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Shang X, Qin W, Yang B, Dai Q, Pan H, Yang X, Gu X, Yang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Integrated framework for dynamic conservation of bamboo forest in giant panda habitat under climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122052. [PMID: 39128359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Climate change presents formidable challenges to forest biodiversity and carbon storage. Bamboo forests will be affected particularly in Southwest China's mountainous regions. Bamboo serves as not only a key food resource and habitat for giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca but also a potential carbon sink due to its rapid energy-to-matter conversion capability. We employ the MaxEnt model to project the distribution shifts of 20 giant panda foraged bamboo species in Sichuan Province under future climate scenarios, utilizing climate data of 30m resolution. Based on the changes in the diversity and distribution area of bamboo communities caused by climate change, the changing of giant pandas' food resources and the carbon storage of bamboo forests were calculated. The results indicated that the area of bamboo communities is projected to expand by 17.94%-60.88% more than now by the end of the 21st century. We analyzed the energy balance between the dietary needs of giant pandas and the energy provided by bamboo. We predicted that bamboo communities from 2000 to 2150 could support the continuous growth of the giant panda population (6533 wild individuals by 2140-2150 in an ideal state in Sichuan province). However, the species diversity and carbon storage of bamboo forests face out-of-sync fluctuations, both temporally and spatially. This is a critical issue for subalpine forest ecosystem management under climate change. Therefore, we propose a dynamic conservation management framework for giant panda habitats across spatial and temporal scales. This framework aims to facilitate the adaptation of subalpine forest ecosystems to climate change. This innovative approach, which integrates climate change into the conservation strategy for endangered species, contributes a conservation perspective to global climate action, highlighting the interconnectedness of biodiversity preservation and climate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weirui Qin
- School of Life Science (School of Giant Panda), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China; Daxiangling Nature Reserve Management and Protection Center of Yingjing County, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625000, China
| | - Biao Yang
- School of Life Science (School of Giant Panda), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China; Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Pan
- Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Giant Panda National Park Administration, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, 610081, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Life Science (School of Giant Panda), China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Chang Y, Zhao C, Liu X, He L. Mapping multi-seasonal habitats of giant pandas to identify seasonal shifts. iScience 2024; 27:109115. [PMID: 38384834 PMCID: PMC10879713 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As a flagship species of biodiversity conservation globally, the giant panda has seasonal migration to cope with seasonal changes in available resources. Here, we have mapped the spatial distribution of multi-seasonal habitats of the giant panda across the Baishuijiang reserve in China. Results show that the spatial patterns are different in different seasons, generally, large patches are observed in the western part, while staggered clusters occur in the middle and eastern parts. That is, suitable habitats for giant pandas are mostly distributed in the west part. More than 75% of the predicted suitable habitats are within the core zone of the reserve year-round, indicating the core zone essentially meet giant panda's ecological needs, although this range could potentially be expanded. This study provides valuable insights into the spatiotemporal migration patterns of endangered species and helps to guide conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730020, China
| | - Xingming Liu
- Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Wenxian, Gansu 746400, China
| | - Liwen He
- Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve, Wenxian, Gansu 746400, China
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Lin S, Yao D, Jiang H, Qin J, Feng Z. Predicting current and future potential distributions of the greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica) under climate change conditions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:734-743. [PMID: 37779103 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent infestation is a global problem. Rodents cause huge harm to agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry around the world and spread various zoonoses. In this study, we simulated the potentially suitable habitats of Bandicota indica and predicted the impact of future climate change on its distribution under different socio-economic pathway scenarios of CMIP6 using a parameter-optimized maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. RESULTS The average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value (0.958 ± 0.006) after ten repetitions proved the high accuracy of the MaxEnt model. Model results show that the annual mean temperature (≥ 15.93 °C), isothermality (28.52-80.49%), annual precipitation (780.13-3863.13 mm), precipitation of the warmest quarter (≥ 204.37 mm), and nighttime light (≥ 3.38) were important limiting environmental variables for the distribution of B. indica. Under current climate conditions, the projected potential suitable habitats for B. indica were mainly in India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, which cover a total area of 301.70 × 104 km2 . The potentially suitable areas of B. indica in the world will expand under different future climate change scenarios by 1.61-17.65%. CONCLUSIONS These results validate the potential influence of climate change on the distribution of B. indica and aid in understanding the linkages between B. indica niches and the relevant environment, thereby identifying urgent management areas where interventions may be necessary to develop feasible early warning and prevention strategies to protect against this rodent's spread. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Lin
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Yao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxue Jiang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Feng
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Zhang Z, Long W, Zang R. Identifying hotspots of woody plant diversity and their relevance with home ranges of the critically endangered gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus) across forest landscapes within a tropical nature reserve. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1283037. [PMID: 38107004 PMCID: PMC10722271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction To achieve effective conservation objectives, it is crucial to map biodiversity patterns and hotspots while considering multiple influencing factors. However, focusing solely on biodiversity hotspots is inadequate for species conservation on a landscape scale. This emphasizes the importance of integrating hotspots with the home ranges of species to identify priority conservation areas. Methods Compiling the vegetation data with environmental and anthropogenic disturbance data collected from kilometer-grid plots in Bawangling Nature Reserve, Hainan, China, we analyzed the spatial distribution of plant diversity (species richness and Shannon-Wiener index), as well as the main drivers affecting these patterns. We also investigated the spatial distribution of hotspots using a threshold approach and compared them with the home ranges of the flagship species, Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Result Climate and soil are predominant drivers shaping the spatial pattern of plant diversity in Bawangling Nature Reserve, surpassing the influence of anthropogenic disturbance and topographic factors. Both diversity indices exhibit a generally similar pattern with exceptions in surrounding areas of Futouling and Elongling. The hotspots identified by the Shannon-Wiener index showed a higher spatial overlap with the home ranges of Hainan gibbon compared to the species richness hotspots. The recently established Hainan gibbon Group E in 2019, located 8 km away from the original Futouling habitat, does not coincide with identified hotspots. Discussion Our findings indicate that the hotspots of plant diversity within the habitat of Hainan gibbon Group E are relatively limited, emphasizing the necessity of giving precedence to its conservation. Integrating hotspots with the home ranges of critically endangered species offers decision-makers valuable information to establish rational conservation networks in the context of changing environments, as well as a reference for habitat restoration of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Trees Germplasm Resources and Forest Protection, College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Wenxing Long
- Wuzhishan National Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Research Station, Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Institute of Hainan National Park, Haikou, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Jiang R, Zhang X, Xia M, Zhao S, Wang Y, Pu T, Zhang C, Wu Z, Xu H, Fan K. Effects of Age and Season on Blood Parameters of Captive Giant Pandas: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3023. [PMID: 37835628 PMCID: PMC10571872 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, serves as a flagship species for biodiversity conservation, embodying the intersection of ecological, evolutionary, and anthropogenic forces shaping the natural world. Hematological parameters serve as crucial indicators for assessing the physiological status of animals. However, our understanding of blood parameters and hemorheology in captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions is limited. In this study, from September 2018 to August 2020, we collected blood samples from captive giant pandas under non-anesthetic conditions. Twelve captive giant pandas, ranging in age from 2 to 28 years, were divided into three groups based on their age, and the variations in basic blood parameters and hemorheological parameters across four seasons were analyzed. This provided baseline data for future blood sample comparisons in non-anesthetized captive giant pandas. Additionally, we observed seasonal changes in hematological morphology, hemorheology, and serum enzymes. Moreover, seasonality had a regulatory effect on hemorheological parameters and negatively impacted blood viscosity. Age influenced changes in serum enzymes, serum protein content, and serum metabolites, indicating differences in overall metabolic processes among giant pandas of different age groups. Whether factors such as season and climate contribute to environmental stress in captive giant pandas requires further investigation. The findings of this study may help to protect the stability of the giant panda population better and provide a reference for the medical care of captive giant pandas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Maohua Xia
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Sufen Zhao
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Tianchun Pu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Zhong Wu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Haihong Xu
- Beijing Zoo, 137 Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China; (M.X.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (T.P.); (C.Z.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan W Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China; (R.J.); (X.Z.)
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Li Y, Rao T, Gai L, Price ML, Yuxin L, Jianghong R. Giant pandas are losing their edge: Population trend and distribution dynamic drivers of the giant panda. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4480-4495. [PMID: 37303043 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehending the population trend and understanding the distribution range dynamics of species are necessary for global species protection. Recognizing what causes dynamic distribution change is crucial for identifying species' environmental preferences and formulating protection policies. Here, we studied the rear-edge population of the flagship species, giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), to (1) assess their population trend using their distribution patterns, (2) evaluate their distribution dynamics change from the second (1988) to the third (2001) survey (2-3 Interval) and third to the fourth (2013) survey (3-4 Interval) using a machine learning algorithm (eXtremely Gradient Boosting), and (3) decode model results to identify driver factors in the first known use of SHapley Additive exPlanations. Our results showed that the population trends in Liangshan Mountains were worst in the second survey (k = 1.050), improved by the third survey (k = 0.97), but deteriorated by the fourth survey (k = 0.996), which indicates a worrying population future. We found that precipitation had the most significant influence on distribution dynamics among several potential environmental factors, showing a negative correlation between precipitation and giant panda expansion. We recommend that further research is needed to understand the microenvironment and animal distribution dynamics. We provide a fresh perspective on the dynamics of giant panda distribution, highlighting novel focal points for ecological research on this species. Our study offers theoretical underpinnings that could inform the formulation of more effective conservation policies. Also, we emphasize the uniqueness and importance of the Liangshan Mountains giant pandas as the rear-edge population, which is at a high risk of population extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tong Rao
- Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Luo Gai
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Megan L Price
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Yuxin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran Jianghong
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Briscoe NJ, Morris SD, Mathewson PD, Buckley LB, Jusup M, Levy O, Maclean IMD, Pincebourde S, Riddell EA, Roberts JA, Schouten R, Sears MW, Kearney MR. Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: The promise of biophysical ecology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1451-1470. [PMID: 36515542 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and management actions robust to novel futures, we need to accurately characterize how organisms experience their environments and the biological mechanisms by which they respond. All organisms are thermodynamically connected to their environments through the exchange of heat and water at fine spatial and temporal scales and this exchange can be captured with biophysical models. Although mechanistic models based on biophysical ecology have a long history of development and application, their use in global change biology remains limited despite their enormous promise and increasingly accessible software. We contend that greater understanding and training in the theory and methods of biophysical ecology is vital to expand their application. Our review shows how biophysical models can be implemented to understand and predict climate change impacts on species' behavior, phenology, survival, distribution, and abundance. It also illustrates the types of outputs that can be generated, and the data inputs required for different implementations. Examples range from simple calculations of body temperature at a particular site and time, to more complex analyses of species' distribution limits based on projected energy and water balances, accounting for behavior and phenology. We outline challenges that currently limit the widespread application of biophysical models relating to data availability, training, and the lack of common software ecosystems. We also discuss progress and future developments that could allow these models to be applied to many species across large spatial extents and timeframes. Finally, we highlight how biophysical models are uniquely suited to solve global change biology problems that involve predicting and interpreting responses to environmental variability and extremes, multiple or shifting constraints, and novel abiotic or biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Briscoe
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane D Morris
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marko Jusup
- Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ofir Levy
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilya M D Maclean
- School of Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Eric A Riddell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jessica A Roberts
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rafael Schouten
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael W Sears
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Ray Kearney
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Knight J. Scientists' warning of the impacts of climate change on mountains. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14253. [PMID: 36312749 PMCID: PMC9610668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountains are highly diverse in areal extent, geological and climatic context, ecosystems and human activity. As such, mountain environments worldwide are particularly sensitive to the effects of anthropogenic climate change (global warming) as a result of their unique heat balance properties and the presence of climatically-sensitive snow, ice, permafrost and ecosystems. Consequently, mountain systems-in particular cryospheric ones-are currently undergoing unprecedented changes in the Anthropocene. This study identifies and discusses four of the major properties of mountains upon which anthropogenic climate change can impact, and indeed is already doing so. These properties are: the changing mountain cryosphere of glaciers and permafrost; mountain hazards and risk; mountain ecosystems and their services; and mountain communities and infrastructure. It is notable that changes in these different mountain properties do not follow a predictable trajectory of evolution in response to anthropogenic climate change. This demonstrates that different elements of mountain systems exhibit different sensitivities to forcing. The interconnections between these different properties highlight that mountains should be considered as integrated biophysical systems, of which human activity is part. Interrelationships between these mountain properties are discussed through a model of mountain socio-biophysical systems, which provides a framework for examining climate impacts and vulnerabilities. Managing the risks associated with ongoing climate change in mountains requires an integrated approach to climate change impacts monitoring and management.
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Li M, Zhou H, Bai J, Zhang T, Liu Y, Ran J. Distribution of Breeding Population and Predicting Future Habitat under Climate Change of Black-Necked Crane (Grus nigricollis Przevalski, 1876) in Shaluli Mountains. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192594. [PMID: 36230335 PMCID: PMC9558536 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is affecting biodiversity by altering the geographical distribution range of species, and this effect is amplified in climate-sensitive areas. Studying the geographic distribution of flagship species in response to climate change is important for the long-term conservation of species and the maintenance of regional biodiversity. Therefore, we collected field survey records from 2016 to 2020 and conducted field surveys of black-necked cranes in the Shaluli Mountains (SLLMs) in May–June and August–October 2021; 103 breeding records were acquired totally, and the geographical distribution range under the current and four future climate scenarios was modeled with the MaxEnt model to predict the impact of climate change on its distribution and habitat quality. The results showed that 152 black-necked cranes were surveyed in seven counties of SLLMs in total; the estimated number of black-necked cranes in the entire SLLMs was about 200. The currently suitable habitat area is 27,122 km2, mainly distributed in gentle meadows and wetland habitats along the lake where the Annual Mean Temperature is −1 °C and the Mean Diurnal Range (16 °C) and Precipitation Seasonality (105) are comparatively large. Furthermore, the breeding range would expand to varying degrees under future climate scenarios and showed a migration trend toward the northwest and higher elevation. Besides, as time goes by, the habitat for black-necked cranes in SLLMs would become more homogeneous and more suitable. The conservation effectiveness of the existing reserve network would keep stable with climate change, although there are large conservation gaps between protected areas, and these gaps will gradually expand over time. Overall, this study provides a preliminary understanding of the population and distribution and predicts the future distribution of black-necked cranes in the SLLMs. It also demonstrates the importance of SLLMs for protecting the central population of black-necked cranes and maintaining regional biodiversity. Therefore, we recommend long-term monitoring and conservation of the black-necked crane population and wetland resources in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Huaming Zhou
- Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Forestry Science Institute, Kangding 626000, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Science and Technology Consulting Service, Forestry Exploration and Design Institute of Sichuan, Chengdu 610084, China
| | - Taxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-133-0802-6600
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10
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Xu Y, Yang B, Dai Q, Pan H, Zhong X, Ran J, Yang X, Gu X, Yang Z, Qi D, Hou R, Zhang Z. Landscape-scale giant panda conservation based on metapopulations within China's national park system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl8637. [PMID: 35905183 PMCID: PMC9337760 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, giant panda conservation in China has been compromised by disparate management of protected areas. It is thus crucial to address how giant panda populations can be managed cohesively on a landscape scale, an opportunity offered by China's newly established Giant Panda National Park. Here, we evaluated giant panda populations in a metapopulation context, based on range-wide data from the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey. We delineated metapopulations by geographic range, relative abundance, and relative density and assessed the extent of human disturbance each metapopulation faced. We found density-dependent and disturbance-influenced effects on habitat selection across metapopulations. We determined the main effects faced by each metapopulation regarding area sensitivity, population size, intraspecific competition, and disturbance. To enhance the landscape-scale conservation of giant pandas and various other wildlife across China's national park system, we propose that metapopulation management incorporates population status along with density-dependent and disturbance-related effects on habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Han Pan
- Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Sichuan Station of Wildlife Survey and Management, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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11
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Beale PK, Connors PK, Dearing MD, Moore BD, Krockenberger AK, Foley WJ, Marsh KJ. Warmer Ambient Temperatures Depress Detoxification and Food Intake by Marsupial Folivores. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.888550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature is an underappreciated determinant of foraging behaviour in wild endotherms, and the requirement to thermoregulate likely influences food intake through multiple interacting mechanisms. We investigated relationships between ambient temperature and hepatic detoxification capacity in two herbivorous marsupials, the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) that regularly feed on diets rich in plant toxins. As an indicator of hepatic detoxification capacity, we determined the functional clearance rate of an anaesthetic agent, Alfaxalone, after possums were acclimated to 10°C [below the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)], 18°C [approximately lower critical temperature (LCT)], and 26°C [approximately upper critical temperature (UCT)] for either 7 days or less than 24 h. We then measured intake of foods with high or low plant secondary metabolite (PSM) concentrations under the same temperature regimes. After 7 days of acclimation, we found a positive correlation between the functional clearance rate of Alfaxalone and ambient temperature, and a negative relationship between ambient temperature and intake of foods with high or low PSM concentrations for both species. The effect of ambient temperature on intake of diets rich in PSMs was absent or reduced when possums were kept at temperatures for less than 24 h. Our results underscore the effects of ambient temperature in hepatic metabolism particularly with respect intake of diets containing PSMs. Given that the planet is warming, it is vital that effects of ambient temperature on metabolism, nutrition and foraging by mammalian herbivores is taken into account to predict range changes of species and their impact on ecosystems.
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12
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Cui Z, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Shan G, Yu X, Ye X. Testing the efficacy of camera-trap sampling designs for monitoring giant pandas in a heterogeneous landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14098-14110. [PMID: 34601689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of camera traps is prevalent in the ecological study of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). The reliability of camera-trap surveying results greatly depends on sampling designs that significantly influence the detection probability of the target species. Few studies have tested the efficacy of sampling designs on camera-trap surveys for monitoring giant pandas in a heterogeneous landscape. In this study, we conducted camera trapping of giant pandas based on two different sampling schemes in Changqing National Nature Reserve of China, and evaluated their outcomes based on three aspects: occupancy analysis, photographic rate, and activity pattern. The results demonstrated that both climate heterogeneity and distance to the nearest road had a strong positive influence on site occupancy, and slope and forest cover had a significant negative impact on site occupancy. Significant differences in the direction or magnitude of variables' influences indicated that there were apparently spatial-temporal dynamics of giant panda distribution between two sampling schemes. The low detection probabilities indicated that both sampling schemes were not robust to accurately monitor giant pandas in the whole study area. We recommended that more suitable sampling designs with local covariates be developed for camera-trap surveys monitoring giant pandas to account for temporal variability and small-scale variation in heterogeneous landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxia Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashuai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Naxun Zhao
- Administration of Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong, 723000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Shan
- Administration of Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong, 723000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center for UAV Remote Sensing, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Abstract
Habitat modeling is one of the most common practices in ecology today, aimed at understanding complex associations between species and an array of environmental, bioclimatic, and anthropogenic factors. This review of studies of seven species of terrestrial bears (Ursidae) occupying four continents examines how habitat models have been employed, and the functionality of their predictions for management and conservation. Bear occurrence data have been obtained at the population level, as presence points (e.g., sign surveys or camera trapping), or as locations of individual radio-collared animals. Radio-collars provide greater insights into how bears interact with their environment and variability within populations; they are more commonly used in North America and Europe than in South America and Asia. Salient problematic issues apparent from this review included: biases in presence data; predictor variables being poor surrogates of actual behavioral drivers; predictor variables applied at a biologically inappropriate scale; and over-use of data repositories that tend to detach investigators from the species. In several cases, multiple models in the same area yielded different predictions; new presence data occurred outside the range of predicted suitable habitat; and future range projections, based on where bears presently exist, underestimated their adaptability. Findings here are likely relevant to other taxa.
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14
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Stawski C, Simmonds EG. Contrasting physiological responses to habitat degradation in two arboreal mammals. iScience 2021; 24:103453. [PMID: 34988391 PMCID: PMC8710554 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with the challenges presented by habitat degradation and loss, animals must often respond by adjusting physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Here we quantified physiological and behavioral traits, including body temperature and food consumption, of two mammals with differing thermoregulatory strategies in response to changes in climate and habitat. We show that both species responded to challenging climatic conditions by increasing torpor use to save energy, yet their responses were impacted by varying vegetation levels. Sugar gliders decreased torpor use in a dense habitat likely due to a signal of greater food production and protection from predators. Conversely, eastern pygmy possums employed more torpor perhaps to build up fat reserves in anticipation of leaner times. Indeed, in dense habitat eastern pygmy possums did not alter food intake yet showed an increase in body mass, whereas sugar gliders consumed less food and lost body mass, revealing the large energetic savings provided by torpor. Physiological responses to habitat degradation differ among mammals Hibernating eastern pygmy possums employ less torpor in degraded habitat Whereas sugar gliders, daily heterotherms, employ more torpor in degraded habitat These differing responses are perhaps due to perceived predation risk
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Stawski
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author
| | - Emily G. Simmonds
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Zhao N, Zhang X, Shan G, Ye X. Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change on Spatial Aggregation of Giant Pandas and Sympatric Species in a Mountainous Landscape. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3332. [PMID: 34828063 PMCID: PMC8614526 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how climate change alters the spatial aggregation of sympatric species is important for biodiversity conservation. Previous studies usually focused on spatial shifting of species but paid little attention to changes in interspecific competitions under climate change. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of climate change on the spatial aggregation of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and three sympatric competitive species (i.e., black bears (Ursus thibetanus), golden takins (Budorcas taxicolor), and wild boars (Sus scrofa)) in the Qinling Mountains, China. We employed an ensemble species distribution modeling (SDM) approach to map the current spatial distributions of giant pandas and sympatric animals and projected them to future climate scenarios in 2050s and 2070s. We then examined the range overlapping and niche similarities of these species under different climate change scenarios. The results showed that the distribution areas of giant pandas and sympatric species would decrease remarkably under future climate changes. The shifting directions of the overlapping between giant pandas and sympatric species vary under different climate change scenarios. In conclusion, future climate change greatly shapes the spatial overlapping pattern of giant pandas and sympatric species in the Qinling Mountains, while interspecific competition would be intensified under both mild and worst-case climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxun Zhao
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (N.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.S.)
- Administration of Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Ximing Zhang
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (N.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.S.)
- Administration of Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Guoyu Shan
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (N.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.S.)
- Administration of Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Changqing Teaching & Research Base of Ecology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (N.Z.); (X.Z.); (G.S.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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16
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Field metabolic rates of giant pandas reveal energetic adaptations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22391. [PMID: 34789821 PMCID: PMC8599739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of energy expenditure informs conservation managers for long term plans for endangered species health and habitat suitability. We measured field metabolic rate (FMR) of free-roaming giant pandas in large enclosures in a nature reserve using the doubly labeled water method. Giant pandas in zoo like enclosures had a similar FMR (14,182 kJ/day) to giant pandas in larger field enclosures (13,280 kJ/day). In winter, giant pandas raised their metabolic rates when living at − 2.4 °C (36,108 kJ/day) indicating that they were below their thermal neutral zone. The lower critical temperature for thermoregulation was about 8.0 °C and the upper critical temperature was about 28 °C. Giant panda FMRs were somewhat lower than active metabolic rates of sloth bears, lower than FMRs of grizzly bears and polar bears and 69 and 81% of predicted values based on a regression of FMR versus body mass of mammals. That is probably due to their lower levels of activity since other bears actively forage for food over a larger home range and pandas often sit in a patch of bamboo and eat bamboo for hours at a time. The low metabolic rates of giant pandas in summer, their inability to acquire fat stores to hibernate in winter, and their ability to raise their metabolic rate to thermoregulate in winter are energetic adaptations related to eating a diet composed almost exclusively of bamboo. Differences in FMR of giant pandas between our study and previous studies (one similar and one lower) appear to be due to differences in activity of the giant pandas in those studies.
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17
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A less data demanding ecophysiological niche modeling approach for mammals with comparison to conventional correlative niche modeling. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Rudolf AM, Wu Q, Li L, Wang J, Huang Y, Togo J, Liechti C, Li M, Niu C, Nie Y, Wei F, Speakman JR. A single nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 ( DUOX2) gene causes some of the panda's unique metabolic phenotypes. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab125. [PMID: 35251670 PMCID: PMC8890364 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic bear native to China, famous for eating almost exclusively bamboo. This unusual dietary behavior for a carnivore is enabled by several key adaptations including low physical activity, reduced organ sizes and hypothyroidism leading to lowered energy expenditure. These adaptive phenotypes have been hypothesized to arise from a panda-unique single-nucleotide mutation in the dual-oxidase 2 (DUOX2) gene, involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we created genome-edited mice carrying the same point mutation as the panda and investigated its effect on metabolic phenotype. Homozygous mice were 27% smaller than heterozygous and wild-type ones, had 13% lower body mass-adjusted food intake, 55% decreased physical activity, lower mass of kidneys (11%) and brain (5%), lower serum thyroxine (T4: 36%), decreased absolute (12%) and mass-adjusted (5%) daily energy expenditure, and altered gut microbiota. Supplementation with T4 reversed the effects of the mutation. This work uses a state-of-the-art genome editing approach to demonstrate the link between a single-nucleotide mutation in a key endocrine-related gene and profound adaptive changes in the metabolic phenotype, with great importance in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Rudolf
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Christopher Liechti
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaoqun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yonggang Nie
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Centre of Excellence for Animal Ecology and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Animal Ecology and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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19
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Rogers SA, Robbins CT, Mathewson PD, Carnahan AM, Manen FT, Haroldson MA, Porter WP, Rogers TR, Soule T, Long RA. Thermal constraints on energy balance, behaviour and spatial distribution of grizzly bears. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah A. Rogers
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Charles T. Robbins
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Paul D. Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA
| | | | - Frank T. Manen
- United States Geological SurveyInteragency Grizzly Bear Study Team Bozeman MT USA
| | - Mark A. Haroldson
- United States Geological SurveyInteragency Grizzly Bear Study Team Bozeman MT USA
| | - Warren P. Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Taylor R. Rogers
- Department of Computer Science University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Terence Soule
- Department of Computer Science University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Ryan A. Long
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
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20
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Li T, Luo P, Xiong Q, Yang H, Gu X, Qiu Y, Lin B, Liu Y, Lai C. Spatial heterogeneity of tree diversity response to climate warming in montane forests. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:931-941. [PMID: 33520176 PMCID: PMC7820142 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies reported biotic change along a continental warming gradient. However, the temporal and spatial change of tree diversity and their sensitivity to climate warming might differ from region to region. Understanding of the variation among studies with regard to the magnitude of such biotic changes is minimal, especially in montane ecosystems. Our aim is to better understand changes in spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of mountain tree communities under climate warming over the past four decades. In 2017, we resurveyed and recorded all tree species from 107 long-term monitoring plots that were first studied between 1974 and 1976. These plots were located in montane forests in the Giant Panda National Park (GPNP), China. Our results showed that spatial differences were found in tree species diversity changes response to mean annual temperature change over the past four decades. Tree species richness increased significantly under climate warming in Minshan (MS) and Xiaoxiangling (XXL) with higher warming rate than Qionglai (QLS) and Liangshan (LS). The trees species diversity in MS and XXL were more sensitive to climatic warming. MS and XXL should receive priority protection in the next conservation plan of the GPNP. The GPNP should avoid taking a "one-size-fits-all" approach for diversity conservation due to spatial heterogeneity in plant community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education)Sichuan Normal UniversityChengduChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Peng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Qinli Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- The Wildlife Protection Division of the Forestry Department of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Yuming Qiu
- Chengdu Institute of Computer ApplicationsChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Bo Lin
- Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Research and Planning InstituteChengduChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Research and Planning InstituteChengduChina
| | - Changhong Lai
- Sichuan Forestry and Grassland Research and Planning InstituteChengduChina
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21
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Mathewson PD, Porter WP, Barrett L, Fuller A, Henzi SP, Hetem RS, Young C, McFarland R. Field data confirm the ability of a biophysical model to predict wild primate body temperature. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102754. [PMID: 33292995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the face of climate change there is an urgent need to understand how animal performance is affected by environmental conditions. Biophysical models that use principles of heat and mass transfer can be used to explore how an animal's morphology, physiology, and behavior interact with its environment in terms of energy, mass and water balances to affect fitness and performance. We used Niche Mapper™ (NM) to build a vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) biophysical model and tested the model's ability to predict core body temperature (Tb) variation and thermal stress against Tb and behavioral data collected from wild vervets in South Africa. The mean observed Tb in both males and females was within 0.5 °C of NM's predicted Tbs for 91% of hours over the five-year study period. This is the first time that NM's Tb predictions have been validated against field data from a wild endotherm. Overall, these results provide confidence that NM can accurately predict thermal stress and can be used to provide insight into the thermoregulatory consequences of morphological (e.g., body size, shape, fur depth), physiological (e.g. Tb plasticity) and behavioral (e.g., huddling, resting, shade seeking) adaptations. Such an approach allows users to test hypotheses about how animals adapt to thermoregulatory challenges and make informed predictions about potential responses to environmental change such as climate change or habitat conversion. Importantly, NM's animal submodel is a general model that can be adapted to other species, requiring only basic information on an animal's morphology, physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Louise Barrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Christopher Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Canada; Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, South Africa; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard McFarland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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22
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McFarland R, Barrett L, Fuller A, Hetem RS, Porter WP, Young C, Henzi SP. Infrared thermography cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23204. [PMID: 33043502 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological processes that underpin primate performance is key if we are to assess how a primate might respond when navigating new and changing environments. Given the connection between a mammal's ability to thermoregulate and the changing demands of its thermal environment, increasing attention is being devoted to the study of thermoregulatory processes as a means to assess primate performance. Infrared thermography can be used to record the body surface temperatures of free-ranging animals. However, some uncertainty remains as to how these measurements can be used to approximate core body temperature. Here, we use data collected from wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine the relationship between infrared body surface temperature, core body (intra-abdominal) temperature, and local climate, to determine to what extent surface temperatures reflect core body temperature. While we report a positive association between surface and core body temperature-a finding that has previously been used to justify the use of surface temperature measurements as a proxy for core temperature regulation-when we controlled for the effect of the local climate in our analyses, this relationship was no longer observed. That is, body surface temperatures were solely predicted by local climate, and not core body temperatures, suggesting that surface temperatures tell us more about the environment a primate is in, and less about the thermal status of its body core in that environment. Despite the advantages of a noninvasive means to detect and record animal temperatures, infrared thermography alone cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McFarland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Barrett
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S Peter Henzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada.,Applied Behavioural Ecology & Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Li J, Karim MR, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang L. Review on parasites of wild and captive giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca): Diversity, disease and conservation impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 13:38-45. [PMID: 32793415 PMCID: PMC7415634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a rare species with a small global population size, and lives in the wild in only a few fragmented mountain ranges of Southwest China. Parasitic infections are among the important causes of death of giant pandas that hamper their group development. We reviewed the parasitic infections prevailing in giant pandas, and the parasitic diversity, diseases and their impact on conservation of this animal. A total of 35 parasitic species were documented in giant pandas, belonging to nematode (n = 6), trematode (n = 1), cestode (n = 2), protozoa (n = 9), and ectozoa (n = 17 (tick = 13, mite = 2, and flea = 2)). Among them, Baylisascaris schroederi had the highest prevalence and was the leading cause of death for giant pandas. Some parasites caused asymptomatic infections in giant pandas, and their health implications for the pandas remain unknown. As a whole, parasites are reported to be an important threat to the conservation of the giant pandas. Regular deworming and environmental disinfection appear to be effective ways to prevent captive giant pandas from parasitoses. In wild panda populations, parasitic control measures are suggested to include detailed examination of the ecology of the host-parasite assembly, with particular attention to density-dependent transmission. The parasitic pathogenesis and detection methods together with their biology, epidemiology, treatment, prevention and control need to be further studied for better protection of giant pandas from parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Jun Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Lovelace DM, Hartman SA, Mathewson PD, Linzmeier BJ, Porter WP. Modeling Dragons: Using linked mechanistic physiological and microclimate models to explore environmental, physiological, and morphological constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223872. [PMID: 32469936 PMCID: PMC7259893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed the widely-tested biophysiological modeling software, Niche Mapper™ to investigate the metabolic function of the Late Triassic dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Coelophysis during global greenhouse conditions. We tested a variety of assumptions about resting metabolic rate, each evaluated within six microclimate models that bound paleoenvironmental conditions at 12° N paleolatitude, as determined by sedimentological and isotopic proxies for climate within the Chinle Formation of the southwestern United States. Sensitivity testing of metabolic variables and simulated “metabolic chamber” analyses support elevated “ratite-like” metabolic rates and intermediate “monotreme-like” core temperature ranges in these species of early saurischian dinosaur. Our results suggest small theropods may have needed partial to full epidermal insulation in temperate environments, while fully grown prosauropods would have likely been heat stressed in open, hot environments and should have been restricted to cooler microclimates such as dense forests or higher latitudes and elevations. This is in agreement with the Late Triassic fossil record and may have contributed to the latitudinal gap in the Triassic prosauropod record.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Lovelace
- University of Wisconsin Geology Museum, Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (WP)
| | - Scott A. Hartman
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Linzmeier
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Warren P. Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (WP)
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Luo G, Wei W, Dai Q, Ran J. Density Estimation of Unmarked Populations Using Camera Traps in Heterogeneous Space. WILDLIFE SOC B 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Weideng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
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Connor T, Viña A, Winkler JA, Hull V, Tang Y, Shortridge A, Yang H, Zhao Z, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Bai W, Liu J. Interactive spatial scale effects on species distribution modeling: The case of the giant panda. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14563. [PMID: 31601927 PMCID: PMC6787011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that varying spatial scale through the selection of the total extent of investigation and the grain size of environmental predictor variables has effects on species distribution model (SDM) results and accuracy, but there has been minimal investigation into the interactive effects of extent and grain. To do this, we used a consistently sampled range-wide dataset of giant panda occurrence across southwest China and modeled their habitat and distribution at 4 extents and 7 grain sizes. We found that increasing grain size reduced model accuracy at the smallest extent, but that increasing extent negated this effect. Increasing extent also generally increased model accuracy, but the models built at the second-largest (mountain range) extent were more accurate than those built at the largest, geographic range-wide extent. When predicting habitat suitability in the smallest nested extents (50 km2), we found that the models built at the next-largest extent (500 km2) were more accurate than the smallest-extent models but that further increases in extent resulted in large decreases in accuracy. Overall, this study highlights the impacts of the selection of spatial scale when evaluating species' habitat and distributions, and we suggest more explicit investigations of scale effects in future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Connor
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Andrés Viña
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julie A Winkler
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vanessa Hull
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ashton Shortridge
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Wenke Bai
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Khaliq I, Hof C. Testing the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis: basal metabolic rates of endotherms decrease with increasing upper and lower critical temperatures. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5725. [PMID: 30402344 PMCID: PMC6215442 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic critical temperatures define the range of ambient temperatures where endotherms are able to minimize energy allocation to thermogenesis. Examining the relationship between metabolic critical temperatures and basal metabolic rates (BMR) provides a unique opportunity to gain a better understanding of how animals respond to varying ambient climatic conditions, especially in times of ongoing and projected future climate change. We make use of this opportunity by testing the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory, which hypothesizes that the maximum amount of heat a species can dissipate constrains its energetics. Specifically, we test the theory’s implicit prediction that BMR should be lower under higher metabolic critical temperatures. We analysed the relationship of BMR with upper and lower critical temperatures for a large dataset of 146 endotherm species using regression analyses, carefully accounting for phylogenetic relationships and body mass. We show that metabolic critical temperatures are negatively related with BMR in both birds and mammals. Our results confirm the predictions of the HDL theory, suggesting that metabolic critical temperatures and basal metabolic rates respond in concert to ambient climatic conditions. This implies that heat dissipation capacities of endotherms may be an important factor to take into account in assessments of species’ vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khaliq
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Pakistan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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