1
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Hawkins O, Scott AM, Montgomery A, Nicholas B, Mullan J, van Oijen A, Degeling C. Comparing public attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and behaviours towards antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in Australia, United Kingdom, and Sweden (2010-2021): A systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparative policy analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261917. [PMID: 35030191 PMCID: PMC8759643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social and behavioural drivers of inappropriate antibiotic use contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recent reports indicate the Australian community consumes more than twice the defined daily doses (DDD) of antibiotics per 1000 population than in Sweden, and about 20% more than in the United Kingdom (UK). We compare measures of public knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surrounding AMR in Australia, the UK and Sweden against the policy approaches taken in these settings to address inappropriate antibiotic use. METHODS National antimicrobial stewardship policies in Australia, Sweden, and the UK were reviewed, supplemented by empirical studies of their effectiveness. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL databases for primary studies of the general public's KAP around antibiotic use and AMR in each setting (January 1 2011 until July 30 2021). Where feasible, we meta-analysed data on the proportion of participants agreeing with identical or very similar survey questions, using a random effects model. RESULTS Policies in Sweden enact tighter control of community antibiotic use; reducing antibiotic use through public awareness raising is not a priority. Policies in the UK and Australia are more reliant on practitioner and public education to encourage appropriate antibiotic use. 26 KAP were included in the review and 16 were meta-analysable. KAP respondents in Australia and the UK are consistently more likely to report beliefs and behaviours that are not aligned with appropriate antibiotic use, compared to participants in similar studies conducted in Sweden. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between public knowledge, attitudes and their impacts on behaviours surrounding community use of antibiotics are complex and contingent. Despite a greater focus on raising public awareness in Australia and the UK, neither antibiotic consumption nor community knowledge and attitudes are changing significantly. Clearly public education campaigns can contribute to mitigating AMR. However, the relative success of policy approaches taken in Sweden suggests that practice level interventions may also be required to activate prescribers and the communities they serve to make substantive reductions in inappropriate antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hawkins
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, The Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Montgomery
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bevan Nicholas
- Illawarra-Shoalhaven Local Health District, NSW Health, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Judy Mullan
- Centre for Health Research Illawarra Shoalhaven Population, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Antoine van Oijen
- Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, The Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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2
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Pauzi ZM, Hassan BAR, Neo CF, Mohammed AH, Blebil A, Dujaili J. Antibiotic use and resistance in a tertiary care hospital: knowledge and attitude among patients of orthopaedic and surgical wards in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jphsr/rmab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rising globally as well as in Malaysia. AMR can lead to difficulty in the treatment of chronic infection if being neglected. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and attitude about antibiotic usage and AMR.
Methods
A cross-sectional study design was carried out at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), Malaysia, where participants were recruited by using the non-probability convenience sampling from the six orthopaedic and four surgical wards. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the required data which were then analysed by using SPSS.
Key findings
A total number of 390 adult Malaysians (286 from orthopaedic wards and 104 from surgical wards) were involved in the study. This study showed that the level of knowledge and attitude about antibiotics among the majority of respondents were moderate. However, their knowledge regarding AMR was very low (i.e. lack of knowledge). In contrast, the majority of them (69.8%) showed a positive attitude towards antibiotics. Statistical analysis of data revealed that the level of knowledge of AMR was significantly associated with gender, age, race, marital status, educational level and knowledge about antibiotic resistance terms (P < 0.05) while respondents’ attitude towards antibiotic usage was significantly associated with gender, race, marital status and education level (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
It was necessary to formulate and develop strategies to improve the knowledge and awareness about antibiotics and AMR among health professionals. These might help them to improve their skills in delivering health information to the patients through a proper counselling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulsairi Mohd Pauzi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Pahang, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chin Fen Neo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Haider Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Blebil
- Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juman Dujaili
- Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Degeling C, Williams J, Carter SM, Moss R, Massey P, Gilbert GL, Shih P, Braunack-Mayer A, Crooks K, Brown D, McVernon J. Priority allocation of pandemic influenza vaccines in Australia - Recommendations of 3 community juries. Vaccine 2021; 39:255-262. [PMID: 33317870 PMCID: PMC7733601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandemic planning has historically been oriented to respond to an influenza virus, with vaccination strategy being a key focus. As the current COVID-19 pandemic plays out, the Australian government is closely monitoring progress towards development of SARS-CoV2 vaccines as a definitive intervention. However, as in any pandemic, initial supply will likely be exceeded by demand due to limited manufacturing output. METHODS We convened community juries in three Australian locations in 2019 to assess public acceptability and perceived legitimacy of influenza pandemic vaccination distribution strategies. Preparatory work included literature reviews on pandemic vaccine allocation strategies and on vaccine allocation ethics, and simulation modelling studies. We assumed vaccine would be provided to predefined priority groups. Jurors were then asked to recommend one of two strategies for distributing remaining early doses of vaccine: directly vaccinate people at higher risk of adverse outcomes from influenza; or indirectly protect the general population by vaccinating primary school students, who are most likely to spread infection. RESULTS Thirty-four participants of diverse backgrounds and ages were recruited through random digit dialling and topic-blinded social media advertising. Juries heard evidence and arguments supporting different vaccine distribution strategies, and questioned expert presenters. All three community juries supported prioritising school children for influenza vaccination (aiming for indirect protection), one by 10-2 majority and two by consensus. Justifications included that indirect protection benefits more people and is likely to be more publicly acceptable. CONCLUSIONS In the context of an influenza pandemic, informed citizens were not opposed to prioritising groups at higher risks of adverse outcomes, but if resources and epidemiological conditions allow, achieving population benefits should be a strategic priority. These insights may inform future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - J Williams
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S M Carter
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - R Moss
- Modelling and Simulation Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Massey
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia; College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - G L Gilbert
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - P Shih
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A Braunack-Mayer
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K Crooks
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Darwin, Australia
| | - D Brown
- Modelling and Simulation Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Laboratory Epidemiology Unit at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J McVernon
- Modelling and Simulation Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Laboratory Epidemiology Unit at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Wagner CE, Prentice JA, Saad-Roy CM, Yang L, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Laxminarayan R. Economic and Behavioral Influencers of Vaccination and Antimicrobial Use. Front Public Health 2020; 8:614113. [PMID: 33409264 PMCID: PMC7779682 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.614113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite vast improvements in global vaccination coverage during the last decade, there is a growing trend in vaccine hesitancy and/or refusal globally. This has implications for the acceptance and coverage of a potential vaccine against COVID-19. In the United States, the number of children exempt from vaccination for “philosophical belief-based” non-medical reasons increased in 12 of the 18 states that allowed this policy from 2009 to 2017 (1). Meanwhile, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, especially in young children, have led to increasing rates of drug resistance that threaten our ability to treat infectious diseases. Vaccine hesitancy and antibiotic overuse exist side-by-side in the same population of young children, and it is unclear why one modality (antibiotics) is universally seen as safe and effective, while the other (vaccines) is seen as potentially hazardous by some. In this review, we consider the drivers shaping the use of vaccines and antibiotics in the context of three factors: individual incentives, risk perceptions, and social norms and group dynamics. We illustrate how these factors contribute to the societal and individual costs of vaccine underuse and antimicrobial overuse. Ultimately, we seek to understand these factors that are at the nexus of infectious disease epidemiology and social science to inform policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph A Prentice
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Chadi M Saad-Roy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Luojun Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.,Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.,Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.,Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, United States
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5
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Johnson J, Degeling C. More philosophical work needed in One Health on ethical frameworks and theory. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:705-706. [PMID: 32376716 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We thank Zohar Lederman and Benjamin Capps for engaging with our paper on One Health (OH) and ethical frameworks, however we want to take issue with them on three points. First, they appear to misunderstand the distinction we appeal to between ethical theory and ethical frameworks, and so misinterpret what we are trying to achieve in our paper. Second, in spite of what they seem to imply, we agree that an OH approach can obscure differences in values, and that to progress the field there needs to be recognition of competing values and their implications for OH. Finally, we are puzzled by their interest in pursuing a deliberative process, as this seems at odds with other positions they take in their paper, and also opens up many questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Johnson
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Degeling C, Carter SM, Dale K, Singh K, Watts K, Hall J, Denholm J. Perspectives of Vietnamese, Sudanese and South Sudanese immigrants on targeting migrant communities for latent tuberculosis screening and treatment in low-incidence settings: A report on two Victorian community panels. Health Expect 2020; 23:1431-1440. [PMID: 32918523 PMCID: PMC7752196 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) elimination strategies in Australia require a focus on groups who are at highest risk of TB infection, such as immigrants from high‐burden settings. Understanding attitudes to different strategies for latent TB infection (LTBI) screening and treatment is an important element of justifiable elimination strategies. Method Two community panels were conducted in Melbourne with members of the Vietnamese (n = 11), Sudanese and South Sudanese communities (n = 9). Panellists were provided with expert information about LTBI and different screening and health communication strategies, then deliberated on how best to pursue TB elimination in Australia. Findings Both panels unanimously preferred LTBI screening to occur pre‐migration rather than in Australia. Participants were concerned that post‐migration screening would reach fewer migrants, noted that conducting LTBI screening in Australia could stigmatize participants and that poor awareness of LTBI would hamper participation. If targeted screening was to occur in Australia, the Vietnamese panel preferred ‘place‐based’ communication strategies, whereas the Sudanese and South Sudanese panel emphasized that community leaders should lead communication strategies to minimize stigma. Both groups emphasized the importance of maintaining community trust in Australian health service providers, and the need to ensure targeting did not undermine this trust. Conclusion Pre‐migration screening was preferred. If post‐migration screening is necessary, the potential for stigma should be reduced, benefit and risk profile clearly explained and culturally appropriate communication strategies employed. Cultural attitudes to health providers, personal health management and broader social vulnerabilities of targeted groups need to be considered in the design of screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy M Carter
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie Dale
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at The Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kasha Singh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Melbourne Health at The Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Krista Watts
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at The Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Hall
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at The Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Alzahrani AAH, Alzahrani MSA, Aldannish BH, Alghamdi HS, Albanghali MA, Almalki SSR. Inappropriate Dental Antibiotic Prescriptions: Potential Driver of the Antimicrobial Resistance in Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:175-182. [PMID: 32184688 PMCID: PMC7062393 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s247184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate dental antibiotic prescriptions in Albaha Region, Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS A two-year retrospective cohort study was conducted between September 1, 2017 and September 1, 2019 in children and adults. Data collected from the patients' medical records were analyzed using SPSS. The Z-test with Bonferroni correction and descriptive proportions were utilized to compare several levels of categorical variables. RESULTS Of the 43,255 dental visits, antibiotics were provided during 12,573 (29.1%). The commonly prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin and amoxicillin combined with metronidazole (56.3% and 16.9%, respectively). Alarmingly, antibiotics were provided in several conditions for which they are medically neither recommended nor indicated; together, they represented 27.8% of those consultations in which antibiotics were prescribed. Female dentists prescribed more antibiotics than male dentists (30%, P = < 0.000), with male patients receiving more antibiotics than female patients (36%, P = <0.0001). CONCLUSION Unnecessary prescription of antibiotics was observed in the present study. Improving knowledge and awareness of Saudi dentists on dental antibiotic prescription is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bander H Aldannish
- Albaha Dental Center, The Saudi Ministry of Health, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Castro-Sánchez E, Iwami M, Ahmad R, Atun R, Holmes AH. Articulating citizen participation in national anti-microbial resistance plans: a comparison of European countries. Eur J Public Health 2019; 28:928-934. [PMID: 29982459 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background National action plans determine country responses to anti-microbial resistance (AMR). These plans include interventions aimed at citizens. As the language used in documents could persuade certain behaviours, we sought to assess the positioning and implied responsibilities of citizens in current European AMR plans. This understanding could lead to improved policies and interventions. Methods Review and comparison of national action plans for AMR (NAP-AMR) obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (plans from 28 European Union and four European Economic Area/European Free Trade Association countries), supplemented by European experts (June-September 2016). To capture geographical diversity, 11 countries were purposively sampled for content and discourse analyses using frameworks of lay participation in healthcare organization, delivery and decision-making. Results Countries were at different stages of NAP-AMR development (60% completed, 25% in-process, 9% no plan). The volume allocated to citizen roles in the plans ranged from 0.3 to 18%. The term 'citizen' was used by three countries, trailing behind 'patients' and 'public' (9/11), 'general population' (6/11) and 'consumers' (6/11). Increased citizen awareness about AMR was pursued by ∼2/3 plans. Supporting interventions included awareness campaigns (11/11), training/education (7/11) or materials during clinical encounters (4/11). Prevention of infection transmission or self-care behaviours were much less emphasized. Personal/individual and social/collective role perspectives seemed more frequently stimulated in Nordic countries. Conclusion Citizen roles in AMR plans are not fully articulated. Documents could employ direct language to emphasise social or collective responsibilities in optimal antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Castro-Sánchez
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection & Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michiyo Iwami
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection & Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Raheelah Ahmad
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection & Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, London, UK.,Health Group, Management Department, Imperial College Business School, London, UK
| | - Rifat Atun
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Global Health Systems Cluster, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison H Holmes
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection & Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Martin A, Gravelle TB, Baekkeskov E, Lewis J, Kashima Y. Enlisting the support of trusted sources to tackle policy problems: The case of antimicrobial resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212993. [PMID: 30897112 PMCID: PMC6428319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the world's most pressing public health problems. Governments around the world have-and will continue to-develop policy proposals to deal with this problem. However, the capacity of government will be constrained by very low levels of trust in government. This stands in contrast to 'medical scientists' who are highly trusted by the public. This article tests to what extent trusted sources can alter attitudes towards a policy proposal to regulate the use of antibiotics. We find that respondents are much more likely to support a policy put forward by 'medical scientists.' This article provides some initial evidence that medical scientists could be used to gain support for policies to tackle pressing policy challenges such as AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Martin
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy B. Gravelle
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erik Baekkeskov
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny Lewis
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoshi Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Scott AM, Sims R, Degeling C, Carter S, Thomas R. Developing and applying a deductive coding framework to assess the goals of Citizen/Community Jury deliberations. Health Expect 2019; 22:537-546. [PMID: 30864216 PMCID: PMC6543138 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public participation in health policy decision making is thought to improve the quality of the decisions and enhance their legitimacy. Citizen/Community Juries (CJs) are a form of public participation that aims to elicit an informed community perspective on controversial topics. Reporting standards for CJ processes have already been proposed. However, less clarity exists about the standards for what constitutes a good quality CJ deliberation—we aim to begin to address this gap here. Methods We identified the goals that underlie CJs and searched the literature to identify existing frameworks assessing the quality of CJ deliberations. We then mapped the items constituting these frameworks onto the CJ goals; where none of the frameworks addressed one of the CJ goals, we generated additional items that did map onto the goal. Results This yielded a single operationalized deductive coding framework, consisting of four deliberation elements and four recommendation elements. The deliberation elements focus on the following: jurors’ preferences and values, engagement with each other, referencing expert information and enrichment of the deliberation. The recommendation elements focus on the following: reaching a clear and identifiable recommendation, whether the recommendation directly addresses the CJ question, justification for the recommendation and adoption of societal (rather than individual) perspective. To explore the alignment between this framework and the goals underlying CJs, we mapped the operationalized framework onto the transcripts of a CJ. Conclusion Results suggest that framework items map well onto what transpires in an actual CJ deliberation. Further testing of the validity, generalizability and reliability of the framework is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mae Scott
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Centre for research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Centre for research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Degeling
- Research for Social Change, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacy Carter
- Research for Social Change, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rae Thomas
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Centre for research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Thomas R, Sims R, Beller E, Scott AM, Doust J, Le Couteur D, Pond D, Loy C, Forlini C, Glasziou P. An Australian community jury to consider case-finding for dementia: Differences between informed community preferences and general practice guidelines. Health Expect 2019; 22:475-484. [PMID: 30714290 PMCID: PMC6543153 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Case‐finding for dementia is practised by general practitioners (GPs) in Australia but without an awareness of community preferences. We explored the values and preferences of informed community members around case‐finding for dementia in Australian general practice. Design, setting and participants A before and after, mixed‐methods study in Gold Coast, Australia, with ten community members aged 50‐70. Intervention A 2‐day citizen/community jury. Participants were informed by experts about dementia, the potential harms and benefits of case‐finding, and ethical considerations. Primary and secondary outcomes We asked participants, “Should the health system encourage GPs to practice ‘case‐finding’ of dementia in people older than 50?” Case‐finding was defined as a GP initiating testing for dementia when the patient is unaware of symptoms. We also assessed changes in participant comprehension/knowledge, attitudes towards dementia and participants’ own intentions to undergo case‐finding for dementia if it were suggested. Results Participants voted unanimously against case‐finding for dementia, citing a lack of effective treatments, potential for harm to patients and potential financial incentives. However, they recognized that case‐finding was currently practised by Australian GPs and recommended specific changes to the guidelines. Participants increased their comprehension/knowledge of dementia, their attitude towards case‐finding became less positive, and their intentions to be tested themselves decreased. Conclusion Once informed, community jury participants did not agree case‐finding for dementia should be conducted by GPs. Yet their personal intentions to accept case‐finding varied. If case‐finding for dementia is recommended in the guidelines, then shared decision making is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Thomas
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elaine Beller
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny Doust
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Le Couteur
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dimity Pond
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clement Loy
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Forlini
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Degeling C, Thomas R, Rychetnik L. Citizens' juries can bring public voices on overdiagnosis into policy making. BMJ 2019; 364:l351. [PMID: 30700440 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement, Evidence and Values, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rae Thomas
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Australia
| | - Lucie Rychetnik
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame, Australia
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13
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Dao B, Douglas T, Giubilini A, Savulescu J, Selgelid M, Faber NS. Impartiality and infectious disease: Prioritizing individuals versus the collective in antibiotic prescription. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2019; 10:63-69. [PMID: 30908114 PMCID: PMC6446247 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1576799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health disaster driven largely by antibiotic use in human health care. Doctors considering whether to prescribe antibiotics face an ethical conflict between upholding individual patient health and advancing public health aims. Existing literature mainly examines whether patients awaiting consultations desire or expect to receive antibiotic prescriptions, but does not report views of the wider public regarding conditions under which doctors should prescribe antibiotics. It also does not explore the ethical significance of public views or their sensitivity to awareness of AMR risks or the standpoint (self-interested or impartial) taken by participants. METHODS An online survey was conducted with a sample of the U.S. public (n = 158). Participants were asked to indicate what relative priority should be given to individual patients and society-at-large from various standpoints and in various contexts, including antibiotic prescription. RESULTS Of the participants, 50.3% thought that doctors should generally prioritize individual patients over society, whereas 32.0% prioritized society over individual patients. When asked in the context of AMR, 39.2% prioritized individuals whereas 45.5% prioritized society. Participants were significantly less willing to prioritize society over individuals when they themselves were the patient, both in general (p = .001) and in relation to AMR specifically (p = .006). CONCLUSIONS Participants' attitudes were more oriented to society and sensitive to collective responsibility when informed about the social costs of antibiotic use and when considered from a third-person rather than first-person perspective. That is, as participants came closer to taking the perspective of an informed and impartial "ideal observer," their support for prioritizing society increased. Our findings suggest that, insofar as antibiotic policies and practices should be informed by attitudes that are impartial and well-informed, there is significant support for prioritizing society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadine Dao
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Douglas
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Giubilini
- Oxford Martin School and Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Selgelid
- Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadira S. Faber
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Degeling C, Gilbert GL, Annand E, Taylor M, Walsh MG, Ward MP, Wilson A, Johnson J. Managing the risk of Hendra virus spillover in Australia using ecological approaches: A report on three community juries. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209798. [PMID: 30596719 PMCID: PMC6312203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hendra virus (HeV) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations. Habitat loss has increased the peri-urban presence of flying-foxes, increasing the risk of contact and therefore viral 'spillovers' into horse and human populations. An equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal. Ecological approaches-such as habitat creation and conservation-could complement vaccination and behavioural strategies by reducing spillover risks, but these are controversial. METHODS We convened three community juries (two regional; one metropolitan) to elicit the views of well-informed citizens on the acceptability of adding ecological approaches to current interventions for HeV risk. Thirty-one participants of diverse backgrounds, mixed genders and ages were recruited using random-digit-dialling. Each jury was presented with balanced factual evidence, given time to ask questions of expert presenters and, after deliberation, come to well-reasoned conclusions. RESULTS All juries voted unanimously that ecological strategies should be included in HeV risk management strategies but concluded that current interventions-including vaccination and changing horse-husbandry practices-must remain the priority. The key reasons given for adopting ecological approaches were: (i) they address underlying drivers of disease emergence, (ii) the potential to prevent spillover of other bat-borne pathogens, and (iii) there would be broader community benefits. Juries differed regarding the best mechanism to create/conserve flying-fox habitat: participants in regional centres favoured direct government action, whereas the metropolitan jury preferred to place the burden on landholders. CONCLUSIONS Informed citizens acknowledge the value of addressing the drivers of bat-borne infectious risks but differ substantially as to the best implementation strategies. Ecological approaches to securing bat habitat could find broad social support in Australia, but disagreement about how best to achieve them indicates the need for negotiation with affected communities to co-develop fair, effective and locally appropriate policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gwendolyn L. Gilbert
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Edward Annand
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- EquiEpiVet, Picton, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael G. Walsh
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Johnson
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Larsson DGJ, Andremont A, Bengtsson-Palme J, Brandt KK, de Roda Husman AM, Fagerstedt P, Fick J, Flach CF, Gaze WH, Kuroda M, Kvint K, Laxminarayan R, Manaia CM, Nielsen KM, Plant L, Ploy MC, Segovia C, Simonet P, Smalla K, Snape J, Topp E, van Hengel AJ, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Virta MPJ, Wellington EM, Wernersson AS. Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:132-138. [PMID: 29747082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing understanding that the environment plays an important role both in the transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and in their evolution. Accordingly, researchers and stakeholders world-wide seek to further explore the mechanisms and drivers involved, quantify risks and identify suitable interventions. There is a clear value in establishing research needs and coordinating efforts within and across nations in order to best tackle this global challenge. At an international workshop in late September 2017, scientists from 14 countries with expertise on the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance gathered to define critical knowledge gaps. Four key areas were identified where research is urgently needed: 1) the relative contributions of different sources of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria into the environment; 2) the role of the environment, and particularly anthropogenic inputs, in the evolution of resistance; 3) the overall human and animal health impacts caused by exposure to environmental resistant bacteria; and 4) the efficacy and feasibility of different technological, social, economic and behavioral interventions to mitigate environmental antibiotic resistance.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Joakim Larsson
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsdsgatan 10A, SE-413 46, Sweden.
| | - Antoine Andremont
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Johan Bengtsson-Palme
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsdsgatan 10A, SE-413 46, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Koefoed Brandt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, PO Box 80175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Carl-Fredrik Flach
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsdsgatan 10A, SE-413 46, Sweden.
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kristian Kvint
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, SE-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsdsgatan 10A, SE-413 46, Sweden.
| | | | - Celia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Kaare Magne Nielsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Laura Plant
- Swedish Research Council, Box 1035, SE-101 38 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Carlos Segovia
- Unidad funcional de Acreditación de Institutos de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Pascal Simonet
- Environmental Microbial Genomics Group, Laboratory Ampère, UMR CNRS 5005, École Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 36 avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully Cedex, France.
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jason Snape
- Global Environment, AstraZeneca, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Arjon J van Hengel
- Directorate Health, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - David W Verner-Jeffreys
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Marko P J Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Ann-Sofie Wernersson
- Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Box 11 930, SE-404 39 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Hardefeldt LY. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in veterinary practices. Vet Rec 2018; 182:688-690. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y. Hardefeldt
- National Centre for Antibiotic Stewardship; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Australia
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17
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Degeling C, Johnson J, Iredell J, Nguyen KA, Norris JM, Turnidge JD, Dawson A, Carter SM, Gilbert GL. Assessing the public acceptability of proposed policy interventions to reduce the misuse of antibiotics in Australia: A report on two community juries. Health Expect 2017; 21:90-99. [PMID: 28665050 PMCID: PMC5750737 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To elicit the views of well‐informed community members on the acceptability of proposed policy interventions designed to improve community use of antibiotics in Australia. Design Two community juries held in 2016. Setting and participants Western Sydney and Dubbo communities in NSW, Australia. Twenty‐nine participants of diverse social and cultural backgrounds, mixed genders and ages recruited via public advertising: one jury was drawn from a large metropolitan setting; the other from a regional/rural setting. Main outcome measure Jury verdict and rationale in response to a prioritization task and structured questions. Results Both juries concluded that potential policy interventions to curb antibiotic misuse in the community should be directed towards: (i) ensuring that the public and prescribers were better educated about the dangers of antibiotic resistance; (ii) making community‐based human and animal health‐care practitioners accountable for their prescribing decisions. Patient‐centred approaches such as delayed prescribing were seen as less acceptable than prescriber‐centred approaches; both juries completely rejected any proposal to decrease consumer demand by increasing antibiotic prices. Conclusion These informed citizens acknowledged the importance of raising public awareness of the risks, impacts and costs of antibiotic resistance and placed a high priority on increasing social and professional accountability through restrictive measures. Their overarching aim was that policy interventions should be directed towards creating collective actions and broad social support for changing antibiotic use through establishing and explaining the need for mechanisms to control and support better prescribing by practitioners, while not transferring the burdens, costs and risks of interventions to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Johnson
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jon Iredell
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Life Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Turnidge
- Departments of Pathology, and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Angus Dawson
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy M Carter
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gwendolyn L Gilbert
- Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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