1
|
Sun IG, Duangthip D, Zheng FM, Luo BW, Lo ECM, Chu CH. A randomised clinical trial to arrest caries using silver diamine fluoride therapy with two postoperative instructions. J Dent 2024:105308. [PMID: 39137876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the beneficial effect of not rinsing for 30 minutes in arresting early childhood caries after SDF therapy. METHODS This randomised clinical trial recruited 3- to 4-year-old kindergarten children with active (soft) dentine caries. A questionnaire was sent to the parents to collect children's demographic data and oral health-related behaviours. A dentist conducted an oral examination and measured the caries experience using dmft index and oral hygiene using visible plaque index. After 38% SDF therapy, the children were randomly allocated into two groups. Children in group A were instructed to rinse with water immediately, whereas children in group B were asked to refrain from rinsing, drinking, or eating for 30 minutes. After six months, the same examiner determined the lesion activity (active/arrest) of the SDF-treated carious tooth surface. Generalized Estimating Equations was used to compare the proportion of caries arrest (caries-arrest rate) between the two groups. RESULTS This study recruited 298 children with 1,158 decayed tooth surfaces receiving SDF therapy at baseline and evaluated 275 (92%) children with 1,069 (92%) SDF-treated tooth-surface at the six-month examination. The demographic background, oral hygiene and caries status of two groups were comparable at baseline (p>0.05). The caries-arrest rate for group A and group B were 65% (337/519) and 61% (338/550), respectively (p=0.28). CONCLUSION This randomised clinical trial found the postoperative instructions of immediate rinsing or refraining from rinsing, drinking, or eating for 30 minutes after SDF therapy had no significant effect on caries arrest in primary teeth. CONCLUSION This randomised clinical trial found not rinsing for 30 minutes after SDF therapy is not better than immediate rinsing in arresting early childhood caries. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Topical SDF application leaves an unpleasant taste in the mouth, which may affect the acceptance or even rejection of SDF therapy among young children. This study provides clinicians with information to make their decision on postoperative instruction after SDF therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Guofang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, the United States
| | | | - Bella Weijia Luo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prieto-Regueiro B, Gómez-Santos G, Reichard-Monefeldt G, Diéguez-Pérez M. Caries indicators in relation to healthcare access and hygienic-dietary habits in Spanish preschoolers. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:736-748. [PMID: 38394062 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental caries continues to be a public healthcare problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity. It was proposed to evaluate caries indicators in relation to healthcare access and hygienic-dietary habits in Spanish preschoolers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on a random sample consisting of 343 patients ranging from 3 to 5 years of age in the primary care setting, the main measurements were: dental care access, hygienic-dietary habits, and caries registration according to WHO criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of caries was 35.3% and mean ± standard deviation (SD) dft was 1.51 ± 2.93. Preschoolers who had ever visited the dentist had a higher dft occurrence than those who had never attended the dentist. The lower prevalence of caries was significantly associated with the frequency of two daily brushings versus non-daily brushing (p = 0.007; 25.3% vs. 47.1%) and was 10.7% lower in patients who had the habit of night brushing (p = 0.041). The consumption of sugary liquids between meals implied a higher dft index. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of early childhood caries and the dental care access associated with poor oral health suggest the need to implement a multidisciplinary oral healthcare program that involves both healthcare and dental healthcare professionals in Primary Health Care Units without forgetting the participation of the community and local administrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gladys Gómez-Santos
- Health Promotion Service, General Directorate of Public Health of the Canary Islands Health Service, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reichard-Monefeldt
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Diéguez-Pérez
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preclinical Dentistry, Biomedical Sciences and Health Sciences Faculty, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun IG, Duangthip D, Yan IG, Zheng FM, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Caries Incidence and Its Associated Factors in Hong Kong Kindergarten Children. Int Dent J 2024:S0020-6539(24)00151-5. [PMID: 38945801 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate caries incidence and its associate factors among kindergarten children in Hong Kong. METHOD This 30-month prospective study recruited 3- to 4-year-old children when they started their kindergarten study. A self-administered parental questionnaire survey was used to collect the children's social demographic information and their oral health-related habits. Child's caries experience was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled tooth (dmft) index and the visible plaque index (VPI) was used to measure their oral hygiene status. A final examination was performed after 30 months when they were in the final year of kindergarten. Data were analysed using the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model. RESULTS This study examined 660 children at baseline and 501 children at the final examination (dropout 24%). At baseline, the caries prevalence among 501 children was 23%, with mean (SD) dmft scores of 0.7 (1.8). At the final examination, caries prevalence increased to 41%, with mean (SD) dmft scores of 1.6 (2.8). The 30-month incidence rate was 34%, and the mean (SD) number of new carious teeth developed was 0.9 (1.7). Lower first molars exhibited the highest caries increment rate (11%), followed by upper second molars (9%) and upper central incisors (9%). ZINB regression analysis revealed associations among caries incidence and family income, baseline dmft, and baseline VPI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS One third of Hong Kong kindergarten children developed new caries. Low family income, prior caries experience and poor oral hygiene were the significant factors associated with their caries incidence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many children developed new caries during their kindergarten years, with their caries experience more than doubling. Preventive measures, including oral health education and reinforcing oral hygiene practice in kindergarten, are essential to reduce their caries incidence, particularly for children with low family income, caries experience and poor oral hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Guofang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SRA
| | | | - Iliana Gehui Yan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SRA
| | | | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SRA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Folayan MO, Coelho EMRDB, Ayouni I, Nguweneza A, Al-Batayneh OB, Daryanavard H, Duangthip D, Sun IG, Arheiam A, Virtanen JI, Gaffar B, El Tantawi M, Schroth RJ, Feldens CA. Association between early childhood caries and parental education and the link to the sustainable development goal 4: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:517. [PMID: 38698356 PMCID: PMC11064360 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 is to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. The aim of this scoping review was to map the current evidence on the association between the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and parental education; and to identify possible pathways by which parental education may protect against ECC. METHODS The two questions that guided this review were: what is the existing evidence on the association between maternal and paternal education and ECC; and what are the pathways by which parental education protects against ECC? The initial search was conducted in January 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Articles published in English between January 2000 and October 2022 that reported on the association between parental education and ECC were screened, and the extracted data were compiled, summarized, and synthesized. Review papers and non-primary quantitative research papers were excluded from the full-text review. Open coding was applied to develop a conceptual framework. RESULTS In total, 49 studies were included: 42 cross-sectional, 3 case-control and 4 cohort studies. The majority (91.8%) reported on the associations between ECC and maternal (n = 33), paternal (n = 3), and parental (n = 9) level of education, and 13 (26.7%) reported on the association between parental education and the severity of ECC. Mothers with more than primary school education (n = 3), post-secondary/college/tertiary education (n = 23), and more than 4-12 years of education (n = 12) had children with lower risk for ECC. Two studies reporting on parental education found an association between maternal but not paternal education and ECC. The review suggests that achieving the SDG 4.1 may reduce the risk of ECC. Possible pathways by which maternal education protects from ECC were feeding practices, oral hygiene practices, and the use of dental services. CONCLUSION The study findings suggests that higher maternal educational level may reduce the risk for the consumption of cariogenic diet, poor oral hygiene practices and poor use of dental services for caries prevention. However, the association between paternal education and ECC was not consistently observed, with significant associations less frequently reported compared to maternal education. Future studies are needed to define the magnitude and modifiers of the impact of maternal education on the risk for ECC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Elisa Maria Rosa de Barros Coelho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Imen Ayouni
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arthemon Nguweneza
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ola Barakat Al-Batayneh
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hamideh Daryanavard
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ivy Guofang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arheiam Arheiam
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Carlos Alberto Feldens
- Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee JKY, Yuen AWT, Leung KPY, Li JTW, Bae SY, Chan YY, Ip CK, Lau SH, Lau YN, Lo HY, Tang SK, Duangthip D. Oral Health Status and Oral Health-Related Behaviours of Hong Kong Students with Vision Impairment. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:391. [PMID: 38338276 PMCID: PMC10855684 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional epidemiological study aimed to describe dental caries and oral hygiene conditions among visually impaired students in Hong Kong. Students aged 6-21 years from two specialised schools for those with vision impairment were invited. Information on sociodemographic background and oral health-related behaviours was collected through an online parent-reported questionnaire. Dental caries and oral hygiene were assessed using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and the Visible Plaque Index (VPI), respectively. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were conducted to analyse the association between students' background and oral health status. A total of 73 participants were recruited, of whom 57.5% were male. Their mean (SD) age was 12.9 (4.7) years. Their mean DMFT score (SD) was 1.0 (1.8), and 43.8% had caries experience. The mean VPI (SD) was 0.76 (0.30). Their caries experience was significantly associated with their snacking habits (p = 0.013). Male participants had poorer oral hygiene than females (p = 0.048). In summary, dental caries is prevalent among visually impaired students in Hong Kong and their oral hygiene condition is unsatisfactory. Caries experience is significantly associated with snacking frequency, whereas oral hygiene is associated with gender. More specially designed preventive oral health measures should be provided for visually impaired students and their caretakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Seon Yeong Bae
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Yung Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Kiu Ip
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sik Hong Lau
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin Ngai Lau
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei Yuet Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuk Kwan Tang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng FM, Yan IG, Sun IG, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Early Childhood Caries and Dental Public Health Programmes in Hong Kong. Int Dent J 2024; 74:35-41. [PMID: 37839956 PMCID: PMC10829355 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship amongst early childhood caries (ECC), economic development, and dental public health programmes in Hong Kong. We searched exhaustively qualitative and quantitative data on the oral health policy, dental service, public health strategies of caries control and epidemiologic surveys on ECC. We then performed meta-regression to explore the impact of the Human Development Index (HDI), gross domestic product (GDP) growth, water fluoridation, oral health promotion, dental school establishment, free education, and dental workforce on ECC prevalence in 5-year-olds. We found that the first government oral health survey was conducted in 1960, when Hong Kong experienced significant growth, as the HDI indicated. The survey revealed that 97% of 6- to 8-year-old children experienced ECC. Water fluoridation was implemented in 1961 at 0.7 ppm (0.9 ppm in winter) to prevent caries. The government offered free 9-year education in 1978. In 1981, the government established a dental school to improve a low dentist-to-population ratio of 1:9000. The ECC prevalence amongst 5- to 6- year-old children was reduced from 84% in 1968 to 63% in 1986. The Department of Health created an oral health education division in 1989. The ECC prevalence for 5-year-old children was further reduced to 44% in 1997. The ECC prevalence amongst 5-year-old children was stabilised at 51% both in 2001 and 2011. However in 2021, the prevalence of untreated ECC increased to 57% during the outbreak of COVID-19. Meta-regression analysis showed that ECC prevalence was not linked to GDP growth but decreased with improvements in HDI, the provision of 9-year free education, the establishment of a dental school, fluoridation of water supply, and implementation of territory-wide oral health promotion. In conclusion, better education, living conditions, and dental public health programmes have improved children's oral health in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iliana Gehui Yan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivy Guofang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Min SN, Duangthip D, Gao SS, Detsomboonrat P. Early childhood caries and its associated factors among 5-years-old Myanmar children. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1278972. [PMID: 38333563 PMCID: PMC10850244 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1278972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children's oral health plays a crucial role in their overall well-being and there is a significant gap in our understanding of early childhood caries (ECC) in Myanmar. This study aims to bridge this knowledge deficit by investigating the prevalence, causes, and potential interventions for ECC in the Myanmar population, providing crucial insights for future dental health policies and practices. Methods Generally healthy 5-year-old kindergarten children from 7 districts in city were recruited. ECC was assessed through clinical examinations using decayed, missed, filled teeth (dmft). Additionally, demographic data of the children and their caregivers, along with information about the children's oral health-related behaviors, were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Results Out of the 496 children, the overall prevalence of dental caries was 87.1% (mean dmft score: 5.57, SD: 4.6). Caries experience was categorized as severe (45.8%) and non-severe (41.3%). Decayed teeth constituted the major component of the dmft index (97.8%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed two significant factors associated with ECC prevalence: late toothbrushing initiation (OR: 2.54, p = 0.001) and dental visit experience (OR: 2.46, p = 0.010). Discussion The study highlights the alarming ECC prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mandalay, Myanmar, with mostly untreated decayed teeth. The findings emphasize early preventive oral health measures for young children to reduce ECC burden in Myanmar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saw Nay Min
- Postdoctoral Researcher Program in Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sherry Shiqian Gao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Palinee Detsomboonrat
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Foláyan MO, Ramos-Gomez F, Fatusi OA, Nabil N, Lyimo GV, Minja IK, Masumo RM, Mohamed N, Potgieter N, Matanhire C, Maposa P, Akino CR, Adeniyi A, Mohebbi SZ, Ellakany P, Chen J, Amalia R, Iandolo A, Peedikayil FC, Aravind A, Al-Batayneh OB, Khader YS, Al-Maweri SA, Sabbah W, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Vukovic A, Jovanovic J, Jafar RM, Maldupa I, Arheiam A, Mendes FM, Uribe SE, López Jordi MDC, Villena RS, Duangthip D, Sam-Agudu NA, El Tantawi M. Child dental neglect and legal protections: a compendium of briefs from policy reviews in 26 countries and a special administrative region of China. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1211242. [PMID: 38024146 PMCID: PMC10646161 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1211242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Child neglect is a public health, human rights, and social problem, with potentially devastating and costly consequences. The aim of this study was to: (1) summarize the oral health profile of children across the globe; (2) provide a brief overview of legal instruments that can offer children protection from dental neglect; and (3) discuss the effectiveness of these legal instruments. Methods We summarized and highlighted the caries profile and status of implementation of legislation on child dental neglect for 26 countries representing the World Health Organization regions: five countries in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe), eight in the Americas (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Unites States of America, Uruguay), six in the Eastern Mediterranean (Egypt, Iran, Libya, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia), four in Europe (Italy, Latvia, Serbia, United Kingdom), two in South-East Asia (India and Indonesia) and one country (China) with its special administrative region (Hong Kong) in the Western Pacific. Results Twenty-five of the 26 countries have legal instruments to address child neglect. Only two (8.0%) of these 25 countries had specific legal instruments on child dental neglect. Although child neglect laws can be interpreted to establish a case of child dental neglect, the latter may be difficult to establish in countries where governments have not addressed barriers that limit children's access to oral healthcare. Where there are specific legal instruments to address child dental neglect, a supportive social ecosystem has also been built to facilitate children's access to oral healthcare. A supportive legal environment, however, does not seem to confer extra protection against risks for untreated dental caries. Conclusions The institution of specific country-level legislation on child dental neglect may not significantly reduce the national prevalence of untreated caries in children. It, however, increases the prospect for building a social ecosystem that may reduce the risk of untreated caries at the individual level. Social ecosystems to mitigate child dental neglect can be built when there is specific legislation against child dental neglect. It may be more effective to combine public health and human rights-based approaches, inclusive of an efficient criminal justice system to deal with child dental neglect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moréniké Oluwátóyìn Foláyan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
| | - Francisco Ramos-Gomez
- Division of Preventive and Restorative Oral Health Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Nouran Nabil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Germana V. Lyimo
- Department of Dentistry, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Irene Kida Minja
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ray M. Masumo
- Department of Community Health and Nutrition, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nadia Mohamed
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicoline Potgieter
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Pamela Maposa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Abiola Adeniyi
- School of Policy and Global Affairs, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simin Z. Mohebbi
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdurrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jieyi Chen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rosa Amalia
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Faizal C. Peedikayil
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, India
| | - Athira Aravind
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, India
| | - Ola B. Al-Batayneh
- Department of Orthodontics, Pediatric and Community Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yousef S. Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Wael Sabbah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Centre for Social Data Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Vukovic
- Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Julijana Jovanovic
- Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ilze Maldupa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arheiam Arheiam
- Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Fausto M. Mendes
- Department of Dental Public Health and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Sergio E. Uribe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Rita S. Villena
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University San Martin de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Duangporn Duangthip
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Nadia A. Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Manchanda S, Liu P, Lee GHM, Lo ECM, Yiu CKY. Risk Indicators for Noncavitated and Cavitated Carious Lesions in Preschool Children. Int Dent J 2023; 73:738-745. [PMID: 37085388 PMCID: PMC10509421 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk indicators associated with noncavitated and cavitated lesions in preschool children. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 3- to 4-year-old healthy children (N = 741) recruited in a randomised controlled clinical trial. After obtaining written informed consent, parents completed a questionnaire about their child's sociodemographic background and oral health-related behaviours and parents' oral health-related knowledge and attitude. Caries and plaque were evaluated using International Caries Detection and Assessment System-II and Visible Plaque Index (VPI), respectively. Children were grouped according to their oral health status as being caries-free (CF), having only noncavitated lesions (NC), or having cavitated lesions (CL). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) sparse multinomial regression was used to study the variables using 1 standard error above the minimum criterion set at P < .05. RESULTS The prevalence of children with NC and CL was 29.1% and 49.4%, respectively, with a prevalence of early childhood caries being 78.5%. The proportion of children who brushed twice or more than twice a day was highest in CF (71.7%), followed by NC (58.3%), and was least in CL (57.7%). A higher percentage of CL children (56.2%) had twice or more than twice the frequency of between-meal snacking than CF (41.7%) and NC (41.1%) (P < .001) children. The variables included with non-zero coefficients in the model were mean parental oral health knowledge, attitude score, and children's mean VPI score, and all were significant for CL; however, in NC, only VPI score was found to be significant. CONCLUSIONS Poor oral hygiene is the risk indicator associated with the presence of NC in preschool children, whilst poor oral hygiene and poor parental oral health knowledge and attitude are associated with the presence of cavitated lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Manchanda
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pei Liu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gillian Hiu Man Lee
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng FM, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Outreach Service Using Silver Diamine Fluoride to Arrest Early Childhood Caries. Int Dent J 2023; 73:598-602. [PMID: 37612156 PMCID: PMC10509413 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is prevalent and affects more than half of 5-year-old children in Hong Kong. This study aims to report the development of an outreach dental service using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to arrest ECC amongst kindergarten children in Hong Kong. A pilot outreach service was initiated in 2008 in 14 kindergartens. The pilot service provided screening to 1,749 3- to 5-year-old children. SDF was applied to 3,262 carious teeth of 786 children with parental consent. No significant complications were reported. The pilot service's success allowed the service to expand to 100 kindergartens in 2013. From 2010 to 2019, the service delivered 161,354 dental screenings and SDF therapy on 218,333 carious primary teeth in 53,821 children. ECC prevalence amongst the participating children declined from 43% in 2010 to 34% in 2019. A follow-up of 222 3-year-old children revealed that annual SDF therapy arrested 67% of ECC over 3 years. The children's participation rate and their parents' satisfaction rate with the service were greater than 90% each year. Moreover, the acceptance rate of SDF therapy to control ECC was 88%, although SDF stained carious lesions black. No adverse effects of SDF therapy were reported. A cross-sectional survey on a sample of 498 3- to 5-year-old children showed that 96% of the participating children had no dental fear or anxiety in this service, with encouragement and support from their peers and teachers. In 2019, the service was made available to all 1,024 kindergartens in Hong Kong. This kindergarten outreach dental service (Case Study HKU/04/003) was selected as an Impact Case Study in the thematic report "Health & Healthcare" by the Hong Kong University Grant Council (UGC). The UGC publishes thematic reports to give members of the public some concrete idea on what contributions academic research has brought to the society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun IG, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. The Caries-Arrest Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment with Different Post-Treatment Instructions in Preschool Children: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:145. [PMID: 37366668 DOI: 10.3390/dj11060145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this 12-month randomized active-controlled clinical trial, we compare two post-treatment instructions for silver diamine fluoride (SDF) therapy in arresting dentine caries. The trial will include at least 254 kindergarten children with active dentine caries. The children will be randomized into two groups and receive a 38% SDF solution applied topically to their carious lesions. Children in Group A will rinse immediately, whereas those in Group B will refrain from rinsing, eating, and drinking for 30 min. One trained examiner will perform the dental examination at baseline and every six months. The primary outcome measurement will be the proportion of caries lesions that become arrested at the 12-month examination. Potential confounding factors and parents' satisfaction with SDF therapy at baseline and after 12 months will be collected using parental questionnaires. This trial will provide evidence-based information for clinical practitioners to give post-treatment instructions for SDF therapy. This study is registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (USA) (registration number: NCT05655286).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Guofang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun IG, Chai HH, Lo ECM, Chu CH, Duangthip D. Dental Fear and Anxiety of Chinese Preschool Children in a School-Based Outreach Service Using Silver Diamine Fluoride for Caries Control: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4467. [PMID: 36901476 PMCID: PMC10001995 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available regarding the patient-based outcomes of SDF therapy in the kindergarten setting. This study aims to evaluate the dental fear and anxiety (DFA) of preschool children after participating in a school-based outreach service using SDF to arrest early childhood caries (ECC). The study recruited 3- to 5-year-old children with untreated ECC. A trained dentist performed a dental examination and applied SDF therapy to the carious lesions. ECC experience was measured using the dmft index. Questionnaires for parents were used to collect the children's demographic information and their dental treatment experiences. The children's DFA before and immediately after SDF therapy was assessed using the self-reported Facial Image Scale (FIS) on a Likert scale of 1 (very happy) to 5 (very distressed). The association between the children's DFA after SDF therapy and the potentially related factors, including demographic background, caries experience, and DFA before SDF therapy, were analysed using bivariate analysis. Three hundred and forty children (187 boys, 55%) joined this study. Their mean (SD) age and dmft scores were 4.8 (0.9) and 4.6 (3.6), respectively. Most of them (269/340, 79%) never had a dental visit. After SDF therapy, 86% (294/340) of the children exhibited no or low DFA (FIS ≤ 3), whereas 14% (46/340) reported high DFA (FIS > 3). No factor was associated with children's DFA after SDF therapy (p > 0.05). This study showed most preschool children with ECC exhibited no or low DFA after SDF therapy in a school setting.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alkhtib AO, Mohamed HG. Current knowledge about early childhood caries in the gulf cooperation council with worldwide reflection: Scoping review of the scientific literature (2010-2021). PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001228. [PMID: 36962836 PMCID: PMC10021236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent chronic childhood diseases affecting the primary teeth of children younger than 6 years of age. The disease etiology is complex and includes social, biological, and dietary factors. This review aims to explore the knowledge of ECC prevalence globally and locally within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries during the years 2010-2021. Another aim is to explore oral health promotion programs with more focus on the GCC region. A search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, the Cochrane Collaboration database, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2021 using specific keywords. Studies that utilized both the World Health Organization criteria and International Caries Detection and Assessment System for dental caries assessment were included. The included studies indicated considerable variation in the reported prevalence of ECC. While developed countries show low prevalence, countries in the GCC and other Arab countries show a high prevalence of ECC. Many oral health promotion programs were identified globally including oral health education, nutritional programs, the use of fluoride and pit-and-fissure sealants, and inter-professional population-based oral health promotion and prevention programs such as school-based oral health programs, motivational interviewing, and anticipatory guidance. ECC remains a significant problem in many parts of the world including the GCC region. Oral health prevention programs have been established within the GCC region. Nevertheless, the GCC region has some unique characteristics that need to be investigated to contextualize the western model of the dynamics of ECC prevention and promotion programs locally.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathew MG, Jeevanandan G, Maganur PC, Medabesh AA, Juraybi AKM, Abuzawah LHA, Vishwanathaiah S. Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:936-943. [PMID: 37283002 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the factors that affect the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children with early childhood caries (ECC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 340 children aged between 3 and 6 who were diagnosed with ECC were enrolled in the study. Parents accompanying the children completed a questionnaire on the sociodemographic status and filled out the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) for the evaluation of OHRQoL. Data were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. RESULTS The study population consisted of 189 (55.6%) boys and 151 girls (44.4%). A total of 96.4% had cavitated lesions; 31.2% of the children had pain at the time of evaluation. A significant association was seen between the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) score of the child (p < 0.001). Pain at the time of evaluation and DMFT status had a significant association with the ECOHIS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Early childhood caries was found to impact the OHRQoL. Pain, visible dental plaque, family income, and parental education were found to be determinants that affect the OHRQoL. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Early childhood caries significantly reduces the OHRQoL of children and their families. Pain, visible dental plaque, family income, and parental education were found to influence the OHRQoL. Teaching parents the importance of oral health and preventive treatment will help prevent the occurrence of ECC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mebin George Mathew
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Jeevanandan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 9884293869, e-mail:
| | - Prabhadevi C Maganur
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ali Medabesh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Khalid Mohammed Juraybi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees Hussain Ahmed Abuzawah
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Satish Vishwanathaiah
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, Phone: +966542635434, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duangthip D, He S, Gao SS, Chu CH, Lo ECM. Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Preventing Occlusal Caries in Primary Teeth of Preschool Children: a Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e35145. [PMID: 35604758 PMCID: PMC9171591 DOI: 10.2196/35145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tooth decay is a significant public health problem globally. The caries-arrest effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been well documented. However, information on the caries-preventive effect of SDF on primary teeth is insufficient. Objective The aim of this trial is to investigate the effectiveness of semiannual application of 38% SDF and that of 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish when compared with placebo control for preventing occlusal caries in the primary molars of preschool children over 30 months. Methods This 3-arm, parallel design, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involves 791 preschool children. Children are randomly allocated to receive 1 of 3 interventions as follows: Group 1, 38% SDF; Group 2, 5% NaF varnish; and Group 3, placebo control (tonic water). The intervention and dental examination will be carried out every 6 months. A parent-administered questionnaire, including the children’s demographic background and oral health–related behaviors, has been collected at baseline. Follow-up examinations to detect new caries development will be conducted every 6 months by a masked examiner. Caries development will be diagnosed at the cavitation level. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses will be adopted. A 2-level logistic regression analysis will be performed to investigate the effects of the study interventions and other potential confounding factors on the development of occlusal caries. Results This study was started on September 1, 2020, and the recruitment process ended on September 30, 2021. At present, a total of 791 children are participating in the study. This 30-month clinical trial is expected to be completed in March 2024. Conclusions If SDF application is more effective than NaF varnish for preventing caries on occlusal surfaces of primary teeth, it can be a preferred choice for caries prevention in a kindergarten-based program. Results of this trial will provide valuable clinical evidence for the development of oral health strategies and policies on the promotion of child oral health. Trial Registration HKU Clinical Registry HKUCTR-2844, https://tinyurl.com/bdhz9yuk; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05084001, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05084001 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/35145
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duangporn Duangthip
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuyang He
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sherry Shiqian Gao
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pandey P, Singh MK, Singh D, Gupta S. Geo-Mapping of Early Childhood Caries Risk: A Community Oriented Preventive Oral Health Promotional Approach. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3205-3210. [PMID: 34760731 PMCID: PMC8565141 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_358_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Given the uneven distribution of dental caries, there is an exigent need for a database of dental caries and its spatial distribution for better planning and efficient delivery of health promotional and preventive programs. Geo-mapping is a helpful tool for policy makers/administrators for efficient allocation of limited resources. Aims: To geo-map spatial distribution of caries risk in preschoolers of Lucknow and to identify associated predisposing factors. Settings and design: A cross-sectional study was done among 1000 preschool children (3-5 years of age) attending pediatrics, outpatient department at a medical college in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methods and Material: Children were enrolled using the systematic random sampling. Each child was geo-coded with respect to his/her residence, clinically examined for dental caries and given a Decayed Missing Filled Tooth (DMFT) index score. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data. Caries prevalence was geo-mapped using color codes. Statistical Analysis Used: Median DMFT scores were compared using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. QQ plot/Shapiro-Wilk's test was used to check the normality of data. Results: Prevalence of caries was found to be 76%. 10% children had DMFT score of 4 and more. A significant difference in distribution of DMFT score was observed for gender, income levels and between wards. Wards closer to the center of Lucknow district had a higher prevalence of caries. Conclusions: Geo-mapping of caries prevalence gives a quick visual glance of specific areas vulnerable to caries and help deliver specific tailor-made services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pandey
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish K Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen J, Duangthip D, Gao SS, Huang F, Anthonappa R, Oliveira BH, Turton B, Durward C, El Tantawi M, Attia D, Heima M, Muthu MS, Maharani DA, Folayan MO, Phantumvanit P, Sitthisettapong T, Innes N, Crystal YO, Ramos-Gomez F, Medina AC, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Oral Health Policies to Tackle the Burden of Early Childhood Caries: A Review of 14 Countries/Regions. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2021; 2:670154. [PMID: 35048013 PMCID: PMC8757786 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.670154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Early childhood caries (ECC) has significant public health implications but has received inadequate global attention. There is limited information regarding the success of oral health policies implemented to address the challenges of ECC. This review aimed to summarize such policies to tackle ECC from different countries/regions. Method: Independent collaborators from 14 countries/regions (Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Nigeria, Thailand, UK, USA, and Venezuela) collected the data. The ECC status, dental workforce, oral health policies on ECC prevention in different countries/regions were summarized by each country. Results: The findings indicated that ECC prevalence varied in different countries/regions. The lowest prevalence of ECC among 5-year-old children was found in Nigeria (7%), and the highest was found in Indonesia (90%). The existing dental workforce and resources are limited in most countries. The smallest dentist to population ratio was reported by Nigeria at 1:48,400, whereas the highest ratio was in Brazil (1:600). Out of 14, three (21%) countries namely India, Venezuela and Cambodia had no national oral health policies addressing ECC and four (29%) countries (Cambodia, China, India, Venezuela) had no publicly funded dental care program for 0-5-year-old children. Water fluoridation is available in four countries/regions (Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, USA). Conclusion: ECC remains a global health challenge and dental workforce is limited. National/regional programs to tackle ECC are not yet prioritized in many countries/regions. Evidence to support demonstration projects is limited. Further research on the cost-effectiveness of interventions strategies is required for policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Chen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Fang Huang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Anthonappa
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Bathsheba Turton
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Callum Durward
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dina Attia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Heima
- Faculty of Dentistry, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Murugan Satta Muthu
- Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research (CECCRe), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
- Adjunct Research Associate, Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Innes
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmi O. Crystal
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francisco Ramos-Gomez
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khan IM, Mani SA, Doss JG, Danaee M, Kong LYL. Pre-schoolers' tooth brushing behaviour and association with their oral health: a cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:283. [PMID: 34078349 PMCID: PMC8173819 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toothbrushing is an important yet neglected behaviour that affects the oral health of preschool children. Little is reported on parental supervision, an essential aspect of routine effective toothbrushing in this age group. The aim of this study was to evaluate pre-schoolers’ toothbrushing behaviour including parental involvement and its association with their oral health. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 92 preschool children (4–6 years) were invited to participate with their parents/guardians. Nine parameters of toothbrushing behaviour were assessed from parental responses (questionnaire) and observation of child and parents/guardians (video recording). Oral examination included recording plaque, gingival and dental caries indices. BORIS software was used to assess toothbrushing parameters and Smart PLS was used to perform association with a second-generation multivariate analysis to create models with and without confounding factors. Results Girls were slightly more (53%) than boys (47%). Children aged 4 years were slightly more in number (38%), followed by 6-year-olds and 5-year-olds. Nearly, 90% parents had tertiary education and 46% had more than 2 children. Differences were recorded in the reported and observed behaviour. Thirty-five percent parents/guardians reported using pea-size toothpaste amount but only 28% were observed. Forty percent reported to brush for 30 s–1 min, however 51% were observed to brush for 1–2 min. Half the children were observed to use fluoridated toothpaste (F < 1000 ppm) under parental supervision (11%). The mean (SD) plaque score reduction after toothbrushing was 10.80 (2.46), mean pre-brushing plaque score was 90.3 (10.2), mean gingival index was 0.89 (0.65) and mean dental caries status (ICDAS(1–6)) was 18.87 (12.39). Toothbrushing behaviour in terms of toothbrushing technique, duration, pattern and frequency, toothbrush type and grip type, toothpaste type and amount, post-brushing mouth rinsing and parental involvement contributed significantly to plaque score change (86%), dental caries status (73%), gingival index (66%) and pre-brushing plaque score (31%). The significant confounding variables had a small influence on oral health of preschool children. Conclusions Preschool children’s toothbrushing behaviour was inadequate while their oral health was poor, with a significant association between the two parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Muhammad Khan
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shani Ann Mani
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Geraldine Doss
- Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lydia Yi Li Kong
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li J, Fan W, Zhou Y, Wu L, Liu W, Huang S. The status and associated factors of early childhood caries among 3- to 5-year-old children in Guangdong, Southern China: a provincial cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:265. [PMID: 32977784 PMCID: PMC7517683 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries of deciduous teeth (Early Childhood Caries, ECC) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of ECC among preschool children from Guangdong Province, Southern China. In addition, to assess the association of ECC with reported oral health-related behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2592 participants was carried out in Guangdong Province by means of an equal-sized, stratified, multistage random sampling method during December 2015 and April 2016. The participants were divided into three groups according to their ages (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds). Half of the participants were derived from urban areas, while the other from rural areas. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of ECC was determined by the dmft (decayed-missing-filled tooth) index using a CPI (Community Periodontal Index) probe. A questionnaire about caries-related factors was completed by each of the participants’ parents or grandparents through a face-to-face and one-on-one interview. Then, t-test, Chi2 tests, One-Way ANOVA served for statistical analysis, and logistic regression analysis as well as covariance analysis were executed to identify potential associated factors for ECC. Results The prevalence (% dmft > 0) of ECC was 68.3 (95% CI: 66.5–70.1), the mean dmft was 4.36 (95% CI: 4.17–4.55), and the filled rate was 1.2%. In multivariable modeling, associated factors for both prevalence and mean dmft were older age, rural areas, consumption of sweets before sleep, dental visit history, low household income, and low parental education level. Initiating toothbrushing after 3 years of age and being exclusively/ predominantly breastfed indicated only the prevalence; being female and frequently consuming sweetened milk/powdered milk indicated only the mean dmft. Conclusions Preschool children in Guangdong Province, especially children from rural areas, experienced a significant amount of ECC. Associated factors for ECC included demographics, oral health measures, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors. More attention should be given to prevention of ECC from early life. The construction of social support for oral health should be strengthened. Oral health education and promotion, especially of rural areas, should be intensified to reduce the inequality between urban and rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Fan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueshan Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linmei Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of School Health, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang M, Xie QY, Wong MCM, Chu CH, Lo ECM. Association between dental conditions, sliver diamine fluoride application, parental satisfaction, and oral health-related quality of life of preschool children. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:653-662. [PMID: 32895767 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations between dental conditions, sliver diamine fluoride (SDF) application, parental satisfaction, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a clinical trial conducted in Hong Kong, preschool children who had carious lesions into dentine were randomly assigned to receive an application of SDF solution or placebo on their caries lesions 10 weeks before they received restorations. Additionally, a random sample of caries-free children was also recruited. Parents of the study children rated their satisfaction with their child's teeth using a 5-point scale (5 = very satisfied, 1 = very dissatisfied) 10 weeks after SDF or placebo application. Besides, the Chinese version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (C-ECOHIS) was used to assess the children's OHRQoL. RESULTS There were 127, 133, and 154 children in the SDF, placebo, and caries-free groups, respectively. The parents whose child had 4 or more decayed teeth reported lower satisfaction scores (mean = 2.0 ± 0.7) with their child's dental health status compared with those of parents whose child had fewer (mean = 2.6 ± 0.9) or no (mean = 3.7 ± 0.7) decayed teeth (p < 0.001). These parents also reported higher C-ECOHIS scores. However, there was no significant difference in parental satisfaction and children's OHRQoL between the SDF and placebo groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study population, parental satisfaction and children's OHRQoL were associated with children's dental caries status but not with SDF application. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides valuable information about the factors, including SDF application, that can influence parental satisfaction and OHRQoL of preschool children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiu Yan Xie
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 3/F, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marquillier T, Lombrail P, Azogui-Lévy S. [Social inequalities in oral health and early childhood caries: How can they be effectively prevented? A scoping review of disease predictors]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2020; 68:201-214. [PMID: 32631663 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries represent a major public health problem. In addition to their individual impact, the massive social inequalities in oral health that are at the roots and result from the disease have largely underestimated consequences for the child, his family and the community. In response to the question of "how and where to act?", this scoping review identifies the individual characteristics associated with the disease on which it would be possible to act, using appropriate prevention strategies. METHODS This scoping review is aimed at describing and analyzing available data in the literature on the different factors associated with early childhood caries. RESULTS The predictors of early childhood caries are represented by mediating (knowledge, attitudes and parents' oral health practices) and moderating (psychosocial parameters, parental health literacy and alcohol consumption) factors. Twenty-eight articles fulfilled the selection criteria, twenty of which studied mediators related to early childhood caries, and fourteen of which dealt with moderators. The lower the parents' level of knowledge and literacy in oral health, the higher a child's dmft index. Additional studies are needed to assess the role of psychosocial parameters. CONCLUSION Parents' knowledge and oral health literacy are the key predictors to be preferentially targeted in view of reducing social inequalities in health through actions undertaken on a local scale. The prevention of early childhood caries necessitates a combination of generic and targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Marquillier
- Pediatric Dentisry, CHU de Lille, university of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France.
| | - P Lombrail
- Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - S Azogui-Lévy
- Educational and Health Practices Laboratory, LEPS, UR 3412, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 74, rue Marcel-Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France; Public health Department, Dentistry Faculty, university of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A randomized clinical trial to arrest dentin caries in young children using silver diamine fluoride. J Dent 2020; 99:103375. [PMID: 32428523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution, and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish applied semiannually in arresting dentin caries in young children with high caries risk. METHODS Children aged 1-3 years who had at least one active dentin carious lesion were randomly allocated into 2 groups as follows: Group 1 = 38% SDF (Topamine), and Group 2 = 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat). Both agents were applied every 6 months onto the carious surface. Lesion activity was assessed by the visual-tactile examination. Baseline and follow-up examinations were conducted by the same examiner. The children's demographic background, oral health-related habits, and oral hygiene practices, as well as parental satisfaction with children's dental appearance were collected at baseline and the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, 153 and 149 children were recruited in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The mean dmfs scores in Groups 1 and 2 were 8.89 and 9.79, respectively. After 12 months, 87.1% remained in the study. The caries arrest rate of Group 1 (35.7%) was significantly higher than that of Group 2 (20.9%) (p < 0.001). The results of the multilevel logistic regression analysis confirmed that the treatment in Group 1 was more effective in arresting dentin carious lesions than that of Group 2 (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.41-2.96). The presence of plaque on caries lesions, tooth type, tooth surface type, frequency of milk feeding, snack taking, and family income influenced on caries activity. Regardless of the intervention groups, there were no differences in parental satisfaction with on the child's dental appearance before and after receiving the intervention. CONCLUSION Based on the 12-month results, 38% SDF is more effective than 5% NaF varnish in arresting dentin carious lesions in young children. SDF has no negative impact on parental satisfaction with the child's dental appearance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE To control dentin carious lesions in young children with high caries risk, 38% SDF is more effective than 5% NaF varnish.
Collapse
|
23
|
Duangthip D, Gao SS, Chen KJ, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Oral health-related quality of life and caries experience of Hong Kong preschool children. Int Dent J 2020; 70:100-107. [DOI: 10.1111/idj.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
24
|
Effects of restoring SDF-treated and untreated dentine caries lesions on parental satisfaction and oral health related quality of life of preschool children. J Dent 2019; 88:103171. [PMID: 31325466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find out the effects of placement of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations on parental satisfaction and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of preschool children with SDF-treated or untreated dentine caries lesions. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial conducted in Hong Kong, preschool children who had cavitated dentine caries lesions were randomly assigned to receive application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution or placebo (tonic water) on their caries lesions 10 weeks before receiving ART restorations. Parents were asked to rate their satisfaction with their child's teeth using a 5-point scale (5 = very satisfied, 1 = very dissatisfied) before and six months after the restorative treatment. Besides, the Chinese version of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (C-ECOHIS) was used to assess the children's OHRQoL. RESULTS A total of 194 children participated in this study, with 101 and 93 children receiving SDF and placebo application before ART restorations, respectively. There was no significant difference in parental satisfaction and C-ECOHIS score between the SDF and placebo groups at baseline. At the 6-month follow-up, the mean parental satisfaction score regarding their child's dental health status increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 2.2 ± 0.7 to 2.8 ± 1.0 in the SDF group and from 2.3 ± 0.8 to 2.7 ± 0.9 in the placebo group. However, no significant changes (p > 0.05) in C-ECOHIS scores were found in either of the two groups after ART restoration placement. CONCLUSIONS Placement of ART restorations can improve parental satisfaction with the health and appearance of their child's teeth but has no significant effect on the OHRQoL. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides valuable information about the effects of ART restoration placement on SDF-treated or untreated dentine caries lesions regarding parental satisfaction and OHRQoL of preschool children.
Collapse
|