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Zhang G, Bai J, Tebbe CC, Huang L, Jia J, Wang W, Wang X, Zhao Q, Wen L, Kong F, Xi M, He Q. Habitat-specific responses of soil organic matter decomposition to Spartina alterniflora invasion along China's coast. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2741. [PMID: 36103141 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions cause a fundamental change in soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. Disentangling the biogeographic patterns and key drivers of SOM decomposition and its temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) under plant invasion is a prerequisite for making projections of global carbon feedback. We collected soil samples along China's coast across saltmarshes to mangrove ecosystems invaded by the smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.). Microcosm experiments were carried out to determine the patterns of SOM decomposition and its thermal response. Soil microbial biomass and communities were also characterized accordingly. SOM decomposition constant dramatically decreased along the mean annual temperature gradient, whereas the cordgrass invasion retarded this change (significantly reduced slope, p < 0.05). The response of Q10 to invasion and the soil microbial quotient peaked at midlatitude saltmarshes, which can be explained by microbial metabolism strategies. Climatic variables showed strong negative controls on the Q10 , whereas dissolved carbon fraction exerted a positive influence on its spatial variance. Higher microbial diversity appeared to weaken the temperature-related response of SOM decomposition, with apparent benefits for carbon sequestration. Inconsistent responses to invasion were exhibited among habitat types, with SOM accumulation in saltmarshes but carbon loss in mangroves, which were explained, at least in part, by the SOM decomposition patterns under invasion. This study elucidates the geographic pattern of SOM decomposition and its temperature sensitivity in coastal ecosystems and underlines the importance of interactions between climate, soil, and microbiota for stabilizing SOM under plant invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Laibin Huang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jia Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Protection and Restoration of Yellow River Basin, Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
- Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang He
- Coastal Ecology Lab, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observation and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary (Shanghai), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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2
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Vahsen ML, Kleiner HS, Kodak H, Summers JL, Vahsen WL, Blum MJ, Megonigal JP, McLachlan JS. Complex eco-evolutionary responses of a foundational coastal marsh plant to global change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2121-2136. [PMID: 37452486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the fate of coastal marshes requires understanding how plants respond to rapid environmental change. Environmental change can elicit shifts in trait variation attributable to phenotypic plasticity and act as selective agents to shift trait means, resulting in rapid evolution. Comparably, less is known about the potential for responses to reflect the evolution of trait plasticity. Here, we assessed the relative magnitude of eco-evolutionary responses to interacting global change factors using a multifactorial experiment. We exposed replicates of 32 Schoenoplectus americanus genotypes 'resurrected' from century-long, soil-stored seed banks to ambient or elevated CO2 , varying levels of inundation, and the presence of a competing marsh grass, across two sites with different salinities. Comparisons of responses to global change factors among age cohorts and across provenances indicated that plasticity has evolved in five of the seven traits measured. Accounting for evolutionary factors (i.e. evolution and sources of heritable variation) in statistical models explained an additional 9-31% of trait variation. Our findings indicate that evolutionary factors mediate ecological responses to environmental change. The magnitude of evolutionary change in plant traits over the last century suggests that evolution could play a role in pacing future ecosystem response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Vahsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Helena S Kleiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Haley Kodak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Jennifer L Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Wendy L Vahsen
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Michael J Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Jason S McLachlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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3
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Bernal B, Kim S, Mozdzer TJ. Species shifts induce soil organic matter priming and changes in microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:159956. [PMID: 36351499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of plant species with functional traits that influences the rhizosphere can have significant effects on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics if the invasive species stimulates soil microbial communities with, for example, an enhanced supply of labile carbon and oxygen. We evaluated these effects along a Phragmites invasion chronosequence spanning over 40 years. Using a δ13C and δ15N enriched substrate, we separated SOM-derived and substrate-derived carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization in surface (top 15 cm), shallow (30-45 cm), and deep (65-80 cm) soils collected from established, newly invaded, and native plant communities. We found all soils were susceptible to SOM priming, but priming profiles differed between vegetation communities, being highest at the surface in native assemblage soils, whereas highest at depth under invasive plants. Changes in functional microbial community composition at depth in Phragmites soils, evidenced by an increase in relative fungal laccase abundance, explained the SOM priming in these deep invaded soils. Our results show that invasive Phragmites maintains a microbial community at depth able to degrade SOM faster than that under native vegetation, evidencing that plant species shifts can fundamentally change soil biogeochemistry, altering element cycling and decreasing SOM residence time. Furthermore, our experimental design allowed to quantify real-time SOM-C and SOM-N gross mineralization, resulting in a new model relating C and N mineralization in these wetland soils and providing new insights on how SOM decomposition impacts N availability and cycling across wetland N pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Bernal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America; GreenCollar US, Inc. International Programme, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America.
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America; Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas J Mozdzer
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America; Bryn Mawr College, Department of Biology, 101 N Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, United States of America
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4
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Osman HE, Elaidarous AA, El-Morsy MH, Eid EM, Keshta AE. Soils with more clay and dense vegetation were rich in soil carbon along Wadi Al-Sharaea, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12988. [PMID: 36820175 PMCID: PMC9938500 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In arid ecosystems, lack of vegetation and nutrients can negatively impact soil carbon (C) content. In the current study, our goals were to assess soil C stocks to a depth of 50 cm in an arid ecosystem (Wadi Al-Sharaea, Saudi Arabia) and determine their relation to different vegetation cover. To address our research objective, a total of 102 quadrate (randomly selected) were established along the desert wadi. Soil samples were collected to a depth of 50 cm with 5 cm interval, then Soil Bulk Density (SBD, g/cm3), Soil Organic C Content (SOC, g C/kg), and stocks (kg C/m2) were estimated. Both soil mechanical and chemical analyses were conducted for a composite soil sample. Study sites were categorized based on their visual vegetation cover (VC) percentage (%) into three major groups: 1) scarce vegetation cover (VC less than 25%); 2) medium vegetation cover (VC is higher than 25% and less than 75%); and lastly 3) dense vegetation cover (VC is higher than 75%). Soils were characterized by higher sand content (48.2%, both fine and coarse compiled) than silt (36.7 ± 1.64%) or clay (10.1 ± 1.28%). There were significant differences among soil Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) content (p < 0.05), while those plant communities with medium vegetation cover showed the highest soil content of Ca and K (1.7 ± 0.24 and 0.2 ± 0.03 meq/l, respectively). Plant communities with dense vegetation cover had the lowest SBD (1.96 ± 0.03 g/cm3) and the highest SOC stocks (14.9 ± 2.1 kg C/m2). Moreover, our data analyses indicated that SBD and SOC content had strong and negative correlation, where soils with dense vegetation cover had the most significant correlation (R2 = 0.95). Our results recommend that soil carbon stocks to a depth of 50 cm based on different vegetation cover of arid ecosystems should be implemented on global soil carbon budget to better elucidate factors controlling SOC content at the regional and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E.M. Osman
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Elaidarous
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. El-Morsy
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24243, Saudi Arabia,Plant Ecology and Range Management Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Ebrahem M. Eid
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Amr E. Keshta
- Botany Department, College of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31512, Egypt,Corresponding author.
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5
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Mozdzer TJ, McCormick MK, Slette IJ, Blum MJ, Megonigal JP. Rapid evolution of a coastal marsh ecosystem engineer in response to global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:157846. [PMID: 35948126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that global change can alter ecosystems by eliciting rapid evolution of foundational plants capable of shaping vital attributes and processes. Here we describe results of a field-scale exposure experiment and multilocus assays illustrating that elevated CO2 (eCO2) and nitrogen (N) enrichment can result in rapid shifts in genetic and genotypic variation in Phragmites australis, an ecologically dominant plant that acts as an ecosystem engineer in coastal marshes worldwide. Compared to control treatments, genotypic diversity declined over three years of exposure, especially to N enrichment. The magnitude of loss also increased over time under conditions of N enrichment. Comparisons of genotype frequencies revealed that proportional abundances shifted with exposure to eCO2 and N in a manner consistent with expected responses to selection. Comparisons also revealed evidence of tradeoffs that constrained exposure responses, where any particular genotype responded favorably to one factor rather than to different factors or to combinations of factors. These findings challenge the prevailing view that plant-mediated ecosystem outcomes of global change are governed primarily by differences in species responses to shifting environmental pressures and highlight the value of accounting for organismal evolution in predictive models to improve forecasts of ecosystem responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mozdzer
- Bryn Mawr College, Department of Biology, 101 N. Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, United States of America; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
| | - Melissa K McCormick
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
| | - Ingrid J Slette
- Colorado State University, Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 251 W Pitkin St, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - Michael J Blum
- University of Tennessee, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1416 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America.
| | - J Patrick Megonigal
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States of America.
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6
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Shi FX, Chen HM, Wang XW, Mao R. Alder encroachment alters subsoil organic carbon pool and chemical structure in a boreal peatland of Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157849. [PMID: 35932865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands have been experiencing increased abundances of symbiotic dinitrogen-fixing woody plants (mainly alder species). However, how alder encroachment alters soil organic carbon (C) pool and stability is unclear. To examine the effects of alder encroachment on soil organic C, we measured soil organic C pool, phenol oxidase (POX) activity, organic C mineralization rate, and organic C chemical structure (alkyl C, O-alkyl C, aromatic C, and carbonyl C) using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-40 cm depths in the Alnus sibirica islands and adjacent open peatlands in the north of Da'xingan Mountain, Northeast China. A. sibirica islands had 28 %, 25 %, and 30 % greater POX activity and 36 %, 31 %, and 100 % higher organic C mineralization than open peatlands in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-40 cm soil depths, respectively. Despite no significant changes in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths, alder encroachment reduced soil organic C pool in the 20-40 cm depth. Soil organic C pool in the 0-40 cm depth was lower in A. sibirica islands (298 Mg ha-1) than in the open peatlands (315 Mg ha-1). Moreover, alder encroachment increased alkyl (7 %) and carbonyl (57 %) C fractions but reduced O-alkyl C fraction (16 %) in the 20-40 cm depth, resulting in increased aliphaticity and recalcitrance indices. These findings suggest that alder encroachment will reduce soil organic C accumulation by accelerating microbial decomposition, and highlight that increased biochemical stabilization would attenuate soil organic C loss after alder expansion in boreal peatlands. Our results will help assess and project future C budgets in boreal peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xi Shi
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Rong Mao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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7
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Kim J, Heo YM, Yun J, Lee H, Kim JJ, Kang H. Changes in Archaeal Community and Activity by the Invasion of Spartina anglica Along Soil Depth Profiles of a Coastal Wetland. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:436-446. [PMID: 34003315 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of Spartina spp. in tidal salt marshes may affect the function and characteristics of the ecosystem. Previous studies reported that the invasion alters biogeochemical and microbial processes in marsh ecosystems, yet our knowledge of changing archaeal community due to the invasion is still limited, whereas archaeal communities play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycles within highly reduced marsh soils. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the influences of the Spartina anglica invasion on soil archaeal community and the depth profile of the influences. The relative abundance of archaeal phyla demonstrated that the invasion substantially shifted the characteristics of tidal salt marsh from marine to terrestrial soil only in surface layer, while the influences indirectly propagated to the deeper soil layer. In particular, two archaeal phyla, Asgardaeota and Diapherotrites, were strongly influenced by the invasion, indicating a shift from marine to terrestrial archaeal communities. The shifts in soil characteristics spread to the deeper soil layer that results in indirect propagation of the influences of the invasion down to the deeper soil, which was underestimated in previous studies. The changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and salinity were the substantial regulating factors for that. Therefore, changes in biogeochemical and microbial characteristics in the deep soil layer, which is below the root zone of the invasive plant, should be accounted for a more accurate illustration of the consequences of the invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Heo
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Yun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbyul Lee
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojeong Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Tang L, Zhou QS, Gao Y, Li P. Biomass allocation in response to salinity and competition in native and invasive species. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Long Tang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Qing Shi Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco‐Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region Institute of Water Resources and Hydro‐electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco‐Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region Institute of Water Resources and Hydro‐electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an China
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9
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Ren L, Jensen K, Porada P, Mueller P. Biota-mediated carbon cycling-A synthesis of biotic-interaction controls on blue carbon. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:521-540. [PMID: 35006633 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Research into biotic interactions has been a core theme of ecology for over a century. However, despite the obvious role that biota play in the global carbon cycle, the effects of biotic interactions on carbon pools and fluxes are poorly understood. Here we develop a conceptual framework that illustrates the importance of biotic interactions in regulating carbon cycling based on a literature review and a quantitative synthesis by means of meta-analysis. Our study focuses on blue carbon ecosystems-vegetated coastal ecosystems that function as the most effective long-term CO2 sinks of the biosphere. We demonstrate that a multitude of mutualistic, competitive and consumer-resource interactions between plants, animals and microbiota exert strong effects on carbon cycling across various spatial scales ranging from the rhizosphere to the landscape scale. Climate change-sensitive abiotic factors modulate the strength of biotic-interaction effects on carbon fluxes, suggesting that the importance of biota-mediated carbon cycling will change under future climatic conditions. Strong effects of biotic interactions on carbon cycling imply that biosphere-climate feedbacks may not be sufficiently represented in current Earth system models. Inclusion of new functional groups in these models, and new approaches to simplify species interactions, may thus improve the predictions of biotic effects on the global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Ren
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jensen
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Porada
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Mueller
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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10
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Wang Y, Huang L, Jia X, Zhu Y, Shao MA. Distribution characteristics and controls of soil organic carbon at different spatial scales in China's Loess Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112943. [PMID: 34102503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the variations and controls of soil organic carbon (SOC) at different spatial scales can help in selecting edaphic and environmental covariates that enables us to model SOC more accurately. The present study investigated the distribution characteristics and controls of SOC content at various spatial scales, including a deep soil core (204.5 m) taken from land surface down to bedrock (plot scale), two toposequences with different slope aspects (slope scale), and eighty-six soil profiles along a north-south transect under different land uses (regional scale) in China's Loess Plateau. The results showed that SOC content at different spatial scales decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth, but the rate of reduction differed at various spatial scales and in soil layers at different depths. For the deep soil core, the SOC content and the average rate of reduction with depth in the 0-15.5 m soil layer were significantly higher than the corresponding values of the 15.5-34.5 m and 34.5-204.5 m soil layers (p < 0.05). For the toposequences with varying slope aspects, SOC content in the 0-50 cm soil layer declined rapidly with increasing depth; while SOC content in the 50-200 cm soil layer showed relatively no change. There was no significant difference of average SOC content at depths of 0-200 cm for forestland and grassland considering slope aspects that differed or were the same (p > 0.05) due to the similar climatic conditions. However, SOC content within 0-500 cm soil profile under different land uses along the north-south transect exhibited a significant difference (p < 0.05), following the order of farmland (4.94 ± 1.23 g kg-1) > forestland (3.01 ± 1.45 g kg-1) > grassland (2.03 ± 0.68 g kg-1); moreover, the mean SOC content of the 0-500 cm soil profile generally decreased from south to north following the decreasing rainfall and temperature gradient. The average rates of reduction of SOC content in the 0-50 cm soil layer under different land uses (0.0807-0.1756 g kg-1 cm-1) were higher than the values of the 50-200 cm (0.0021-0.0154 g kg-1 cm-1) and 200-500 cm soil layers (0.0001-0.0017 g kg-1 cm-). The SOC content at the plot scale at different depths positively correlated with total nitrogen content. The SOC content at the slope scale was mainly affected by soil water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity, while that at the regional scale was impacted by climate, topography and soil water/clay content. Pedotransfer functions were applied to adequately simulate and predict SOC content at different spatial scales in the studied area, which could provide a foundation to build SOC prediction models and extrapolate the various spatial scales to other loess regions worldwide. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering the scale effects for efficiently predicting the spatial patterns of SOC and can help in devising better policy to protect or enhance existing SOC stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Laiming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ming An Shao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Keshta AE, Yarwood SA, Baldwin AH. A new in situ method showed greater persistence of added soil organic matter in natural than restored wetlands. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr E. Keshta
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland, Animal Science Building College Park MD 20742 U.S.A
- Botany Department, College of Science Tanta University Tanta 31512 Egypt
| | - Stephanie A. Yarwood
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland, Animal Science Building College Park MD 20742 U.S.A
| | - Andrew H. Baldwin
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland, Animal Science Building College Park MD 20742 U.S.A
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12
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Singh A, Kuttippurath J, Abbhishek K, Mallick N, Raj S, Chander G, Dixit S. Biogenic link to the recent increase in atmospheric methane over India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112526. [PMID: 33848879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a prominent Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and its global atmospheric concentration has increased significantly since the year 2007. Anthropogenic CH4 emissions are projected to be 9390 million metric tonnes by 2020. Here, we present the long-term changes in atmospheric methane over India and suggest possible alternatives to reduce soil emissions from paddy fields. The increase in atmospheric CH4 concentrations from 2009 to 2020 in India is significant, about 0.0765 ppm/decade. The Indo-Gangetic Plains, Peninsular India and Central India show about 0.075, 0.076 and 0.074 ppm/decade, respectively, in 2009-2020. Seasonal variations in CH4 emissions depend mostly on agricultural activities and meteorology, and contribution during the agricultural intensive period of Kharif-Rabi (i.e., June-December) is substantial in this regard. The primary reason for agricultural soil emissions is the application of chemical fertilizers to improve crop yield. However, for rice farming, soil amendments involving stable forms of carbon can reduce GHG emissions and improve soil carbon status. High crop production in pot culture experiment resulted in lower potential yield-scaled GHG emissions in rice with biochar supplement. The human impact of global warming induced by agricultural activities could be reduced by using biochar as a natural solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India; AGFE Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - J Kuttippurath
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
| | - K Abbhishek
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - N Mallick
- AGFE Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - S Raj
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - G Chander
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - S Dixit
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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13
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Mueller P, Mozdzer TJ, Langley JA, Aoki LR, Noyce GL, Megonigal JP. Plant species determine tidal wetland methane response to sea level rise. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5154. [PMID: 33056993 PMCID: PMC7560622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue carbon (C) ecosystems are among the most effective C sinks of the biosphere, but methane (CH4) emissions can offset their climate cooling effect. Drivers of CH4 emissions from blue C ecosystems and effects of global change are poorly understood. Here we test for the effects of sea level rise (SLR) and its interactions with elevated atmospheric CO2, eutrophication, and plant community composition on CH4 emissions from an estuarine tidal wetland. Changes in CH4 emissions with SLR are primarily mediated by shifts in plant community composition and associated plant traits that determine both the direction and magnitude of SLR effects on CH4 emissions. We furthermore show strong stimulation of CH4 emissions by elevated atmospheric CO2, whereas effects of eutrophication are not significant. Overall, our findings demonstrate a high sensitivity of CH4 emissions to global change with important implications for modeling greenhouse-gas dynamics of blue C ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mueller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA.
- Institute of Soil Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Mozdzer
- Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA
| | - J Adam Langley
- Department of Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19003, USA
| | - Lillian R Aoki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Genevieve L Noyce
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
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14
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Gonzalez Mateu M, Baldwin AH, Maul JE, Yarwood SA. Dark septate endophyte improves salt tolerance of native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:1943-1954. [PMID: 32341473 PMCID: PMC7367851 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes can improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress. However, the role of these plant-fungal interactions in invasive species ecology and their management implications remain unclear. This study characterized the fungal endophyte communities of native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis and assessed the role of dark septate endophytes (DSE) in salt tolerance of this species. We used Illumina sequencing to characterize root fungal endophytes of contiguous stands of native and invasive P. australis along a salinity gradient. DSE colonization was assessed throughout the growing season in the field, and effects of fungal inoculation on salinity tolerance were investigated using laboratory and greenhouse studies. Native and invasive lineages had distinct fungal endophyte communities that shifted across the salinity gradient. DSE colonization was greater in the invasive lineage and increased with salinity. Laboratory studies showed that DSE inoculation increased P. australis seedling survival under salt stress; and a greenhouse assay revealed that the invasive lineage had higher aboveground biomass under mesohaline conditions when inoculated with a DSE. We observed that P. australis can establish mutualistic associations with DSE when subjected to salt stress. This type of plant-fungal association merits further investigation in integrated management strategies of invasive species and restoration of native Phragmites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gonzalez Mateu
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Andrew H Baldwin
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Stephanie A Yarwood
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Luo M, Ye R, Huang J, Xiao L, Hu Q, Zhu A, Tong C. Impacts of the rhizosphere effect and plant species on organic carbon mineralization rates and pathways, and bacterial community composition in a tidal marsh. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5538758. [PMID: 31344237 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing recognition regarding the carbon cycle in the rhizosphere of upland ecosystems, little is known regarding the rhizosphere effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in tidal marsh soils. In the current study, in situ rhizobox experiments (including rhizosphere and inner and outer bulk soil) were conducted in an estuarine tidal marsh. Our results showed that a higher abundance of total bacteria, Geobacter, dsrA and mcrA and lower α-diversity were observed in the rhizosphere relative to the bulk soil. Rhizosphere effects shifted the partition of terminal metabolic pathways from sulfate reduction in the bulk soil to the co-dominance of microbial Fe(III) and sulfate reduction in the rhizosphere. Although the rhizosphere effect promoted the rates of three terminal metabolic pathways, it showed greater preference towards microbial Fe(III) reduction in the tidal marsh soils. Plant species had little impact on the partitioning of terminal metabolic pathways, but did affect the potential of total SOC mineralization together with the abundance and diversity of total bacteria. Both the rhizosphere effect and plant species influenced the bacterial community composition in the tidal marsh soils; however, plant species had a less pronounced impact on the bacterial community compared with that of the rhizosphere effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Min Luo
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.,School of Environment and Resource, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Rongzhong Ye
- Pee Dee Research & Education Centers, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506, USA
| | - Jiafang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Leilei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Resources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Qikai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.,School of Environment and Resource, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Aijv Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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16
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Dinter T, Geihser S, Gube M, Daniel R, Kuzyakov Y. Impact of sea level change on coastal soil organic matter, priming effects and prokaryotic community assembly. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5551479. [PMID: 31425573 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt marshes are coastal areas storing high amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) while simultaneously being prone to tidal changes. Here, SOM-decomposition and accompanied priming effects (PE), which describe interactions between labile and old SOM, were studied under controlled flooding conditions. Soil samples from two Wadden Sea salt marsh zones, pioneer (Pio), flooded two times/day, and lower salt marsh (Low), flooded ∼eight times/month, were measured for 56 days concerning CO2-efflux and prokaryotic community shifts during three different inundation-treatments: total-drained (Drained), all-time-flooded (Waterlogged) or temporal-flooding (Tidal). Priming was induced by 14C-glucose addition. CO2-efflux from soil followed Low>Pio and Tidal>Drained>Waterlogged, likely due to O2-depletion and moisture maintenance, two key factors governed by tidal inundation with regard to SOM mineralisation. PEs in both zones were positive (Drained) or absent (Waterlogged, Tidal), presumably as a result of prokaryotes switching from production of extracellular enzymes to direct incorporation of labile C. A doubled amount of prokaryotic biomass in Low compared to Pio probably induced higher chances of cometabolic effects and higher PE. 16S-rRNA-gene-amplicon-based analysis revealed differences in bacterial and archaeal community composition between both zones, revealing temporal niche adaptation with flooding treatment. Strongest alterations were found in Drained, likely due to inundation-mediated changes in C-binding capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dinter
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Geihser
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077 Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gube
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077 Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Kim J, Chaudhary DR, Lee J, Byun C, Ding W, Kwon BO, Khim JS, Kang H. Microbial mechanism for enhanced methane emission in deep soil layer of Phragmites-introduced tidal marsh. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105251. [PMID: 31711014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of Phragmites australis is known to substantially increase methane emission in the tidal salt marsh. Previous studies suggested that enhanced carbon input by the introduction may stimulate methanogenic activity. However, the exact mechanisms and the effects of the introduction of P. australis to methane dynamics in the deep soil layer are still unclear. In this study we collected 1 m deep intact soil cores and gas samples at native Suaeda japonica- and P. australis-vegetated temperate tidal salt marshes in Suncheon Bay, Republic of Korea. Rates of methane emission and vertical distribution of soil biogeochemistry and microbial communities were analyzed to understand the relationship among chemical and microbiological properties. The introduction of P. australis significantly enhanced methane emission in sites, which was caused by increased DOC and reduced competitive inhibition between sulfate reducer and methanogens. In particular, reduced competitive inhibition between sulfate reducers and methanogens in deep soil layer may play a substantial role in the enhanced methane emission by the introduction of P. australis. Potential methane production was also significantly higher in deeper soil layers than the surface soil layer. We suggest that deep soil layer plays a critical role in the methane dynamics of tidal salt marsh which is introduced by deep root plants, such as P. australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Doongar R Chaudhary
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeho Byun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Weixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Kang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Cagnarini C, Blyth E, Emmett BA, Evans CD, Griffiths RI, Keith A, Jones L, Lebron I, McNamara NP, Puissant J, Reinsch S, Robinson DA, Rowe EC, Thomas ARC, Smart SM, Whitaker J, Cosby BJ. Zones of influence for soil organic matter dynamics: A conceptual framework for data and models. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3996-4007. [PMID: 31386782 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an indicator of sustainable land management as stated in the global indicator framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Indicator 15.3.1). Improved forecasting of future changes in SOM is needed to support the development of more sustainable land management under a changing climate. Current models fail to reproduce historical trends in SOM both within and during transition between ecosystems. More realistic spatio-temporal SOM dynamics require inclusion of the recent paradigm shift from SOM recalcitrance as an 'intrinsic property' to SOM persistence as an 'ecosystem interaction'. We present a soil profile, or pedon-explicit, ecosystem-scale framework for data and models of SOM distribution and dynamics which can better represent land use transitions. Ecosystem-scale drivers are integrated with pedon-scale processes in two zones of influence. In the upper vegetation zone, SOM is affected primarily by plant inputs (above- and belowground), climate, microbial activity and physical aggregation and is prone to destabilization. In the lower mineral matrix zone, SOM inputs from the vegetation zone are controlled primarily by mineral phase and chemical interactions, resulting in more favourable conditions for SOM persistence. Vegetation zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (vegetation cover) and temporally at decadal scales (climate). Mineral matrix zone boundary conditions vary spatially at landscape scales (geology, topography) but change only slowly. The thicknesses of the two zones and their transport connectivity are dynamic and affected by plant cover, land use practices, climate and feedbacks from current SOM stock in each layer. Using this framework, we identify several areas where greater knowledge is needed to advance the emerging paradigm of SOM dynamics-improved representation of plant-derived carbon inputs, contributions of soil biota to SOM storage and effect of dynamic soil structure on SOM storage-and how this can be combined with robust and efficient soil monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cagnarini
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Eleanor Blyth
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Bridget A Emmett
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Chris D Evans
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Robert I Griffiths
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Aidan Keith
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Laurence Jones
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Inma Lebron
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Niall P McNamara
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jeremy Puissant
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sabine Reinsch
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - David A Robinson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Edwin C Rowe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Amy R C Thomas
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Simon M Smart
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jeanette Whitaker
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Bernard J Cosby
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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19
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Cui L, Pan X, Li W, Zhang X, Liu G, Song YB, Yu FH, Prinzing A, Cornelissen JHC. Phragmites australis meets Suaeda salsa on the "red beach": Effects of an ecosystem engineer on salt-marsh litter decomposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133477. [PMID: 31362230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suaeda salsa is a pioneer species in coastal wetlands of East Asia and recently an ecosystem engineer species, Phragmites australis, has started to enter into S. salsa communities owing to either autogenic or external drivers. The consequences of this phenomenon on the ecosystem functions of coastal wetlands are still unclear, especially for decomposition processes. Here we compared the decomposition rate of S. salsa litter, and associated litter chemistry dynamics, between sites with and without P. australis encroachment. We conducted a litter transplantation experiment to tease apart the effects of litter quality and decomposing environment or decomposer community composition. Our results showed that P. australis encroachment led to higher carbon and phosphorus losses of S. salsa litter, but equal losses of total mass, lignin, hemicellulose and nitrogen. Phragmites australis encroachment might affect decomposition rate indirectly by making S. salsa produce litter with higher lignin concentrations or via increasing the fungal diversity for decomposition. Moreover, P. australis as an ecosystem engineer might also alter the allocation of total phosphorus between the plants and the soils in coastal wetlands. Our findings indicate that P. australis could impact aboveground and belowground carbon and nutrient dynamics in coastal wetlands, and highlight the important consequences that encroaching plant species, especially ecosystem engineers, can have on ecosystem functions and services of coastal wetlands, not only in East Asia but probably also elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yao-Bin Song
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Campus de Beaulieu, Research Unit Ecobio, Bâtiment 14 A, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Johannes H C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Chapman SK, Hayes MA, Kelly B, Langley JA. Exploring the oxygen sensitivity of wetland soil carbon mineralization. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180407. [PMID: 30958210 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil oxygen availability may influence blue carbon, which is carbon stored in coastal wetlands, by controlling the decomposition of soil organic matter. We are beginning to quantify soil oxygen availability in wetlands, but we lack a precise understanding of how oxygen controls soil carbon dynamics. In this paper, we synthesize existing data from oxic and anoxic wetland soil incubations to determine how oxygen controls carbon mineralization. We define the oxygen sensitivity of carbon mineralization as the ratio of carbon mineralization rate in oxic soil to this rate in anoxic soil, such that higher values of this ratio indicate greater sensitivity of carbon mineralization to oxygen. The estimates of oxygen sensitivity we derived from existing literature show a wide range of ratios, from 0.8 to 33, across wetlands. We then report oxygen sensitivities from an experimental mesocosm we developed to manipulate soil oxygen status in realistic soils. The variation in oxygen sensitivity we uncover from this systematic review and experiment indicates that Earth system models may misrepresent the oxygen sensitivity of carbon mineralization, and how it varies with context, in wetland soils. We suggest that altered soil oxygen availability could be an important driver of future blue carbon storage in coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Hayes
- 1 Department of Biology, Villanova University , Villanova, PA , USA
| | - Brendan Kelly
- 2 The Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium , Chauvin, LA , USA
| | - J Adam Langley
- 1 Department of Biology, Villanova University , Villanova, PA , USA
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21
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Evidence does not support the targeting of cryptic invaders at the subspecies level using classical biological control: the example of Phragmites. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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The Case for Digging Deeper: Soil Organic Carbon Storage, Dynamics, and Controls in Our Changing World. SOIL SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of our terrestrial carbon (C) storage occurs in soils as organic C derived from living organisms. Therefore, the fate of soil organic C (SOC) in response to changes in climate, land use, and management is of great concern. Here we provide a unified conceptual model for SOC cycling by gathering the available information on SOC sources, dissolved organic C (DOC) dynamics, and soil biogeochemical processes. The evidence suggests that belowground C inputs (from roots and microorganisms) are the dominant source of both SOC and DOC in most ecosystems. Considering our emerging understanding of SOC protection mechanisms and long-term storage, we highlight the present need to sample (often ignored) deeper soil layers. Contrary to long-held biases, deep SOC—which contains most of the global amount and is often hundreds to thousands of years old—is susceptible to decomposition on decadal timescales when the environmental conditions under which it accumulated change. Finally, we discuss the vulnerability of SOC in different soil types and ecosystems globally, as well as identify the need for methodological standardization of SOC quality and quantity analyses. Further study of SOC protection mechanisms and the deep soil biogeochemical environment will provide valuable information about controls on SOC cycling, which in turn may help prioritize C sequestration initiatives and provide key insights into climate-carbon feedbacks.
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23
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Wilson BJ, Servais S, Charles SP, Mazzei V, Gaiser EE, Kominoski JS, Richards JH, Troxler TG. Phosphorus alleviation of salinity stress: effects of saltwater intrusion on an Everglades freshwater peat marsh. Ecology 2019; 100:e02672. [PMID: 30942486 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Saltwater intrusion and salinization of coastal wetlands around the world are becoming a pressing issue due to sea level rise. Here, we assessed how a freshwater coastal wetland ecosystem responds to saltwater intrusion. In wetland mesocosms, we continuously exposed Cladium jamaicense Crantz (sawgrass) plants and their peat soil collected from a freshwater marsh to two factors associated with saltwater intrusion in karstic ecosystems: elevated loading of salinity and phosphorus (P) inputs. We took repeated measures using a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design (n = 6) with treatments composed of elevated salinity (~9 ppt), P loading (14.66 μmol P/d), or a combination of both. We measured changes in water physicochemistry, ecosystem productivity, and plant biomass change over two years to assess monthly and two-year responses to saltwater intrusion. In the short-term, plants exhibited positive growth responses with simulated saltwater intrusion (salinity + P), driven by increased P availability. Despite relatively high salinity levels for a freshwater marsh (~9 ppt), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and aboveground biomass were significantly higher in the elevated salinity + P treated monoliths compared to the freshwater controls. Salinity stress became evident after extended exposure. Although still higher than freshwater controls, GEP and NEP were significantly lower in the elevated salinity + P treatment than the +P treatment after two years. However, elevated salinity decreased live root biomass regardless of whether P was added. Our results suggest that saltwater intrusion into karstic freshwater wetlands may initially act as a subsidy by stimulating aboveground primary productivity of marsh plants. However, chronic exposure to elevated salinity results in plant stress, negatively impacting belowground peat soil structure and stability through a reduction in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Shelby Servais
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Sean P Charles
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Viviana Mazzei
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Evelyn E Gaiser
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - John S Kominoski
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Jennifer H Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Tiffany G Troxler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.,Sea Level Solutions Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
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24
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Koop-Jakobsen K, Mueller P, Meier RJ, Liebsch G, Jensen K. Plant-Sediment Interactions in Salt Marshes - An Optode Imaging Study of O 2, pH, and CO 2 Gradients in the Rhizosphere. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29774037 PMCID: PMC5943611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In many wetland plants, belowground transport of O2 via aerenchyma tissue and subsequent O2 loss across root surfaces generates small oxic root zones at depth in the rhizosphere with important consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling. This study demonstrates how roots of the intertidal salt-marsh plant Spartina anglica affect not only O2, but also pH and CO2 dynamics, resulting in distinct gradients of O2, pH, and CO2 in the rhizosphere. A novel planar optode system (VisiSens TD®, PreSens GmbH) was used for taking high-resolution 2D-images of the O2, pH, and CO2 distribution around roots during alternating light-dark cycles. Belowground sediment oxygenation was detected in the immediate vicinity of the roots, resulting in oxic root zones with a 1.7 mm radius from the root surface. CO2 accumulated around the roots, reaching a concentration up to threefold higher than the background concentration, and generally affected a larger area within a radius of 12.6 mm from the root surface. This contributed to a lowering of pH by 0.6 units around the roots. The O2, pH, and CO2 distribution was recorded on the same individual roots over diurnal light cycles in order to investigate the interlinkage between sediment oxygenation and CO2 and pH patterns. In the rhizosphere, oxic root zones showed higher oxygen concentrations during illumination of the aboveground biomass. In darkness, intraspecific differences were observed, where some plants maintained oxic root zones in darkness, while others did not. However, the temporal variation in sediment oxygenation was not reflected in the temporal variations of pH and CO2 around the roots, which were unaffected by changing light conditions at all times. This demonstrates that plant-mediated sediment oxygenation fueling microbial decomposition and chemical oxidation has limited impact on the dynamics of pH and CO2 in S. anglica rhizospheres, which may in turn be controlled by other processes such as root respiration and root exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketil Koop-Jakobsen
- MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Mueller
- Applied Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai Jensen
- Applied Plant Ecology, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Mozdzer TJ, Caplan JS. Complementary responses of morphology and physiology enhance the stand‐scale production of a model invasive species under elevated
CO
2
and nitrogen. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Mozdzer
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland
| | - Joshua S. Caplan
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland
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26
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Legault R, Zogg GP, Travis SE. Competitive interactions between native Spartina alterniflora and non-native Phragmites australis depend on nutrient loading and temperature. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192234. [PMID: 29389960 PMCID: PMC5794177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the nature and impact of competitive interactions between the salt marsh foundational plant Spartina alterniflora and invasive Phragmites australis in New England under varying levels of anthropogenic influence from nutrient loading and temperature warming. Plants were grown with and without competition in mesocosms over a four-month growing season. Mesocosms were split evenly among three levels of nutrient additions and two temperatures varying by an average of ~3° C, manipulated using small greenhouses. We measured aboveground productivity as total biomass, numbers of new stems, and mean stem height. Nutrient enrichment increased all growth parameters, while competition generally reduced aboveground biomass and the production of new stems in both species. Most importantly, smooth cordgrass suffered no negative consequences of competition when no nutrients were added and temperature was elevated. The results of this study suggest that minimizing nutrient loading into coastal marshes could be an important factor in slowing the spread of common reed into the low marsh zone of New England salt marshes as global temperatures continue to warm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Legault
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME
| | - Gregory P. Zogg
- Department of Biology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME
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27
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Eller F, Skálová H, Caplan JS, Bhattarai GP, Burger MK, Cronin JT, Guo WY, Guo X, Hazelton ELG, Kettenring KM, Lambertini C, McCormick MK, Meyerson LA, Mozdzer TJ, Pyšek P, Sorrell BK, Whigham DF, Brix H. Cosmopolitan Species As Models for Ecophysiological Responses to Global Change: The Common Reed Phragmites australis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1833. [PMID: 29250081 PMCID: PMC5715336 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan grass and often the dominant species in the ecosystems it inhabits. Due to high intraspecific diversity and phenotypic plasticity, P. australis has an extensive ecological amplitude and a great capacity to acclimate to adverse environmental conditions; it can therefore offer valuable insights into plant responses to global change. Here we review the ecology and ecophysiology of prominent P. australis lineages and their responses to multiple forms of global change. Key findings of our review are that: (1) P. australis lineages are well-adapted to regions of their phylogeographic origin and therefore respond differently to changes in climatic conditions such as temperature or atmospheric CO2; (2) each lineage consists of populations that may occur in geographically different habitats and contain multiple genotypes; (3) the phenotypic plasticity of functional and fitness-related traits of a genotype determine the responses to global change factors; (4) genotypes with high plasticity to environmental drivers may acclimate or even vastly expand their ranges, genotypes of medium plasticity must acclimate or experience range-shifts, and those with low plasticity may face local extinction; (5) responses to ancillary types of global change, like shifting levels of soil salinity, flooding, and drought, are not consistent within lineages and depend on adaptation of individual genotypes. These patterns suggest that the diverse lineages of P. australis will undergo intense selective pressure in the face of global change such that the distributions and interactions of co-occurring lineages, as well as those of genotypes within-lineages, are very likely to be altered. We propose that the strong latitudinal clines within and between P. australis lineages can be a useful tool for predicting plant responses to climate change in general and present a conceptual framework for using P. australis lineages to predict plant responses to global change and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eller
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hana Skálová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Joshua S. Caplan
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Temple University, Ambler, PA, United States
| | - Ganesh P. Bhattarai
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Melissa K. Burger
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - James T. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Wen-Yong Guo
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Xiao Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Eric L. G. Hazelton
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Karin M. Kettenring
- Department of Watershed Sciences and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Carla Lambertini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Thomas J. Mozdzer
- Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, United States
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Brian K. Sorrell
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dennis F. Whigham
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States
| | - Hans Brix
- Aquatic Biology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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