host selection and increased general activity under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shou-Lin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yi-Fei Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock 79403-9803, TX, USA
| | - Fa-Jun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Yan H, Guo H, Yuan E, Sun Y, Ge F. Elevated CO 2 and O 3 alter the feeding efficiency of Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis craccivora via changes in foliar secondary metabolites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9964. [PMID: 29967388 PMCID: PMC6028383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and O3 can affect aphid performance via altering plant nutrients, however, little is known about the role of plant secondary metabolites in this process, especially for aphids feeding behaviors. We determined the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on the growth and phenolics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and feeding behaviors of the pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora). Elevated CO2 improved plant growth, but could not completely offset the negative effects of elevated O3. Elevated O3 increased foliar genistin content at the vegetative stage, increased ferulic acid at the reproductive stage, and elevated CO2 increased those at both stages. Simultaneously elevated CO2 and O3 increased foliar ferulic acid content at the reproductive stage and increased genistin content at both stages. For pea aphids, feeding efficiency was reduced under elevated CO2 at the reproductive stage and decreased under elevated O3 at the vegetative stage. For cowpea aphids, feeding efficiency was increased under elevated CO2 at the vegetative stage and decreased under elevated O3 at both stages. Simultaneously elevated CO2 and O3 decreased both aphids feeding efficiency. We concluded that CO2 and O3 independently or interactively had different effects on two aphids feeding behaviors through altering foliar ferulic acid and genistin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Honggang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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22
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Kremer JMM, Nooten SS, Cook JM, Ryalls JMW, Barton CVM, Johnson SN. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations promote ant tending of aphids. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1475-1483. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. M. Kremer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Sabine S. Nooten
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - James M. Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Craig V. M. Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith New South Wales Australia
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23
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Lu C, Qi J, Hettenhausen C, Lei Y, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang C, Song J, Li J, Cao G, Malook SU, Wu J. Elevated CO 2 differentially affects tobacco and rice defense against lepidopteran larvae via the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:412-431. [PMID: 29319235 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 levels are rapidly increasing due to human activities. However, the effects of elevated CO2 (ECO2 ) on plant defense against insects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that ECO2 increased the photosynthetic rates and the biomass of tobacco and rice plants, and the chewing lepidopteran insects Spodoptera litura and Mythimna separata gained less and more mass on tobacco and rice plants, respectively. Consistently, under ECO2 , the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), the main phytohormone controlling plant defense against these lepidopteran insects, as well as the main defense-related metabolites, were increased and decreased in insect-damaged tobacco and rice plants. Importantly, bioassays and quantification of defense-related metabolites in tobacco and rice silenced in JA biosynthesis and perception indicate that ECO2 changes plant resistance mainly by affecting the JA pathway. We further demonstrate that the defensive metabolites, but not total N or protein, are the main factors contributing to the altered defense levels under ECO2 . This study illustrates that ECO2 changes the interplay between plants and insects, and we propose that crops should be studied for their resistance to the major pests under ECO2 to predict the impact of ECO2 on future agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yunting Lei
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jingxiong Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mou Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guoyan Cao
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Saif Ul Malook
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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Sun Y, Guo H, Yuan E, Ge F. Elevated CO 2 increases R gene-dependent resistance of Medicago truncatula against the pea aphid by up-regulating a heat shock gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1696-1711. [PMID: 29154460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resistance against pathogens and herbivorous insects in many plant results from the expression of resistance (R) genes. Few reports, however, have considered the effects of elevated CO2 on R gene-based resistance in plants. The current study determined the responses of two near isogenic Medicago truncatula genotypes (Jester has an R gene and A17 does not) to the pea aphid and elevated CO2 in open-top chambers in the field. Aphid abundance, mean relative growth rate and feeding efficiency were increased by elevated CO2 on A17 plants but were reduced on Jester plants. According to proteomic and gene expression data, elevated CO2 enhanced pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) but decreased the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in aphid-infested A17 plants. For aphid-infested Jester plants, by contrast, elevated CO2 enhanced the ETI-related heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and its co-chaperones, the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In a loss-of-function experiment, silencing of the HSP90 gene in Jester plants impaired the JA signaling pathway and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis against the aphid under ambient CO2 , and negated the increased resistance against the aphid under elevated CO2 . Our results suggest that increases in expression of HSP90 are responsible for the enhanced resistance against the aphid under elevated CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Erliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Kang ZW, Liu FH, Tan XL, Zhang ZF, Zhu JY, Tian HG, Liu TX. Infection of Powdery Mildew Reduces the Fitness of Grain Aphids ( Sitobion avenae) Through Restricted Nutrition and Induced Defense Response in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 29967627 PMCID: PMC6015903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecological systems, plants are often simultaneously attacked by both insects and pathogens, which can affect each other's performance and the interactions can be extended to higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. The English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) are two common antagonists that pose a serious threat to wheat production. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of a single factor (insect or pathogen) on wheat production. However, investigation on the interactions among insect pests, pathogens, and parasitoids within the wheat crop system are rare. Furthermore, the influence of the fungicide, propiconazole, has been found to imitate the natural ecosystem. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of B. graminis on the biological performance of grain aphids and the orientation behavior of its endoparasitic wasp Aphidius gifuensis in the wheat system. Our findings indicated that B. graminis infection suppressed the feeding behavior, adult and nymph weight, and fecundity and prolonged the developmental time of S. avenae. We found that wheat host plants had decreased proportions of essential amino acids and higher content of sucrose following aggravated B. graminis infection. The contents of Pro and Gln increased in the wheat plant tissues after B. graminis infection. In addition, B. graminis infection elicited immune responses in wheat: increase in the expression of defense genes, content of total phenolic compounds, and activity of three related antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, co-infection of B. graminis and S. avenae increased the attraction to A. gifuensis compare to that after infestation with aphids alone. In conclusion, our results indicated that B. graminis infection adversely affected the performance of S. avenae in wheat through restricted nutrition and induced defense response. Furthermore, the preference of parasitoids in such an interactive environment might provide an important basis for pest management control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fang-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing-Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hong-Gang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Tong-Xian Liu,
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26
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Trębicki P, Dáder B, Vassiliadis S, Fereres A. Insect-plant-pathogen interactions as shaped by future climate: effects on biology, distribution, and implications for agriculture. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:975-989. [PMID: 28843026 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is the main anthropogenic gas which has drastically increased since the industrial revolution, and current concentrations are projected to double by the end of this century. As a consequence, elevated CO2 is expected to alter the earths' climate, increase global temperatures and change weather patterns. This is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on plants, insect pests, plant pathogens and their distribution, and is therefore problematic for the security of future food production. This review summarizes the latest findings and highlights current knowledge gaps regarding the influence of climate change on insect, plant and pathogen interactions with an emphasis on agriculture and food production. Direct effects of climate change, including increased CO2 concentration, temperature, patterns of rainfall and severe weather events that impact insects (namely vectors of plant pathogens) are discussed. Elevated CO2 and temperature, together with plant pathogen infection, can considerably change plant biochemistry and therefore plant defense responses. This can have substantial consequences on insect fecundity, feeding rates, survival, population size, and dispersal. Generally, changes in host plant quality due to elevated CO2 (e.g., carbon to nitrogen ratios in C3 plants) negatively affect insect pests. However, compensatory feeding, increased population size and distribution have also been reported for some agricultural insect pests. This underlines the importance of additional research on more targeted, individual insect-plant scenarios at specific locations to fully understand the impact of a changing climate on insect-plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Trębicki
- Biosciences Research, Department of Economic Development Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR), Horsham, VIC, Australia
| | - Beatriz Dáder
- INRA, UMR 385 BGPI (CIRAD-INRA-SupAgroM), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Simone Vassiliadis
- Biosciences Research, DEDJTR, La Trobe University, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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27
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Ximénez-Embún MG, Glas JJ, Ortego F, Alba JM, Castañera P, Kant MR. Drought stress promotes the colonization success of a herbivorous mite that manipulates plant defenses. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:297-315. [PMID: 29188401 PMCID: PMC5727147 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to bring longer periods of drought and this may affect the plant's ability to resist pests. We assessed if water deficit affects the tomato russet mite (TRM; Aculops lycopersici), a key tomato-pest. TRM thrives on tomato by suppressing the plant's jamonate defenses while these defenses typically are modulated by drought stress. We observed that the TRM population grows faster and causes more damage on drought-stressed plants. To explain this observation we measured several nutrients, phytohormones, defense-gene expression and the activity of defensive proteins in plants with or without drought stress or TRM. TRM increased the levels of total protein and several free amino acids. It also promoted the SA-response and upregulated the accumulation of jasmonates but down-regulated the downstream marker genes while promoting the activity of cysteine-but not serine-protease inhibitors, polyphenol oxidase and of peroxidase (POD). Drought stress, in turn, retained the down regulation of JA-marker genes and reduced the activity of serine protease inhibitors and POD, and altered the levels of some free-amino acids. When combined, drought stress antagonized the accumulation of POD and JA by TRM and synergized accumulation of free sugars and SA. Our data show that drought stress interacts with pest-induced primary and secondary metabolic changes and promotes pest performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G Ximénez-Embún
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joris J Glas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Ortego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Alba
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merijn R Kant
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Jakobs R, Müller C. Effects of intraspecific and intra-individual differences in plant quality on preference and performance of monophagous aphid species. Oecologia 2017; 186:173-184. [PMID: 29143149 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemistry is one of the main drivers of herbivore distribution. Monophagous herbivore species are highly specialized, but even within their only host species the chemistry varies. The herbivore's choice is initially mainly guided by volatile plant compounds. Once on the plant, particularly for aphids the phloem quality affects their performance. However, little is known about the intraspecific and intra-individual variation in phloem sap and their influences on monophagous aphids. To determine potential mechanisms involved in aphid colonization, we tested the effects of intraspecific chemical variation in Tanacetum vulgare, which produces different chemotypes, on the preference of two monophagous aphid species. Moreover, we measured the performance of the aphids on different plant parts (stem close to the inflorescence, young and old leaves) of these chemotypes and analyzed their phloem sap composition. Both species preferred the β-thujone (THU) over the trans-carvyl acetate (CAR) chemotype in dual-choice assays. Survival of Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria was neither affected by intraspecific nor intra-individual variation, whereas the reproduction was highest on stems. In contrast, Uroleucon tanaceti survived and reproduced best on old leaves of the preferred chemotype. The sugar, organic acid and amino acid composition pronouncedly differed between phloem exudates of different plant parts, but less between chemotypes. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of amino acids did not necessarily enhance aphid performance. These different performance optima may cause niche differentiation and, therefore, enable co-existence. In conclusion, the tremendous variation in plant chemistry even within one species can affect the distribution of highly specialized aphids at various scales aphid species-specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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29
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Jiang S, Lu Y, Dai Y, Qian L, Muhammad AB, Li T, Wan G, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Impacts of elevated CO 2 on exogenous Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and transgene expression in transgenic rice under different levels of nitrogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14716. [PMID: 29116162 PMCID: PMC5676734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted great challenges of transgene silencing for transgenic plants facing climate change. In order to understand the impacts of elevated CO2 on exogenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and transgene expression in transgenic rice under different levels of N-fertilizer supply, we investigated the biomass, exogenous Bt toxins, Bt-transgene expression and methylation status in Bt rice exposed to two levels of CO2 concentrations and nitrogen (N) supply (1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2 N). It is elucidated that the increased levels of global atmospheric CO2 concentration will trigger up-regulation of Bt toxin expression in transgenic rice, especially with appropriate increase of N fertilizer supply, while, to some extent, the exogenous Bt-transgene expression is reduced at sub-N levels (1/4 and 1/2N), even though the total protein of plant tissues is reduced and the plant growth is restricted. The unpredictable and stochastic occurrence of transgene silencing and epigenetic alternations remains unresolved for most transgenic plants. It is expected that N fertilization supply may promote the expression of transgenic Bt toxin in transgenic Bt rice, particularly under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongqing Lu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Teng Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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30
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Chen W, Liu H, Wurihan, Gao Y, Card SD, Ren A. The advantages of endophyte-infected over uninfected tall fescue in the growth and pathogen resistance are counteracted by elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6952. [PMID: 28761108 PMCID: PMC5537266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to double within the next century. Despite this trend, the extent and mechanisms through which elevated CO2 affects grass-endophyte symbionts remain uncertain. In the present study, the growth, chemical composition and pathogen resistance of endophyte-infected (E+) and uninfected (E-) tall fescue were compared under elevated CO2 conditions. The results showed that the effect of endophyte infection on the growth of tall fescue was significantly affected by elevated CO2. Significant advantage of E+ over E- tall fescue in tiller number, maximum net photosynthetic rate and shoot biomass occurred only under ambient CO2. With CO2 concentration elevated, the beneficial effect of endophyte infection on the growth disappeared. Similarly, endophyte infection reduced lesion number and spore concentration of Curvularia lunata only under ambient CO2. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of endophyte infection on the growth and pathogen resistance of tall fescue could be counteracted by elevated CO2. An explanation for the counteraction may be found in a change in photosynthesis and nutritive quality of leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wurihan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Stuart D Card
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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31
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Johnson SN, Hartley SE, Ryalls JMW, Frew A, DeGabriel JL, Duncan M, Gherlenda AN. Silicon‐induced root nodulation and synthesis of essential amino acids in a legume is associated with higher herbivore abundance. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute Department of Biology University of York YorkYO10 5DD UK
| | - James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Jane L. DeGabriel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Michael Duncan
- School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Andrew N. Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
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32
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Guo H, Wang H, Liu Q, An H, Liu C, Xia X, Yin W. 15N-labeled ammonium nitrogen uptake and physiological responses of poplar exposed to PM 2.5 particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:500-508. [PMID: 27730508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a serious environmental problem. Plants can improve air quality by removing PM2.5 from the atmosphere. However, direct evidence of PM2.5 absorption and assimilation into plants has not yet been found. In this study, we demonstrate that 15NH4+ in PM2.5 was absorbed by poplar leaves in low and high PM2.5 treatment groups (namely, LPT and HPT). Then, 15N was subsequently transferred to other parts of the treated seedlings as shown by 15N tracing and simulated PM2.5 generation. 15N and total N contents were the highest in high pollution treatment (HPT), followed by that in low pollution treatment (LPT) and the control. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) contributed more to NH4+ assimilation than glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase in the leaves of treated seedlings. GDH aminating activity was induced upon NH4+ exposure whereas GDH deaminating activity was repressed in both LPT and HPT, suggesting that poplar seedlings can alleviate NH4+ toxicity by enhancing NH4+ assimilation. At the end of PM2.5 treatment period, the decreased amino acid content in the treated seedlings was attributed to the probably altered balance of amino acid metabolism. The decline in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was accompanied by the decrease in the stomatal conductance in poplar leaves with the extension of PM2.5 treatment time, indicating that stomatal limitation is a major reason for Pn reduction. This study may provide novel insights into the relationship between PM2.5 pollution and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Guo
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingqian Liu
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hailong An
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinli Xia
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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33
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Gherlenda AN, Esveld JL, Hall AAG, Duursma RA, Riegler M. Boom and bust: rapid feedback responses between insect outbreak dynamics and canopy leaf area impacted by rainfall and CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3632-3641. [PMID: 27124557 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Frequency and severity of insect outbreaks in forest ecosystems are predicted to increase with climate change. How this will impact canopy leaf area in future climates is rarely tested. Here, we document function of insect outbreaks that fortuitously and rapidly occurred in an ecosystem under free-air CO2 enrichment. Over the first 2 years of CO2 fumigation of a naturally established mature Eucalyptus woodland, we continuously assessed population responses of three sap-feeding insect species of the psyllid genera Cardiaspina, Glycaspis and Spondyliaspis for up to ten consecutive generations. Concurrently, we quantified changes in the canopy leaf area index (LAI). Large and rapid shifts in psyllid community composition were recorded between species with either flush (Glycaspis) or senescence-inducing (Cardiaspina, Spondyliaspis) feeding strategies. Within the second year, two psyllid species experienced significant and rapid population build-up resulting in two consecutive outbreaks: first, rainfall stimulated Eucalyptus leaf production increasing LAI, which supported population growth of flush-feeding Glycaspis without impacting LAI. Glycaspis numbers then crashed and were followed by the outbreak of senescence-feeding Cardiaspina fiscella that led to significant defoliation and reduction in LAI. For all three psyllid species, the abundance of lerps, protective coverings excreted by the sessile nymphs, decreased at e[CO2 ]. Higher lerp weight at e[CO2 ] for Glycaspis but not the other psyllid species provided evidence for compensatory feeding by the flush feeder but not the two senescence feeders. Our study demonstrates that rainfall drives leaf phenology, facilitating the rapid boom-and-bust succession of psyllid species, eventually leading to significant defoliation due to the second but not the first outbreaking psyllid species. In contrast, e[CO2 ] may impact psyllid abundance and feeding behaviour, with psyllid species-specific outcomes for defoliation severity, nutrient transfer and trophic cascades. Psyllid populations feeding on Eucalyptus experience rapid boom-and-bust cycles depending on availability of suitable foliage driven by rainfall patterns and leaf phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jessica L Esveld
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Riegler M, Bromfield LM, Hall AAG, Johnson SN. Climate and atmospheric change impacts on sap‐feeding herbivores: a mechanistic explanation based on functional groups of primary metabolites. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. W. Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Lisa M. Bromfield
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Aidan A. G. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW2751 Australia
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Nachappa P, Culkin CT, Saya PM, Han J, Nalam VJ. Water Stress Modulates Soybean Aphid Performance, Feeding Behavior, and Virus Transmission in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:552. [PMID: 27200027 PMCID: PMC4847208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how water stress including drought and flooding modifies the ability of plants to resist simultaneous attack by insect feeding and transmission of insect-vectored pathogen. We analyzed insect population growth, feeding behaviors, virus transmission, and plant amino acid profiles and defense gene expression to characterize mechanisms underlying the interaction between water stress, soybean aphid and aphid-transmitted, Soybean mosaic virus, on soybean plants. Population growth of non-viruliferous aphids was reduced under drought stress and saturation, likely because the aphids spent less time feeding from the sieve element on these plants compared to well-watered plants. Water stress did not impact population growth of viruliferous aphids. However, virus incidence and transmission rate was lowest under drought stress and highest under saturated conditions since viruliferous aphids took the greatest amount time to puncture cells and transmit the virus under saturated conditions and lowest time under drought stress. Petiole exudates from drought-stressed plants had the highest level of total free amino acids including asparagine and valine that are critical for aphid performance. Aphids did not benefit from improved phloem sap quality as indicated by their lower densities on drought-stressed plants. Saturation, on the other hand, resulted in low amino acid content compared to all of the other treatments. Drought and saturation had significant and opposing effects on expression of marker genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Drought alone significantly increased expression of ABA marker genes, which likely led to suppression of salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related genes. In contrast, ABA marker genes were down-regulated under saturation, while expression of SA- and JA-related genes was up-regulated. We propose that the apparent antagonism between ABA and SA/JA signaling pathways contributed to an increase in aphid densities under drought and their decrease under saturation. Taken together, our findings suggests that plant responses to water stress is complex involving changes in phloem amino acid composition and signaling pathways, which can impact aphid populations and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Nachappa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneFort Wayne, IN, USA
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Johnson SN, Gherlenda AN, Frew A, Ryalls JMW. The Importance of Testing Multiple Environmental Factors in Legume-Insect Research: Replication, Reviewers, and Rebuttal. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:489. [PMID: 27148314 PMCID: PMC4840342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney UniversityPenrith, NSW, Australia
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Sun Y, Guo H, Ge F. Plant-Aphid Interactions Under Elevated CO2: Some Cues from Aphid Feeding Behavior. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:502. [PMID: 27148325 PMCID: PMC4829579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) accelerates the accumulation of carbohydrates and increases the biomass and yield of C3 crop plants, it also reduces their nitrogen concentration. The consequent changes in primary and secondary metabolites affect the palatability of host plants and the feeding of herbivorous insects. Aphids are phloem feeders and are considered the only feeding guild that positively responds to elevated CO2. In this review, we consider how elevated CO2 modifies host defenses, nutrients, and water-use efficiency by altering concentrations of the phytohormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. We will describe how these elevated CO2-induced changes in defenses, nutrients, and water statusfacilitate specific stages of aphid feeding, including penetration, phloem-feeding, and xylem absorption. We conclude that a better understanding of the effects of elevated CO2 on aphids and on aphid damage to crop plants will require research on the molecular aspects of the interaction between plant and aphid but also research on aphid interactions with their intra- and inter-specific competitors and with their natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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Abstract
Knowledge of how climate change is likely to influence future virus disease epidemics in cultivated plants and natural vegetation is of great importance to both global food security and natural ecosystems. However, obtaining such knowledge is hampered by the complex effects of climate alterations on the behavior of diverse types of vectors and the ease by which previously unknown viruses can emerge. A review written in 2011 provided a comprehensive analysis of available data on the effects of climate change on virus disease epidemics worldwide. This review summarizes its findings and those of two earlier climate change reviews and focuses on describing research published on the subject since 2011. It describes the likely effects of the full range of direct and indirect climate change parameters on hosts, viruses and vectors, virus control prospects, and the many information gaps and deficiencies. Recently, there has been encouraging progress in understanding the likely effects of some climate change parameters, especially over the effects of elevated CO2, temperature, and rainfall-related parameters, upon a small number of important plant viruses and several key insect vectors, especially aphids. However, much more research needs to be done to prepare for an era of (i) increasingly severe virus epidemics and (ii) increasing difficulties in controlling them, so as to mitigate their detrimental effects on future global food security and plant biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A C Jones
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA, Australia.
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Guo H, Sun Y, Peng X, Wang Q, Harris M, Ge F. Up-regulation of abscisic acid signaling pathway facilitates aphid xylem absorption and osmoregulation under drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:681-93. [PMID: 26546578 PMCID: PMC4737068 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway reduces water loss from plants challenged by drought stress. The effect of drought-induced ABA signaling on the defense and nutrition allocation of plants is largely unknown. We postulated that these changes can affect herbivorous insects. We studied the effects of drought on different feeding stages of pea aphids in the wild-type A17 of Medicago truncatula and ABA signaling pathway mutant sta-1. We examined the impact of drought on plant water status, induced plant defense signaling via the abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, and on the host nutritional quality in terms of leaf free amino acid content. During the penetration phase of aphid feeding, drought decreased epidermis/mesophyll resistance but increased mesophyll/phloem resistance of A17 but not sta-1 plants. Quantification of transcripts associated with ABA, JA and SA signaling indicated that the drought-induced up-regulation of ABA signaling decreased the SA-dependent defense but increased the JA-dependent defense in A17 plants. During the phloem-feeding phase, drought had little effect on the amino acid concentrations and the associated aphid phloem-feeding parameters in both plant genotypes. In the xylem absorption stage, drought decreased xylem absorption time of aphids in both genotypes because of decreased water potential. Nevertheless, the activation of the ABA signaling pathway increased water-use efficiency of A17 plants by decreasing the stomatal aperture and transpiration rate. In contrast, the water potential of sta-1 plants (unable to close stomata) was too low to support xylem absorption activity of aphids; the aphids on sta-1 plants had the highest hemolymph osmolarity and lowest abundance under drought conditions. Taken together this study illustrates the significance of cross-talk between biotic-abiotic signaling pathways in plant-aphid interaction, and reveals the mechanisms leading to alter aphid fecundity in water stresses plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhong Peng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marvin Harris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bt proteins Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab do not affect cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and ladybeetle Propylea japonica. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20368. [PMID: 26829252 PMCID: PMC4734323 DOI: 10.1038/srep20368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant varieties expressing the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) insecticidal proteins Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab have potential commercialization prospects in China. However, their potential effects on non-target arthropods (NTAs) remain uncharacterized. The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii is a worldwide pest that damages various important crops. The ladybeetle Propylea japonica is a common and abundant natural enemy in many cropping systems in East Asia. In the present study, the effects of Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab proteins on A. gossypii and P. japonica were assessed from three aspects. First, neither of the Cry proteins affected the growth or developmental characteristics of the two test insects. Second, the expression levels of the detoxification-related genes of the two test insects did not change significantly in either Cry protein treatment. Third, neither of the Cry proteins had a favourable effect on the expression of genes associated with the amino acid metabolism of A. gossypii and the nutrition utilization of P. japonica. In conclusion, the Cry1Ah and Cry2Ab proteins do not appear to affect the cotton aphid A. gossypii or the ladybeetle P. japonica.
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Dáder B, Fereres A, Moreno A, Trębicki P. Elevated CO2 impacts bell pepper growth with consequences to Myzus persicae life history, feeding behaviour and virus transmission ability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19120. [PMID: 26743585 PMCID: PMC4705479 DOI: 10.1038/srep19120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) impacts plant growth and metabolism. Indirectly, the performance and feeding of insects is affected by plant nutritional quality and resistance traits. Life history and feeding behaviour of Myzus persicae were studied on pepper plants under ambient (aCO2, 400 ppm) or elevated CO2 (eCO2, 650 ppm), as well as the direct impact on plant growth and leaf chemistry. Plant parameters were significantly altered by eCO2 with a negative impact on aphid's life history. Their pre-reproductive period was 11% longer and fecundity decreased by 37%. Peppers fixed significantly less nitrogen, which explains the poor aphid performance. Plants were taller and had higher biomass and canopy temperature. There was decreased aphid salivation into sieve elements, but no differences in phloem ingestion, indicating that the diminished fitness could be due to poorer tissue quality and unfavourable C:N balance, and that eCO2 was not a factor impeding feeding. Aphid ability to transmit Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was studied by exposing source and receptor plants to ambient (427 ppm) or elevated (612 ppm) CO2 before or after virus inoculation. A two-fold decrease on transmission was observed when receptor plants were exposed to eCO2 before aphid inoculation when compared to aCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Spanish National Research Council. Calle Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grains Innovation Park. Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources. 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham VIC 3400, Australia
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Spanish National Research Council. Calle Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Spanish National Research Council. Calle Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Piotr Trębicki
- Grains Innovation Park. Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources. 110 Natimuk Road, Horsham VIC 3400, Australia
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Ximénez-Embún MG, Ortego F, Castañera P. Drought-Stressed Tomato Plants Trigger Bottom-Up Effects on the Invasive Tetranychus evansi. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145275. [PMID: 26735490 PMCID: PMC4703393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will bring more drought periods that will have an impact on the irrigation practices of some crops like tomato, from standard water regime to deficit irrigation. This will promote changes in plant metabolism and alter their interactions with biotic stressors. We have tested if mild or moderate drought-stressed tomato plants (simulating deficit irrigation) have an effect on the biological traits of the invasive tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi. Our data reveal that T evansi caused more leaf damage to drought-stressed tomato plants (≥1.5 fold for both drought scenarios). Mite performance was also enhanced, as revealed by significant increases of eggs laid (≥2 fold) at 4 days post infestation (dpi), and of mobile forms (≥2 fold and 1.5 fold for moderate and mild drought, respectively) at 10 dpi. The levels of several essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, valine) and free sugars in tomato leaves were significantly induced by drought in combination with mites. The non-essential amino acid proline was also strongly induced, stimulating mite feeding and egg laying when added to tomato leaf disks at levels equivalent to that estimated on drought-infested tomato plants at 10 dpi. Tomato plant defense proteins were also affected by drought and/or mite infestation, but T. evansi was capable of circumventing their potential adverse effects. Altogether, our data indicate that significant increases of available free sugars and essential amino acids, jointly with their phagostimulant effect, created a favorable environment for a better T. evansi performance on drought-stressed tomato leaves. Thus, drought-stressed tomato plants, even at mild levels, may be more prone to T evansi outbreaks in a climate change scenario, which might negatively affect tomato production on area-wide scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Ximénez-Embún
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Riegler M, Johnson SN. Above-Belowground Herbivore Interactions in Mixed Plant Communities Are Influenced by Altered Precipitation Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27047522 PMCID: PMC4804199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root- and shoot-feeding herbivores have the capacity to influence one another by modifying the chemistry of the shared host plant. This can alter rates of nutrient mineralization and uptake by neighboring plants and influence plant-plant competition, particularly in mixtures combining grasses and legumes. Root herbivory-induced exudation of nitrogen (N) from legume roots, for example, may increase N acquisition by co-occurring grasses, with knock-on effects on grassland community composition. Little is known about how climate change may affect these interactions, but an important and timely question is how will grass-legume mixtures respond in a future with an increasing reliance on legume N mineralization in terrestrial ecosystems. Using a model grass-legume mixture, this study investigated how simultaneous attack on lucerne (Medicago sativa) by belowground weevils (Sitona discoideus) and aboveground aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) affected a neighboring grass (Phalaris aquatica) when subjected to drought, ambient, and elevated precipitation. Feeding on rhizobial nodules by weevil larvae enhanced soil water retention under ambient and elevated precipitation, but only when aphids were absent. While drought decreased nodulation and root N content in lucerne, grass root and shoot chemistry were unaffected by changes in precipitation. However, plant communities containing weevils but not aphids showed increased grass height and N concentrations, most likely associated with the transfer of N from weevil-attacked lucerne plants containing more nodules and higher root N concentrations compared with insect-free plants. Drought decreased aphid abundance by 54% but increased total and some specific amino acid concentrations (glycine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, cysteine, histidine, arginine, aspartate, and glutamate), suggesting that aphid declines were being driven by other facets of drought (e.g., reduced phloem hydraulics). The presence of weevil larvae belowground decreased aphid numbers by 30%, likely associated with a significant reduction in proline in weevil-treated lucerne plants. This study demonstrates how predicted changes to precipitation patterns and indirect interactions between herbivores can alter the outcome of competition between N-fixing legumes and non-N-fixing grasses, with important implications for plant community structure and productivity.
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44
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Zhou G. Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:701. [PMID: 26442017 PMCID: PMC4564695 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plant photosynthesis and respiration are two fundamental and crucial physiological processes, while the critical role of the antioxidant system in response to abiotic factors is still a focus point for investigating physiological stress. Although one key metabolic process and its response to climatic change have already been reported and reviewed, an integrative review, including several biological processes at multiple scales, has not been well reported. The current review will present a synthesis focusing on the underlying mechanisms in the responses to elevated CO2 at multiple scales, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and individual aspects, particularly, for these biological processes under elevated CO2 with other key abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and ozone pollution, as well as nitrogen limitation. The present comprehensive review may add timely and substantial information about the topic in recent studies, while it presents what has been well established in previous reviews. First, an outline of the critical biological processes, and an overview of their roles in environmental regulation, is presented. Second, the research advances with regard to the individual subtopics are reviewed, including the response and adaptation of the photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and antioxidant system to CO2 enrichment alone, and its combination with other climatic change factors. Finally, the potential applications for plant responses at various levels to climate change are discussed. The above issue is currently of crucial concern worldwide, and this review may help in a better understanding of how plants deal with elevated CO2 using other mainstream abiotic factors, including molecular, cellular, biochemical, physiological, and whole individual processes, and the better management of the ecological environment, climate change, and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing, China
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45
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Sun Y, Guo H, Yuan L, Wei J, Zhang W, Ge F. Plant stomatal closure improves aphid feeding under elevated CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2739-2748. [PMID: 25581722 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata help plants regulate CO2 absorption and water vapor release in response to various environmental changes, and plants decrease their stomatal apertures and enhance their water status under elevated CO2 . Although the bottom-up effect of elevated CO2 on insect performance has been extensively studied, few reports have considered how insect fitness is altered by elevated CO2 -induced changes in host plant water status. We tested the hypothesis that aphids induce stomatal closure and increase host water potential, which facilitates their passive feeding, and that this induction can be enhanced by elevated CO2 . Our results showed that aphid infestation triggered the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway to decrease the stomatal apertures of Medicago truncatula, which consequently decreased leaf transpiration and helped maintain leaf water potential. These effects increased xylem-feeding time and decreased hemolymph osmolarity, which thereby enhanced phloem-feeding time and increased aphid abundance. Furthermore, elevated CO2 up-regulated an ABA-independent enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, which led to further decrease in stomatal aperture for aphid-infested plants. Thus, the effects of elevated CO2 and aphid infestation on stomatal closure synergistically improved the water status of the host plant. The results indicate that aphid infestation enhances aphid feeding under ambient CO2 and that this enhancement is increased under elevated CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Riegler M, Gherlenda AN, Johnson SN. Amino acid-mediated impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and simulated root herbivory on aphids are neutralized by increased air temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:613-23. [PMID: 25403916 PMCID: PMC4286407 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in host plant quality, including foliar amino acid concentrations, resulting from global climate change and attack from multiple herbivores, have the potential to modify the pest status of insect herbivores. This study investigated how mechanically simulated root herbivory of lucerne (Medicago sativa) before and after aphid infestation affected the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under elevated temperature (eT) and carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). eT increased plant height and biomass, and eCO2 decreased root C:N. Foliar amino acid concentrations and aphid numbers increased in response to eCO2, but only at ambient temperatures, demonstrating the ability of eT to negate the effects of eCO2. Root damage reduced aboveground biomass, height, and root %N, and increased root %C and C:N, most probably via decreased biological nitrogen fixation. Total foliar amino acid concentrations and aphid colonization success were higher in plants with roots cut early (before aphid arrival) than those with roots cut late (after aphid arrival); however, this effect was counteracted by eT. These results demonstrate the importance of amino acid concentrations for aphids and identify individual amino acids as being potential factors underpinning aphid responses to eT, eCO2, and root damage in lucerne. Incorporating trophic complexity and multiple climatic factors into plant-herbivore studies enables greater insight into how plants and insects will interact in the future, with implications for sustainable pest control and future crop security.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M W Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Hentley WT, Vanbergen AJ, Hails RS, Jones TH, Johnson SN. Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Impairs Aphid Escape Responses to Predators and Conspecific Alarm Signals. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1110-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Guo H, Sun Y, Li Y, Liu X, Wang P, Zhu-Salzman K, Ge F. Elevated CO2 alters the feeding behaviour of the pea aphid by modifying the physical and chemical resistance of Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2158-68. [PMID: 24697655 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO(2) compromises the resistance of leguminous plants against chewing insects, but little is known about whether elevated CO(2) modifies the resistance against phloem-sucking insects or whether it has contrasting effects on the resistance of legumes that differ in biological nitrogen fixation. We tested the hypothesis that the physical and chemical resistance against aphids would be increased in Jemalong (a wild type of Medicago truncatula) but would be decreased in dnf1 (a mutant without biological nitrogen fixation) by elevated CO(2). The non-glandular and glandular trichome density of Jemalong plants increased under elevated CO(2), resulting in prolonged aphid probing. In contrast, dnf1 plants tended to decrease foliar trichome density under elevated CO(2), resulting in less surface and epidermal resistance to aphids. Elevated CO(2) enhanced the ineffective salicylic acid-dependent defence pathway but decreased the effective jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent defence pathway in aphid-infested Jemalong plants. Therefore, aphid probing time decreased and the duration of phloem sap ingestion increased on Jemalong under elevated CO(2), which, in turn, increased aphid growth rate. Overall, our results suggest that elevated CO(2) decreases the chemical resistance of wild-type M. truncatula against aphids, and that the host's biological nitrogen fixation ability is central to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Guo H, Sun Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Ge F. Elevated CO2 decreases the response of the ethylene signaling pathway in Medicago truncatula and increases the abundance of the pea aphid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:279-291. [PMID: 24015892 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of herbivorous insects is greatly affected by plant nutritional quality and resistance, which are likely to be altered by rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 . We previously reported that elevated CO2 enhanced biological nitrogen (N) fixation of Medicago truncatula, which could result in an increased supply of amino acids to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The current study examined the N nutritional quality and aphid resistance of sickle, an ethylene-insensitive mutant of M. truncatula with supernodulation, and its wild-type control A17 under elevated CO2 in open-top field chambers. Regardless of CO2 concentration, growth and amino acid content were greater and aphid resistance was lower in sickle than in A17. Elevated CO2 up-regulated N assimilation and transamination-related enzymes activities and increased phloem amino acids in both genotypes. Furthermore, elevated CO2 down-regulated expression of 1-amino-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC), sickle gene (SKL) and ethylene response transcription factors (ERF) genes in the ethylene signaling pathway of A17 when infested by aphids and decreased resistance against aphids in terms of lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Our results suggest that elevated CO2 suppresses the ethylene signaling pathway in M. truncatula, which results in an increase in plant nutritional quality for aphids and a decrease in plant resistance against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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