1
|
Sann S, Kleinewietfeld M, Cantaert T. Balancing functions of regulatory T cells in mosquito-borne viral infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2304061. [PMID: 38192073 PMCID: PMC10812859 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2304061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral infections are on the rise worldwide and can lead to severe symptoms such as haemorrhage, encephalitis, arthritis or microcephaly. A protective immune response following mosquito-borne viral infections requires the generation of a controlled and balanced immune response leading to viral clearance without immunopathology. Here, regulatory T cells play a central role in restoring immune homeostasis. In current review, we aim to provide an overview and summary of the phenotypes of FOXP3+ Tregs in various mosquito-borne arboviral disease, their association with disease severity and their functional characteristics. Furthermore, we discuss the role of cytokines and Tregs in the immunopathogenesis of mosquito-borne infections. Lastly, we discuss possible novel lines of research which could provide additional insight into the role of Tregs in mosquito-borne viral infections in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches or vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotheary Sann
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dash MK, Samal S, Rout S, Behera CK, Sahu MC, Das B. Immunomodulation in dengue: towards deciphering dengue severity markers. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:451. [PMID: 39327552 PMCID: PMC11425918 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a vector-borne debilitating disease that is manifested as mild dengue fever, dengue with warning signs, and severe dengue. Dengue infection provokes a collective immune response; in particular, the innate immune response plays a key role in primary infection and adaptive immunity during secondary infection. In this review, we comprehensively walk through the various markers of immune response against dengue pathogenesis and outcome. MAIN BODY Innate immune response against dengue involves a collective response through the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interferons (IFNs), and interleukins (ILs), in addition to anti-inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in modulating viral pathogenesis. Monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and mast cells are the primary innate immune cells initially infected by DENV. Such immune cells modulate the expression of various markers, which can influence disease severity by aiding virus entry and proinflammatory responses. Adaptive immune response is mainly aided by B and T lymphocytes, which stimulate the formation of germinal centers for plasmablast development and antibody production. Such antibodies are serotype-dependent and can aid in virus entry during secondary infection, mediated through a different serotype, such as in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), leading to DENV severity. The entire immunological repertoire is exhibited differently depending on the immune status of the individual. SHORT CONCLUSION Dengue fever through severe dengue proceeds along with the modulated expression of several immune markers. In particular, TLR2, TNF-α, IFN-I, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-10, in addition to intermediate monocytes (CD14+CD16+) and Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) cells are highly expressed during severe dengue. Such markers could assist greatly in severity assessment, prompt diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Dash
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sagnika Samal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Shailesh Rout
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Behera
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | | | - Biswadeep Das
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li MM, Hu SS, Xu L, Gao J, Zheng X, Li XL, Liu LL. TLR2/NF-кB signaling may control expansion and function of regulatory T cells in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Heliyon 2024; 10:e35950. [PMID: 39224371 PMCID: PMC11367551 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a recently identified infectious ailment triggered by a new strain of bunyavirus. It is distinguished by elevated fatality rates, ranging from 12 % to 30 %. The mechanism underlying the development of severe illness caused by SFTS bunyavirus (SFTSV) is not yet fully understood. To evaluate the role of the TLR2 receptor pathway in regulating Treg function in the progression of SFTS disease and possible mechanisms, sequential serum samples from 29 patients with SFTS (15 mild, 14 severe cases) were examined. Flow cytometry was employed to scrutinize the phenotypic and functional characteristics of TLR2 expression on circulating CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and Tregs. In all admitted patients, the evaluation of correlations between the frequencies of the aforementioned cells and SFTS index (SFTSI) was conducted. For SFTS, the levels of TLR2 on CD4 T cells and Tregs were significantly heightened when compared to those in healthy subjects. Additionally, the expression of TLR2 on Tregs exhibited a positive correlation with Ki-67 expression in Tregs and the severity of disease. Additionally, compared with those in uninfected controls, the expression levels of NF-κB in Tregs were significantly increased. Collectively, Tregs may be activated and proliferate through the stimulation of the TLR2/NF-кB pathway in reaction to SFTSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Le-Le Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cherie TJJ, Choong CSH, Abid MB, Weber MW, Yap ES, Seneviratne SL, Abeysuriya V, de Mel S. Immuno-Haematologic Aspects of Dengue Infection: Biologic Insights and Clinical Implications. Viruses 2024; 16:1090. [PMID: 39066252 PMCID: PMC11281699 DOI: 10.3390/v16071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection is caused by the dengue virus (DENV) and is transmitted to humans by infected female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. There are nearly 100 million new dengue cases yearly in more than 120 countries, with a five-fold increase in incidence over the past four decades. While many patients experience a mild illness, a subset suffer from severe disease, which can be fatal. Dysregulated immune responses are central to the pathogenesis of dengue, and haematologic manifestations are a prominent feature of severe disease. While thrombocytopaenia and coagulopathy are major causes of bleeding in severe dengue, leucocyte abnormalities are emerging as important markers of prognosis. In this review, we provide our perspective on the clinical aspects and pathophysiology of haematologic manifestations in dengue. We also discuss the key gaps in our current practice and areas to be addressed by future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Jiao Jie Cherie
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Clarice Shi Hui Choong
- Department of Haematology Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Muhammad Bilal Abid
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.B.A.); (M.W.W.)
| | - Matthew W. Weber
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.B.A.); (M.W.W.)
| | - Eng Soo Yap
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Suranjith L. Seneviratne
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital and University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
- Nawaloka Hospital Research and Educational Foundation, Nawaloka Hospitals PLC, Colombo 00200, Sri Lanka
| | - Visula Abeysuriya
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka;
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kar R, Chattopadhyay S, Sharma A, Sharma K, Sinha S, Arimbasseri GA, Patil VS. Single-cell transcriptomic and T cell antigen receptor analysis of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)-specific memory T cells reveals effectors and pre-effectors of CD8 +- and CD4 +-cytotoxic T cells. Immunology 2024; 172:420-439. [PMID: 38501302 PMCID: PMC7616077 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Latent human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection can pose a serious threat of reactivation and disease occurrence in immune-compromised individuals. Although T cells are at the core of the protective immune response to hCMV infection, a detailed characterization of different T cell subsets involved in hCMV immunity is lacking. Here, in an unbiased manner, we characterized over 8000 hCMV-reactive peripheral memory T cells isolated from seropositive human donors, at a single-cell resolution by analysing their single-cell transcriptomes paired with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoires. The hCMV-reactive T cells were highly heterogeneous and consisted of different developmental and functional memory T cell subsets such as, long-term memory precursors and effectors, T helper-17, T regulatory cells (TREGs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of both CD4 and CD8 origin. The hCMV-specific TREGs, in addition to being enriched for molecules known for their suppressive functions, showed enrichment for the interferon response signature gene sets. The hCMV-specific CTLs were of two types, the pre-effector- and effector-like. The co-clustering of hCMV-specific CD4-CTLs and CD8-CTLs in both pre-effector as well as effector clusters suggest shared transcriptomic signatures between them. The huge TCR clonal expansion of cytotoxic clusters suggests a dominant role in the protective immune response to CMV. The study uncovers the heterogeneity in the hCMV-specific memory T cells revealing many functional subsets with potential implications in better understanding of hCMV-specific T cell immunity. The data presented can serve as a knowledge base for designing vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Kar
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Sinha
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Veena S. Patil
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sann S, Heng B, Vo HTM, Arroyo Hornero R, Lay S, Sorn S, Ken S, Ou TP, Laurent D, Yay C, Ly S, Dussart P, Duong V, Sakuntabhai A, Kleinewietfeld M, Cantaert T. Increased frequencies of highly activated regulatory T cells skewed to a T helper 1-like phenotype with reduced suppressive capacity in dengue patients. mBio 2024; 15:e0006324. [PMID: 38752787 PMCID: PMC11237415 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00063-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of dengue involves a complex interplay between the viral factor and the host immune response. A mismatch between the infecting serotype and the adaptive memory response is hypothesized to lead to exacerbated immune responses resulting in severe dengue. Here, we aim to define in detail the phenotype and function of different regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets and their association with disease severity in a cohort of acute dengue virus (DENV)-infected Cambodian children. Treg frequencies and proliferation of Tregs are increased in dengue patients compared to age-matched controls. Tregs from dengue patients are skewed to a Th1-type Treg phenotype. Interestingly, Tregs from severe dengue patients produce more interleukin-10 after in vitro stimulation compared to Tregs from classical dengue fever patients. Functionally, Tregs from dengue patients have reduced suppressive capacity, irrespective of disease severity. Taken together, these data suggest that even though Treg frequencies are increased in the blood of acute DENV-infected patients, Tregs fail to resolve inflammation and thereby could contribute to the immunopathology of dengue. IMPORTANCE According to the World Health Organization, dengue is the fastest-spreading, epidemic-prone infectious disease. The extent of dengue virus infections increased over the years, mainly driven by globalization-including travel and trade-and environmental changes. Dengue is an immunopathology caused by an imbalanced immune response to a secondary heterotypic infection. As regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in maintaining immune homeostasis and dampening excessive immune activation, this study addressed the role of Tregs in dengue immunopathology. We show that Tregs from dengue patients are highly activated, skewed to a Th1-like Treg phenotype and less suppressive compared to healthy donor Tregs. Our data suggest that Tregs fail to resolve ongoing inflammation during dengue infection and hence contribute to the immunopathology of severe dengue disease. These data clarify the role of Tregs in dengue immunopathogenesis, emphasizing the need to develop T cell-based vaccines for dengue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotheary Sann
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Borita Heng
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hoa Thi My Vo
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rebeca Arroyo Hornero
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sokchea Lay
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Sorn
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tey Putita Ou
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Denis Laurent
- Kantha Bopha Children's Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Department of Global Health, Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Université de Paris-Cité, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE) USC 1510, Paris, France
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Immunology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghita L, Yao Z, Xie Y, Duran V, Cagirici HB, Samir J, Osman I, Rebellón-Sánchez DE, Agudelo-Rojas OL, Sanz AM, Sahoo MK, Robinson ML, Gelvez-Ramirez RM, Bueno N, Luciani F, Pinsky BA, Montoya JG, Estupiñan-Cardenas MI, Villar-Centeno LA, Rojas-Garrido EM, Rosso F, Quake SR, Zanini F, Einav S. Global and cell type-specific immunological hallmarks of severe dengue progression identified via a systems immunology approach. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2150-2163. [PMID: 37872316 PMCID: PMC10863980 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe dengue (SD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To define dengue virus (DENV) target cells and immunological hallmarks of SD progression in children's blood, we integrated two single-cell approaches capturing cellular and viral elements: virus-inclusive single-cell RNA sequencing (viscRNA-Seq 2) and targeted proteomics with secretome analysis and functional assays. Beyond myeloid cells, in natural infection, B cells harbor replicating DENV capable of infecting permissive cells. Alterations in cell type abundance, gene and protein expression and secretion as well as cell-cell communications point towards increased immune cell migration and inflammation in SD progressors. Concurrently, antigen-presenting cells from SD progressors demonstrate intact uptake yet impaired interferon response and antigen processing and presentation signatures, which are partly modulated by DENV. Increased activation, regulation and exhaustion of effector responses and expansion of HLA-DR-expressing adaptive-like NK cells also characterize SD progressors. These findings reveal DENV target cells in human blood and provide insight into SD pathogenesis beyond antibody-mediated enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ghita
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yike Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veronica Duran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Halise Busra Cagirici
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Samir
- School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilham Osman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Sanz
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Malaya Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Makeda L Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nathalia Bueno
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI/Fundacion INFOVIDA), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jose G Montoya
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation and Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Speciality Diagnostics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Luis Angel Villar-Centeno
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI/Fundacion INFOVIDA), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elsa Marina Rojas-Garrido
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI/Fundacion INFOVIDA), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rosso
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fabio Zanini
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Shirit Einav
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robinson ML, Glass DR, Duran V, Agudelo Rojas OL, Sanz AM, Consuegra M, Sahoo MK, Hartmann FJ, Bosse M, Gelvez RM, Bueno N, Pinsky BA, Montoya JG, Maecker H, Estupiñan Cardenas MI, Villar Centeno LA, Garrido EMR, Rosso F, Bendall SC, Einav S. Magnitude and kinetics of the human immune cell response associated with severe dengue progression by single-cell proteomics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7702. [PMID: 36961888 PMCID: PMC10038348 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 5 million dengue virus-infected patients progress to a potentially life-threatening severe dengue (SD) infection annually. To identify the immune features and temporal dynamics underlying SD progression, we performed deep immune profiling by mass cytometry of PBMCs collected longitudinally from SD progressors (SDp) and uncomplicated dengue (D) patients. While D is characterized by early activation of innate immune responses, in SDp there is rapid expansion and activation of IgG-secreting plasma cells and memory and regulatory T cells. Concurrently, SDp, particularly children, demonstrate increased proinflammatory NK cells, inadequate expansion of CD16+ monocytes, and high expression of the FcγR CD64 on myeloid cells, yet a signature of diminished antigen presentation. Syndrome-specific determinants include suppressed dendritic cell abundance in shock/hemorrhage versus enriched plasma cell expansion in organ impairment. This study reveals uncoordinated immune responses in SDp and provides insights into SD pathogenesis in humans with potential implications for prediction and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makeda L. Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R. Glass
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Duran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St., 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Ana Maria Sanz
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Monika Consuegra
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI), Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Malaya Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Felix J. Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Margarita Gelvez
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI), Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Nathalia Bueno
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI), Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jose G. Montoya
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Luis Angel Villar Centeno
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI), Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elsa Marina Rojas Garrido
- Centro de Atención y Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CDI), Fundación INFOVIDA, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rosso
- Clinical Research Center, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Sean C. Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St., 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ferreira MS, Sousa JR, Bezerra Júnior PS, Cerqueira VD, Oliveira Júnior CA, Rivero GRC, Castro PHG, Silva GA, Muniz JAPC, da Silva EVP, Casseb SMM, Pagliari C, Martins LC, Tesh RB, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFC. Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020551. [PMID: 36851765 PMCID: PMC9961022 DOI: 10.3390/v15020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates contribute to the spread of yellow fever virus (YFV) and the establishment of transmission cycles in endemic areas, such as Brazil. This study aims to investigate virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in livers of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) infected with the YFV. Viremia occurred 1-30 days post infection (dpi) and the virus showed a predilection for the middle zone (Z2). The livers were jaundiced with subcapsular and hemorrhagic multifocal petechiae. Apoptosis, lytic and coagulative necrosis, steatosis and cellular edema were also observed. The immune response was characterized by the expression of S100, CD11b, CD57, CD4 and CD20; endothelial markers; stress and cell death; pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as Treg (IL-35) and IL-17 throughout the experimental period. Lesions during the severe phase of the disease were associated with excessive production of apoptotic pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, released by inflammatory response cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes) and associated with high expression of molecules of adhesion in the inflammatory foci observed in Z2. Immunostaining of the local endothelium in vascular cells and the bile duct was intense, suggesting a fundamental role in liver damage and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milene S. Ferreira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jorge R. Sousa
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro S. Bezerra Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Valíria D. Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. C. Rivero
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Gilmara A. Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Samir M. M. Casseb
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Martins
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0419, USA
| | - Juarez A. S. Quaresma
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66055-240, Pará, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém 66050-540, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém 66050-540, Pará, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-91-3214-2270
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fiestas Solórzano VE, de Lima RC, de Azeredo EL. The Role of Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Dengue: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2022; 11:1179. [PMID: 36297236 PMCID: PMC9608673 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) have a role in tissue repair and in the modulation of the expression of inflammatory cells in damage caused by pathogens. This study aims to systematize the evidence on the role of GFs in the pathogenesis of dengue. This scoping review considered all published peer-reviewed studies in the MEDLINE and Embase databases. Ultimately, 58 studies that analyzed GFs in dengue patients, published between 1998 and 2021, were included. DENV-2 infection and secondary infection were more frequent in the patients studied. ELISA and multiplex immunoassay (Luminex) were the most used measurement techniques. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor beta, and hepatocyte growth factor as well as reduced levels of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor were observed in severe dengue in most studies. Vascular endothelial growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor were identified as biomarkers of severity. In addition, there is evidence that the dengue virus can use the growth factor pathway to facilitate its entry into the cell and promote its viral replication. The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is an alternative treatment for dengue that is being studied.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sekaran SD, Ismail AA, Thergarajan G, Chandramathi S, Rahman SKH, Mani RR, Jusof FF, Lim YAL, Manikam R. Host immune response against DENV and ZIKV infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975222. [PMID: 36159640 PMCID: PMC9492869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a major public health concern, affecting almost 400 million people worldwide, with about 70% of the global burden of disease in Asia. Despite revised clinical classifications of dengue infections by the World Health Organization, the wide spectrum of the manifestations of dengue illness continues to pose challenges in diagnosis and patient management for clinicians. When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. An important difference to note, however, was that the Zika epidemic diffused in a shorter time span compared to the persisting feature of Dengue infections, which is endemic in many Asian countries. As the pathogenesis of viral illnesses is affected by host immune responses, various immune modulators have been proposed as biomarkers to predict the risk of the disease progression to a severe form, at a much earlier stage of the illness. However, the findings for most biomarkers are highly discrepant between studies. Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. This review discusses similarities between Dengue and Zika infections, comparing their disease transmissions and vectors involved, and both the innate and adaptive immune responses in these infections. Consideration of the genetic identity of both the Dengue and Zika flaviviruses as well as the cross-reactivity of relevant T cells along with the actions of CD4+ cytotoxic cells in these infections are also presented. Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaythri Thergarajan
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. K. Hanan Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ravishankar Ram Mani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Felicita Fedelis Jusof
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rishya Manikam
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mapalagamage M, Weiskopf D, Sette A, De Silva AD. Current Understanding of the Role of T Cells in Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020242. [PMID: 35215836 PMCID: PMC8878350 DOI: 10.3390/v14020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections such as Chikungunya (CHIKV), Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) are a major disease burden in tropical and sub-tropical countries, and there are no effective vaccinations or therapeutic drugs available at this time. Understanding the role of the T cell response is very important when designing effective vaccines. Currently, comprehensive identification of T cell epitopes during a DENV infection shows that CD8 and CD4 T cells and their specific phenotypes play protective and pathogenic roles. The protective role of CD8 T cells in DENV is carried out through the killing of infected cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, as CD4 T cells enhance B cell and CD8 T cell activities. A limited number of studies attempted to identify the involvement of T cells in CHIKV and ZIKV infection. The identification of human immunodominant ZIKV viral epitopes responsive to specific T cells is scarce, and none have been identified for CHIKV. In CHIKV infection, CD8 T cells are activated during the acute phase in the lymph nodes/blood, and CD4 T cells are activated during the chronic phase in the joints/muscles. Studies on the role of T cells in ZIKV-neuropathogenesis are limited and need to be explored. Many studies have shown the modulating actions of T cells due to cross-reactivity between DENV-ZIKV co-infections and have repeated heterologous/homologous DENV infection, which is an important factor to consider when developing an effective vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi Mapalagamage
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.W.); (A.S.)
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Colombo 10390, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification of Protein Kinases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:929-947. [PMID: 33776467 PMCID: PMC7988341 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s303750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an earlier publication a binary model for chronic diseases classification has been proposed. According to the model, chronic diseases were classified as “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases, depending on whether the immune response is anti- or pro-inflammatory and assuming that regulatory T cells are major determinants of the response. It turned out that most cancers are “high Treg” diseases, while autoimmune diseases are “low Treg”. This paper proposes a molecular cause for this binary response. The mechanism proposed depends on the effect of protein kinases on the immune system. Thus, protein kinases are classified as anti- or pro-inflammatory kinases depending on whether they drive “high Treg” or “low Treg” diseases. Observations reported in the earlier publication can be described in terms of anti-inflammatory kinase (AIK) or pro-inflammatory kinase (PIK) activity. Analysis of literature data reveals that the two classes of kinases display distinctive properties relating to their interactions with pathogens and environmental factors. Pathogens that promote Treg activity (“high Treg” pathogens) activate AIKs, while pathogens that suppress Treg activity (“low Treg” pathogens) activate PIKs. Diseases driven by AIKs are associated with “high Treg” pathogens while those diseases driven by PIKs are associated with “low Treg” pathogens. By promoting the activity of AIKs, alcohol consumption increases the risk of “high Treg” cancers but decreases the risk of some “low Treg” autoimmune diseases. JAK1 gain-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in autoimmune diseases while JAK1 loss-of-function mutations are observed at high frequencies in cancers with high tumor-infiltrating Tregs. It should also be noted that the corresponding two classes of protein kinase inhibitors are mutually exclusive in terms of their approved therapeutic indications. There is no protein kinase inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of both autoimmune diseases and “high Treg” cancers. Although there are exceptions to the conclusions presented above, these conclusions are supported by the great bulk of published data. It therefore seems that the binary division of protein kinases is a useful tool for elucidating (at the molecular level) many distinctive properties of cancers and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Research and Development Department, Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahmed A, Vyakarnam A. Emerging patterns of regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:273-287. [PMID: 32639588 PMCID: PMC7670141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide from a single infectious agent and has significant implications for global health. A major hurdle in the development of effective TB vaccines and therapies is the absence of defined immune‐correlates of protection. In this context, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg), which are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, is even less understood. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the emerging patterns of Treg function in TB. Increasing evidence from studies, both in animal models of infection and TB patients, points to the fact the role of Tregs in TB is dependent on disease stage. While Tregs might expand and delay the appearance of protective responses in the early stages of infection, their role in the chronic phase perhaps is to counter‐regulate excessive inflammation. New data highlight that this important homeostatic role of Tregs in the chronic phase of TB may be compromised by the expansion of activated human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR)+CD4+ suppression‐resistant effector T cells. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the key features of Treg cells in TB; highlights the importance of a balanced immune response as being important in TB and discusses the importance of probing not just Treg frequency but also qualitative aspects of Treg function as part of a comprehensive search for novel TB treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - A Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
George JA, Park SO, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Eo SK. Double-faced implication of CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells expanded by acute dengue infection via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1000-1018. [PMID: 32125695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue infection causes dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs are expanded in patients during dengue infection, and appear to be associated with clinical severity. However, molecular pathways involved in Treg proliferation and the reason for their insufficient control of severe diseases are poorly understood. Here, dengue infection induced the proliferation of functional CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Surface TLR2 on Tregs was responsible for their proliferation, and dengue-expanded Tregs subverted in vivo differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells. An additional interesting finding was that dengue-infected hosts displayed changed levels of susceptibility to other diseases in TLR2-dependent manner. This change included enhanced susceptibility to tumors and bacterial infection, but highly enhanced resistance to viral infection. Further, the transfer of dengue-proliferated Tregs protected the recipients from dengue-induced DHF/DSS and LPS-induced sepsis. In contrast, dengue-infected hosts were more susceptible to sepsis, an effect attributable to early TLR2-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines. These facts may explain the reason why in some patients, dengue-proliferated Tregs is insufficient to control DF and DHF/DSS. Also, our observations lead to new insights into Treg responses activated by dengue infection in a TLR2-dependent manner, which could differentially act on subsequent exposure to other disease-producing situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junu A George
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reynolds CJ, Watber P, Santos CNO, Ribeiro DR, Alves JC, Fonseca ABL, Bispo AJB, Porto RLS, Bokea K, de Jesus AMR, de Almeida RP, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Strong CD4 T Cell Responses to Zika Virus Antigens in a Cohort of Dengue Virus Immune Mothers of Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome Infants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:185. [PMID: 32132999 PMCID: PMC7040481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an urgent need to understand the complex relationship between cross-reactive anti-viral immunity, disease susceptibility, and severity in the face of differential exposure to related, circulating Flaviviruses. Co-exposure to Dengue virus and Zika virus in Brazil is a case in point. A devastating aspect of the 2015-2016 South American Zika outbreak was the dramatic increase in numbers of infants born with microcephaly to mothers exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy. It has been proposed that this is more likely to ensue from Zika infection in women lacking cross-protective Dengue immunity. In this case series we measure the prevalence of Dengue immunity in a cohort of mothers exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy in the 2015-2016 Zika outbreak that gave birth to an infant affected by microcephaly and explore their adaptive immunity to Zika virus. Results: Fifty women from Sergipe, Brazil who gave birth to infants with microcephaly following Zika virus exposure during the 2015-16 outbreak were tested for serological evidence of Dengue exposure and IFNγ ELISpot spot forming cell (SFC) response to Zika virus. The majority (46/50) demonstrated Dengue immunity. IFNγ ELISpot responses to Zika virus antigens showed the following hierarchy: Env>NS1>NS3>C protein. Twenty T cell epitopes from Zika virus Env were identified. Responses to Zika virus antigens Env and NS1 were polyfunctional with cells making IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, responses to NS5 only produced the immune regulatory TGFβ1 cytokine. There were SFC responses against Zika virus Env (1-20) and variant peptide sequences from West Nile virus, Dengue virus 1-4 and Yellow Fever virus. Conclusion: Almost all the women in our study showed serological evidence of Dengue immunity, suggesting that microcephaly can occur in DENV immune mothers. T cell immunity to Zika virus showed a multifunctional response to the antigens Env and NS1 and immune regulatory responses to NS5 and C protein. Our data support an argument that different viral products may skew the antiviral response to a more pro or anti-inflammatory outcome, with an associated impact on immunopathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Reynolds
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Watber
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cardoso Alves
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Adriana B. L. Fonseca
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ana J. B. Bispo
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roseane L. S. Porto
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Kalliopi Bokea
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amélia Maria Ribeiro de Jesus
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tian Y, Seumois G, De-Oliveira-Pinto LM, Mateus J, Herrera-de la Mata S, Kim C, Hinz D, Goonawardhana NDS, de Silva AD, Premawansa S, Premawansa G, Wijewickrama A, Balmaseda A, Grifoni A, Vijayanand P, Harris E, Peters B, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Molecular Signatures of Dengue Virus-Specific IL-10/IFN-γ Co-producing CD4 T Cells and Their Association with Dengue Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 29:4482-4495.e4. [PMID: 31875555 PMCID: PMC6942518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) can cause diseases ranging from dengue fever (DF) to more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Whether antiviral T cells contribute to the protection against or pathogenesis of severe disease is not well defined. Here, we identified antigen-specific IL-10+IFN-γ+ double-positive (DP) CD4 T cells during acute DENV infection. While the transcriptomic signatures of DP cells partially overlapped with those of cytotoxic and type 1 regulatory CD4 T cells, the majority of them were non-cytotoxic/Tr1 and included IL21, IL22, CD109, and CCR1. Although we observed a higher frequency of DP cells in DHF, the transcriptomic profile of DP cells was similar in DF and DHF, suggesting that DHF is not associated with the altered phenotypic or functional attributes of DP cells. Overall, this study revealed a DENV-specific DP cell subset in patients with acute dengue disease and argues against altered DP cells as a determinant of DHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Grégory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jose Mateus
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Kim
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Denise Hinz
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - N D Suraj Goonawardhana
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna D de Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - Sunil Premawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ananda Wijewickrama
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gothatuwa, Angoda 10620, Sri Lanka
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua 16064, Nicaragua
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adaptive immune responses to primary and secondary dengue virus infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:218-230. [PMID: 30679808 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is the leading mosquito-borne viral illness infecting humans. Owing to the circulation of multiple serotypes, global expansion of the disease and recent gains in vaccination coverage, pre-existing immunity to dengue virus is abundant in the human population, and secondary dengue infections are common. Here, we contrast the mechanisms initiating and sustaining adaptive immune responses during primary infection with the immune pathways that are pre-existing and reactivated during secondary dengue. We also discuss new developments in our understanding of the contributions of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and antibodies to immunity and memory recall. Memory recall may lead to protective or pathological outcomes, and understanding of these processes will be key to developing or refining dengue vaccines to be safe and effective.
Collapse
|
19
|
Neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios were significantly increased in dengue virus patients and subsequently decreased after recovery. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:162-168. [PMID: 31821895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During dengue fever, a pronounced gamma-interferon immune response produces neopterin and promotes tryptophan degradation by the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1). Activated IDO-1 is indicated by an increased kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp) in patients. METHODS Plasma levels of neopterin, kynurenine, and tryptophan were measured in 72 hospitalized dengue virus (DENV) patients and 100 healthy individuals. Plasma levels of neopterin, kynurenine, and tryptophan were also measured prospectively in a second cohort of 13 DENV patients; on the day of hospitalization, on day 2-3 at discharge, and 7-10 days after discharge. DENV RNA positivity was determined by qualitative and quantitative methodologies. RESULTS DENV RNA-positive patients presented significantly higher levels of neopterin (mean 36.5nmol/l) and Kyn/Trp ratios (mean 102μmol/mmol) compared to DENV RNA-negative individuals. A significant correlation between neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios was observed in both DENV RNA-positive (Spearman's rho=0.37, p< 0.01) and DENV RNA-negative (Spearman's rho=0.89, p<0.001) patients. Kyn/Trp ratios were negatively correlated with platelet counts (Spearman's rho=-0.43, p<0.01) and positively correlated with liver enzymes: AST (Spearman's rho=0.68, p<0.01) and ALT (Spearman's rho=0.51, p<0.05). In addition, the follow-up data presented a significant decrease in neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios within 10 days after hospital entry. CONCLUSIONS Neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios were significantly increased in DENV patients and subsequently decreased after recovery.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chng MHY, Lim MQ, Rouers A, Becht E, Lee B, MacAry PA, Lye DC, Leo YS, Chen J, Fink K, Rivino L, Newell EW. Large-Scale HLA Tetramer Tracking of T Cells during Dengue Infection Reveals Broad Acute Activation and Differentiation into Two Memory Cell Fates. Immunity 2019; 51:1119-1135.e5. [PMID: 31757672 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells play important multifaceted roles during dengue infection, and understanding their responses is important for defining correlates of protective immunity and identifying effective vaccine antigens. Using mass cytometry and a highly multiplexed peptide-HLA (human leukocyte antigen) tetramer staining strategy, we probed T cells from dengue patients-a total of 430 dengue and control candidate epitopes-together with key markers of activation, trafficking, and differentiation. During acute disease, dengue-specific CD8+ T cells expressed a distinct profile of activation and trafficking receptors that distinguished them from non-dengue-specific T cells. During convalescence, dengue-specific T cells differentiated into two major cell fates, CD57+ CD127--resembling terminally differentiated senescent memory cells and CD127+ CD57--resembling proliferation-capable memory cells. Validation in an independent cohort showed that these subsets remained at elevated frequencies up to one year after infection. These analyses aid our understanding of the generation of T cell memory in dengue infection or vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hui Yen Chng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mei Qiu Lim
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Angeline Rouers
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Etienne Becht
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119228, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laura Rivino
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian Y, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Human T Cell Response to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2125. [PMID: 31552052 PMCID: PMC6737489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DENV is a major public health problem worldwide, thus underlining the overall significance of the proposed Program. The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1-4) cause the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans, with 3 billion people at risk for infection and up to 100 million cases each year, most often affecting children. The protective role of T cells during viral infection is well-established. Generally, CD8 T cells can control viral infection through several mechanisms, including direct cytotoxicity, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Similarly, CD4 T cells are thought to control viral infection through multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of B and CD8 T cell responses, production of inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines, cytotoxicity, and promotion of memory responses. To probe the phenotype of virus-specific T cells, epitopes derived from viral sequences need to be known. Here we discuss the identification of CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes derived from DENV and how these epitopes have been used by researchers to interrogate the phenotype and function of DENV-specific T cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Altmann DM. Mapping innate and adaptive immune function in arbovirus infections. Immunology 2018; 154:1-2. [PMID: 29667753 PMCID: PMC5904694 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
24
|
Gallichotte EN, Baric TJ, Yount BL, Widman DG, Durbin A, Whitehead S, Baric RS, de Silva AM. Human dengue virus serotype 2 neutralizing antibodies target two distinct quaternary epitopes. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006934. [PMID: 29481552 PMCID: PMC5843351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. It is estimated that a third of the world’s population is at risk for infection, with an estimated 390 million infections annually. Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) causes severe epidemics, and the leading tetravalent dengue vaccine has lower efficacy against DENV2 compared to the other 3 serotypes. In natural DENV2 infections, strongly neutralizing type-specific antibodies provide protection against subsequent DENV2 infection. While the epitopes of some human DENV2 type-specific antibodies have been mapped, it is not known if these are representative of the polyclonal antibody response. Using structure-guided immunogen design and reverse genetics, we generated a panel of recombinant viruses containing amino acid alterations and epitope transplants between different serotypes. Using this panel of recombinant viruses in binding, competition, and neutralization assays, we have finely mapped the epitopes of three human DENV2 type-specific monoclonal antibodies, finding shared and distinct epitope regions. Additionally, we used these recombinant viruses and polyclonal sera to dissect the epitope-specific responses following primary DENV2 natural infection and monovalent vaccination. Our results demonstrate that antibodies raised following DENV2 infection or vaccination circulate as separate populations that neutralize by occupying domain III and domain I quaternary epitopes. The fraction of neutralizing antibodies directed to different epitopes differs between individuals. The identification of these epitopes could potentially be harnessed to evaluate epitope-specific antibody responses as correlates of protective immunity, potentially improving vaccine design. Dengue viruses (DENV) are flaviviruses transmitted by mosquitos. There are approximately 390 million DENV infections every year, making dengue virus a major global public health concern. While there is a recently licensed DENV vaccine, it has low efficacy against preventing DENV2 infections. Individuals that are naturally infected with DENV2 generate neutralizing antibodies that can be protective against reinfection with DENV2. By studying three of these neutralizing antibodies, we found that they bind to two different locations on the surface of the virus. Additionally we found that most individuals that were naturally infected with DENV2, have antibodies circulating in their blood that target both of these regions. People who were vaccinated against DENV2 also make antibodies targeting both of these sites, suggesting they might also be protected against DENV2 infection. These studies reveal that human antibodies against DENV2 target the same two regions across multiple individuals. Additionally, for a DENV2 vaccine to be protective, it may be important to elicit antibodies directed to these regions as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Boyd L. Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anna Durbin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steve Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RSB); (AMdS)
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RSB); (AMdS)
| |
Collapse
|