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Hall TL, Dickinson LM, Warman MK, Oser TK, Oser SM. Continuous glucose monitoring among nurse practitioners in primary care: Characteristics associated with prescribing and resources needed to support use. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2024:01741002-990000000-00237. [PMID: 39046421 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can improve health for people with diabetes but is limited in primary care (PC). Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in PC can improve diabetes management through CGM, but NPs' interest in CGM and support needed are unclear. PURPOSE We describe behaviors and attitudes related to CGM for diabetes management among NPs in PC. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional web-based survey of NPs practicing in PC settings used descriptive statistics to describe CGM experience and identify resources to support prescribing. We used multivariable regression to explore characteristics predicting prescribing and confidence using CGM for diabetes. RESULTS Nurse practitioners in hospital-owned settings were twice as likely to have prescribed CGM (odds ratio [OR] = 2.320, 95% CI [1.097, 4.903]; p = .002) than private practice; those in academic medical centers were less likely (OR = 0.098, 95% CI [0.012, 0.799]; p = .002). Past prescribing was associated with favorability toward future prescribing (coef. = 0.7284, SE = 0.1255, p < .001) and confidence using CGM to manage diabetes (type 1: coef. = 3.57, SE = 0.51, p < .001; type 2: coef. = 3.49, SE = 0.51, p < .001). Resources to prescribe CGM included consultation with an endocrinologist (62%), educational website (61%), and endocrinological e-consultations (59%). CONCLUSIONS Nurse practitioners are open to prescribing CGM and can improve diabetes management and health outcomes for PC patients. IMPLICATIONS Research should explore mechanisms behind associations with CGM experience and attitudes. Efforts to advance CGM should include educational websites and endocrinology consultations for NPs in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristen L Hall
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Twigg S, Lim S, Yoo SH, Chen L, Bao Y, Kong A, Yeoh E, Chan SP, Robles J, Mohan V, Cohen N, McGill M, Ji L. Asia-Pacific Perspectives on the Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Optimizing Diabetes Management. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231176533. [PMID: 37232515 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231176533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is prevalent, and it imposes a substantial public health burden globally and in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region. The cornerstone for optimizing diabetes management and treatment outcomes is glucose monitoring, the techniques of which have evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Contextual differences with Western populations and limited regionally generated clinical evidence warrant regional standards of diabetes care, including glucose monitoring in APAC. Hence, the APAC Diabetes Care Advisory Board convened to gather insights into clinician-reported CGM utilization for optimized glucose monitoring and diabetes management in the region. We discuss the findings from a pre-meeting survey and an expert panel meeting regarding glucose monitoring patterns and influencing factors, patient profiles for CGM initiation and continuation, CGM benefits, and CGM optimization challenges and potential solutions in APAC. While CGM is becoming the new standard of care and a useful adjunct to HbA1c and SMBG globally, glucose monitoring type, timing, and frequency should be individualized according to local and patient-specific contexts. The results of this APAC survey guide methods for the formulation of future APAC-specific consensus guidelines for the application of CGM in people living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Twigg
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Liming Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ester Yeoh
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Siew Pheng Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeremyjones Robles
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre and Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret McGill
- Central Clinical School Faculty of Medicine and Health, Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Linong Ji
- Peking University Diabetes Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Srivastava SB. Empowering People with Diabetes: Role of Continuous Glucose Monitor Systems. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:359-364. [PMID: 37304746 PMCID: PMC10248365 DOI: 10.1177/15598276231158044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring in a person with diabetes who is embracing lifestyle changes can be greatly impactful in numerous ways. There are many factors that have been identified to affect blood glucose, and for someone who may be implementing the six pillars of lifestyle medicine, their blood sugar may require closer monitoring. Lifestyle medicine interventions may lead to improved glucose levels or even remission. The continuous glucose monitor allows people to see glucose levels, trends, and how rapidly their glucose levels are rising or dropping, empowering them to make connections with how they feel and how their actions are impacting their blood sugar, as well as giving information about how medications may need to be adjusted or deprescribed. CGM, when appropriately used, can help determine how to best manage diabetes, optimize outcomes, minimize risks, and empower the person and healthcare team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha B Srivastava
- Associate Professor/Associate Director of Skills Education,
Clinical Pharmacist, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and
Science, North Chicago, IL, USA; Lake County Health Department, Highland Park, IL, USA
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Afeef S, Tolfrey K, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Barrett LA. Performance of the FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Exercise in Healthy Adolescents. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094249. [PMID: 37177452 PMCID: PMC10180860 DOI: 10.3390/s23094249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study's aim was to assess FreeStyle Libre Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) performance during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and treadmill exercise in healthy adolescents. This should advance the feasibility and utility of user-friendly technologies for metabolic assessments in adolescents. Seventeen healthy adolescents (nine girls aged 12.8 ± 0.9 years) performed an OGTT and submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise tests in a laboratory setting. The scanned interstitial fluid glucose concentration ([ISFG]) obtained by FGM was compared against finger-prick capillary plasma glucose concentration ([CPG]) at 0 (pre-OGTT), -15, -30, -60, -120 min post-OGTT, pre-, mid-, post- submaximal exercise, and pre- and post- maximal exercise. Overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was 13.1 ± 8.5%, and 68% (n = 113) of the paired glucose data met the ISO 15197:2013 criteria. For clinical accuracy, 84% and 16% of FGM readings were within zones A and B in the Consensus Error Grid (CEG), respectively, which met the ISO 15197:2013 criteria of having at least 99% of results within these zones. Scanned [ISFG] were statistically lower than [CPG] at 15 (-1.16 mmol∙L-1, p < 0.001) and 30 min (-0.74 mmol∙L-1, p = 0.041) post-OGTT. Yet, post-OGTT glycaemic responses assessed by total and incremental areas under the curve (AUCs) were not significantly different, with trivial to small effect sizes (p ≥ 0.084, d = 0.14-0.45). Further, [ISFGs] were not different from [CPGs] during submaximal and maximal exercise tests (interaction p ≥ 0.614). FGM can be a feasible alternative to reflect postprandial glycaemia (AUCs) in healthy adolescents who may not endure repeated finger pricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Afeef
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keith Tolfrey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Laura A Barrett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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5
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Lee J, Hoover A, King SA, Chen L, Zhao J, Lin Q, Yu C, Zhu L, Wu X. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Enabled by Fluorescent Nanodiamond Boronic Hydrogel. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203943. [PMID: 36646501 PMCID: PMC9982560 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of glucose allows diabetic patients to better maintain blood glucose level by altering insulin dosage or diet according to prevailing glucose values and thus to prevent potential hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. However, current continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) relies mostly on enzyme electrodes or micro-dialysis probes, which suffer from insufficient stability, susceptibility to corrosion of electrodes, weak or inconsistent correlation, and inevitable interference. A fluorescence-based glucose sensor in the skin will likely be more stable, have improved sensitivity, and can resolve the issues of electrochemical interference from the tissue. This study develops a fluorescent nanodiamond boronic hydrogel system in porous microneedles for CGM. Fluorescent nanodiamond is one of the most photostable fluorophores with superior biocompatibility. When surface functionalized, the fluorescent nanodiamond can integrate with boronic polymer and form a hydrogel, which can produce fluorescent signals in response to environmental glucose concentration. In this proof-of-concept study, the strategy for building a miniatured device with fluorescent nanodiamond hydrogel is developed. The device demonstrates remarkable long-term photo and signal stability in vivo with both small and large animal models. This study presents a new strategy of fluorescence based CGM toward treatment and control of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Key laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
- Burns Center of Changhai HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Alex Hoover
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Sarah Ann King
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Lifeng Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoILUSA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Qiuning Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University800 Dong Chuan RoadShanghai200240China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Research InstitutePennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Linyong Zhu
- Key laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237China
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoILUSA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
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6
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Mia AK, Meyyappan M, Giri PK. Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Based Biosensors: From Fundamentals to Healthcare Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020169. [PMID: 36831935 PMCID: PMC9953520 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been an exponential surge in reports on two-dimensional (2D) materials ever since the discovery of graphene in 2004. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a class of 2D materials where weak van der Waals force binds individual covalently bonded X-M-X layers (where M is the transition metal and X is the chalcogen), making layer-controlled synthesis possible. These individual building blocks (single-layer TMDs) transition from indirect to direct band gaps and have fascinating optical and electronic properties. Layer-dependent opto-electrical properties, along with the existence of finite band gaps, make single-layer TMDs superior to the well-known graphene that paves the way for their applications in many areas. Ultra-fast response, high on/off ratio, planar structure, low operational voltage, wafer scale synthesis capabilities, high surface-to-volume ratio, and compatibility with standard fabrication processes makes TMDs ideal candidates to replace conventional semiconductors, such as silicon, etc., in the new-age electrical, electronic, and opto-electronic devices. Besides, TMDs can be potentially utilized in single molecular sensing for early detection of different biomarkers, gas sensors, photodetector, and catalytic applications. The impact of COVID-19 has given rise to an upsurge in demand for biosensors with real-time detection capabilities. TMDs as active or supporting biosensing elements exhibit potential for real-time detection of single biomarkers and, hence, show promise in the development of point-of-care healthcare devices. In this review, we provide a historical survey of 2D TMD-based biosensors for the detection of bio analytes ranging from bacteria, viruses, and whole cells to molecular biomarkers via optical, electronic, and electrochemical sensing mechanisms. Current approaches and the latest developments in the study of healthcare devices using 2D TMDs are discussed. Additionally, this review presents an overview of the challenges in the area and discusses the future perspective of 2D TMDs in the field of biosensing for healthcare devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kaium Mia
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - P. K. Giri
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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7
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Kalra S, Unnikrishnan AG, Prasanna Kumar KM, Sahay R, Chandalia HB, Saboo B, Annamalai S, Kesavadev J, Shukla R, Wangnoo SK, Baruah MP, Jacob J, Arora S, Singla R, Sharma SK, Damodaran S, Bantwal G. Addendum 1: Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations, India. Diabetes Ther 2023; 14:29-45. [PMID: 36380217 PMCID: PMC9880128 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emerging complexities in chronic diseases and people's lifestyles, healthcare professionals (HCPs) need to update their methods to manage and educate patients with chronic lifestyle disorders, particularly diabetes. The insulin injection technique (IIT), along with various parameters, must also be updated with newer methods. Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations (FITTER), India, has updated its recommendations to cover newer ways of detecting hypoglycaemia and lipohypertrophy, preventing needlestick injuries (NSIs), discouraging the reuse of insulin needles and encouraging good disposal. FITTER, India, is also introducing recommendations to calculate insulin bolus dose. These updated recommendations will help HCPs better manage patients with diabetes and achieve improved outcomes.
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8
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Brown JVE, Ajjan R, Siddiqi N, Coventry PA. Acceptability and feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring in people with diabetes: protocol for a mixed-methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Syst Rev 2022; 11:263. [PMID: 36494845 PMCID: PMC9733378 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-02126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good glycaemic control is a crucial part of diabetes management. Traditional assessment methods, including HbA1c checks and self-monitoring of blood glucose, can be unreliable and inaccurate. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers a non-invasive and more detailed alternative. Availability of this technology is increasing worldwide. However, there is no current comprehensive evidence on the acceptability and feasibility of these devices. This is a protocol for a mixed-methods systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence about acceptability and feasibility of CGM in people with diabetes. METHODS We will search MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL for qualitative and quantitative evidence about the feasibility and acceptability of CGM in all populations with diabetes (any type) using search terms for "continuous glucose monitoring" and "diabetes". We will not apply any study-type filters. Searches will be restricted to studies conducted in humans and those published from 2011 onwards. We will not restrict the search by language. Study selection and data extraction will be carried out by two reviewers independently using Rayyan and Eppi-Reviewer, respectively, with disagreements resolved by discussion. Data extraction will include key information about each study, as well as qualitative evidence in the form of participant quotes from primary studies and themes and subthemes based on the authors' analysis. Quantitative data relating to acceptability and feasibility including data loss, adherence, and quantitative ratings of acceptability will be extracted as means and standard deviations or n/N as appropriate. Qualitative evidence will be analysed using framework analysis informed by the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Where possible, quantitative evidence will be combined using random-effects meta-analysis; otherwise, a narrative synthesis will be performed. The most appropriate method for integrating qualitative and quantitative findings will be selected based on the data available. DISCUSSION Ongoing assessment of the acceptability of interventions has been identified as crucially important to scale-up and implementation. This review will provide new knowledge with the potential to inform a programme theory of CGM as well as future roll-out to potentially vulnerable populations, including those with severe mental illness. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021255141.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramzi Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Najma Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Hull York Medical School, York, UK.,Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Peter A Coventry
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, UK.,Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York, UK
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9
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Brannon GE, Ray M, Cho P, Baum M, Beg MS, Bevers T, Schembre SM, Basen-Engquist K, Liao Y. A qualitative study to explore the acceptability and usefulness of personalized biofeedback to motivate physical activity in cancer survivors. Digit Health 2022; 8:20552076221129096. [PMID: 36238756 PMCID: PMC9551329 DOI: 10.1177/20552076221129096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Many cancer survivors do not meet recommended levels of exercise, despite the
benefits physical activity offers. This study aimed to understand
experiences of insufficiently active overweight/obese breast or colorectal
cancer survivors, in efforts to (1) examine regular physical activity
barriers, and (2) determine perceptions and acceptability of a remotely
delivered physical activity intervention utilizing wearable sensors and
personalized feedback messages. Methods In-person and virtual small group interviews were conducted engaging
overweight/obese cancer survivors (n = 16, 94% female, 94%
breast cancer survivors) in discussions resulting in 314 pages of
transcribed data analyzed by multiple coders. Results All participants expressed needing to increase physical activity, identifying
lack of motivation centering on survivorship experiences and symptom
management as the most salient barrier. They indicated familiarity with
activity trackers (i.e., Fitbit) and expressed interest in biosensors (i.e.,
continuous glucose monitors [CGMs]) as CGMs show biological metrics in
real-time. Participants reported (1) personalized feedback messages can
improve motivation and accountability; (2) CGM acceptability is high given
survivors’ medical history; and (3) glucose data is a relevant health
indicator and they appreciated integrated messages (between Fitbit and CGM)
in demonstrating how behaviors immediately affect one's body. Conclusions This study supports the use of wearable biosensors and m-health interventions
to promote physical activity in cancer survivors. Glucose-based biofeedback
provides relevant and motivating information for cancer survivors regarding
their daily activity levels by demonstrating the immediate effects of
physical activity. Integrating biofeedback into physical activity
interventions could be an effective behavioral change strategy to promote a
healthy lifestyle in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Brannon
- Department of Communication, University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Madison Ray
- Department of Communication, University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Cho
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miranda Baum
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad Shaalan Beg
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology,
University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
TX, USA
| | - Therese Bevers
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention,
The University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,
Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan M. Schembre
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine,
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue Liao
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Center, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA,Yue Liao, Department of Kinesiology,
University of Texas at Arlington, 500 West Nedderman Drive, MAC 147, Arlington,
TX 76019, USA. E-mail:
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10
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Jahromi R, Zahed K, Sasangohar F, Erraguntla M, Mehta R, Qaraqe K. Hypoglycemia Detection Using Hand Tremors: A Home Study in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes (Preprint). JMIR Diabetes 2022; 8:e40990. [PMID: 37074783 PMCID: PMC10157461 DOI: 10.2196/40990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide and is steadily increasing. A serious condition associated with diabetes is low glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Monitoring blood glucose is usually performed by invasive methods or intrusive devices, and these devices are currently not available to all patients with diabetes. Hand tremor is a significant symptom of hypoglycemia, as nerves and muscles are powered by blood sugar. However, to our knowledge, no validated tools or algorithms exist to monitor and detect hypoglycemic events via hand tremors. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we propose a noninvasive method to detect hypoglycemic events based on hand tremors using accelerometer data. METHODS We analyzed triaxial accelerometer data from a smart watch recorded from 33 patients with type 1 diabetes for 1 month. Time and frequency domain features were extracted from acceleration signals to explore different machine learning models to classify and differentiate between hypoglycemic and nonhypoglycemic states. RESULTS The mean duration of the hypoglycemic state was 27.31 (SD 5.15) minutes per day for each patient. On average, patients had 1.06 (SD 0.77) hypoglycemic events per day. The ensemble learning model based on random forest, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbors had the best performance, with a precision of 81.5% and a recall of 78.6%. The results were validated using continuous glucose monitor readings as ground truth. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the proposed approach can be a potential tool to detect hypoglycemia and can serve as a proactive, nonintrusive alert mechanism for hypoglycemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jahromi
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Karim Zahed
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Farzan Sasangohar
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Center for Critical Care, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Madhav Erraguntla
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ranjana Mehta
- Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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11
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Zafra-Tanaka JH, Beran D, Vetter B, Sampath R, Bernabe-Ortiz A. Technologies for Diabetes Self-Monitoring: A Scoping Review and Assessment Using the REASSURED Criteria. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:962-970. [PMID: 33686875 PMCID: PMC9264435 DOI: 10.1177/1932296821997909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-management is an important pillar for diabetes control and to achieve it, glucose self-monitoring devices are needed. Currently, there exist several different devices in the market and many others are being developed. However, whether these devices are suitable to be used in resource constrained settings is yet to be evaluated. AIMS To assess existing glucose monitoring tools and also those in development against the REASSURED which have been previously used to evaluate diagnostic tools for communicable diseases. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed for peer-review articles published in either English, Spanish or Portuguese in the last 5 years. We selected papers including information about devices used for self-monitoring and tested on humans with diabetes; then, the REASSURED criteria were used to assess them. RESULTS We found a total of 7 continuous glucose monitoring device groups, 6 non-continuous, and 6 devices in development. Accuracy varied between devices and most of them were either invasive or minimally invasive. Little to no evidence is published around robustness, affordability and delivery to those in need. However, when reviewing publicly available prices, none of the devices would be affordable for people living in low- and middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Available devices cannot be considered adapted for use in self-monitoring in resource constraints settings. Further studies should aim to develop less-invasive devices that do not require a large set of components. Additionally, we suggest some improvement in the REASSURED criteria such as the inclusion of patient-important outcomes to increase its appropriateness to assess non-communicable diseases devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hanae Zafra-Tanaka
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in
Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Jessica Hanae Zafra-Tanaka, MD, MSc,
CRONICAS Center of Excellence for Chronic Diseases, Universidad
Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Armendáriz 497, Miraflores, Lima 18,
Perú.
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and
Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals,
Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Vetter
- Foundation for Innovative New
Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in
Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Urakami T, Terada H, Yoshida K, Kuwabara R, Mine Y, Aoki M, Shoji Y, Suzuki J, Morioka I. Comparison of the clinical effects of intermittently scanned and real-time continuous glucose monitoring in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1745-1752. [PMID: 35532954 PMCID: PMC9533045 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS /Introduction The aim of the study was to compare two continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) and real-time CGM (rtCGM), to determine which system achieved better glycemic control in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and compared the time in range (TIR) (70-180 mg/dL), time below range (TBR) (< 70 mg/dL), and time above range (TAR) (> 180 mg/dL), and estimated HbA1c (eA1c) levels between patients on isCGM and rtCGM. RESULTS Of the 112 participants, 76 (67.9%) used isCGM and 36 (32.1%) used rtCGM for glycemic management. Patients on rtCGM had significantly greater TIR (57.7% ± 12.3% vs. 52.3% ± 12.3%, P = 0.0368), and had significantly lower TBR (4.3% ± 2.7% vs. 10.2% ± 5.4%, P < 0.001) than those on isCGM but there was no significant difference in the TAR (37.4% ± 12.9% vs. 38.0% ± 12.5%, P = 0.881) or the eA1c levels (7.4% ± 0.9% vs. 7.5% ± 0.8%, P = 0.734) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes on rtCGM also showed more beneficial effects for increase of TIR with notably reduction of TBR than those on isCGM. Real-time CGM may provide better glycemic control than isCGM in children with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Terada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Remi Kuwabara
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mine
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Aoki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Juneja D, Gupta A, Singh O. Artificial intelligence in critically ill diabetic patients: current status and future prospects. Artif Intell Gastroenterol 2022; 3:66-79. [DOI: 10.35712/aig.v3.i2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing numbers of artificial intelligence (AI) based applications and devices being tested and approved for medical care. Diabetes is arguably the most common chronic disorder worldwide and AI is now being used for making an early diagnosis, to predict and diagnose early complications, increase adherence to therapy, and even motivate patients to manage diabetes and maintain glycemic control. However, these AI applications have largely been tested in non-critically ill patients and aid in managing chronic problems. Intensive care units (ICUs) have a dynamic environment generating huge data, which AI can extract and organize simultaneously, thus analysing many variables for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in order to predict outcomes of interest. Even non-diabetic ICU patients are at risk of developing hypo or hyperglycemia, complicating their ICU course and affecting outcomes. In addition, to maintain glycemic control frequent blood sampling and insulin dose adjustments are required, increasing nursing workload and chances of error. AI has the potential to improve glycemic control while reducing the nursing workload and errors. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, which are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in non-critically ill patients, are now being recommended for use in specific ICU populations with increased accuracy. AI based devices including artificial pancreas and CGM regulated insulin infusion system have shown promise as comprehensive glycemic control solutions in critically ill patients. Even though many of these AI applications have shown potential, these devices need to be tested in larger number of ICU patients, have wider availability, show favorable cost-benefit ratio and be amenable for easy integration into the existing healthcare systems, before they become acceptable to ICU physicians for routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven Juneja
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110092, India
| | - Anish Gupta
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110092, India
| | - Omender Singh
- Institute of Critical Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi 110092, India
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14
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Hua X, Catchpool M, Clarke P, Blackberry I, Chiang J, Holmes-Truscott E, Jenkins A, Khunti K, O'Neal D, Speight J, Furler J, Manski-Nankervis JA, Dalziel K. Cost-effectiveness of professional-mode flash glucose monitoring in general practice among adults with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the GP-OSMOTIC trial. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14747. [PMID: 34806780 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the cost-effectiveness of professional-mode flash glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice compared with usual clinical care. METHODS An economic evaluation was conducted as a component of the GP-OSMOTIC trial, a pragmatic multicentre 12-month randomised controlled trial enrolling 299 adults with type 2 diabetes in Victoria, Australia. The economic evaluation was conducted from an Australian healthcare sector perspective with a lifetime horizon. Health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and total healthcare costs were compared between the intervention and the usual care group within the trial period. The 'UKPDS Outcomes Model 2' was used to simulate post-trial lifetime costs, life expectancy and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). RESULTS No significant difference in health-related quality of life and costs was found between the two groups within the trial period. Professional-mode flash glucose monitoring yielded greater QALYs (0.03 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.04]) and a higher cost (A$3807 [95% CI: 3604, 4007]) compared with usual clinical care using a lifetime horizon under the trial-based monitoring frequency, considered not cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio = A$120,228). The intervention becomes cost-effective if sensor price is reduced to lower than 50%, or monitoring frequency is decreased to once per year while maintaining the same treatment effect on HbA1c . CONCLUSIONS Including professional-mode flash glucose monitoring every 3 months as part of a management plan for people with type 2 diabetes in general practice is not cost-effective, but could be if the sensor price or monitoring frequency can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Hua
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Max Catchpool
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Blackberry
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Chiang
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holmes-Truscott
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicia Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - David O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Speight
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Furler
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kim Dalziel
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Kharbikar BN, Chendke GS, Desai TA. Modulating the foreign body response of implants for diabetes treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:87-113. [PMID: 33484736 PMCID: PMC8217111 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to patients' inability to produce sufficient insulin. Current interventions often require implants that can detect and correct high blood glucose levels with minimal patient intervention. However, these implantable technologies have not reached their full potential in vivo due to the foreign body response and subsequent development of fibrosis. Therefore, for long-term function of implants, modulating the initial immune response is crucial in preventing the activation and progression of the immune cascade. This review discusses the different molecular mechanisms and cellular interactions involved in the activation and progression of foreign body response (FBR) and fibrosis, specifically for implants used in diabetes. We also highlight the various strategies and techniques that have been used for immunomodulation and prevention of fibrosis. We investigate how these general strategies have been applied to implants used for the treatment of diabetes, offering insights on how these devices can be further modified to circumvent FBR and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan N Kharbikar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gauree S Chendke
- University of California Berkeley - University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California Berkeley - University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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16
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Ri M, Nunobe S, Ida S, Ishizuka N, Atsumi S, Makuuchi R, Kumagai K, Ohashi M, Sano T. Preliminary prospective study of real-time post-gastrectomy glycemic fluctuations during dumping symptoms using continuous glucose monitoring. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3386-3395. [PMID: 34163119 PMCID: PMC8218361 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dumping symptoms constitute the most common post-gastrectomy syndromes impairing patient quality of life, the causes, including blood sugar fluctuations, are difficult to elucidate due to limitations in examining dumping symptoms as they occur.
AIM To investigate relationships between glucose fluctuations and the occurrence of dumping symptoms in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
METHODS Patients receiving distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I (DG-BI) or Roux-en-Y reconstruction (DG-RY) and total gastrectomy with RY (TG-RY) for gastric cancer (March 2018-January 2020) were prospectively enrolled. Interstitial tissue glycemic profiles were measured every 15 min, up to 14 d, by continuous glucose monitoring. Dumping episodes were recorded on 5 patient-selected days by diary. Within 3 h postprandially, dumping-associated glycemic changes were defined as a dumping profile, those without symptoms as a control profile. These profiles were compared.
RESULTS Thirty patients were enrolled (10 DG-BI, 10 DG-RY, 10 TG-RY). The 47 early dumping profiles of DG-BI showed immediately sharp rises after a meal, which 47 control profiles did not (P < 0.05). Curves of the 15 late dumping profiles of DG-BI were similar to those of early dumping profiles, with lower glycemic levels. DG-RY and TG-RY late dumping profiles (7 and 13, respectively) showed rapid glycemic decreases from a high glycemic state postprandially to hypoglycemia, with a steeper drop in TG-RY than in DG-RY.
CONCLUSION Postprandial glycemic changes suggest dumping symptoms after standard gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Furthermore, glycemic profiles during dumping may differ depending on reconstruction methods after gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Ri
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Souya Nunobe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishizuka
- Clinical Trial Planning and Management, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Atsumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Rie Makuuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Koshi Kumagai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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17
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Hidefjäll P, Berg L. Patient Controlled, Off-label Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Real-World Medical Costs and Effects of Patient Controlled Sensor Augmented Pump Therapy in Adult Patients Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:575-581. [PMID: 32517514 PMCID: PMC8111228 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820920909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has shown promise to reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, but its cost-effectiveness is seen as uncertain by reimbursement agencies. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of real-world, off-label, patient controlled CGM use in combination with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on costs and effects in patients with type 1 diabetes in a Swedish clinic. METHODS A real-world, retrospective study with questionnaire on CGM use by adult patients with type 1 diabetes on CSII (Animas Vibe) were offered sensor augmented pump therapy (SAPT) (Dexcom G4) as part of hospital innovation funding program. Direct medical costs, HbA1c, and complications following switch from CSII with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to SAPT were calculated. RESULTS Questionnaire data showed that CGM sensors were on average used 92% of the time for 22 days. One hundred and thirty-nine (95%) of 146 respondents used each sensor for longer than one week. Data analysis showed a statistically significant HbA1c decrease of 0.56% (6.1 mmol/mol) after change to SAPT. In patients using the sensor 100%, the decrease was 0.89% (9.8 mmol/mol). The analysis showed that SAPT led to higher costs (5500 USD/year) than CSII + SMBG (3680 USD/year), with incremental costs being 1815 USD per year to achieve an HbA1c decrease of 0.56% (6.1 mmol/mol). The incidence of all complications declined after switch to SAPT. CONCLUSION The primary data analysis showed a decrease in HbA1c values following switch to SAPT, corresponding to previous cost-effectiveness studies, but at substantially lower costs due to longer sensor off-label use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Hidefjäll
- Unit for Bioentrepreneurship, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Patrik Hidefjäll, PhD, Unit for
Bioentrepreneurship, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, SE 171 77
Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Berg
- Diabetes Nurse, Medical Clinic, SÄS
Borås, Sweden
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18
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Lin R, Brown F, James S, Jones J, Ekinci E. Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the evidence in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14528. [PMID: 33496979 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND AIM Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is becoming widely accepted as an adjunct to diabetes management. Compared to standard care, CGM can provide detailed information about glycaemic variability in an internationally standardised ambulatory glucose profile, enabling more informed user and clinician decision making. We aimed to review the evidence, user experience and cost-effectiveness of CGM. METHODS A literature search was conducted by combining subject headings 'CGM' and 'flash glucose monitoring', with key words 'type 1 diabetes' and 'type 2 diabetes', limited to '1999 to current'. Further evidence was obtained from relevant references of retrieved articles. RESULTS There is a strong evidence for CGM use in people with type 1 diabetes, with benefits of reduced glycated haemoglobin and hypoglycaemia, and increased time in range. While the evidence for CGM use in type 2 diabetes is less robust, similar benefits have been demonstrated. CGM can improve diabetes-related satisfaction in people with diabetes (PWD) and parents of children with diabetes, as well as the clinician experience. However, CGM does have limitations including cost, accuracy and perceived inconvenience. Cost-effectiveness analyses have indicated that CGM is a cost-effective adjunct to type 1 diabetes management that is associated with reduced diabetes-related complications and hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS Continuous glucose monitoring is revolutionising diabetes management. It is a cost-effective adjunct to diabetes management that has the potential to improve glycaemic outcomes and quality of life in PWD, especially type 1 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/economics
- Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/instrumentation
- Cost-Benefit Analysis/statistics & numerical data
- Diabetes Complications/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/economics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/economics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
- Glycemic Control/economics
- Glycemic Control/instrumentation
- Glycemic Control/statistics & numerical data
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Patient Satisfaction/statistics & numerical data
- Quality of Life
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Fran Brown
- Melbourne Diabetes Education and Support, Heidelberg Heights, Vic., Australia
| | - Steven James
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Qld, Australia
| | - Jessica Jones
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (Austin Campus), Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Elif Ekinci
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (Austin Campus), Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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19
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McMorrow R, Thuraisingam S, Furler J, Manski-Nankervis JA. Professional flash glucose monitoring and health service utilisation in type 2 diabetes: A secondary analysis of the GP-OSMOTIC study. Prim Care Diabetes 2021; 15:178-183. [PMID: 32863148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Professional flash glucose monitoring involves people with diabetes wearing a glucose monitor for up to two weeks, with the data downloaded by their health professional, and the information used to help guide treatment. This study describes if professional flash glucose monitoring was associated with a change in health services utilisation. METHODS Administrative claims data from three data sources were linked to 288 participants from the GP-OSMOTIC study, a randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of professional flash glucose monitoring versus usual care in people with type 2 diabetes in primary care. Generalised linear models with the Poisson family specified and log link function were used to compare general practice consultations between the intervention and control groups at 0-6- and 6-12-month time points, with adjustment for baseline health services utilisation. RESULTS GP consultations increased in the flash glucose monitoring group in the 6 months following initial flash glucose monitoring sensor application from a median (IQR) 6 (4,9) to 8 (5,11); (P < 0.001). Participants in the professional FGM group were 1.2 times (95 % CI 1.1-1.4 (P = 0.0014)) more likely at 6-12 months to have GP consultation visits. CONCLUSIONS Administrative claims data identified changes in health services utilisation associated with professional flash glucose monitoring, despite minimal changes in glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita McMorrow
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Level 2, 780 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Sharmala Thuraisingam
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Level 2, 780 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - John Furler
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Level 2, 780 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Level 2, 780 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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20
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Kalra S, Shaikh S, Priya G, Baruah MP, Verma A, Das AK, Shah M, Das S, Khandelwal D, Sanyal D, Ghosh S, Saboo B, Bantwal G, Ayyagari U, Gardner D, Jimeno C, Barbary NE, Hafidh KA, Bhattarai J, Minulj TT, Zufry H, Bulugahapitiya U, Murad M, Tan A, Shahjada S, Bello MB, Katulanda P, Podgorski G, AbuHelaiqa WI, Tan R, Latheef A, Govender S, Assaad-Khalil SH, Kootin-Sanwu C, Joshi A, Pathan F, Nkansah DA. Individualizing Time-in-Range Goals in Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Role of Insulin: Clinical Insights From a Multinational Panel. Diabetes Ther 2021; 12:465-485. [PMID: 33367983 PMCID: PMC7846622 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Inadequate control of diabetes leads to chronic complications and higher mortality rates, which emphasizes the importance of achieving glycemic targets. Although glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glycemic control, it has several limitations. Therefore, in recent years, along with the emergence of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology, glycemic control modalities have moved beyond HbA1c. They encompass modern glucometrics, such as glycemic variability (GV) and time-in-range (TIR). The key advantage of these newer metrics over HbA1c is that they allow personalized diabetes management with person-centric glycemic control. Basal insulin analogues, especially second-generation basal insulins with properties such as longer duration of action and low risk of hypoglycemia, have demonstrated clinical benefits by reducing GV and improving TIR. Therefore, for more effective and accurate diabetes management, the development of an integrated approach with second-generation basal insulin and glucometrics involving GV and TIR is the need of the hour. With this objective, a multinational group of endocrinologists and diabetologists reviewed the existing recommendations on TIR, provided their clinical insights into the individualization of TIR targets, and elucidated on the role of the second-generation basal insulin analogues in addressing TIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Shehla Shaikh
- Department of Endocrinology, KGN Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gagan Priya
- Department of Endocrinology, Fortis Hospital, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Manas P Baruah
- Department of Endocrinology, Excel Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Abhyudaya Verma
- Endocrine Division, Index Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok K Das
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Mona Shah
- HARMONY Endocrine Diabetes and Metabolic Clinic, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Sambit Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Khandelwal
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Debmalya Sanyal
- Department of Endocrinology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IPGMER, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care, Diabetes Care and Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganapathi Bantwal
- Department of Endocrinology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Ayyagari
- Department of Endocrinology, Apollo Sugar Clinics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Daphne Gardner
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cecilia Jimeno
- Department of Endocrinology, Philippine Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nancy E Barbary
- Department of Endocrinology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khadijah A Hafidh
- Department of Endocrinology, Rashid Hospital-Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Jyoti Bhattarai
- Department of Endocrinology, Metro Kathmandu Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tania T Minulj
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital Karyadi, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Zufry
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital Zainoel Abidin, Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Moosa Murad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé, Maldives
| | - Alexander Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sunway Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Selim Shahjada
- Department of Endocrinology, BSMMU (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mijinyawa B Bello
- Department of Endocrinology, Gwarinpa District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Prasad Katulanda
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Gracjan Podgorski
- Department of Endocrinology, Greenacres Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | | | - Rima Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, FEU-NRMF Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ali Latheef
- Department of Endocrinology, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé, Maldives
| | | | | | | | - Ansumali Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology, Kathmandu Diabetes and Thyroid Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Faruque Pathan
- Department of Endocrinology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Diana A Nkansah
- Department of Endocrinology, 37 Military Hospital Accra, Accra, Ghana
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Williams GT, Haynes CJE, Fares M, Caltagirone C, Hiscock JR, Gale PA. Advances in applied supramolecular technologies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2737-2763. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has successfully built a foundation of fundamental understanding. However, with this now achieved, we show how this area of chemistry is moving out of the laboratory towards successful commercialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed Fares
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Claudia Caltagirone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari
- 09042 Monserrato (CA)
- Italy
| | | | - Philip A. Gale
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)
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22
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Valenzano M, Cibrario Bertolotti I, Valenzano A, Grassi G. Time in range-A1c hemoglobin relationship in continuous glucose monitoring of type 1 diabetes: a real-world study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001045. [PMID: 33514530 PMCID: PMC7849891 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The availability of easily accessible continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics can improve glycemic control in diabetes, and they may even become a viable alternative to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) laboratory tests in the next years. The REALISM-T1D study (REAl-Life glucoSe Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes) was aimed at contributing, with real-world data, to a deeper understanding of these metrics, including the time in range (TIR)-HbA1c relationship, to facilitate their adoption by diabetologists in everyday practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 70 adults affected by type 1 diabetes were monitored for 1 year by means of either flash (FGM) or real-time (rtCGM) glucose monitoring devices. Follow-up visits were performed after 90, 180 and 365 days from baseline and percentage TIR70-180 evaluated for the 90-day time period preceding each visit. HbA1c tests were also carried out in the same occasions and measured values paired with the corresponding TIR data. RESULTS A monovariate linear regression analysis confirms a strong correlation between TIR and HbA1c as found in previous studies, but leveraging more homogeneous data (n=146) collected in real-life conditions. Differences were determined between FGM and rtCGM devices in Pearson's correlation (rFGM=0.703, rrtCGM=0.739), slope (β1,FGM=-11.77, β1,rtCGM=-10.74) and intercept (β0,FGM=141.19, β0,rtCGM=140.77) coefficients. Normality of residuals and homoscedasticity were successfully verified in both cases. CONCLUSIONS Regression lines for two patient groups monitored through FGM and rtCGM devices, respectively, while confirming a linear relationship between TIR and A1c hemoglobin (A1C) in good accordance with previous studies, also show a statistically significant difference in the regression intercept, thus suggesting the need for different models tailored to device characteristics. The predictive power of A1C as a TIR estimator also deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Valenzano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti
- Institute of Electronics, Information and Telecommunication Engineering, CNR IEIIT, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Adriano Valenzano
- Institute of Electronics, Information and Telecommunication Engineering, CNR IEIIT, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grassi
- Endocrinology, Ospedale Molinette, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
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23
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Kamusheva M, Tachkov K, Dimitrova M, Mitkova Z, García-Sáez G, Hernando ME, Goettsch W, Petrova G. A Systematic Review of Collective Evidences Investigating the Effect of Diabetes Monitoring Systems and Their Application in Health Care. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:636959. [PMID: 33796074 PMCID: PMC8008960 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes monitoring systems (DMS) are a possible approach for regular control of glucose levels in patients with Type 1 or 2 diabetes in order to improve therapeutic outcomes or to identify and modify inappropriate patient behaviors in a timely manner. Despite the significant number of studies observing the DMS, no collective evidence is available about the effect of all devices. GOAL To review and consolidate evidences from multiple systematic reviews on the diabetes monitoring systems and the outcomes achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Internet-based search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane was performed to identify all studies relevant to the research question. The data regarding type of intervention, type of diabetes mellitus, type of study, change in clinical parameter(s), or another relevant outcome were extracted and summarized. RESULTS Thirty-three out of 1,495 initially identified studies, involving more than 44,100 patients with Type 1, Type 2, or gestational diabetes for real-time or retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGMS), Sensor Augmented Pump Therapy (SAPT), Self-monitoring Blood Glucose (SMBG), Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM), Closed-loop systems and telemonitoring, were included. Most of the studies observed small nominal effectiveness of DMS. In total 11 systematic reviews and 15 meta-analyses, with most focusing on patients with Type 1 diabetes (10 and 6, respectively), reported a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from 0.17 to 0.70% after use of DMS. CONCLUSION Current systematic review of already published systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggests that no statistically significant difference exists between the values of HbA1c as a result of application of any type of DMS. The changes in HbA1c values, number and frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, and time in glucose range are the most valuable for assessing the appropriateness and effectiveness of DMS. Future more comprehensive studies assessing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and comparative effectiveness of DMS are needed to stratify them for the most suitable diabetes patients' subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kamusheva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Maria Kamusheva,
| | | | - Maria Dimitrova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zornitsa Mitkova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gema García-Sáez
- Bioengineering and Telemedicine Group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-BBN: Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Elena Hernando
- Bioengineering and Telemedicine Group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-BBN: Networking Research Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wim Goettsch
- Utrecht Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- National Health Care Institute (ZIN), Diemen, Netherlands
| | - Guenka Petrova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring is poised to radically change the treatment of diabetes and patient engagement of those afflicted with this disease. This article will provide an overview of CGM and equip health care providers to begin integrating this technology into their clinical practice.
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25
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Ellahham S. Artificial Intelligence: The Future for Diabetes Care. Am J Med 2020; 133:895-900. [PMID: 32325045 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a fast-growing field and its applications to diabetes, a global pandemic, can reform the approach to diagnosis and management of this chronic condition. Principles of machine learning have been used to build algorithms to support predictive models for the risk of developing diabetes or its consequent complications. Digital therapeutics have proven to be an established intervention for lifestyle therapy in the management of diabetes. Patients are increasingly being empowered for self-management of diabetes, and both patients and health care professionals are benefitting from clinical decision support. AI allows a continuous and burden-free remote monitoring of the patient's symptoms and biomarkers. Further, social media and online communities enhance patient engagement in diabetes care. Technical advances have helped to optimize resource use in diabetes. Together, these intelligent technical reforms have produced better glycemic control with reductions in fasting and postprandial glucose levels, glucose excursions, and glycosylated hemoglobin. AI will introduce a paradigm shift in diabetes care from conventional management strategies to building targeted data-driven precision care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Ellahham
- Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, Ohio; Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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26
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic illness that requires intensive lifelong management of blood glucose concentrations by means of external insulin administration. There have been substantial developments in the ways of measuring glucose levels, which is crucial to T1D self-management. Recently, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has allowed people with T1D to keep track of their blood glucose levels in near real-time. These devices have alarms that warn users about potentially dangerous blood glucose trends, which can often be shared with ther people. CGM is consistently associated with improved glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemia and is currently recommended by doctors. However, due to the costs of CGM, only those who qualify for hospital provision or those who can personally afford it are able to use it, which excludes many people. In this paper, I argue that unequal access to CGM results in: (1) unjust health inequalities, (2) relational injustice, (3) injustice with regard to agency and autonomy, and (4) epistemic injustice. These considerations provide prima facie moral reasons why all people with T1D should have access to CGM technology. I discuss the specific case of CGM policy in the Netherlands, which currently only provides coverage for a small group of people with T1D, and argue that, especially with additional considerations of cost-effectiveness, the Dutch government ought to include CGM in basic health care insurance for all people with T1D.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic illness that requires intensive lifelong management of blood glucose concentrations by means of external insulin administration. There have been substantial developments in the ways of measuring glucose levels, which is crucial to T1D self-management. Recently, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has allowed people with T1D to keep track of their blood glucose levels in near real-time. These devices have alarms that warn users about potentially dangerous blood glucose trends, which can often be shared with ther people. CGM is consistently associated with improved glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemia and is currently recommended by doctors. However, due to the costs of CGM, only those who qualify for hospital provision or those who can personally afford it are able to use it, which excludes many people. In this paper, I argue that unequal access to CGM results in: (1) unjust health inequalities, (2) relational injustice, (3) injustice with regard to agency and autonomy, and (4) epistemic injustice. These considerations provide prima facie moral reasons why all people with T1D should have access to CGM technology. I discuss the specific case of CGM policy in the Netherlands, which currently only provides coverage for a small group of people with T1D, and argue that, especially with additional considerations of cost-effectiveness, the Dutch government ought to include CGM in basic health care insurance for all people with T1D.
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Accuracy and stability of an arterial sensor for glucose monitoring in a porcine model using glucose clamp technique. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6604. [PMID: 32313062 PMCID: PMC7170864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravascular glucose sensors have the potential to improve and facilitate glycemic control in critically ill patients and might overcome measurement delay and accuracy issues. This study investigated the accuracy and stability of a biosensor for arterial glucose monitoring tested in a hypo- and hyperglycemic clamp experiment in pigs. 12 sensors were tested over 5 consecutive days in 6 different pigs. Samples of sensor and reference measurement pairs were obtained every 15 minutes. 1337 pairs of glucose values (range 37–458 mg/dl) were available for analysis. The systems met ISO 15197:2013 criteria in 99.2% in total, 100% for glucose <100 mg/dl (n = 414) and 98.8% for glucose ≥100 mg/dl (n = 923). The mean absolute relative difference (MARD) during the entire glycemic range of all sensors was 4.3%. The MARDs within the hypoglycemic (<70 mg/dl), euglycemic (≥70–180 mg/dl) and hyperglycemic glucose ranges (≥180 mg/dl) were 6.1%, 3.6% and 4.7%, respectively. Sensors indicated comparable performance on all days investigated (day 1, 3 and 5). None of the systems showed premature failures. In a porcine model, the performance of the biosensor revealed a promising performance. The transfer of these results into a human setting is the logical next step.
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Dewan N, Shukla V, Rehni AK, Koronowski KB, Klingbeil KD, Stradecki‐Cohan H, Garrett TJ, Rundek T, Perez‐Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia alters hippocampal metabolism in treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:126-135. [PMID: 31282100 PMCID: PMC6930817 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) is common in diabetic patients receiving glucose-lowering therapies and is implicated in causing cognitive impairments. Despite the significant effect of RH on hippocampal function, the underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. Our goal was to determine the effect of RH exposure on hippocampal metabolism in treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. METHODS Hyperglycemia was corrected by insulin pellet implantation. Insulin-treated diabetic (ITD) rats were exposed to mild/moderate RH once a day for 5 consecutive days. RESULTS The effect of RH on hippocampal metabolism revealed 65 significantly altered metabolites in the RH group compared with controls. Several significant differences in metabolite levels belonging to major pathways (eg, Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid metabolism) were discovered in RH-exposed ITD rats when compared to a control group. Key glycolytic enzymes including hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase were affected by RH exposure. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the exposure to RH leads to metabolomics alterations in the hippocampus of insulin-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Understanding how RH affects hippocampal metabolism may help attenuate the adverse effects of RH on hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Dewan
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Vibha Shukla
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Ashish K. Rehni
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Kevin B. Koronowski
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Kyle D. Klingbeil
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Holly Stradecki‐Cohan
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Miguel A. Perez‐Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research LaboratoriesUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of Miami School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
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Furler J, O'Neal D, Speight J, Blackberry I, Manski-Nankervis JA, Thuraisingam S, de La Rue K, Ginnivan L, Doyle R, Holmes-Truscott E, Khunti K, Dalziel K, Chiang J, Audehm R, Kennedy M, Clark M, Jenkins A, Lake AJ, Januszewski AS, Catchpool M, Liew D, Clarke P, Best J. Use of professional-mode flash glucose monitoring, at 3-month intervals, in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice (GP-OSMOTIC): a pragmatic, open-label, 12-month, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:17-26. [PMID: 31862147 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring, either real-time (personal) or retrospective (professional mode), can identify day-to-day glucose profiles to guide management decisions for people with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine the effects of professional-mode flash glucose monitoring, done at 3-month intervals, in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice. METHODS We did a pragmatic, two-arm, open label, 12-month, individually randomised controlled trial (GP-OSMOTIC) in 25 general practices in Victoria, Australia. Eligible participants were adults aged 18-80 years, with type 2 diabetes diagnosed for at least 1 year and HbA1c at least 5·5 mmol/mol (0·5%) above their target in the past month despite being prescribed at least two non-insulin glucose-lowering drugs, insulin, or both (with therapy stable for at least 4 months). We randomly assigned participants (1:1) to either use of a professional-mode flash glucose monitoring system or usual clinical care (control). All participants wore the flash glucose monitoring sensor at baseline, and electronic randomisation (using permuted block sizes of four and six, and stratified by clinic) was done after the sensor was attached. Masking of participants and treating clinicians to group allocation was not possible, but the study statistician was masked to allocation when analysing the data. At baseline, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, participants in the flash glucose monitoring group wore the professional-mode flash glucose monitoring sensor for 5-14 days before their general practice visit. The sensor recorded interstitial glucose concentrations every 15 min, but the glucose data were not available to the participant until their general practice visit, where the sensor output would be uploaded to a computer by the health professional and discussed. Control group participants wore the sensor at baseline and at 12 months for data analysis only, and had usual care visits every 3 months. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in mean HbA1c at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were the between-group differences in: mean percentage time in target glucose range (4-10 mmol/L), based on ambulatory glucose profile data at 12 months; mean diabetes-specific distress (assessed with the Problem Areas In Diabetes [PAID] scale) at 12 months; and mean HbA1c at 6 months. Analysis was done by intention to treat. This trial is registered at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12616001372471. FINDINGS Between Oct 4, 2016, and Nov 17, 2017, we randomly assigned 299 adults: 149 to flash glucose monitoring and 150 to usual care. At 6 months, HbA1c was lower in the flash glucose monitoring group than in the usual care group (difference -0·5%, 95% CI -0·8% to -0·3%; p=0·0001). However, at 12 months (primary outcome), there was no significant between-group difference in estimated mean HbA1c (8·2% [95% CI 8·0 to 8·4] for flash glucose monitoring vs 8·5% [8·3 to 8·7] for usual care; between-group difference -0·3%, 95% CI -0·5 to 0·01; [66 mmol/mol, 95% CI 64 to 68 vs 69 mmol/mol, 67 to 72; between-group difference -3·0, 95% CI -5·0 to 0·1]; p=0·059). Mean percentage time spent in target glucose range at 12 months was 7·9% (95% CI 2·3 to 13·5) higher in the flash glucose monitoring group than in the usual care group (p=0·0060). Diabetes-specific distress PAID scores were unchanged at 12 months (between-group difference -0·7, 95% CI -3·3 to 1·9; p=0·61). No episodes of severe hypoglycaemia or treatment-related deaths were reported. One participant died during the study from causes unrelated to the intervention (following complications post-myocardial infarction with multiple comorbidities). INTERPRETATION Professional-mode flash glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice did not improve the primary outcome of HbA1c at 12 months or diabetes-specific distress compared with usual care, but did improve time in target glucose range at 12 months and HbA1c at 6 months. Our findings suggest that professional-mode flash glucose monitoring can be implemented in a pragmatic primary care environment. Although there was no change in HbA1c at 12 months, the improved time in target range might reflect the potential of the technology to support personalised clinical care by providing insights into glycaemic profiles for some people with type 2 diabetes. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Sanofi Australia, and Abbott Diabetes Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Furler
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - David O'Neal
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Speight
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Irene Blackberry
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Katie de La Rue
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Ginnivan
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Doyle
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Holmes-Truscott
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Kim Dalziel
- School of Global and Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Chiang
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ralph Audehm
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Kennedy
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Malcolm Clark
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alicia Jenkins
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amelia J Lake
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrzej S Januszewski
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Catchpool
- School of Global and Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- School of Global and Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Best
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Imperial College London, London, UK
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Bolotsky A, Butler D, Dong C, Gerace K, Glavin NR, Muratore C, Robinson JA, Ebrahimi A. Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: From In Vitro Diagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9781-9810. [PMID: 31430131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, there has been an exponentially growing number of reports on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials for applications ranging from protective coatings to biochemical sensing. Due to the exceptional, and often tunable, electrical, optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of these materials, they can serve as the active sensing element or a supporting substrate for diverse healthcare applications. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent reports on the applications of 2D materials in biosensing and other emerging healthcare areas, ranging from wearable technologies to optogenetics to neural interfacing. Specifically, this review provides (i) a holistic evaluation of relevant material properties across a wide range of 2D systems, (ii) a comparison of 2D material-based biosensors to the state-of-the-art, (iii) relevant material synthesis approaches specifically reported for healthcare applications, and (iv) the technological considerations to facilitate mass production and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengye Dong
- State Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate , Air Force Research Laboratory , WPAFB , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Christopher Muratore
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Dayton , Dayton , Ohio 45469 , United States
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Bruttomesso D, Laviola L, Avogaro A, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Frontoni S, Orsi E, Rabbone I, Sesti G, Purrello F. The use of real time continuous glucose monitoring or flash glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes: A consensus view of Italian diabetes experts using the Delphi method. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:421-431. [PMID: 30952574 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, in Italy, the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has been limited, but is now rapidly increasing, including the so-called real-time CGM (rtCGM) and the intermittently viewed CGM (iCGM), also called Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM). These technologies overcome many of the limitations of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by fingerprick and allow to go beyond HbA1c to check glucose control in diabetes. However, standardized protocols for applying and interpreting rtCGM and FGM data are lacking. In this paper, we delineate a consensus amongst Italian diabetes physicians on the attributes of rtCGM and FGM technologies, and introduce a consistent approach for their use by Italian healthcare professionals. Most experts consider rtCGM and FGM as two separate categories of interstitial subcutaneous fluid (ISF) sensing technologies, and see them as superior to SMBG. Furthermore, there is strong consensus that rtCGM and FGM reduce hypoglycemia risk, increase the amount of time in the target glucose range and augment treatment satisfaction. However, there is still no agreement on the indication of the FGM for subjects who suffer asymptomatic hypoglycemia. Consensus on the role of education in initiating and optimizing use of rtCGM/FGM and about the interpretation of glucose trends was near unanimous, whereas no consensus was reached on the statement that there are no disadvantages/risks of rtCGM/FGM. Some issues remain in rtCGM/FGM management: a) risk of excessive correction of high or low glucose; b) risk of alert fatigue leading to alert silencing or rtCGM termination; c) allergic reaction to the adhesive keeping rtCGM or FGM sensors in place. The panel almost unanimously agreed that sensor accuracy depends on multiple variables, that alarm setting should be individualized, and that global glycemic profile represent an useful tool in interpreting glucose data. More clinical studies and a wider use of these devices will increase the efficacy and effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bruttomesso
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - L Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A Avogaro
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Bonora
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Frontoni
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Dept. of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - E Orsi
- Diabetes Unit, Fondazione IRCCS 'Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico', Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - I Rabbone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - G Sesti
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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34
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Pu Z, Tu J, Han R, Zhang X, Wu J, Fang C, Wu H, Zhang X, Yu H, Li D. A flexible enzyme-electrode sensor with cylindrical working electrode modified with a 3D nanostructure for implantable continuous glucose monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3570-3577. [PMID: 30376024 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel cylindrical flexible enzyme-electrode sensor was fabricated with a bigger working electrode (WE) surface than the traditional pin-like one for implantable continuous glucose monitoring. On the WE surface, a 3D nanostructure consisting of graphene and platinum nanoparticles was constructed to enhance the sensitivity; in conjunction with the bigger WE, this nanostructure enabled hypoglycemia detection, which is still a big challenge in clinics. The cylindrical sensor was fabricated by rotated inkjet printing which enabled direct patterning of microstructures on a curved surface, thus overcoming the restriction of the traditional planar micromachining by photolithography. Specifically, the cylindrical substrate (polyetheretherketone, PEEK) was modified by (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane to facilitate surface wettability, which discourages the coalescence of adjacent droplets, and to facilitate the adhesion of metals to PEEK in order to construct robust electrodes. A synchronous heating method was used to evaporate the solvent of the droplets quickly to prevent them from running along the cylindrical surface, which affects the formation of the printed electrode significantly. In vitro experimental results showed that the proposed sensor was able to detect the glucose concentration ranging from 0 to 570 mg dL-1 which demonstrated its capability for physiological glucose detection. In vivo experiments were conducted with rats, and the measurement results recorded using the implanted cylindrical sensor showed great compliance to those recorded using a commercial glucometer which exhibited the viability of the proposed sensor for implantable continuous glucose monitoring, even under the hypoglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiaan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ruixue Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jianwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Haixia Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Dachao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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35
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MacIsaac RJ, Lee MH, McAuley SA, Ward GM, O’Neal DN. Empagliflozin as an adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:S134. [PMID: 30740455 PMCID: PMC6330613 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. MacIsaac
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Lee
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sybil A. McAuley
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn M. Ward
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David N. O’Neal
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Digital diabetes: Perspectives for diabetes prevention, management and research. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2018; 45:322-329. [PMID: 30243616 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Digital medicine, digital research and artificial intelligence (AI) have the power to transform the field of diabetes with continuous and no-burden remote monitoring of patients' symptoms, physiological data, behaviours, and social and environmental contexts through the use of wearables, sensors and smartphone technologies. Moreover, data generated online and by digital technologies - which the authors suggest be grouped under the term 'digitosome' - constitute, through the quantity and variety of information they represent, a powerful potential for identifying new digital markers and patterns of risk that, ultimately, when combined with clinical data, can improve diabetes management and quality of life, and also prevent diabetes-related complications. Moving from a world in which patients are characterized by only a few recent measurements of fasting glucose levels and glycated haemoglobin to a world where patients, healthcare professionals and research scientists can consider various key parameters at thousands of time points simultaneously will profoundly change the way diabetes is prevented, managed and characterized in patients living with diabetes, as well as how it is scientifically researched. Indeed, the present review looks at how the digitization of diabetes can impact all fields of diabetes - its prevention, management, technology and research - and how it can complement, but not replace, what is usually done in traditional clinical settings. Such a profound shift is a genuine game changer that should be embraced by all, as it can provide solid research results transferable to patients, improve general health literacy, and provide tools to facilitate the everyday decision-making process by both healthcare professionals and patients living with diabetes.
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37
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Westen SC, Warnick JL, Albanese-O’Neill A, Schatz DA, Haller MJ, Entessari M, Janicke DM. Objectively Measured Adherence in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Injections and Insulin Pump Therapy. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 44:21-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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