1
|
Chen P, Lou L, Sharma B, Li M, Xie C, Yang F, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Gao L. Recent Advances on PKM2 Inhibitors and Activators in Cancer Applications. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2955-2973. [PMID: 37455458 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230714144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells, from the normal mode of glucose metabolism named glycolysis, is a pivotal characteristic of impending cancerous cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important enzyme that catalyzes the final rate-limiting stage during glycolysis, is highly expressed in numerous types of tumors and aids in development of favorable conditions for the survival of tumor cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that PKM2 is one of promising targets for innovative drug discovery, especially for the developments of antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent advancement on PKM2 modulators including inhibitors and activators in cancer applications. We also discussed the classifications of pyruvate kinases in mammals and the biological functions of PKM2 in this review. We do hope that this review would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on PKM2 modulators, which may benefit the development of more potent PKM2-related drug candidates to treat PKM2-associated diseases including cancers in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Bigyan Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Mengchu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang PC, Chang CW, Lin YC, Chen CY, Chen TY, Chuang LT, Liu CJ, Huang CL, Li WC. Pyruvate Kinase Differentially Alters Metabolic Signatures during Head and Neck Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16639. [PMID: 38068962 PMCID: PMC10706023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During glycolysis, the muscle isoform of pyruvate kinase PKM2 produces ATP in exchange for dephosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate. PKM2 has been considered as a tumor-promoting factor in most cancers, whereas the regulatory role of PKM2 during head and neck carcinogenesis remained to be delineated. PKM2 mRNA and protein expression was examined in head and neck tumorous specimens. The role of PKM2 in controlling cellular malignancy was determined in shRNA-mediated PKM2-deficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) cells. In agreement with the results in other cancers, PKM2 expression is enriched in both mouse and human HNSC tissues. Nevertheless, PKM2 mRNA expression reversely correlated with tumor stage, and greater recurrence-free survival rates are evident in the PKM2high HNSC population, arguing that PKM2 may be tumor-suppressive. Multifaceted analyses showed a greater in vivo xenografic tumor growth and an enhanced cisplatin resistance in response to PKM2 loss, whereas PKM2 silencing led to reduced cell motility. At the molecular level, metabolic shifts towards mitochondrial metabolism and activation of oncogenic Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signals were detected in PKM2-silencing HNSC cells. In sum, our findings demonstrated that PKM2 differentially modulated head and neck tumorigenicity via metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Huang
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences (GIMOS), College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-J.L.)
- Oral Medicine Innovation Center (OMIC), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Tsai-Ying Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-J.L.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics (HTI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (P.-C.H.); (C.-Y.C.); (T.-Y.C.)
- Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-J.L.)
- Oral Medicine Innovation Center (OMIC), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiong X, Wu Q, Zhang L, Gao S, Li R, Han L, Fan M, Wang M, Liu L, Wang X, Zhang C, Xin Y, Li Z, Huang C, Yang J. Chronic stress inhibits testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells through mitochondrial damage via Atp5a1. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:354-363. [PMID: 34894202 PMCID: PMC8743653 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is one of the leading causes of male infertility, but its exact function in testosterone synthesis has scarcely been reported. We found that adult male rats show a decrease in bodyweight, genital index and serum testosterone level after continual chronic stress for 21 days. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis identified 10 differentially expressed proteins in stressed rats compared with controls. A strong protein interaction network was found to be centred on Atp5a1 among these proteins. Atp5a1 expression significantly decreased in Leydig cells after chronic stress. Transfection of Atp5a1 siRNAs decreased StAR, CYP11A1, and 17β-HSD expression by damaging the structure of mitochondria in TM3 cells. This study confirmed that chronic stress plays an important role in testosterone synthesis by regulating Atp5a1 expression in Leydig cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xiong
- Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port in Precision Medicine InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Center of Medical GeneticsNorthwest Women’s and Children’s HospitalXi’anChina
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Shanfeng Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Rufeng Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Lin Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
| | - Liying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Chunli Zhang
- Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port in Precision Medicine InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yanlong Xin
- Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port in Precision Medicine InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zongfang Li
- Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port in Precision Medicine InstituteThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’anChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesMinistry of Education of China, Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ethoxyquin Inhibits the Progression of Murine Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma through the Inhibition of Autophagy and LDH. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111526. [PMID: 34829755 PMCID: PMC8615101 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit an increased glycolysis rate for ATP generation (the Warburg effect) to sustain an increased proliferation rate. In tumor cells, the oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle is substituted by lactate production, catalyzed by LDH. In this study, we use ethoxyquin (EQ) as a novel inhibitor to target LDH in murine Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and as a combination therapy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the conventional chemotherapy drug, cisplatin (CIS). We investigated the anti-tumor effect of EQ on EAC-bearing mice and checked whether EQ can sustain the anti-tumor potential of CIS and whether it influences LDH activity. Treatment with EQ had evident anti-tumor effects on EAC as revealed by the remarkable decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and by a significant increase in the expression of apoptotic genes (BAX and caspase-3). EQ also caused a significant decrease in the autophagic activity of EAC cells, as shown by a reduction in the fluorescence intensity of the autophagosome marker. Additionally, EQ restored the altered hematological and biochemical parameters and improved the disrupted hepatic tissues of EAC-bearing mice. Co-administration of EQ and CIS showed the highest anti-tumor effect against EAC. Collectively, our findings propose EQ as a novel inhibitor of LDH in cancer cells and as a combinatory drug to increase the efficacy of cisplatin. Further studies are required to validate this therapeutic strategy in different cancer models and preclinical trials.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Li Y, Jiang L, Ren X, Cheng B, Xia J. Prognostic value of glycolysis markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7284-7299. [PMID: 33653965 PMCID: PMC7993722 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis markers including glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) play vital roles in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, their prognostic value in HNSCC is still controversial. In this meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases and included thirty-seven studies (3272 patients) that met the inclusion criteria. Higher expression levels of the glycolysis markers in tumor tissues correlated with poorer overall survival (OS; P < 0.001), disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.03) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; P < 0.001) of HNSCC patients. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that higher expression levels of GLUT1 (P < 0.001), MCT4 (P = 0.002), HK2 (P = 0.002) and PKM2 (P < 0.001) correlated with poorer OS among HNSCC patients. Higher expression of MCT4 (P < 0.001) and PKM2 (P = 0.008) predicted poorer DFS among HNSCC patients. However, GLUT4 expression levels did not associate with clinical outcomes in HNSCC patients. These results demonstrate that glycolysis markers, such as GLUT1, MCT4, HK2 and PKM2, are potential prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Laibo Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianyue Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metabolic reprogramming and disease progression in cancer patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165721. [PMID: 32057942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomics has contributed to the treatment of a fraction of cancer patients. However, there is a need to profile the proteins that define the phenotype of cancer and its pathogenesis. The reprogramming of metabolism is a major trait of the cancer phenotype with great potential for prognosis and targeted therapy. This review overviews the major changes reported in the steady-state levels of proteins of metabolism in primary carcinomas, paying attention to those enzymes that correlate with patients' survival. The upregulation of enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, lipogenesis, glutaminolysis and the antioxidant defense is concurrent with the downregulation of mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, emphasizing the potential of mitochondrial metabolism as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. We stress that high-throughput quantitative expression profiling of differentially expressed proteins in large cohorts of carcinomas paired with normal tissues will accelerate translation of metabolism to a successful personalized medicine in cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mohammad GH, Vassileva V, Acedo P, Olde Damink SWM, Malago M, Dhar DK, Pereira SP. Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Lactate Dehydrogenase A Is an Effective Combination Strategy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091372. [PMID: 31527446 PMCID: PMC6770573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogrammed glucose metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and increased expression of key glycolytic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), has been associated with poor prognosis in various malignancies. Targeting these enzymes could attenuate aerobic glycolysis and inhibit tumor proliferation. We investigated whether the PKM2 activator, TEPP-46, and the LDHA inhibitor, FX-11, can be combined to inhibit in vitro and in vivo tumor growth in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. We assessed PKM2 and LDHA expression, enzyme activity, and cell proliferation rate after treatment with TEPP-46, FX-11, or a combination of both. Efficacy was validated in vivo by evaluating tumor growth, PK and LDHA activity in plasma and tumors, and PKM2, LDHA, and Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues following treatment. Dual therapy synergistically inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo without apparent toxicity. Treatment with TEPP-46 and FX-11 resulted in increased PK and reduced LDHA enzyme activity in plasma and tumor tissues and decreased PKM2 and LDHA expression in tumors, which was reflected by a decrease in tumor volume and proliferation. The targeting of glycolytic enzymes such as PKM2 and LDHA represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Hamid Mohammad
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Komar Research Center, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Vessela Vassileva
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0UQ, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center & Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Malago
- Hepato-pancreatic-biliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Dipok Kumar Dhar
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Comparative Medicine Department and Organ Transplantation Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Montrose DC, Galluzzi L. Drugging cancer metabolism: Expectations vs. reality. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 347:1-26. [PMID: 31451211 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As compared to their normal counterparts, neoplastic cells exhibit a variety of metabolic changes that reflect not only genetic and epigenetic defects underlying malignant transformation, but also the nutritional and immunobiological conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Such alterations, including the so-called Warburg effect (an increase in glucose uptake largely feeding anabolic and antioxidant metabolism), have attracted considerable attention as potential targets for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics. However, very few drugs specifically conceived to target bioenergetic cancer metabolism are currently approved by regulatory agencies for use in humans. This reflects the elevated degree of heterogeneity and redundancy in the metabolic circuitries exploited by neoplastic cells from different tumors (even of the same type), as well as the resemblance of such metabolic pathways to those employed by highly proliferating normal cells. Here, we summarize the major metabolic alterations that accompany oncogenesis, the potential of targeting bioenergetic metabolism for cancer therapy, and the obstacles that still prevent the clinical translation of such a promising therapeutic paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Montrose
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carvalho TM, Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The peculiarities of cancer cell metabolism: A route to metastasization and a target for therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:343-363. [PMID: 30928707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the peculiarities of metabolic reprogramming in tumour onset and progression, and their relevance in cancer therapy. Also, it has been indicated that the metastatic process may depend on the metabolic rewiring and adaptation of cancer cells to the pressure of tumour microenvironment and limiting nutrient availability. The present review gatherers the existent knowledge on the influence of tumour microenvironment and metabolic routes driving metastasis. A focus will be given to glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, glutaminolysis, and amino acid handling. In addition, the role of metabolic waste driving metastasization will be explored. Finally, we discuss the status of cancer treatment approaches targeting metabolism. This knowledge revision will highlight the critical metabolic targets in metastasis and the chemicals already used in preclinical studies and clinical trials, providing clues that would be further exploited in medicinal chemistry research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ma Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prognostic role of glycolysis for cancer outcome: evidence from 86 studies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:967-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Hussein AA, Forouzanfar T, Bloemena E, de Visscher J, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR, Helder MN. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:724-736. [PMID: 30131545 PMCID: PMC6173763 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in developing biomarkers to enhance early detection and clinical management of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). However, the developmental path towards a clinically valid biomarker remains extremely challenging. Ideally, the initial key step in moving a newly discovered biomarker towards clinical implementation is independent replication. Therefore, the focus of this review is on biomarkers that consistently showed clinical relevance in two or more publications. METHODS We searched PubMed database for relevant papers across different TSCC sample sources, i.e., body fluids (saliva, serum/plasma) and tissues. No restriction regarding the date of publication was applied except for immunohistochemistry (IHC); only studies published between 2010 and June 2017 were included. RESULTS The search strategy identified 1429 abstracts, of which 96 papers, examining 150 biomarkers, were eventually included. Of these papers, 66% were exploratory studies evaluating single or a panel of biomarkers in one publication. Ultimately, based on studies that had undergone validation for their clinical relevance in at least two independent studies, we identified 10 promising candidates, consisting of different types of molecules (IL-6, IL-8, and Prolactin in liquid samples; HIF-1α, SOX2, E-cadherin, vimentin, MALAT1, TP53, and NOTCH1 in tissue biopsies) CONCLUSIONS: Although more exploratory research is needed with newer methods to identify biomarkers for TSCC, rigorous validation of biomarkers that have already shown unbiased assessment in at least two publications should be considered a high priority. Further research on these promising biomarkers or their combination in multi-institutional studies, could provide new possibilities to develop a specific panel for early diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha A Hussein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bloemena
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jgam de Visscher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Brakenhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco N Helder
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Academic Centre for Dentistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Wu H, Xie Z, Wu Y, Song X, Wang J, Shu W, Xu J, Liu B, Wan L, Yan Y, Ding X, Shi X, Pan Y, Li X, Yang J, Zhao X, Wang L. Effect of verbascoside on apoptosis and metastasis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Molecular, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Heming Wu
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhuoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing China
| | - Yunong Wu
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaomeng Song
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Biochemical Molecular, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Wei Shu
- Stomatology Department; Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Junyong Xu
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Linzhong Wan
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yanan Yan
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xu Ding
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xinghui Shi
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Reproductive Medicine Center; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Institute of Stomatology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hsu MC, Hung WC. Pyruvate kinase M2 fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: from cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation to extracellular signaling. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:35. [PMID: 29455645 PMCID: PMC5817853 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP in the glycolytic pathway, pyruvate kinase M2-type (PKM2) has been shown to exhibit novel biological activities in the nucleus and outside the cells. Although cell-based studies reveal new non-canonical functions of PKM2 in gene transcription, epigenetic modulation and cell cycle progression, the importance of these non-canonical functions in PKM2-mediated tumorigenesis is still under debate because studies in genetically modified mice do not consistently echo the findings observed in cultured cancer cells. In addition to regulation of gene expression, the existence of PKM2 in exosomes opens a new venue to study the potential role of this glycolytic enzyme in cell-cell communication and extracellular signal initiation. In this review, we briefly summarize current understanding of PKM2 in metabolic switch and gene regulation. We will then emphasize recent progress of PKM2 in extracellular signaling and tumor microenvironment reprogramming. Finally, the discrepancy of some PKM2’s functions in vitro and in vivo, and the application of PKM2 in cancer detection and treatment will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu H, Luo H, Zhu X, Hu X, Zheng L, Zhu X. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression correlates with prognosis in solid cancers: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1628-1640. [PMID: 27911861 PMCID: PMC5352083 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is the key enzyme in the Warburg effect and plays a central role in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming. Recently, quite a few studies have investigated the correlation between PKM2 expression and prognosis in multiple cancer patients, but results were inconsistent. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to explore the prognostic value of PKM2 expression in patients with solid cancer. Here twenty-seven individual studies from 25 publications with a total of 4796 cases were included to explore the association between PKM2 and overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS)/ progression-free survival (PFS)/ recurrent-free survival (RFS) in subjects with solid cancer. Pooled analysis showed that high levels of PKM2 was significantly associated with a poorer overall survival (HR = 1.73; 95%CI = 1.48-2.03) and DFS/ PFS/ RFS (HR = 1.90; 95%CI = 1.39-2.59) irrespective of cancer types. Different analysis models (univariate or multivariate models), sample-sizes (≤100 or >100), and methods for data collection (direct extraction or indirect extraction) had no impact on the negative prognostic effect of PKM2 over-expression. Nevertheless, stratified by cancer type, high-expression of PKM2 was associated with an unfavorable OS in breast cancer, esophageal squamous carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and gallbladder cancer; whereas was not correlated with a worse OS in pancreatic cancer and gastric cancer. In conclusion, over-expression of PKM2 is associated with poor prognosis in most solid cancers and it might be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting cancer prognosis in future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xuejie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lihong Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pyruvate kinase M2 deregulation enhances the metastatic potential of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68252-68262. [PMID: 28978113 PMCID: PMC5620253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been verified to correlate with the prognosis of many types of cancer. However, its role in the development and metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear. The immunohistochemistry (IHC) results confirmed that PKM2 is overexpressed in patients with TSCC. PKM2 up-regulation was related to lymph node metastasis and associated with reduced overall survival. According to the microarray analysis and Western blots, PKM2 expression was up-regulated in TSCC cells with enhanced metastatic potential. PKM2 knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion, reduced SOD2 (manganese superoxide dismutase) activity and the intracellular H2O2 level, and inhibited tumour growth and lung metastasis in vivo. PKM2 overexpression promoted cell migration and invasion, and increased SOD2 activity and the intracellular H2O2 level. Moreover, miR-138 directly targeted PKM2 and inhibited PKM2 expression. Thus, PKM2 deregulation plays an important role in TSCC and may serve as a biomarker of metastatic potential or as a therapeutic target in patients with TSCC. PKM2, a miR-138 target gene, enhances the metastatic potential of TSCC through the SOD2-H2O2 pathway.
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang R, Zong X. Aberrant cancer metabolism in epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms in cancer progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
17
|
Huang P, Zhao X, Xiao W, Dong Y, Hu G. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake predicts PKM2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:39618-39626. [PMID: 28489603 PMCID: PMC5503637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is widely used in the management of lung adenocarcinoma. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays a key role in glycolysis. We therefore investigated whether PKM2 expression affects 18F-FDG uptake in a retrospective analysis of 76 patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for staging before surgical resection. We found that PKM2 expression was higher in tumors than peritumoral tissue (p < 0.05). Patients with high PKM2 expression had reduced overall (p < 0.05) and disease-free (p < 0.05) survival as compared to those with low PKM2 expression. Comparison of the primary tumor maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) between patients with high and low PKM2 expression revealed that the SUVmax was higher in primary tumors with high PKM2 expression than low PKM2 expression (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between SUVmax and PKM2 expression (p < 0.05). PKM2 status was predicted with 81.6% accuracy when the SUVmax cutoff value of 6.4. Thus,18F-FDG PET/CT is predictive of the PKM2 status in lung adenocarcinoma patients and could aid in determining therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyuan Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu Y, Chu L, Yuan S, Yang Y, Yang Y, Xu B, Zhang K, Liu XY, Wang R, Fang L, Chen Z, Liang Z. RGD-modified oncolytic adenovirus-harboring shPKM2 exhibits a potent cytotoxic effect in pancreatic cancer via autophagy inhibition and apoptosis promotion. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2835. [PMID: 28569774 PMCID: PMC5520890 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is a key driver of glycolysis in cancer cells and has critical 'non-metabolic' functions in some cancers; however, the role of PKM2 in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of PKM2 in pancreatic cancer progression and the potential of PKM2 as a therapeutic target. In this study, we observed that PKM2 is highly expressed in patients with pancreatic cancer and is correlated to survival. Elevated PKM2 expression promoted cell proliferation, migration and tumor formation. The inhibition of cell growth by silencing PKM2 is caused by impairment of the autophagy process. To test the potential effects of downregulating PKM2 as a clinical therapy, we constructed an RGD-modified oncolytic adenovirus containing shPKM2 (OAd.R.shPKM2) to knock down PKM2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Cells transduced with OAd.R.shPKM2 exhibited decreased cell viability, and, in a PANC-1 xenograft model, intratumoral injection of OAd.R.shPKM2 resulted in reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, OAd.R.shPKM2 induced apoptosis and impaired autophagy in PANC-1 cells. Our results suggested that targeting PKM2 with an oncolytic adenovirus produced a strong antitumor effect, and that this strategy could broaden the therapeutic options for treating pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Liang Chu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Sujing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Yuanqin Yang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Kangjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, PR China
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ling Fang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, PR China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ohashi T, Aoki M, Tomita H, Akazawa T, Sato K, Kuze B, Mizuta K, Hara A, Nagaoka H, Inoue N, Ito Y. M2-like macrophage polarization in high lactic acid-producing head and neck cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1128-1134. [PMID: 28370718 PMCID: PMC5480089 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in tumor cells is referred to as the Warburg effect and results in increased lactic acid secretion into the tumor microenvironment. We have previously shown that lactic acid has important roles as a pro‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediator and promotes tumor progression. In this study, we examined the relationship between the lactic acid concentration and expression of LDHA and GLUT1, which are related to the Warburg effect, in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Tumors expressing lower levels of LDHA and GLUT1 had a higher concentration of lactic acid than those with higher LDHA and GLUT1 expression. Lactic acid also suppressed the expression of LDHA and GLUT1 in vitro. We previously reported that lactic acid enhances expression of an M2 macrophage marker, ARG1, in murine macrophages. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the lactic acid concentration and polarization of M2 macrophages in HNSCC by measuring the expression of M2 macrophage markers, CSF1R and CD163, normalized using a pan‐macrophage marker, CD68. Tumors with lower levels of CD68 showed a higher concentration of lactic acid, whereas those with higher levels of CSF1R showed a significantly higher concentration of lactic acid. A similar tendency was observed for CD163. These results suggest that tumor‐secreted lactic acid is linked to the reduction of macrophages in tumors and promotes induction of M2‐like macrophage polarization in human HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Ohashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Aoki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Bunya Kuze
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mizuta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yatsuji Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu J, Hu L, Chen M, Cao W, Chen H, He T. Pyruvate kinase M2 overexpression and poor prognosis in solid tumors of digestive system: evidence from 16 cohort studies. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4277-88. [PMID: 27478385 PMCID: PMC4951066 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been linked to tumor formation and invasion. Specifically, the relationship between high PKM2 expression and prognosis has been evaluated in solid tumors of digestive system. However, the prognostic value of PKM2 remains controversial. Methods A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted until October 2015. The end point focused on overall survival (OS). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated to correlate PKM2 overexpression with OS and clinicopathological characteristics by employing fixed- or random-effects models, depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results We identified 18 cohorts in 16 studies involving 2,812 patients for this meta-analysis. Overall, the combined HR for OS in all tumor types was 1.74 (1.44–2.11; P<0.001). When stratified by tumor type, the influence of PKM2 expression on poor prognosis was also found in gastric cancer (HR =1.54 [1.08–2.21], P=0.018), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR =1.71 [1.38–2.12], P<0.001), hepatocellular cancer (HR =1.92 [1.52–2.42], P<0.001), biliary cancer (HR =2.11 [1.50–2.95], P<0.001), and oral cancer (HR =3.49 [1.97–6.18], P<0.001), but not in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (HR =1.03 [0.28–3.76], P=0.968). Furthermore, PKM2 overexpression had a negative effect on the late clinical stage of all tumor types except for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The high density of PKM2 overexpression was significantly associated with some clinical characteristics in different cancer types, such as tumor stage, modal metastasis, and tumor size. Conclusion Our findings revealed significant association of PKM2 overexpression with OS and certain clinicopathological features in solid tumors of digestive system, thereby suggesting that PKM2 might be an indicator of poor prognosis in digestive system cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Wu
- Nutritional Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Liren Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Manyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University
| | - Wenjun Cao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| | - Haicong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiping He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li C, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Liu R. PKM2 Promotes Cell Survival and Invasion Under Metabolic Stress by Enhancing Warburg Effect in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:767-73. [PMID: 26500118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2) is an essential enzyme involved in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells and promotes the translation between glycolytic flux and biosynthesis of cellular building blocks. AIM Our present study aims to explore the expression pattern and underlying cellular functions of PKM2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) under metabolic stress. METHODS Oncomine database and a tissue microarray (n = 90) were used to investigate the expression pattern of PKM2 and its clinicopathological findings. In vitro proliferation, apoptosis and invasion assays were used to determine the role and related mechanism of PKM2 in PDAC. RESULTS Data from Oncomine database and our tissue microarray show that PKM2 is significantly elevated in PDAC specimens compared with the corresponding normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis shows that higher expression of PKM2 is closely correlated with a poor prognosis of patients with PDAC. Under metabolic stress, suppression of PKM2 expression in PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells results in decreased cell survival, increased caspase-3/7 activity, and reduced invasive potential, and these effects can be reversed by reintroduction of PKM2. Furthermore, sh-PKM2 cells show a significant decreased Warburg effect compared with sh-Ctrl cells as demonstrated by reduced glucose consumption and lactate production. Treatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a glycolysis inhibitor, completely blocks the influences of PKM2 on cell survival and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that silencing of PKM2 exhibits a tumor-suppressive role through altered Warburg effect and suggests that targeting PKM2 might serve as a potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28#, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28#, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28#, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28#, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Equating salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with LDH-5 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: An insight into metabolic reprogramming of cancer cell as a predictor of aggressive phenotype. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5609-20. [PMID: 26577856 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common human malignancy. According to World Health Organization, oral cancer has been reported to have the highest morbidity and mortality and a survival rate of approximately 50 % at 5 years from diagnosis. This is attributed to the subjectivity in TNM staging and histological grading which may result in less than optimum treatment outcomes including tumour recurrence. One of the hallmarks of cancer is aerobic glycolysis also known as the Warburg effect. This glycolytic phenotype (hypoxic state) not only confers immortality to cancer cells, but also correlates with the belligerent behaviour of various malignancies and is reflected as an increase in the expression of lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH-5), the main isoform of LDH catalysing the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during glycolysis. The diagnostic role of salivary LDH in assessing the metabolic phenotype of oral cancer has not been studied. Since salivary LDH is mainly sourced from oral epithelial cells, any pathological changes in the epithelium should reflect diagnostically in saliva. Thus in our current research, we made an attempt to ascertain the biological behaviour and aggressiveness of OSCC by appraising its metabolic phenotype as indirectly reflected in salivary LDH activity. We found that salivary LDH can be used to assess the aggressiveness of different histological grades of OSCC. For the first time, an evidence of differing metabolic behaviour in similar histologic tumour grade is presented. Taken together, our study examines the inclusion of salivary LDH as potential diagnostic parameter and therapeutic index in OSCC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang D, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Yuan C, Zhang W, Yuan H, Ye J, Yang J, Jiang H, Cheng J. The pluripotency factor LIN28B is involved in oral carcinogenesis and associates with tumor aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:99. [PMID: 26478718 PMCID: PMC4608152 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective LIN28B is a conserved RNA-binding protein critically involved in development, cellular metabolism and tumorigenesis. It is frequently overexpressed in human cancers and correlates with tumor aggressiveness as well as unfavorable prognosis. However, the expression pattern and oncogenic roles of LIN28B during oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development and progression has not been well established yet. Here, we sought to determine the expression of LIN28B and its clinical significance using chemical-induced OSCC animal model, cell lines and primary specimens. Method The OSCC animal model was induced using 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-bezan-tracene (DMBA) painting in the hamster buccal pouch. Buccal lesions from animals were obtained from different time points and subjected to routine histological analyses and immunohistochemical staining of LIN28B. The mRNA, protein abundance and subcellular localization of LIN28B was determined in a panel of OSCC cell lines by real-time RT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression levels of LIN28B in human primary OSCC samples were further evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, the relationship between LIN28B and several clinicopathological parameters as well as patients’ prognosis were also assessed. Results Our results revealed that negative or low LIN28B expression was commonly observed in normal epithelial, whereas more LIN28B abundance was identified in epithelial dysplasia and invasive SCC in the DMBA-induced OSCC animal model. Overexpression of LIN28B was identified in a major fraction of OSCC samples(39/58) and significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.049) and advanced clinical stages (P = 0.0286). Patients with increased LIN28B had markedly reduced overall survival as compared to those with low LIN28B. Multivariate survival analyses further indicated that LIN28B abundance served as an independent prognostic factor for patients’ overall survival. Conclusions Our findings reveal that LIN28B is critically involved in OSCC initiation and progression and aberrantly overexpressed in human OSCC. It might represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmiao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yuming Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Chunping Yuan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jinhai Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Yuan C, Qi B, Zhang W, Wang D, Ding X, Wu H, Cheng J. Overexpression of pyruvate kinase M2 associates with aggressive clinicopathological features and unfavorable prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:839-45. [PMID: 25970228 PMCID: PMC4622565 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glucose metabolism mediated by pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) fuels cancer overgrowth and propagation. However, its expression and oncogenic roles in in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains incompletely known. Here, we aimed to investigate the expression of PKM2, its prognostic values and oncogenic functions using 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-bezan-tracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch SCC model, primary OSCC specimens as well as in vitro cellular assays. We found that in DMBA-induced OSCC model, negative PKM2 expression was commonly observed in normal epithelial, while more PKM2 abundance was detected in hyperplasia, dysplasia and SCC. Overexpression of PKM2 in a major fraction of OSCC significantly associated with tumor size (P = 0.027), cervical node metastasis (P = 0.004) and clinical stages (P = 0.000). Patients with increased PKM2 had remarkably reduced overall and disease-free survival. Multivariate survival analysis further revealed that PKM served as a critical independent prognostic factor for patients' overall survival. Furthermore, impaired cell proliferation and migration, and reduced apoptosis were detected upon PKM2 knockdown in HN4 and HN12 cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that PKM2 is critically involved in OSCC initiation and progression probably by promoting cell proliferation and migration as well as reducing apoptosis. Its overexpression correlates with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor patients' outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- These authors equally contributed to this work.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- These authors equally contributed to this work.
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Chunping Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Qi
- Department of Oral Pathology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dongmiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xu Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Heming Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Affiliated Stomatological Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu W, Lu SX, Li M, Zhang C, Liu LL, Fu J, Jin JT, Luo RZ, Zhang CZ, Yun JP. Pyruvate kinase M2 prevents apoptosis via modulating Bim stability and associates with poor outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:6570-83. [PMID: 25788265 PMCID: PMC4466635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) contributes to the Warburg effect, a hallmark of cancer. We showed that PKM2 levels were correlated with overall survival (hazard ration = 1.675, 95% confidence interval: 1.389-2.019, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (hazard ration = 1.573, 95% confidence interval: 1.214-2.038, P < 0.001) in a cohort of 490 patients with HCC. The correlations were further validated in an independent cohort of 148 HCC patients. Multivariate analyses revealed that PKM2 was an independent indicator of poor outcome in HCC. The knockdown of PKM2 in HCC cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Bim siRNA markedly abolished the PKM2-depletion-induced apoptosis. PKM2 depletion decreased the degradation of Bim. In clinical samples, PKM2 expression was reversely correlated with Bim expression. Combination of PKM2 and Bim levels had the best prognostic significance. We suggest that PKM2 serves as a promising biomarker for poor prognosis of patients with HCC and its knockdown induces HCC apoptosis by stabilizing Bim.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease-Free Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Nude
- Multivariate Analysis
- Protein Stability
- Proteolysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNAi Therapeutics
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shi-Xun Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Min Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jie-Tian Jin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Isoform switch of pyruvate kinase M1 indeed occurs but not to pyruvate kinase M2 in human tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118663. [PMID: 25738776 PMCID: PMC4349452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle type of pyruvate kinase (PKM) is one of the key mediators of the Warburg effect and tumor metabolism. Due to alternative splicing, there are at least 12 known isoforms of the PKM gene, of which PKM1 and PKM2 are two major isoforms with only a 23 amino acid sequenced difference but quite different characteristics and functions. It was previously thought the isoform switch from PKM1 to PKM2 resulted in high PKM2 expression in tumors, providing a great advantage to tumor cells. However, this traditional view was challenged by two recent studies; one study claimed that this isoform switch does not occur during the Warburg effect; the other study asserted that the isoform switch is tissue-specific. Here, we re-analyzed the RNA sequencing data of 25 types of human tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas Data Portal, and confirmed that PKM2 was the major isoform in the tumors and was highly elevated in addition to the entire PKM gene. We further demonstrated that the expression level of PKM1 significantly declined even though there was substantially increased expression of the entire PKM gene. The proportion of PKM1 in total transcript variants also significantly declined in tumors but the proportion of PKM2 did not change accordingly. Therefore, we conclude that the isoform switch of PKM1 does indeed occur, but it switches to other isoforms rather than PKM2. Considering the change in the expression levels of PKM1, PKM2 and the entire PKM gene, we propose that the upregulation of PKM2 is primarily due to elevated transcriptional levels of the entire PKM gene, instead of the isoform switch.
Collapse
|