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Palmroth S, Kim D, Maier CA, Medvigy D, Walker AP, Oren R. Increased leaf area index and efficiency drive enhanced production under elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ] in a pine-dominated stand showing no progressive nitrogen limitation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17190. [PMID: 38403855 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Enhancement of net primary production (NPP) in forests as atmospheric [CO2 ] increases is likely limited by the availability of other growth resources. The Duke Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment was located on a moderate-fertility site in the southeastern US, in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation with broadleaved species growing mostly in mid-canopy and understory. Duke FACE ran from 1994 to 2010 and combined elevated [CO2 ] (eCO2 ) with nitrogen (N) additions. We assessed the spatial and temporal variation of NPP response using a dataset that includes previously unpublished data from 6 years of the replicated CO2 × N experiment and extends to 2 years beyond the termination of enrichment. Averaged over time (1997-2010), NPP of pine and broadleaved species were 38% and 52% higher under eCO2 compared to ambient conditions. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a decline in enhancement over time in any plot regardless of its native site quality. The relation between spatial variation in the response and native site quality was suggested but inconclusive. Nitrogen amendments under eCO2 , in turn, resulted in an additional 11% increase in pine NPP. For pine, the eCO2 -induced increase in NPP was similar above- and belowground and was driven by both increased leaf area index (L) and production efficiency (PE = NPP/L). For broadleaved species, coarse-root biomass production was more than 200% higher under eCO2 and accounted for the entire production response, driven by increased PE. Notably, the fraction of annual NPP retained in total living biomass was higher under eCO2 , reflecting a slight shift in allocation fraction to woody mass and a lower mortality rate. Our findings also imply that tree growth may not have been only N-limited, but perhaps constrained by the availability of other nutrients. The observed sustained NPP enhancement, even without N-additions, demonstrates no progressive N limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Kim
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - C A Maier
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - D Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - A P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - R Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Ofori-Amanfo KK, Klem K, Veselá B, Holub P, Agyei T, Juráň S, Grace J, Marek MV, Urban O. The effect of elevated CO2 on photosynthesis is modulated by nitrogen supply and reduced water availability in Picea abies. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:925-937. [PMID: 36864576 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that the stimulatory effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on photosynthesis and growth may be substantially reduced by co-occurring environmental factors and the length of CO2 treatment. Here, we present the study exploring the interactive effects of three manipulated factors ([CO2], nitrogen supply and water availability) on physiological (gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence), morphological and stoichiometric traits of Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings after 2 and 3 years of the treatment under natural field conditions. Such multifactorial studies, going beyond two-way interactions, have received only limited attention until now. Our findings imply a significant reduction of [CO2]-enhanced rate of CO2 assimilation under reduced water availability which deepens with the severity of water depletion. Similarly, insufficient nitrogen availability leads to a down-regulation of photosynthesis under elevated [CO2] being particularly associated with reduced carboxylation efficiency of the Rubisco enzyme. Such adjustments in the photosynthesis machinery result in the stimulation of water-use efficiency under elevated [CO2] only when it is combined with a high nitrogen supply and reduced water availability. These findings indicate limited effects of elevated [CO2] on carbon uptake in temperate coniferous forests when combined with naturally low nitrogen availability and intensifying droughts during the summer periods. Such interactions have to be incorporated into the mechanistic models predicting changes in terrestrial carbon sequestration and forest growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo Kwakye Ofori-Amanfo
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Veselá
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Agyei
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Science, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Post Office Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Stanislav Juráň
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Grace
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Bldg, Kings Bldgs, Alexander Crum Brown Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Michal V Marek
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Management, Slovak Technical University Bratislava, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Rice AM, Garrison-Johnston MT, Libenson AJ, Yanai RD. Tree variability limits the detection of nutrient treatment effects on sap flux density in a northern hardwood forest. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14410. [PMID: 36530407 PMCID: PMC9753739 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of nutrient availability on transpiration is not well understood, in spite of the importance of transpiration to forest water budgets. Soil nutrients have the potential to affect tree water use through indirect effects on leaf area or stomatal conductance. For example, following addition of calcium silicate to a watershed at Hubbard Brook, in New Hampshire, streamflow was reduced for 3 years, which was attributed to a 25% increase in evapotranspiration associated with increased foliar production. The first objective of this study was to quantify the effect of nutrient availability on sap flux density in a nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium addition experiment in New Hampshire in which tree diameter growth, foliar chemistry, and soil nutrient availability had responded to treatments. We measured sap flux density in American beech (Fagus grandifolia, Ehr.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), or yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton.) trees, over five years of experiments in five stands distributed across three sites. In 2018, 3 years after a calcium silicate addition, sap flux density averaged 36% higher in trees in the treatment than the control plot, but this effect was not very significant (p = 0.07). Our second objective was to determine whether this failure to detect effects with greater statistical confidence was due to small effect sizes or high variability among trees. We found that tree-to-tree variability was high, with coefficients of variation averaging 39% within treatment plots. Depending on the species and year of the study, the minimum difference in sap flux density detectable with our observed variability ranged from 46% to 352%, for a simple ANOVA. We analyzed other studies reported in the literature that compared tree water use among species or treatments and found detectable differences ranging from 16% to 78%. Future sap flux density studies could benefit from power analyses to guide sampling intensity. Including pretreatment data, in the case of manipulative studies, would also increase statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrea M. Rice
- Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States of America,Geosciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Mariann T. Garrison-Johnston
- Ranger School, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Wanakena, NY, United States of America
| | - Arianna J. Libenson
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Ruth D. Yanai
- Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
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Ruzol R, Staudhammer CL, Younger S, Aubrey DP, Loescher HW, Jackson CR, Starr G. Water use in a young
Pinus taeda
bioenergy plantation: Effect of intensive management on stand evapotranspiration. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Ruzol
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | | | - Seth Younger
- Savannah River Ecology Lab University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina USA
| | - Doug P. Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina USA
| | - Henry W. Loescher
- Battelle Environment and Infrastructure Boulder Colorado USA
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR) University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Rhett Jackson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Gregory Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
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Gutierrez Lopez J, Tor-Ngern P, Oren R, Kozii N, Laudon H, Hasselquist NJ. How tree species, tree size, and topographical location influenced tree transpiration in northern boreal forests during the historic 2018 drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3066-3078. [PMID: 33949757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees in northern latitude ecosystems are projected to experience increasing drought stress as a result of rising air temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in northern latitude ecosystems. However, most drought-related studies on high-latitude boreal forests (>50°N) have been conducted in North America, with few studies quantifying the response in European and Eurasian boreal forests. Here, we tested how daily whole-tree transpiration (Q, Liters day-1 ) and Q normalized for mean daytime vapor pressure deficit (QDZ , Liters day-1 kPa-1 ) were affected by the historic 2018 drought in Europe. More specifically, we examined how tree species, size, and topographic position affected drought response in high-latitude mature boreal forest trees. We monitored 30 Pinus sylvestris (pine) and 30 Picea abies (spruce) trees distributed across a topographic gradient in northern Sweden. In general, pine showed a greater QDZ control compared to spruce during periods of severe drought (standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index: SPEI < -1.5), suggesting that the latter are more sensitive to drought. Overall, QDZ reductions (using non-drought QDZ as reference) were less pronounced in larger trees during severe drought, but there was a species-specific pattern: QDZ reductions were greater in pine trees at high elevations and greater in spruce trees at lower elevations. Despite lower QDZ during severe drought, drought spells were interspersed with small precipitation events and overcast conditions, and QDZ returned to pre-drought conditions relatively quickly. This study highlights unique species-specific responses to drought, which are additionally driven by a codependent interaction among tree size, relative topographic position, and unique regional climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez Lopez
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Environment, Health and Social Data Analytics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environment Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ram Oren
- Division of Environmental Science & Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nataliia Kozii
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niles J Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Warren JM, Jensen AM, Ward EJ, Guha A, Childs J, Wullschleger SD, Hanson PJ. Divergent species-specific impacts of whole ecosystem warming and elevated CO 2 on vegetation water relations in an ombrotrophic peatland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1820-1835. [PMID: 33528056 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatland forests have relatively low species diversity and thus impacts of climate change on one or more dominant species could shift ecosystem function. Despite abundant soil water availability, shallowly rooted vascular plants within peatlands may not be able to meet foliar demand for water under drought or heat events that increase vapor pressure deficits while reducing near surface water availability, although concurrent increases in atmospheric CO2 could buffer resultant hydraulic stress. We assessed plant water relations of co-occurring shrub (primarily Rhododendron groenlandicum and Chamaedaphne calyculata) and tree (Picea mariana and Larix laricina) species prior to, and in response to whole ecosystem warming (0 to +9°C) and elevated CO2 using 12.8-m diameter open-top enclosures installed within an ombrotrophic bog. Water relations (water potential [Ψ], turgor loss point, foliar and root hydraulic conductivity) were assessed prior to treatment initiation, then Ψ and peak sap flow (trees only) assessed after 1 or 2 years of treatments. Under the higher temperature treatments, L. laricina Ψ exceeded its turgor loss point, increased its peak sap flow, and was not able to recover Ψ overnight. In contrast, P. mariana operated below its turgor loss point and maintained constant Ψ and sap flow across warming treatments. Similarly, C. calyculata Ψ stress increased with temperature while R. groenlandicum Ψ remained at pretreatment levels. The more anisohydric behavior of L. laricina and C. calyculata may provide greater net C uptake with warming, while the more conservative P. mariana and R. groenlandicum maintained greater hydraulic safety. These latter species also responded to elevated CO2 by reduced Ψ stress, which may also help limit hydraulic failure during periods of extreme drought or heat in the future. Along with Sphagnum moss, the species-specific responses of peatland vascular communities to drier or hotter conditions will shape boreal peatland composition and function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anna M Jensen
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Eric J Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Anirban Guha
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Joanne Childs
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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