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Fu T, Liu Y, Jia H, Yao L, Zhang S, Tian F. Analysis of potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis with comorbid depression immunologic indicators. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115098. [PMID: 38871128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression can impact the severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg cell subsets, and their associated cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α), and the occurrence of RA both with and without comorbid depression. The objective is to identify potential biological markers, therapeutic targets, and the therapeutic effects of RA with comorbid depression. RESULTS 53 RA patients,46 RA with comorbid depression patients and 51 healthy subjects were included in the RA,RD and HC group from August 2021 and October 2022. Among RA patients, 46.46 % were comorbid with depression. IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in RD group than in RA group.Comparison between the HC and RA and RD groups revealed that Th1 %, Th17 %, Th1, Th17, Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg and Th1/Treg were significantly higher in the RA and RD groups, and conversely, Th2 %, Treg%, Th2 and Treg were significantly lower than in the HC group.The RA group compared to the RD group found that Th17 %, Th17 and Th17/Treg were significantly higher in the RD group than in the RA group, however, Th1 %, Treg and Th2/Treg were significantly lower than in the RA group. The total HAMD score had a medium strength positive correlation with IL-6. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that elevated the autoimmunity status was overactivated in RA with or without depression activates patients, IL-6 may be a predictor of the severity of RA with comorbid depression, IL-6 concentrations and an imbalance in the Th17/Treg may underlie the comorbidity of RA and depression, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention, prompting further evaluation of the role of indirect inflammatory markers in RA with comorbid depression, highlighting the need for additional research to clarify the complex relationship between inflammation and psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Fu
- Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030000, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030000, China
| | - Haozhi Jia
- Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030000, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030000, China
| | - Shengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Psychiatry Department, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 382, Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
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Shopsowitz K, Lofroth J, Chan G, Kim J, Rana M, Brinkman R, Weng A, Medvedev N, Wang X. MAGIC-DR: An interpretable machine-learning guided approach for acute myeloid leukemia measurable residual disease analysis. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2024; 106:239-251. [PMID: 38415807 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry is widely used for acute myeloid leukemia minimal residual disease testing (AML MRD) but is time consuming and demands substantial expertise. Machine learning offers potential advancements in accuracy and efficiency, but has yet to be widely adopted for this application. To explore this, we trained single cell XGBoost classifiers from 98 diagnostic AML cell populations and 30 MRD negative samples. Performance was assessed by cross-validation. Predictions were integrated with UMAP as a heatmap parameter for an augmented/interactive AML MRD analysis framework, which was benchmarked against traditional MRD analysis for 25 test cases. The results showed that XGBoost achieved a median AUC of 0.97, effectively distinguishing diverse AML cell populations from normal cells. When integrated with UMAP, the classifiers highlighted MRD populations against the background of normal events. Our pipeline, MAGIC-DR, incorporated classifier predictions and UMAP into flow cytometry standard (FCS) files. This enabled a human-in-the-loop machine learning guided MRD workflow. Validation against conventional analysis for 25 MRD samples showed 100% concordance in myeloid blast detection, with MAGIC-DR also identifying several immature monocytic populations not readily found by conventional analysis. In conclusion, Integrating a supervised classifier with unsupervised dimension reduction offers a robust method for AML MRD analysis that can be seamlessly integrated into conventional workflows. Our approach can support and augment human analysis by highlighting abnormal populations that can be gated on for quantification and further assessment. This has the potential to speed up MRD analysis, and potentially improve detection sensitivity for certain AML immunophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shopsowitz
- Division of Hematopathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Lofroth
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Chan
- Division of Hematopathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jubin Kim
- Terry Fox Lab, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Makhan Rana
- Division of Hematopathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Brinkman
- Terry Fox Lab, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Weng
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Terry Fox Lab, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadia Medvedev
- Division of Hematopathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xuehai Wang
- Division of Hematopathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of pathology and laboratory medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tang YF, Liu ZH, Zhang LY, Shi SH, Xu S, Ma JA, Hu CH, Zou FW. circ_PPAPDC1A promotes Osimertinib resistance by sponging the miR-30a-3p/ IGF1R pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mol Cancer 2024; 23:91. [PMID: 38715012 PMCID: PMC11075361 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has demonstrated that abnormal expression and regulation of circular RNA (circRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of circ_PPAPDC1A in Osimertinib resistance in NSCLC. METHODS Human circRNAs microarray analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs in Osimertinib-acquired resistance tissues of NSCLC. The effect of circ_PPAPDC1A on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis was assessed in both in vitro and in vivo. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, Western-blot, and rescue assay were employed to confirm the interaction between circ_PPAPDC1A/miR-30a-3p/IGF1R axis. RESULTS The results revealed that circ_PPAPDC1A was significantly upregulated in Osimertinib acquired resistance tissues of NSCLC. circ_PPAPDC1A reduced the sensitivity of PC9 and HCC827 cells to Osimertinib and promoted cell proliferation, invasion, migration, while inhibiting apoptosis in Osimertinib-resistant PC9/OR and HCC829/OR cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing circ_PPAPDC1A partially reversed Osimertinib resistance. Additionally, circ_PPAPDC1A acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by targeting miR-30a-3p, and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R) was identified as a functional gene for miR-30a-3p in NSCLC. Furthermore, the results confirmed that circ_PPAPDC1A/miR-30a-3p/IGF1R axis plays a role in activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in NSCLC with Osimertinib resistance. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, for the first time we identified that circ_PPAPDC1A was significantly upregulated and exerts an oncogenic role in NSCLC with Osimertinib resistance by sponging miR-30a-3p to active IGF1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. circ_PPAPDC1A may serve as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for NSCLC patients with Osimertinib resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- RNA, Circular/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Animals
- Mice
- Signal Transduction
- Apoptosis
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Male
- Female
- Indoles
- Pyrimidines
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 11000, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lei-Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hao Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 11000, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jin-An Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Wen Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, P.R. China.
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Jiang F, Tao Z, Zhang Y, Xie X, Bao Y, Hu Y, Ding J, Wu C. Machine learning combined with single-cell analysis reveals predictive capacity and immunotherapy response of T cell exhaustion-associated lncRNAs in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111077. [PMID: 38311301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exhaustion of T-cells is a primary factor contributing to immune dysfunction in cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in the advancement, survival, and treatment of Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC). Nevertheless, there has been no investigation into the involvement of lncRNAs associated with T-cell exhaustion (TEXLs) in UCEC. The goal of this work is to establish predictive models for TEXLs in UCEC and study their related immune features. METHODS Using transcriptome and single-cell sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, we employed co-expression analysis and univariate Cox regression to identify prognostic-associated TEXLs (pTEXLs). The prognostic model was developed using the Least Absolute Contraction and Selection Operator. The immunotherapy characteristics of the prognostic model risk score were studied. Then molecular subgroups were identified through non-negative Matrix Factorization based on pTEXLs. The identification of co-expressed genes was done using a weighted correlation network analysis. Subsequently, a diagnostic model for UCEC was created. In-depth investigations, both in vitro and in vivo, were carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the key gene within the diagnostic model. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis proved the validity of the predictive models established according to pTEXLs. The subgroup with lower risk scores in the prognostic model has better responses to blocking immune checkpoint therapy. Single-cell analysis suggests that the expression level of MIEN1 is relatively high in immune cells among diagnostic genes. Furthermore, the targeted suppression of MIEN1 via sh-MIEN1 diminishes the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of UCEC cells, potentially associated with CD8+ T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS The association between TEXLs and UCEC was methodically elucidated by our investigation. A stable pTEXLs risk prediction model and a diagnosis model for UCEC were also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Tao
- Department of Ultrasound, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlei Bao
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifang Hu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jingxin Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuyan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Xu J, Chen H, Wang C, Ma Y, Song Y. Raman Flow Cytometry and Its Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:171. [PMID: 38667164 PMCID: PMC11048678 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Raman flow cytometry (RFC) uniquely integrates the "label-free" capability of Raman spectroscopy with the "high-throughput" attribute of traditional flow cytometry (FCM), offering exceptional performance in cell characterization and sorting. Unlike conventional FCM, RFC stands out for its elimination of the dependency on fluorescent labels, thereby reducing interference with the natural state of cells. Furthermore, it significantly enhances the detection information, providing a more comprehensive chemical fingerprint of cells. This review thoroughly discusses the fundamental principles and technological advantages of RFC and elaborates on its various applications in the biomedical field, from identifying and characterizing cancer cells for in vivo cancer detection and surveillance to sorting stem cells, paving the way for cell therapy, and identifying metabolic products of microbial cells, enabling the differentiation of microbial subgroups. Moreover, we delve into the current challenges and future directions regarding the improvement in sensitivity and throughput. This holds significant implications for the field of cell analysis, especially for the advancement of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Hongyi Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, China
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Jyoti TP, Chandel S, Singh R. Flow cytometry: Aspects and application in plant and biological science. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300423. [PMID: 38010848 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a potent method that enables the quick and concurrent investigation of several characteristics of single cells in solution. Photodiodes or photomultiplier tubes are employed to detect the dispersed and fluorescent light signals that are produced by the laser beam as it passes through the cells. Photodetectors transform the light signals produced by the laser into electrical impulses. A computer then analyses these electrical impulses to identify and measure the various cell populations depending on their fluorescence or light scattering characteristics. Based on their fluorescence or light scattering properties, cell populations can be examined and/or isolated. This review covers the basic principle, components, working and specific biological applications of flow cytometry, including studies on plant, cell and molecular biology and methods employed for data processing and interpretation as well as the potential future relevance of this methodology in light of retrospective analysis and recent advancements in flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakur Prava Jyoti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Chandel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Delgado AH, Fluxa R, Perez-Andres M, Diks AM, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Barkoff AM, Blanco E, Torres-Valle A, Berkowska MA, Grigore G, van Dongen J.J.M, Orfao A. Automated EuroFlow approach for standardized in-depth dissection of human circulating B-cells and plasma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268686. [PMID: 37915569 PMCID: PMC10616957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiparameter flow cytometry (FC) immunophenotyping is a key tool for detailed identification and characterization of human blood leucocytes, including B-lymphocytes and plasma cells (PC). However, currently used conventional data analysis strategies require extensive expertise, are time consuming, and show limited reproducibility. Objective Here, we designed, constructed and validated an automated database-guided gating and identification (AGI) approach for fast and standardized in-depth dissection of B-lymphocyte and PC populations in human blood. Methods For this purpose, 213 FC standard (FCS) datafiles corresponding to umbilical cord and peripheral blood samples from healthy and patient volunteers, stained with the 14-color 18-antibody EuroFlow BIgH-IMM panel, were used. Results The BIgH-IMM antibody panel allowed identification of 117 different B-lymphocyte and PC subsets. Samples from 36 healthy donors were stained and 14 of the datafiles that fulfilled strict inclusion criteria were analysed by an expert flow cytometrist to build the EuroFlow BIgH-IMM database. Data contained in the datafiles was then merged into a reference database that was uploaded in the Infinicyt software (Cytognos, Salamanca, Spain). Subsequently, we compared the results of manual gating (MG) with the performance of two classification algorithms -hierarchical algorithm vs two-step algorithm- for AGI of the cell populations present in 5 randomly selected FCS datafiles. The hierarchical AGI algorithm showed higher correlation values vs conventional MG (r2 of 0.94 vs. 0.88 for the two-step AGI algorithm) and was further validated in a set of 177 FCS datafiles against conventional expert-based MG. For virtually all identifiable cell populations a highly significant correlation was observed between the two approaches (r2>0.81 for 79% of all B-cell populations identified), with a significantly lower median time of analysis per sample (6 vs. 40 min, p=0.001) for the AGI tool vs. MG, respectively and both intra-sample (median CV of 1.7% vs. 10.4% by MG, p<0.001) and inter-expert (median CV of 3.9% vs. 17.3% by MG by 2 experts, p<0.001) variability. Conclusion Our results show that compared to conventional FC data analysis strategies, the here proposed AGI tool is a faster, more robust, reproducible, and standardized approach for in-depth analysis of B-lymphocyte and PC subsets circulating in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H. Delgado
- Cytognos SL, Salamanca, Spain
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Martin Perez-Andres
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annieck M. Diks
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elena Blanco
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Torres-Valle
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Magdalena A. Berkowska
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - J .J .M. van Dongen
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yang L, Dutta P, Davuluri RV, Wang J. Rapid, High-Throughput Single-Cell Multiplex In Situ Tagging (MIST) Analysis of Immunological Disease with Machine Learning. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7779-7787. [PMID: 37141575 PMCID: PMC10365012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The cascade of immune responses involves activation of diverse immune cells and release of a large amount of cytokines, which leads to either normal, balanced inflammation or hyperinflammatory responses and even organ damage by sepsis. Conventional diagnosis of immunological disorders based on multiple cytokines in the blood serum has varied accuracy, and it is difficult to distinguish normal inflammation from sepsis. Herein, we present an approach to detect immunological disorders through rapid, ultrahigh-multiplex analysis of T cells using single-cell multiplex in situ tagging (scMIST) technology. scMIST permits simultaneous detection of 46 markers and cytokines from single cells without the assistance of special instruments. A cecal ligation and puncture sepsis model was built to supply T cells from two groups of mice that survived the surgery or died after 1 day. The scMIST assays have captured the T cell features and the dynamics over the course of recovery. Compared with cytokines in the peripheral blood, T cell markers show different dynamics and cytokine levels. We have applied a random forest machine learning model to single T cells from two groups of mice. Through training, the model has been able to predict the group of mice through T cell classification and majority rule with 94% accuracy. Our approach pioneers the direction of single-cell omics and could be widely applicable to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Yang
- Multiplex Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Pratik Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Ramana V. Davuluri
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jun Wang
- Multiplex Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Zhang Y, Sun H, Lian X, Tang J, Zhu F. ANPELA: Significantly Enhanced Quantification Tool for Cytometry-Based Single-Cell Proteomics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207061. [PMID: 36950745 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ANPELA is widely used for quantifying traditional bulk proteomic data. Recently, there is a clear shift from bulk proteomics to the single-cell ones (SCP), for which powerful cytometry techniques demonstrate the fantastic capacity of capturing cellular heterogeneity that is completely overlooked by traditional bulk profiling. However, the in-depth and high-quality quantification of SCP data is still challenging and severely affected by the large numbers of quantification workflows and extreme performance dependence on the studied datasets. In other words, the proper selection of well-performing workflow(s) for any studied dataset is elusory, and it is urgently needed to have a significantly enhanced and accelerated tool to address this issue. However, no such tool is developed yet. Herein, ANPELA is therefore updated to its 2.0 version (https://idrblab.org/anpela/), which is unique in providing the most comprehensive set of quantification alternatives (>1000 workflows) among all existing tools, enabling systematic performance evaluation from multiple perspectives based on machine learning, and identifying the optimal workflow(s) using overall performance ranking together with the parallel computation. Extensive validation on different benchmark datasets and representative application scenarios suggest the great application potential of ANPELA in current SCP research for gaining more accurate and reliable biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huaicheng Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xichen Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, 330110, China
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10
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Wilfong EM, Vowell KN, Crofford LJ, Kendall PL. Multiparameter analysis of human B lymphocytes identifies heterogeneous CD19 + CD21 lo subsets. Cytometry A 2023; 103:283-294. [PMID: 36281747 PMCID: PMC10085822 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cell subsets have been described in a variety of settings, using multiple classification schemes and cell surface markers also found on healthy cells. CD19+ CD21lo B cells have been identified as an autoreactive-prone subset of B cells, although the downregulation of CD21 has been observed on a variety of B cell subsets in health and disease. This variation has led to confusion regarding the meaning and applicability of the loss or reduction of CD21 in peripheral B cells. To better understand the relationships between commonly used B cell markers and their associated characteristics, we analyzed human B cells from healthy participants using multiparameter flow cytometry and the visualization algorithm, tSNE. This approach revealed significant phenotypic overlap amongst five previously described autoimmune-prone B cell subsets, including CD19+ CD10- CD27- CD21lo B cells. Interestingly, 12 different subpopulations of CD19+ CD21lo B cells were identified, some of which mapped to previously described autoreactive populations, while others were consistent with healthy B cells. This suggests that CD21 is downregulated in a variety of circumstances involving B cell activation, all of which are present in low numbers even in healthy individuals. These findings describe the utility of unbiased multiparameter analysis using a relatively limited panel of flow cytometry markers to analyze autoreactive-prone and normal activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Wilfong
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine N. Vowell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Leslie J. Crofford
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Peggy L. Kendall
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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11
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Fuda F, Chen M, Chen W, Cox A. Artificial intelligence in clinical multiparameter flow cytometry and mass cytometry-key tools and progress. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:120-128. [PMID: 36894355 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
There are many research studies and emerging tools using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to augment flow and mass cytometry workflows. Emerging AI tools can quickly identify common cell populations with continuous improvement of accuracy, uncover patterns in high-dimensional cytometric data that are undetectable by human analysis, facilitate the discovery of cell subpopulations, perform semi-automated immune cell profiling, and demonstrate potential to automate aspects of clinical multiparameter flow cytometric (MFC) diagnostic workflow. Utilizing AI in the analysis of cytometry samples can reduce subjective variability and assist in breakthroughs in understanding diseases. Here we review the diverse types of AI that are being applied to clinical cytometry data and how AI is driving advances in data analysis to improve diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy. We review supervised and unsupervised clustering algorithms for cell population identification, various dimensionality reduction techniques, and their utilities in visualization and machine learning pipelines, and supervised learning approaches for classifying entire cytometry samples.Understanding the AI landscape will enable pathologists to better utilize open source and commercially available tools, plan exploratory research projects to characterize diseases, and work with machine learning and data scientists to implement clinical data analysis pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Fuda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Cox
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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12
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El-Hajjar L, Ali Ahmad F, Nasr R. A Guide to Flow Cytometry: Components, Basic Principles, Experimental Design, and Cancer Research Applications. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e721. [PMID: 36946745 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a state-of-the-art technique for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cells and other particles' physical and biological properties. These cells are suspended within a high-velocity fluid stream and pass through a laser beam in single file. The main principle of the FCM instrument is the light scattering and fluorescence emission upon the interaction of the fluorescent particle with the laser beam. It also allows for the physical sorting of particles depending on different parameters. A flow cytometer comprises different components, including fluidic, optics, and electronics systems. This article briefly explains the mechanism of all components of a flow cytometer to clarify the FCM technique's general principles, provides some useful guidelines for the proper design of FCM panels, and highlights some general applications and important applications in cancer research. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal El-Hajjar
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatima Ali Ahmad
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Office of Basic/Translational Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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13
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Lemieux ME, Reveles XT, Rebeles J, Bederka LH, Araujo PR, Sanchez JR, Grayson M, Lai SC, DePalo LR, Habib SA, Hill DG, Lopez K, Patriquin L, Sussman R, Joyce RP, Rebel VI. Detection of early-stage lung cancer in sputum using automated flow cytometry and machine learning. Respir Res 2023; 24:23. [PMID: 36681813 PMCID: PMC9862555 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) may not lead to a clear treatment path when small to intermediate-sized lung nodules are identified. We have combined flow cytometry and machine learning to develop a sputum-based test (CyPath Lung) that can assist physicians in decision-making in such cases. METHODS Single cell suspensions prepared from induced sputum samples collected over three consecutive days were labeled with a viability dye to exclude dead cells, antibodies to distinguish cell types, and a porphyrin to label cancer-associated cells. The labeled cell suspension was run on a flow cytometer and the data collected. An analysis pipeline combining automated flow cytometry data processing with machine learning was developed to distinguish cancer from non-cancer samples from 150 patients at high risk of whom 28 had lung cancer. Flow data and patient features were evaluated to identify predictors of lung cancer. Random training and test sets were chosen to evaluate predictive variables iteratively until a robust model was identified. The final model was tested on a second, independent group of 32 samples, including six samples from patients diagnosed with lung cancer. RESULTS Automated analysis combined with machine learning resulted in a predictive model that achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.89). The sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 88%, respectively, and the negative and positive predictive values 96% and 61%, respectively. Importantly, the test was 92% sensitive and 87% specific in cases when nodules were < 20 mm (AUC of 0.94; 95% CI 0.89-0.99). Testing of the model on an independent second set of samples showed an AUC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.71-0.98) with an 83% sensitivity, 77% specificity, 95% negative predictive value and 45% positive predictive value. The model is robust to differences in sample processing and disease state. CONCLUSION CyPath Lung correctly classifies samples as cancer or non-cancer with high accuracy, including from participants at different disease stages and with nodules < 20 mm in diameter. This test is intended for use after lung cancer screening to improve early-stage lung cancer diagnosis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03457415; March 7, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier T. Reveles
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Jennifer Rebeles
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Lydia H. Bederka
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Patricia R. Araujo
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Jamila R. Sanchez
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Marcia Grayson
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Shao-Chiang Lai
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
| | - Louis R. DePalo
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Sheila A. Habib
- grid.414059.d0000 0004 0617 9080South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - David G. Hill
- Waterbury Pulmonary Associates LLC, Waterbury, CT USA
| | - Kathleen Lopez
- grid.477754.2Radiology Associates of Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Lara Patriquin
- grid.477754.2Radiology Associates of Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM USA ,Present Address: Zia Diagnostic Imaging, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | | | | | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- bioAffinity Technologies, 22211 W I-10, Suite 1206, San Antonio, TX 78257 USA
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14
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Bonilha CS. BCyto: A shiny app for flow cytometry data analysis. Mol Cell Probes 2022; 65:101848. [PMID: 35933055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2022.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a widely used technique to simultaneously measure various characteristics of a cell or particle. Most of reliable software for FCM data analysis are commercially available at high costs. A few R packages are available; however, programming skills are required. In addition, currently, no package offers an interactive user interface (UI) with efficient tools for conventional FCM data analysis. BCyto is an open-source R package/shiny app that allows cell biologists with no coding skills to reliably analyse FCM data in R. BCyto provides intuitive axis transformation for better data visualization, easy visualization of compensation plots and modification of compensation matrices, fast generation of backgating and overlay plots, as well as built-in proliferation and dimensionality reduction tools. BCyto will not only improve accessibility to FCM data analysis but might also serve as an environment for the development of further R-based computational FCM algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Santos Bonilha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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15
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Hoang Y, Gryzik S, Hoppe I, Rybak A, Schädlich M, Kadner I, Walther D, Vera J, Radbruch A, Groth D, Baumgart S, Baumgrass R. PRI: Re-Analysis of a Public Mass Cytometry Dataset Reveals Patterns of Effective Tumor Treatments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849329. [PMID: 35592315 PMCID: PMC9110672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass cytometry has enabled quantification of up to 50 parameters for millions of cells per sample. It remains a challenge to analyze such high-dimensional data to exploit the richness of the inherent information, even though many valuable new analysis tools have already been developed. We propose a novel algorithm “pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)” to tackle these high-dimensional protein combinations in the data. PRI is a tool for the analysis and visualization of cytometry data based on a three or more-parametric binning approach, feature engineering of bin properties of multivariate cell data, and a pseudo-multiparametric visualization. Using a publicly available mass cytometry dataset, we proved that reproducible feature engineering and intuitive understanding of the generated bin plots are helpful hallmarks for re-analysis with PRI. In the CD4+T cell population analyzed, PRI revealed two bin-plot patterns (CD90/CD44/CD86 and CD90/CD44/CD27) and 20 bin plot features for threshold-independent classification of mice concerning ineffective and effective tumor treatment. In addition, PRI mapped cell subsets regarding co-expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 with two major transcription factors and further delineated a specific Th1 cell subset. All these results demonstrate the added insights that can be obtained using the non-cluster-based tool PRI for re-analyses of high-dimensional cytometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Hoang
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gryzik
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Hoppe
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rybak
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Schädlich
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kadner
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Walther
- Bioinformatics, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Laboratory of Systems Tumor Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité, Campus Berlin Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Groth
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Core Facility Cytometry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ria Baumgrass
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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16
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Rodriguez-Esteban R, Duarte J, Teixeira PC, Richard F, Koltsova S, So WV. Prediction of standard cell types and functional markers from textual descriptions of flow cytometry gating definitions using machine learning. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2022; 102:220-227. [PMID: 35253974 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key step in clinical flow cytometry data analysis is gating, which involves the identification of cell populations. The process of gating produces a set of reportable results, which are typically described by gating definitions. The non-standardized, non-interpreted nature of gating definitions represents a hurdle for data interpretation and data sharing across and within organizations. Interpreting and standardizing gating definitions for subsequent analysis of gating results requires a curation effort from experts. Machine learning approaches have the potential to help in this process by predicting expert annotations associated with gating definitions. METHODS We created a gold-standard dataset by manually annotating thousands of gating definitions with cell type and functional marker annotations. We used this dataset to train and test a machine learning pipeline able to predict standard cell types and functional marker genes associated with gating definitions. RESULTS The machine learning pipeline predicted annotations with high accuracy for both cell types and functional marker genes. Accuracy was lower for gating definitions from assays belonging to laboratories from which limited or no prior data was available in the training. Manual error review ensured that resulting predicted annotations could be reused subsequently as additional gold-standard training data. CONCLUSIONS Machine learning methods are able to consistently predict annotations associated with gating definitions from flow cytometry assays. However, a hybrid automatic and manual annotation workflow would be recommended to achieve optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - José Duarte
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priscila C Teixeira
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Richard
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Koltsova
- Curation Department, Rancho BioSciences LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - W Venus So
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, USA
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17
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Heins A, Hoang MD, Weuster‐Botz D. Advances in automated real-time flow cytometry for monitoring of bioreactor processes. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:260-278. [PMID: 35382548 PMCID: PMC8961054 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry and its technological possibilities have greatly advanced in the past decade as analysis tool for single cell properties and population distributions of different cell types in bioreactors. Along the way, some solutions for automated real-time flow cytometry (ART-FCM) were developed for monitoring of bioreactor processes without operator interference over extended periods with variable sampling frequency. However, there is still great potential for ART-FCM to evolve and possibly become a standard application in bioprocess monitoring and process control. This review first addresses different components of an ART-FCM, including the sampling device, the sample-processing unit, the unit for sample delivery to the flow cytometer and the settings for measurement of pre-processed samples. Also, available algorithms are presented for automated data analysis of multi-parameter fluorescence datasets derived from ART-FCM experiments. Furthermore, challenges are discussed for integration of fluorescence-activated cell sorting into an ART-FCM setup for isolation and separation of interesting subpopulations that can be further characterized by for instance omics-methods. As the application of ART-FCM is especially of interest for bioreactor process monitoring, including investigation of population heterogeneity and automated process control, a summary of already existing setups for these purposes is given. Additionally, the general future potential of ART-FCM is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Lena Heins
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Manh Dat Hoang
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Dirk Weuster‐Botz
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
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18
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Recent advances in microbial community analysis from machine learning of multiparametric flow cytometry data. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 75:102688. [PMID: 35123235 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of microbial composition is crucial for understanding community functioning and detecting dysbiosis. Compositional information is mostly obtained through sequencing of taxonomic markers or whole meta-genomes, which may be productively complemented by real-time quantitative community multiparametric flow cytometry data (FCM). Patterns and clusters in FCM community data can be distinguished and compared by unsupervised machine learning. Alternatively, FCM data from preselected individual strain phenotypes can be used for supervised machine-training in order to differentiate similar cell types within communities. Both types of machine learning can quantitatively deconvolute community FCM data sets and rapidly analyse global changes in response to treatment. Procedures may further be optimized for recurrent microbiome samples to simultaneously quantify physiological and compositional states.
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19
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology generating a scattered and a fluorescent light signal that enables rapid analysis of the size and granularity of a particle or single cell. In addition, it offers the opportunity to phenotypically characterize and collect the cell with the use of a variety of fluorescent reagents. These reagents include but are not limited to fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, fluorescent expressing protein-, viability-, and DNA-binding dyes. Major developments in reagents, electronics, and software within the last 30 years have greatly expanded the ability to combine up to 50 antibodies in one single tube. However, these advances also harbor technical risks and interpretation issues in the identification of certain cell populations which will be summarized in this viewpoint article. It will further provide an overview of different potential applications of flow cytometry in research and its possibilities to be used in the clinic.
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20
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Abstract
Cell cycle involves a series of changes that lead to cell growth and division. Cell cycle analysis is crucial to understand cellular responses to changing environmental conditions. Since its inception, flow cytometry has been particularly useful for cell cycle analysis at single cell level due to its speed and precision. Previously, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis relied solely on the measurement of cellular DNA content. Later, methods were developed for multiparametric analysis. This review explains the journey of flow cytometry to understand different molecular and cellular events underlying cell cycle using various protocols. Recent advances in the field that overcome the shortcomings of traditional flow cytometry and expand its scope for cell cycle studies are also discussed.
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21
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Xu Y, Su GH, Ma D, Xiao Y, Shao ZM, Jiang YZ. Technological advances in cancer immunity: from immunogenomics to single-cell analysis and artificial intelligence. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:312. [PMID: 34417437 PMCID: PMC8377461 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies play critical roles in cancer treatment. However, given that only a few patients respond to immune checkpoint blockades and other immunotherapeutic strategies, more novel technologies are needed to decipher the complicated interplay between tumor cells and the components of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor immunomics refers to the integrated study of the TIME using immunogenomics, immunoproteomics, immune-bioinformatics, and other multi-omics data reflecting the immune states of tumors, which has relied on the rapid development of next-generation sequencing. High-throughput genomic and transcriptomic data may be utilized for calculating the abundance of immune cells and predicting tumor antigens, referring to immunogenomics. However, as bulk sequencing represents the average characteristics of a heterogeneous cell population, it fails to distinguish distinct cell subtypes. Single-cell-based technologies enable better dissection of the TIME through precise immune cell subpopulation and spatial architecture investigations. In addition, radiomics and digital pathology-based deep learning models largely contribute to research on cancer immunity. These artificial intelligence technologies have performed well in predicting response to immunotherapy, with profound significance in cancer therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize conventional and state-of-the-art technologies in the field of immunogenomics, single-cell and artificial intelligence, and present prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan-Hua Su
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Ross D. Automated analysis of bacterial flow cytometry data with FlowGateNIST. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250753. [PMID: 34407072 PMCID: PMC8372958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is commonly used to evaluate the performance of engineered bacteria. With increasing use of high-throughput experimental methods, there is a need for automated analysis methods for flow cytometry data. Here, we describe FlowGateNIST, a Python package for automated analysis of bacterial flow cytometry data. The main components of FlowGateNIST perform automatic gating to differentiate between cells and background events and then between singlet and multiplet events. FlowGateNIST also includes a method for automatic calibration of fluorescence signals using fluorescence calibration beads. FlowGateNIST is open source and freely available with tutorials and example data to facilitate adoption by users with minimal programming experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
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23
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Mitra-Kaushik S, Mehta-Damani A, Stewart JJ, Green C, Litwin V, Gonneau C. The Evolution of Single-Cell Analysis and Utility in Drug Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:98. [PMID: 34389904 PMCID: PMC8363238 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief history of the advances of cellular analysis tools focusing on instrumentation, detection probes, and data analysis tools. The interplay of technological advancement and a deeper understanding of cellular biology are emphasized. The relevance of this topic to drug development is that the evaluation of cellular biomarkers has become a critical component of the development strategy for novel immune therapies, cell therapies, gene therapies, antiviral therapies, and vaccines. Moreover, recent technological advances in single-cell analysis are providing more robust cellular measurements and thus accelerating the advancement of novel therapies. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cherie Green
- Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Christèle Gonneau
- Central Laboratory Services, Labcorp Drug Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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Béné MC, Lacombe F, Porwit A. Unsupervised flow cytometry analysis in hematological malignancies: A new paradigm. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43 Suppl 1:54-64. [PMID: 34288436 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ever since hematopoietic cells became "events" enumerated and characterized in suspension by cell counters or flow cytometers, researchers and engineers have strived to refine the acquisition and display of the electronic signals generated. A large array of solutions was then developed to identify at best the numerous cell subsets that can be delineated, notably among hematopoietic cells. As instruments became more and more stable and robust, the focus moved to analytic software. Almost concomitantly, the capacity increased to use large panels (both with mass and classical cytometry) and to apply artificial intelligence/machine learning for their analysis. The combination of these concepts raised new analytical possibilities, opening an unprecedented field of subtle exploration for many conditions, including hematopoiesis and hematological disorders. In this review, the general concepts and progress achieved in the development of new analytical approaches for exploring high-dimensional data sets at the single-cell level will be described as they appeared over the past few years. A larger and more practical part will detail the various steps that need to be mastered, both in data acquisition and in the preanalytical check of data files. Finally, a step-by-step explanation of the solution in development to combine the Bioconductor clustering algorithm FlowSOM and the popular and widely used software Kaluza® (Beckman Coulter) will be presented. The aim of this review was to point out that the day when these progresses will reach routine hematology laboratories does not seem so far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Béné
- Hematology Biology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,CRCINA Inserm, Nantes, France
| | - Francis Lacombe
- Hematology Biology, Cytometry Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anna Porwit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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25
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Burton RJ, Ahmed R, Cuff SM, Baker S, Artemiou A, Eberl M. CytoPy: An autonomous cytometry analysis framework. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009071. [PMID: 34101722 PMCID: PMC8213167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytometry analysis has seen a considerable expansion in recent years in the maximum number of parameters that can be acquired in a single experiment. In response to this technological advance there has been an increased effort to develop new computational methodologies for handling high-dimensional single cell data acquired by flow or mass cytometry. Despite the success of numerous algorithms and published packages to replicate and outperform traditional manual analysis, widespread adoption of these techniques has yet to be realised in the field of immunology. Here we present CytoPy, a Python framework for automated analysis of cytometry data that integrates a document-based database for a data-centric and iterative analytical environment. In addition, our algorithm-agnostic design provides a platform for open-source cytometry bioinformatics in the Python ecosystem. We demonstrate the ability of CytoPy to phenotype T cell subsets in whole blood samples even in the presence of significant batch effects due to technical and user variation. The complete analytical pipeline was then used to immunophenotype the local inflammatory infiltrate in individuals with and without acute bacterial infection. CytoPy is open-source and licensed under the MIT license. CytoPy is available at https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoPy, with notebooks accompanying this manuscript (https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoPyManuscript) and software documentation at https://cytopy.readthedocs.io/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Raya Ahmed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M. Cuff
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Artemiou
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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26
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Gerber R, Robinson MD. Censcyt: censored covariates in differential abundance analysis in cytometry. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:235. [PMID: 33971812 PMCID: PMC8108359 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovations in single cell technologies have lead to a flurry of datasets and computational tools to process and interpret them, including analyses of cell composition changes and transition in cell states. The diffcyt workflow for differential discovery in cytometry data consist of several steps, including preprocessing, cell population identification and differential testing for an association with a binary or continuous covariate. However, the commonly measured quantity of survival time in clinical studies often results in a censored covariate where classical differential testing is inapplicable. RESULTS To overcome this limitation, multiple methods to directly include censored covariates in differential abundance analysis were examined with the use of simulation studies and a case study. Results show that multiple imputation based methods offer on-par performance with the Cox proportional hazards model in terms of sensitivity and error control, while offering flexibility to account for covariates. The tested methods are implemented in the R package censcyt as an extension of diffcyt and are available at https://bioconductor.org/packages/censcyt . CONCLUSION Methods for the direct inclusion of a censored variable as a predictor in GLMMs are a valid alternative to classical survival analysis methods, such as the Cox proportional hazard model, while allowing for more flexibility in the differential analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Gerber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Baumgaertner P, Sankar M, Herrera F, Benedetti F, Barras D, Thierry AC, Dangaj D, Kandalaft LE, Coukos G, Xenarios I, Guex N, Harari A. Unsupervised Analysis of Flow Cytometry Data in a Clinical Setting Captures Cell Diversity and Allows Population Discovery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633910. [PMID: 33995353 PMCID: PMC8119773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data obtained with cytometry are increasingly complex and their interrogation impacts the type and quality of knowledge gained. Conventional supervised analyses are limited to pre-defined cell populations and do not exploit the full potential of data. Here, in the context of a clinical trial of cancer patients treated with radiotherapy, we performed longitudinal flow cytometry analyses to identify multiple distinct cell populations in circulating whole blood. We cross-compared the results from state-of-the-art recommended supervised analyses with results from MegaClust, a high-performance data-driven clustering algorithm allowing fast and robust identification of cell-type populations. Ten distinct cell populations were accurately identified by supervised analyses, including main T, B, dendritic cell (DC), natural killer (NK) and monocytes subsets. While all ten subsets were also identified with MegaClust, additional cell populations were revealed (e.g. CD4+HLA-DR+ and NKT-like subsets), and DC profiling was enriched by the assignment of additional subset-specific markers. Comparison between transcriptomic profiles of purified DC populations and publicly available datasets confirmed the accuracy of the unsupervised clustering algorithm and demonstrated its potential to identify rare and scarcely described cell subsets. Our observations show that data-driven analyses of cytometry data significantly enrich the amount and quality of knowledge gained, representing an important step in refining the characterization of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Baumgaertner
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Sankar
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda Herrera
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Thierry
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denarda Dangaj
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Competence Center (BICC), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Centre of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Integration of Flow Cytometry and Computational Analysis to Dissect the Epidermal Cellular Subsets in Keloids that Correlate with Recurrence. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2521-2529.e4. [PMID: 33839145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Keloid disease is a benign skin disease that does not have an effective therapy. More and more research shows that epidermal abnormalities are involved in keloid pathogenesis. Little is known about the relationship between the abnormal epidermal immunophenotype and clinical outcome. Nine-color flow cytometry with computational analysis was performed to detect the altered cellular subpopulation distribution in keloid lesions. Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to compare predictive ability between the alteration of cell subgroup frequency and the Vancouver Scar Scale. The frequency of CD49fhi/CD29+/TLR7+ cellular subsets increased in the keloid epidermis compared with that in the healthy control. CD49fmid-hi/CD29+/TLR7+/CD24+ cellular subpopulation level was increased significantly in keloids, whereas CD49flo-mid/CD29‒/TLR7‒/CD24‒ cellular subpopulation frequency was decreased. The CD49flo/CD29‒/TLR7‒/CD24+/CD117+ cellular subpopulation showed an increased frequency during recurrence with a sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 91.7%. The area under the curve was 0.806 for cellular subpopulation analysis, which was higher than the area under the curve for the Vancouver Scar Scale (0.583). The alteration of keloid epidermal subpopulation frequency is related to recurrence, which will provide an optional predictive marker for keloid recurrence and a potential target subset for investigating the generation of keloid.
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29
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Rodin AS, Gogoshin G, Hilliard S, Wang L, Egelston C, Rockne RC, Chao J, Lee PP. Dissecting Response to Cancer Immunotherapy by Applying Bayesian Network Analysis to Flow Cytometry Data. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052316. [PMID: 33652558 PMCID: PMC7956201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint blockade, has been found to be effective in the treatment of metastatic cancers. However, only a subset of patients achieve clinical responses. Elucidating pretreatment biomarkers predictive of sustained clinical response is a major research priority. Another research priority is evaluating changes in the immune system before and after treatment in responders vs. nonresponders. Our group has been studying immune networks as an accurate reflection of the global immune state. Flow cytometry (FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting) data characterizing immune cell panels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) patients were used to analyze changes in immune networks in this setting. Here, we describe a novel computational pipeline to perform secondary analyses of FACS data using systems biology/machine learning techniques and concepts. The pipeline is centered around comparative Bayesian network analyses of immune networks and is capable of detecting strong signals that conventional methods (such as FlowJo manual gating) might miss. Future studies are planned to validate and follow up the immune biomarkers (and combinations/interactions thereof) associated with clinical responses identified with this computational pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei S. Rodin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (G.G.); (S.H.); (R.C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.R.); (P.P.L.)
| | - Grigoriy Gogoshin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (G.G.); (S.H.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Seth Hilliard
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (G.G.); (S.H.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Lei Wang
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (L.W.); (C.E.)
| | - Colt Egelston
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (L.W.); (C.E.)
| | - Russell C. Rockne
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (G.G.); (S.H.); (R.C.R.)
| | - Joseph Chao
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Peter P. Lee
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (L.W.); (C.E.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.R.); (P.P.L.)
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30
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Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a sophisticated technique that works on the principle of light scattering and fluorescence emission by the specific fluorescent probe-labeled cells as they pass through a laser beam. It offers several unique advantages as it allows fast, relatively quantitative, multiparametric analysis of cell populations at the single cell level. In addition, it also enables physical sorting of the cells to separate the subpopulations based on different parameters. In this constantly evolving field, innovative technologies such as imaging FCM, mass cytometry and Raman FCM are being developed in order to address limitations of traditional FCM. This review explains the general principles, main applications and recent advances in the field of FCM.
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31
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McCall JR, Sausman KT. Systematic approach in macrophage polarization experiments: Maintaining integrity and reproducibility using flow cytometry and sample preparation. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112969. [PMID: 33482175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is an important physiological process following infection or injury. When inflammation fails to resolve, it can cause chronic inflammation, which exacerbates a myriad of diseases. Current anti-inflammatory treatment options are often inadequate to resolve inflammation, and as such, a key goal for drug discovery is to find natural products and novel compounds that can target immune resolution processes. In order to efficiently discovery new therapies, immune cell lines are often used, in conjunction with flow cytometry, to quickly and inexpensively screen potential drugs for immunomodulatory effects. However, seemingly minor or trivial differences in methodology can lead to inconsistent results across experiments and across laboratories. It was the goal of this project to examine the effects of those differences on the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line, particularly as it relates to macrophage polarization experimentation. We found that the type of detachment method when preparing cells for flow cytometry can alter several key macrophage parameters, including markers for macrophage polarization, depending on the gating strategy used in identifying sub-populations of cells for analysis. Investigators need to incorporate best-practices in gating strategy in order to target viable cells that are not in aggregate to ensure consistent and reliable results for immunomodulatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McCall
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, USA.
| | - Kathryn T Sausman
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, USA
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32
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Liu HL, Wang YN, Feng SY. Brain tumors: Cancer stem-like cells interact with tumor microenvironment. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1439-1454. [PMID: 33505594 PMCID: PMC7789119 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) with potential of self-renewal drive tumorigenesis. Brain tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of malignancy progression. Many researchers are searching new ways to characterize tumors with the goal of predicting how they respond to treatment. Here, we describe the striking parallels between normal stem cells and CSCs. We review the microenvironmental aspects of brain tumors, in particular composition and vital roles of immune cells infiltrating glioma and medulloblastoma. By highlighting that CSCs cooperate with TME via various cellular communication approaches, we discuss the recent advances in therapeutic strategies targeting the components of TME. Identification of the complex and interconnected factors can facilitate the development of promising treatments for these deadly malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shi-Yu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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33
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Computational analysis of flow cytometry data in hematological malignancies: future clinical practice? Curr Opin Oncol 2020; 32:162-169. [PMID: 31876546 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review outlines the advancements that have been made in computational analysis for clinical flow cytometry data in hematological malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, computational analysis methods have been applied to clinical flow cytometry data of hematological malignancies with promising results. Most studies combined dimension reduction (principle component analysis) or clustering methods (FlowSOM, generalized mixture models) with machine learning classifiers (support vector machines, random forest). For diagnosis and classification of hematological malignancies, many studies have reported results concordant with manual expert analysis, including B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia detection and acute leukemia classification. Other studies, e.g. concerning diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes and classification of lymphoma, have shown to be able to increase diagnostic accuracy. With respect to treatment response monitoring, studies have focused on, for example, computational minimal residual disease detection in multiple myeloma and posttreatment classification of healthy or diseased in acute myeloid leukemia. The results of these studies are encouraging, although accurate relapse prediction remains challenging. To facilitate clinical implementation, collaboration and (prospective) validation in multicenter setting are necessary. SUMMARY Computational analysis methods for clinical flow cytometry data hold the potential to increase ease of use, objectivity and accuracy in the clinical work-up of hematological malignancies.
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34
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Henriques-Pons A, Beatrici CP, Sánchez-Arcila JC, da Silva FAB. Multiparametric Color Tendency Analysis (MCTA): A Method to Analyze Several Flow Cytometry Labelings Simultaneously. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:526814. [PMID: 33042962 PMCID: PMC7527824 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.526814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable evolution of flow cytometers, fluorescent probes, and flow cytometry analysis software, most users still follow the same ways for data analysis. Conventional flow cytometry analysis relies on the creation of dot plot sequences, based on two fluorescence parameters at a time, to evidence phenotypically distinct populations. Thus, reaching conclusions about the biological characteristics of the samples is a fragmented and challenging process. We present here the MCTA (Multiparametric Color Tendency Analysis), a method for data analysis that considers multiple labelings simultaneously, extending and complementing conventional analysis. The MCTA method executes the background fluorescence exclusion, spillover compensation, and a user-defined gating strategy for subpopulation analysis. The results are then presented in conventional FSC x SSC dot plots with statistical data. For each event, the method converts each of the multiple fluorescence colors under analysis into a vector, with longer vectors being attributed to more intense labelings. Then, the MCTA generates a resultant vector, which is therefore mostly influenced by predominant labelings. The radial position of this resultant vector corresponds to a resultant color, making it easy to visualize phenotypic modulations among cellular subpopulations. Besides, it is a deterministic method that quickly assigns a resulting color to all events that obey the gating strategy, with no polymeric regions defined by the user or downsampling. The MCTA application generates a single dot plot showing all events in the FCS file, but a resultant color is attributed only to those that obey the gating strategy. Therefore, it can also help to evidence rare events or unpredicted subpopulations naturally excluded from the regions defined by the user. We believe that the MCTA method adds a new perspective over multiparametric flow cytometry analysis while evidencing modulations of molecular labeling profiles based on multiple fluorescences. Availability and implementation: The instructions for the MCTA application is freely available at https://github.com/flowcytometry/MCTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Andrea Henriques-Pons,
| | - Carine P. Beatrici
- Scientific Computing Program, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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35
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Czechowska K, Lannigan J, Aghaeepour N, Back JB, Begum J, Behbehani G, Bispo C, Bitoun D, Fernández AB, Boova ST, Brinkman RR, Ciccolella CO, Cotleur B, Davies D, Dela Cruz GV, Del Rio-Guerra R, Des Lauriers-Cox AM, Douagi I, Dumrese C, Bonilla Escobar DL, Estevam J, Ewald C, Fossum A, Gaudillière B, Green C, Groves C, Hall C, Haque Y, Hedrick MN, Hogg K, Hsieh EWY, Irish J, Lederer J, Leipold M, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Litwin V, Lopez P, Nasdala I, Nedbal J, Ohlsson-Wilhelm BM, Price KM, Rahman AH, Rayanki R, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Shapiro H, Sun YS, Tang VA, Tesfa L, Telford WG, Walker R, Welsh JA, Wheeler P, Tárnok A. Cyt-Geist: Current and Future Challenges in Cytometry: Reports of the CYTO 2019 Conference Workshops. Cytometry A 2020; 95:1236-1274. [PMID: 31833655 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Alexandria, Virginia.,Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jessica B Back
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Julfa Begum
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Greg Behbehani
- Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cláudia Bispo
- Parnassus Flow Cytometry Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,ISAC SRL Emerging Leader, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Daniel Bitoun
- EMA Regional Marketing, BD Lifesciences, International Office, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco Fernández
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samuel Tony Boova
- High Burden HIV Global Markets, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Miami, Florida
| | - Ryan Remy Brinkman
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Cytapex Bioinformatics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Derek Davies
- Science Technology Platform Training Lead, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology - DanStem, Flow Cytometry Platform, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roxana Del Rio-Guerra
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Facility, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Dumrese
- Cytometry Facility, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jose Estevam
- Center of Biomarker Innovation and Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christina Ewald
- Cytometry Facility Senior Scientist, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fossum
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brice Gaudillière
- Anesthesiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cherie Green
- Flow Cytometry Biomarkers Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher Groves
- Cytometry/Dynamic Omics in R&D Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Astra Zeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Christopher Hall
- ISAC SRL Emerging Leader, Arlington, Virginia.,Cytometry Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yasmin Haque
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Karen Hogg
- Imaging and Cytometry Laboratory, Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Elena W Y Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Irish
- Cancer & Immunology Core and Mass Cytometry Center of Excellence, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Lederer
- Department of Surgery (Immunology), Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Leipold
- Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Laura J Lewis-Tuffin
- Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Virginia Litwin
- Caprion Biosciences, Inc., Immunology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Lopez
- Cytometry and Cell Sorting Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Jakub Nedbal
- Physics Department, King's College London, London, UK.,ISAC Marylou Ingram Scholar, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | - Kylie M Price
- Hugh Green Cytometry Centre, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Dept. of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Radhika Rayanki
- Cytometry/Dynamic Omics in R&D Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Astra Zeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Aja M Rieger
- ISAC SRL Emerging Leader, Arlington, Virginia.,University of Alberta, Flow Cytometry Facility, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Paul Robinson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | | | - Vera A Tang
- University of Ottawa, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lydia Tesfa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachael Walker
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joshua A Welsh
- ISAC Marylou Ingram Scholar, Arlington, Virginia.,Laboratory of Pathology, Translational Nanobiology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Wheeler
- Flow Cytometry, Luminex Corporation, Peterborough, UK
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
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36
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Li J, Gao F, Jin C, Shi X, Zhang C, Jia S, Xu J, Lv L, Yang W, Xu L. Separation of mononuclear cells and identification of B lymphocytes: A comprehensive experiment for medical students. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 48:283-290. [PMID: 32134175 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In teaching of experiments for medical students, by using the isolation of mononuclear cells and identification of B lymphocytes, an experiment was developed that integrated biochemistry, cytology, and immunology techniques, from which the students performed a series of operations including spleen separation, isolating mononuclear cells, and identifying B lymphocytes. From the immunocytochemistry detection, we included advanced equipment-a flow cytometer-in the experiment, which detected the B lymphocytes more accurately. Moreover, we applied modern information technology to the teaching of experiments by using an internet study platform, micro-lectures, and adopting "formative teaching and evaluation." This lab practice aims to increase the ability of medical students to solve problems using flexible scientific methods, to initiate them thinking about clinical and research application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Teaching Laboratory Center of Medicine and Life Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Jia
- Teaching Laboratory Center of Medicine and Life Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Teaching Laboratory Center of Medicine and Life Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Teaching Laboratory Center of Medicine and Life Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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37
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Comments to the first nomenclature of human cytology: the description of cells and their ultrastructure in the Terminologia Histologica. Which important medical and biological terms are disputable or missing? Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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