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Testolin R, Dalmonech D, Marano G, Bagnara M, D'Andrea E, Matteucci G, Noce S, Collalti A. Simulating diverse forest management options in a changing climate on a Pinus nigra subsp. laricio plantation in Southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159361. [PMID: 36252656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean pine plantations provide several ecosystem services but are vulnerable to climate change. Forest management might play a strategic role in the adaptation of Mediterranean forests, but the joint effect of climate change and diverse management options have seldom been investigated together. Here, we simulated the development of a Laricio pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) stand in the Bonis watershed (southern Italy) from its establishment in 1958 up to 2095 using a state-of-the-science process-based forest model. The model was run under three climate scenarios corresponding to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration and warming, and six management options with different goals, including wood production and renaturalization. We analysed the effect of climate change on annual carbon fluxes (i.e., gross and net primary production) and stocks (i.e., basal area, standing and harvested carbon woody stocks) of the autotrophic compartment, as well as the impact of different management options compared to a no management baseline. Results show that higher temperatures (+3 to +5 °C) and lower precipitation (-20 % to -22 %) will trigger a decrease in net primary productivity in the second half of the century. Compared to no management, the other options had a moderate effect on carbon fluxes over the whole simulation (between -14 % and +11 %). While standing woody biomass was reduced by thinning interventions and the shelterwood system (between -5 % and -41 %), overall carbon stocks including the harvested wood were maximized (between +41 % and +56 %). Results highlight that management exerts greater effects on the carbon budget of Laricio pine plantations than climate change alone, and that climate change and management are largely independent (i.e., no strong interaction effects). Therefore, appropriate silvicultural strategies might enhance potential carbon stocks and improve forest conditions, with cascading positive effects on the provision of ecosystem services in Mediterranean pine plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Testolin
- National Research Council of Italy, Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, Italy; BIOME Lab., Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario per la Biodiversità Vegetale Big Data - PLANT DATA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; LifeWatch, Italy.
| | - Daniela Dalmonech
- National Research Council of Italy, Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gina Marano
- National Research Council of Italy, Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, Italy; Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Bagnara
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiKF), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- National Research Council of Italy, Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (CNR-IRET), Via G. Marconi n. 2, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of BioEconomy (CNR-IBE), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sergio Noce
- Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, Division Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Ecosystem Services (CMCC-IAFES), 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessio Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Madonna Alta 128, 06128 Perugia, Italy
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Tao W, Mao K, He J, Smith NG, Qiao Y, Guo J, Yang H, Wang W, Liu J, Chen L. Daytime warming triggers tree growth decline in the Northern Hemisphere. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4832-4844. [PMID: 35561010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has been linked to declines in tree growth. However, it is unclear how the asymmetry in daytime and nighttime warming influences this response. Here, we use 2947 residual tree-ring width chronologies covering 32 species at 2493 sites, between 1901 and 2018, across the Northern Hemisphere, to analyze the effects of daytime and nighttime temperatures, precipitation, and drought stress on the radial growth of trees. We show that drought stress was primarily triggered by daytime rather than nighttime warming. The radial growth of trees was more sensitive to drought stress in warm regions than in cold regions, especially for angiosperms. Our study provides robust evidence that daytime warming is the primary driver of the observed declines in forest productivity related to drought stress and that daytime and nighttime warming should be considered separately when modelling forest-climate interactions and feedbacks in a future, warmer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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Jia H, Fang O, Lyu L. Non-linear modelling reveals a predominant moisture limit on juniper growth across the southern Tibetan Plateau. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:85-95. [PMID: 35608820 PMCID: PMC9295923 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tree growth in plateau forests is critically limited by harsh climatic conditions. Many mathematical statistical methods have been used to identify the relationships between tree growth and climatic factors, but there is still uncertainty regarding the relative importance of these factors across different regions. We tested major climatic limits at 30 sites to provide insights into the main climatic limits for juniper trees (Juniperus tibetica Kom.) across the southern Tibetan Plateau. METHODS We analysed the linear and non-linear relationships between tree growth and climatic factors using Pearson correlation statistics and a process-based forward Vaganov-Shashkin-Lite (VS-Lite) model, respectively. These relationships were used to identify the strength of the influence of different climatic factors throughout the species' growing season and to identify the main climatic factors limiting tree growth. KEY RESULTS Growth of juniper trees began in April and ended in October in the study area. The radial growth of juniper trees was limited by soil moisture throughout the summer (June-August) of the current year at 24 sampling sites and was limited by temperature at the other six sites on the southern Tibetan Plateau. CONCLUSIONS Soil moisture limited juniper growth at the majority of sites. Temperature in the current summer limited the growth of juniper trees at a few sampling sites in the western part of the study area. Local climate conditions may contribute to different limiting factors in the growth response of trees on the southern Tibetan Plateau. These findings may contribute to our understanding of divergent forest dynamics and to sustainable forest management under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Lixin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Future Projection of CO2 Absorption and N2O Emissions of the South Korean Forests under Climate Change Scenarios: Toward Net-Zero CO2 Emissions by 2050 and Beyond. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forests mitigate climate change by absorbing CO2. However, N2O emissions in forests, which has 298 times larger global warming potential than CO2, can diminish the climate mitigation role of forests. Thus, it is crucial to project not only CO2 absorption but also N2O emissions in forests to provide a scientific basis for the 1.5 °C Paris Agreement goal. This study used a biogeochemical model, called FBD-CAN, to project CO2 absorption and N2O emissions of South Korean forests from 2021 to 2080 under three climate scenarios, including the current climate, Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5, and RCP 8.5. From 2021 to 2080, CO2 absorption decreased from 5.0 to 1.4 Mg CO2 ha—1 year—1 under the current climate with the aging of forests, while N2O emissions increased from 0.25 to 0.33 Mg CO2 eq. ha—1 year—1. Climate change accelerated the decreasing trend in CO2 absorption and the increasing trend in N2O emissions. The subalpine region had a faster decreasing trend in CO2 absorption than the central and southern regions due to its older stand age. These findings provide scientific references for future greenhouse gas reduction plans and broaden our knowledge of the impacts of climate change on the climate mitigation role of forests.
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Gea‐Izquierdo G, Sánchez‐González M. Forest disturbances and climate constrain carbon allocation dynamics in trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4342-4358. [PMID: 35322511 PMCID: PMC9541293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances such as drought, fire, and logging affect the forest carbon dynamics and the terrestrial carbon sink. Forest mortality after disturbances creates uncertainties that need to be accounted for to understand forest dynamics and their associated C-sink. We combined data from permanent resampling plots and biomass oriented dendroecological plots to estimate time series of annual woody biomass growth (ABI) in several forests. ABI time series were used to benchmark a vegetation model to analyze dynamics in forest productivity and carbon allocation forced by environmental variability. The model implements source and sink limitations explicitly by dynamically constraining carbon allocation of assimilated photosynthates as a function of temperature and moisture. Bias in tree-ring reconstructed ABI increased back in time from data collection and with increasing disturbance intensity. ABI bias ranged from zero, in open stands without recorded mortality, to over 100% in stands with major disturbances such as thinning or snowstorms. Stand leaf area was still lower than in control plots decades after heavy thinning. Disturbances, species life-history strategy and climatic variability affected carbon-partitioning patterns in trees. Resprouting broadleaves reached maximum biomass growth at earlier ages than nonresprouting conifers. Environmental variability and leaf area explained much variability in woody biomass allocation. Effects of stand competition on C-allocation were mediated by changes in stand leaf area except after major disturbances. Divergence between tree-ring estimated and simulated ABI were caused by unaccounted changes in allocation or misrepresentation of some functional process independently of the model calibration approach. Higher disturbance intensity produced greater modifications of the C-allocation pattern, increasing error in reconstructed biomass dynamics. Legacy effects from disturbances decreased model performance and reduce the potential use of ABI as a proxy to net primary productivity. Trait-based dynamics of C-allocation in response to environmental variability need to be refined in vegetation models.
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West TAP, Salekin S, Melia N, Wakelin SJ, Yao RT, Meason D. Diversification of forestry portfolios for climate change and market risk mitigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 289:112482. [PMID: 33813299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investments in forestry are long-term and thus subject to numerous sources of risk. In addition to the volatility from markets, forestry investments are directly exposed to future impacts from climate change. We examined how diversification of forest management regimes can mitigate the expected risks associated with forestry activities in New Zealand based on an application of Modern Portfolio Theory. Uncertainties in the responses of Pinus radiata (D. Don) productivity to climate change, from 2050 to 2090, were simulated with 3-PG, a process-based forest growth model, based on future climate scenarios and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Future timber market scenarios were based on RCP-specific projections from the Global Timber Model and historical log grade prices. Outputs from 3-PG and the market scenarios were combined to compute annualized forestry returns for four P. radiata regimes for 2050-2090. This information was then used to construct optimal forestry portfolios that minimize investment risk for a given target return under different RCPs, forest productivity and market scenarios. While current P. radiata regimes in New Zealand are largely homogenous, our results suggest that regime diversification can mitigate future risks imposed by climate change and market uncertainty. Nevertheless, optimal portfolio compositions varied substantially across our range of scenarios and portfolio objectives. The application of this framework can help forest managers to better account for future risks in their management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales A P West
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand; Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Serajis Salekin
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Nathanael Melia
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Steve J Wakelin
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Richard T Yao
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Dean Meason
- Scion-New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand
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Gea-Izquierdo G, Natalini F, Cardillo E. Holm oak death is accelerated but not sudden and expresses drought legacies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:141793. [PMID: 32920381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase in abiotic and biotic stress driven by global change threatens forest ecosystems and challenges understanding of mechanisms producing mortality. Phytophthora spp. like P. cinnamomi (PHYCI) are among the most lethal pathogens for many woody species including Quercus spp. Dynamics of biotic agents and their hosts are complex and influenced by climatic conditions. We analysed radial growth trends of dead and live adult Quercus ilex trees from agrosilvopastoral open woodlands under intense land-use. A pronounced warming trend since the 1980s has coincided in these woodlands with high oak mortality rates generally attributed to PHYCI. Yet, tree mortality and latency of the pathogen could be expressed at variable time spans, whereas, like in many other forests worldwide, tree death could also be explained by other factors like drought. PHYCI was isolated from roots of all dead oaks from one region. Trees were younger than generally believed and ages of dead trees ranged between 38 and 230 years. Growth of dead trees reached a tipping point in 1980 and 1990 coincident with two-year extraordinary droughts. These dates set the start of growth declines up to 30 years before tree death. Live trees did not exhibit any recent growth decline. Tree growth was highly sensitive to climatic variability associated with water stress and climate-growth relationships suggested phenological changes since the 1980s. Live and dead trees showed differences in their sensitivity to moisture availability and temperature. The sensitivity of growth to climate was partially related to site environmental conditions. Simulated gross and net primary productivity were higher in live sites with less atmospheric demand for water. Tree death was not sudden but a slow multiannual process as expressed by radial growth declines likely triggered by drought. Regardless of the causal agent or mechanism, the observed mortality affected trees exhibiting negative drought and land-use legacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Natalini
- ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, 21819 Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain
| | - Enrique Cardillo
- CICYTEX-ICMC, Polígono Industrial El Prado, c/ Pamplona 64, 06800 Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
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Ecological Diversity within Rear-Edge: A Case Study from Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the ecology of populations located in the rear edge of their distribution is key to assessing the response of the species to changing environmental conditions. Here, we focus on rear-edge populations of Quercus pyrenaica in Sierra Nevada (southern Iberian Peninsula) to analyze their ecological and floristic diversity. We perform multivariate analyses using high-resolution environmental information and forest inventories to determine how environmental variables differ among oak populations, and to identify population groups based on environmental and floristic composition. We find that water availability is a key variable in explaining the distribution of Q. pyrenaica and the floristic diversity of their accompanying communities within its rear edge. Three cluster of oak populations were identified based on environmental variables. We found differences among these clusters regarding plant diversity, but not for forest attributes. A remarkable match between the populations clustering derived from analysis of environmental variables and the ordination of the populations according to species composition was found. The diversity of ecological behaviors for Q. pyrenaica populations in this rear edge are consistent with the high genetic diversity shown by populations of this oak in the Sierra Nevada. The identification of differences between oak populations within the rear-edge with respect to environmental variables can aid with planning the forest management and restoration actions, particularly considering the importance of some environmental factors in key ecological aspects.
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Land-Use Legacies and Climate Change as a Double Challenge to Oak Forest Resilience: Mismatches of Geographical and Ecological Rear Edges. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dorado-Liñán I, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Cañellas I, Gil L, Gea-Izquierdo G. Climate Change Synchronizes Growth and iWUE Across Species in a Temperate-Submediterranean Mixed Oak Forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:706. [PMID: 32595660 PMCID: PMC7300280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree species have good tolerance to a range of environmental conditions, though their ability to respond and persist to environmental changes is dramatically reduced at the rear-edge distribution limits. At those edges, gene flow conferring adaptation is impaired due to lack of populations at lower latitudes. Thus, trees mainly rely on phenotypic changes to buffer against long-term environmental changes. Interspecific hybridization may offer an alternative mechanism in the generation of novel genetic recombinants that could be particularly valuable to ensure persistence in geographically isolated forests. In this paper, we take advantage of the longevity of a temperate-submediterranean mixed-oak forest to explore the long-term impact of environmental changes on two different oak species and their hybrid. Individual trees were genetically characterized and classified into three groups: pure Quercus petraea (Matt.), Liebl, pure Q. pyrenaica Willd, and hybrids. We calculated basal area increment and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from tree-ring width and δ13C per genetic group, respectively. Tree-growth drivers were assessed using correlation analyses and generalized linear mixed models for two contrasting climatic periods: (1880-1915, colder with [CO2] < 303 ppm; and 1980-2015, warmer with [CO2] > 338 ppm). The three genetic groups have increased radial growth and iWUE during the last decades, being the least drought-tolerant QuPe the most sensitive species to water stress. However, no significant differences were found among genetic groups neither in mean growth rate nor in mean iWUE. Furthermore, little differences were found in the response to climate among groups. Genetic groups only differed in the relationship between δ13C and temperature and precipitation during the earlier period, but such a difference disappeared during the recent decades. Climate change may have promoted species-level convergence as a response to environment-induced growth limitations, which translated in synchronized growth and response to climate as well as a tighter stomatal control and increased iWUE across coexisting oak species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Forest Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Valbuena-Carabaña
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cañellas
- Forest Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Forest Research Centre, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
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Simioni G, Marie G, Davi H, Martin-St Paul N, Huc R. Natural forest dynamics have more influence than climate change on the net ecosystem production of a mixed Mediterranean forest. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Gea-Izquierdo G, Férriz M, García-Garrido S, Aguín O, Elvira-Recuenco M, Hernandez-Escribano L, Martin-Benito D, Raposo R. Synergistic abiotic and biotic stressors explain widespread decline of Pinus pinaster in a mixed forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:963-975. [PMID: 31247442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global change potentially increases forest vulnerability. Different abiotic and biotic factors may interact to cause forest decline and accelerated tree mortality. We studied a mixed Mediterranean continental forest where Pinus pinaster Ait. (maritime pine) shows widespread decline to analyse the role of different abiotic and biotic factors on health status and growth dynamics both at the individual and plot levels. We also analysed stand composition and regeneration of tree species to check whether there is a change in species dominance. Fungal pathogens were seldom present and we detected no pervasive fungi or insect infestation and no presence of pathogens like Heterobasidion or Phytophthora. Infection of hemiparasite plants like Viscum album L. (mistletoe) can reduce leaf area and its abundance is generally considered an expression of host decline. Yet, the existence among declining trees of high defoliation levels without mistletoe, but not vice versa, suggests that defoliation in response to some abiotic stressor could be a predisposing factor preceding mistletoe infection. Compared to healthy trees, declining and dead trees exhibited higher defoliation rates, smaller needles and lower recent growth with steeper negative trends. Dead and declining trees showed similar negative growth trends since the early 1990s droughts, which we interpreted as early warning signals anticipating mortality of currently declining trees in the near future. Mortality of maritime pine extending across all size classes, the lower presence of this species in the smallest size classes and its lack of regeneration suggest it is potentially losing its current dominance and being replaced by other co-occurring, more drought-tolerant species. Our results unravelled that maritime pine decline seems to be mainly driven by a combination of predisposing and inciting abiotic factors (microenvironment and drought stress) and biotic factors (mistletoe). The absence of widespread fungal pathogens suggests that they may have a minor role on pine decline acting only eventually as contributing factors. Although there could be other interrelations among factors or other biotic agents at play, our results strongly suggest that water stress plays a major role in the decline process of the dominant species on an ecosystem with strong land-use legacies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olga Aguín
- Estación Fitopatolóxica do Areeiro, Subida a la Robleda s/n, 36153 Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Raposo
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Dorado-Liñán I, Piovesan G, Martínez-Sancho E, Gea-Izquierdo G, Zang C, Cañellas I, Castagneri D, Di Filippo A, Gutiérrez E, Ewald J, Fernández-de-Uña L, Hornstein D, Jantsch MC, Levanič T, Mellert KH, Vacchiano G, Zlatanov T, Menzel A. Geographical adaptation prevails over species-specific determinism in trees' vulnerability to climate change at Mediterranean rear-edge forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1296-1314. [PMID: 30548989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may reduce forest growth and increase forest mortality, which is connected to high carbon costs through reductions in gross primary production and net ecosystem exchange. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns of vulnerability to both short-term extreme events and gradual environmental changes are quite uncertain across the species' limits of tolerance to dryness. Such information is fundamental for defining ecologically relevant upper limits of species tolerance to drought and, hence, to predict the risk of increased forest mortality and shifts in species composition. We investigate here to what extent the impact of short- and long-term environmental changes determines vulnerability to climate change of three evergreen conifers (Scots pine, silver fir, Norway spruce) and two deciduous hardwoods (European beech, sessile oak) tree species at their southernmost limits of distribution in the Mediterranean Basin. Finally, we simulated future forest growth under RCP 2.6 and 8.5 emission scenarios using a multispecies generalized linear mixed model. Our analysis provides four key insights into the patterns of species' vulnerability to climate change. First, site climatic marginality was significantly linked to the growth trends: increasing growth was related to less climatically limited sites. Second, estimated species-specific vulnerability did not match their a priori rank in drought tolerance: Scots pine and beech seem to be the most vulnerable species among those studied despite their contrasting physiologies. Third, adaptation to site conditions prevails over species-specific determinism in forest response to climate change. And fourth, regional differences in forests vulnerability to climate change across the Mediterranean Basin are linked to the influence of summer atmospheric circulation patterns, which are not correctly represented in global climate models. Thus, projections of forest performance should reconsider the traditional classification of tree species in functional types and critically evaluate the fine-scale limitations of the climate data generated by global climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Forest Research Centre (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Gianluca Piovesan
- DendrologyLab, DAFNE, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Christian Zang
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Alfredo Di Filippo
- DendrologyLab, DAFNE, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joerg Ewald
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Hornstein
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephan Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Tom Levanič
- Department of Forest Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karl H Mellert
- Forest Nutrition and Water Resources, University of Technology, Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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14
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Vicente-Serrano SM, Sánchez-Salguero R, Gutiérrez E, de Luis M, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Novak K, Rozas V, Tíscar PA, Linares JC, Martín-Hernández N, Martínez Del Castillo E, Ribas M, García-González I, Silla F, Camisón A, Génova M, Olano JM, Longares LA, Hevia A, Tomás-Burguera M, Galván JD. Forest resilience to drought varies across biomes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2143-2158. [PMID: 29488293 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin de Luis
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Klemen Novak
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Depto. de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Tíscar
- Centro de Capacitación y Experimentación Forestal, Cazorla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Montse Ribas
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-González
- Depto. Botánica, Escola Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fernando Silla
- Depto. Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Camisón
- Ingeniería Forestal y del Medio Natural, Univ. Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Mar Génova
- Depto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Olano
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, EU Ing. Agrarias, iuFOR-Univ., Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis A Longares
- Depto. Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio - IUCA, Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Grado, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Estación Experimental Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Voelker SL, Stambaugh MC, Renée Brooks J, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Guyette RP. Evidence that higher [CO 2] increases tree growth sensitivity to temperature: a comparison of modern and paleo oaks. Oecologia 2017; 183:1183-1195. [PMID: 28220301 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To test tree growth sensitivity to temperature under different ambient CO2 concentrations, we determined stem radial growth rates as they relate to variation in temperature during the last deglacial period, and compare these to modern tree growth rates as they relate to spatial variation in temperature across the modern species distributional range. Paleo oaks were sampled from Northern Missouri, USA and compared to a pollen-based, high-resolution paleo temperature reconstruction from Northern Illinois, USA. Growth data were from 53 paleo bur oak log cross sections collected in Missouri. These oaks were preserved in river and stream sediments and were radiocarbon-dated to a period of rapid climate change during the last deglaciation (10.5 and 13.3 cal kyr BP). Growth data from modern bur oaks were obtained from increment core collections paired with USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data collected across the Great Plains, Midwest, and Upper Great Lakes regions. For modern oaks growing at an average [CO2] of 330 ppm, growth sensitivity to temperature (i.e., the slope of growth rate versus temperature) was about twice that of paleo oaks growing at an average [CO2] of 230 ppm. These data help to confirm that leaf-level predictions that photosynthesis and thus growth will be more sensitive to temperature at higher [CO2] in mature trees-suggesting that tree growth forest productivity will be increasingly sensitive to temperature under projected global warming and high-[CO2] conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Voelker
- Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Michael C Stambaugh
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - J Renée Brooks
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems, Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA
| | - Richard P Guyette
- Department of Forestry, University of Missouri, 203ABNR Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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