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Griffiths G, Brügger B, Freund C. Lipid switches in the immunological synapse. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107428. [PMID: 38823638 PMCID: PMC11259711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses comprise the activation of T cells by peptide antigens that are presented by proteins of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. As a consequence of the T cell receptor interacting productively with a certain peptide-MHC complex, a specialized cell-cell junction known as the immunological synapse forms and is accompanied by changes in the spatiotemporal patterning and function of intracellular signaling molecules. Key modifications occurring at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma and internal membranes in activated T cells comprise lipid switches that affect the binding and distribution of proteins within or near the lipid bilayer. Here, we describe two major classes of lipid switches that act at this critical water/membrane interface. Phosphoinositides are derived from phosphatidylinositol, an amphiphilic molecule that contains two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that bridges the glycerol backbone to the carbohydrate inositol. The inositol ring can be variably (de-)phosphorylated by dedicated kinases and phosphatases, thereby creating phosphoinositide signatures that define the composition and properties of signaling molecules, molecular complexes, or whole organelles. Palmitoylation refers to the reversible attachment of the fatty acid palmitate to a substrate protein's cysteine residue. DHHC enzymes, named after the four conserved amino acids in their active site, catalyze this post-translational modification and thereby change the distribution of proteins at, between, and within membranes. T cells utilize these two types of molecular switches to adjust their properties to an activation process that requires changes in motility, transport, secretion, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Kim SE, Yun S, Doh J, Kim HN. Imaging-Based Efficacy Evaluation of Cancer Immunotherapy in Engineered Tumor Platforms and Tumor Organoids. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400475. [PMID: 38815251 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is used to treat tumors by modulating the immune system. Although the anticancer efficacy of cancer immunotherapy has been evaluated prior to clinical trials, conventional in vivo animal and endpoint models inadequately replicate the intricate process of tumor elimination and reflect human-specific immune systems. Therefore, more sophisticated models that mimic the complex tumor-immune microenvironment must be employed to assess the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Additionally, using real-time imaging technology, a step-by-step evaluation can be applied, allowing for a more precise assessment of treatment efficacy. Here, an overview of the various imaging-based evaluation platforms recently developed for cancer immunotherapeutic applications is presented. Specifically, a fundamental technique is discussed for stably observing immune cell-based tumor cell killing using direct imaging, a microwell that reproduces a confined space for spatial observation, a droplet assay that facilitates cell-cell interactions, and a 3D microphysiological system that reconstructs the vascular environment. Furthermore, it is suggested that future evaluation platforms pursue more human-like immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Suji Yun
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Institute of Engineering Research, Bio-MAX institute, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Phillips TA, Marcotti S, Cox S, Parsons M. Imaging actin organisation and dynamics in 3D. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261389. [PMID: 38236161 PMCID: PMC10906668 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in cell architecture and the control of fundamental processes including cell division, migration and survival. The dynamics and organisation of F-actin have been widely studied in a breadth of cell types on classical two-dimensional (2D) surfaces. Recent advances in optical microscopy have enabled interrogation of these cytoskeletal networks in cells within three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, tissues and in vivo. Emerging studies indicate that the dimensionality experienced by cells has a profound impact on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, with cells in 3D environments exhibiting cytoskeletal arrangements that differ to cells in 2D environments. However, the addition of a third (and fourth, with time) dimension leads to challenges in sample preparation, imaging and analysis, necessitating additional considerations to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio and spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarise the current tools for imaging actin in a 3D context and highlight examples of the importance of this in understanding cytoskeletal biology and the challenges and opportunities in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Phillips
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Microscopy Innovation Centre, King's College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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4
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Aggio V, Fabbella L, Poletti S, Lorenzi C, Finardi A, Colombo C, Zanardi R, Furlan R, Benedetti F. Circulating cytotoxic immune cell composition, activation status and toxins expression associate with white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22209. [PMID: 38097657 PMCID: PMC10721611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) show higher immuno-inflammatory setpoints, with in vivo alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure and post-mortem infiltration of T cells in the brain. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can enter and damage the brain in inflammatory disorders, but little is known in BD. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between cytotoxic T cells and WM alterations in BD. In a sample of 83 inpatients with BD in an active phase of illness (68 depressive, 15 manic), we performed flow cytometry immunophenotyping to investigate frequencies, activation status, and expression of cytotoxic markers in CD8+ and tested for their association with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of WM microstructure. Frequencies of naïve and activated CD8+ cell populations expressing Perforin, or both Perforin and Granzyme, negatively associated with WM microstructure. CD8+ Naïve cells negative for Granzyme and Perforin positively associates with indexes of WM integrity, while the frequency of CD8+ memory cells negatively associates with index of WM microstructure, irrespective of toxins expression. The resulting associations involve measures representative of orientational coherence and myelination of the fibers (FA and RD), suggesting disrupted oligodendrocyte-mediated myelination. These findings seems to support the hypothesis that immunosenescence (less naïve, more memory T cells) can detrimentally influence WM microstructure in BD and that peripheral CD8+ T cells may participate in inducing an immune-related WM damage in BD mediated by killer proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Aggio
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorena Fabbella
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lorenzi
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zanardi
- Mood Disorders Unit, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Turro, Via Stamira d'Ancona 20, 20127, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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5
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Wang X, Chen L, Huang K, Lin Y, Hong Y, Lin Z. CPVL suppresses metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16473-16488. [PMID: 37712963 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Distant metastasis is the main obstacle to treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Tumor distance metastasis is a complex process involving the jointly participation of multiple oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and metastasis-associated genes. Enough accurate prognostic genes for evaluating metastasis risk are lacking. We aimed to identify more precise biomarkers for NPC metastasis. METHODS We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis, differentially expressed gene analysis, univariate and multivariate stepwise Cox regression, and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analyses, on data obtained from RNA sequencing of 10 NPC samples and the public database, to identify key genes correlated with NPC metastasis. Wound healing assays, transwell assays, and immunohistochemistry were conducted to validate our bioinformatic conclusions. Western blotting was performed to evaluate and quantify the effect of identified EMT genes on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NPC. RESULTS Combined our own RNA sequencing data and public data, we determined carboxypeptidase vitellogenic-like protein (CPVL) as a tumor suppressor for NPC. Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that genes associated with CPVL are involved in EMT. NPC with low CPVL expression had high tumor purity and low levels of immune cells. Experimental results showed that CPVL protein predominantly expressed in cytoplasmic and membranous and it exhibited higher expression levels in NPC tissues without distant metastasis than those with distant metastasis. CPVL inhibits the migration and invasive capability of NPC cells. Overexpression of CPVL upregulates E-cadherin and ZO-1, whereas it downregulates vimentin, suggesting that CPVL suppresses tumor metastasis by inhibiting EMT. CONCLUSION CPVL inhibits migration and invasion of NPC cells and is associated with tumor metastasis suppression through upregulating epithelial marker and inhibiting mesenchymal marker expression and could be a prognostic biomarker for metastasis risk evaluation in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxin Chen
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xuanyuanxi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaichun Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinbing Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingji Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China.
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China.
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515000, Guangdong, China.
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Paillon N, Mouro V, Dogniaux S, Maurin M, Saez Pons JJ, Ferran H, Bataille L, Zucchetti AE, Hivroz C. PD-1 inhibits T cell actin remodeling at the immunological synapse independently of its signaling motifs. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh2456. [PMID: 38015913 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of the receptor programmed cell death molecule 1 (PD-1) by its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibits T cell-mediated immune responses. Blocking such signaling provides the clinical effects of PD-1-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying PD-1-mediated inhibition. Because dynamic actin remodeling is crucial for T cell functions, we characterized the effects of PD-1 engagement on actin remodeling at the immunological synapse, the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or target cell. We used microscopy to analyze the formation of immunological synapses between PD-1+ Jurkat cells or primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and APCs that presented T cell-activating antibodies and were either positive or negative for PD-L1. PD-1 binding to PD-L1 inhibited T cell spreading induced by antibody-mediated activation, which was characterized by the absence of the F-actin-dense distal lamellipodial network at the immunological synapse and the Arp2/3 complex, which mediates branched actin formation. PD-1-induced inhibition of actin remodeling also prevented the characteristic deformation of T cells that contact APCs and the release of cytotoxic granules. We showed that the effects of PD-1 on actin remodeling did not require its tyrosine-based signaling motifs, which are thought to mediate the co-inhibitory effects of PD-1. Our study highlights a previously unappreciated mechanism of PD-1-mediated suppression of T cell activity, which depends on the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in a signaling motif-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Violette Mouro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Juan-José Saez Pons
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Hermine Ferran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bataille
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
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7
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Ockfen E, Filali L, Pereira Fernandes D, Hoffmann C, Thomas C. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling at the cancer cell side of the immunological synapse: good, bad, or both? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276602. [PMID: 37869010 PMCID: PMC10585106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs), specifically cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, are indispensable guardians of the immune system and orchestrate the recognition and elimination of cancer cells. Upon encountering a cancer cell, CLs establish a specialized cellular junction, known as the immunological synapse that stands as a pivotal determinant for effective cell killing. Extensive research has focused on the presynaptic side of the immunological synapse and elucidated the multiple functions of the CL actin cytoskeleton in synapse formation, organization, regulatory signaling, and lytic activity. In contrast, the postsynaptic (cancer cell) counterpart has remained relatively unexplored. Nevertheless, both indirect and direct evidence has begun to illuminate the significant and profound consequences of cytoskeletal changes within cancer cells on the outcome of the lytic immunological synapse. Here, we explore the understudied role of the cancer cell actin cytoskeleton in modulating the immune response within the immunological synapse. We shed light on the intricate interplay between actin dynamics and the evasion mechanisms employed by cancer cells, thus providing potential routes for future research and envisioning therapeutic interventions targeting the postsynaptic side of the immunological synapse in the realm of cancer immunotherapy. This review article highlights the importance of actin dynamics within the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells focusing on the less-explored postsynaptic side of the synapse. It presents emerging evidence that actin dynamics in cancer cells can critically influence the outcome of cytotoxic lymphocyte interactions with cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ockfen
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Diogo Pereira Fernandes
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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9
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Petillo S, Sproviero E, Loconte L, Cuollo L, Zingoni A, Molfetta R, Fionda C, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Petrucci MT, Fazio F, Paolini R, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibition potentiates the anti-myeloma activity of natural killer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:438. [PMID: 37460534 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells act as important regulators in the development and progression of hematological malignancies and their suppressor activity against Multiple Myeloma (MM) cells has been confirmed in many studies. Significant changes in the distribution of NK cell subsets and dysfunctions of NK cell effector activities were described in MM patients and correlated with disease staging. Thus, restoring or enhancing the functionality of these effectors for the treatment of MM represents a critical need. Neddylation is a post-translational modification that adds a ubiquitin-like molecule, NEDD8, to the substrate protein. One of the outcomes is the activation of the Cullin Ring Ligases (CRLs), a class of ubiquitin-ligases that controls the degradation of about 20% of proteasome-regulated proteins. Overactivation of CRLs has been described in cancer and can lead to tumor growth and progression. Thus, targeting neddylation represents an attractive approach for cancer treatment. Our group has recently described how pharmacologic inhibition of neddylation increases the expression of the NKG2D activating receptor ligands, MICA and MICB, in MM cells, making these cells more susceptible to NK cell degranulation and killing. Here, we extended our investigation to the direct role of neddylation on NK cell effector functions exerted against MM. We observed that inhibition of neddylation enhanced NK cell-mediated degranulation and killing against MM cells and improved Daratumumab/Elotuzumab-mediated response. Mechanistically, inhibition of neddylation increased the expression of Rac1 and RhoA GTPases in NK cells, critical mediators for an efficient degranulation at the immunological synapse of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and augmented the levels of F-actin and perforin polarization in NK cells contacting target cells. Moreover, inhibition of neddylation partially abrogated TGFβ-mediated repression of NK cell effector activity. This study describes the role of neddylation on NK cell effector functions and highlights the positive immunomodulatory effects achieved by the inhibition of this pathway in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Sproviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Loconte
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cuollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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10
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From the Catastrophic Objective Irreproducibility of Cancer Research and Unavoidable Failures of Molecular Targeted Therapies to the Sparkling Hope of Supramolecular Targeted Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032796. [PMID: 36769134 PMCID: PMC9917659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented non-reproducibility of the results published in the field of cancer research has recently come under the spotlight. In this short review, we try to highlight some general principles in the organization and evolution of cancerous tumors, which objectively lead to their enormous variability and, consequently, the irreproducibility of the results of their investigation. This heterogeneity is also extremely unfavorable for the effective use of molecularly targeted medicine. Against the seemingly comprehensive background of this heterogeneity, we single out two supramolecular characteristics common to all tumors: the clustered nature of tumor interactions with their microenvironment and the formation of biomolecular condensates with tumor-specific distinctive features. We suggest that these features can form the basis of strategies for tumor-specific supramolecular targeted therapies.
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11
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Fernández-Hermira S, Sanz-Fernández I, Botas M, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Analysis of centrosomal area actin reorganization and centrosome polarization upon lymphocyte activation at the immunological synapse. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 173:15-32. [PMID: 36653081 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation of T and B lymphocytes, by antigen presented on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) induces the formation of the immunological synapse (IS). IS formation is associated with an initial increase in cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) at the IS, followed by a decrease in F-actin density at the central region of the IS, which contains the secretory domain. This is followed by the convergence of secretion vesicles towards the centrosome, and the polarization of the centrosome to the IS. These reversible, cortical actin cytoskeleton reorganization processes occur during lytic granule secretion in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, proteolytic granules secretion in B lymphocytes and during cytokine-containing vesicle secretion in T-helper (Th) lymphocytes. In addition, several findings obtained in T and B lymphocytes forming IS show that actin cytoskeleton reorganization also occurs at the centrosomal area. F-actin reduction at the centrosomal area appears to be associated with centrosome polarization. In this chapter we deal with the analysis of centrosomal area F-actin reorganization, as well as the centrosome polarization analysis toward the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Botas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Spicer JA, Huttunen KM, Jose J, Dimitrov I, Akhlaghi H, Sutton VR, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Perforin as Focused Immunosuppressants for Infection and Autoimmunity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14305-14325. [PMID: 36263926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New drugs that precisely target the immune mechanisms critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell driven pathologies are desperately needed. In this perspective, we explore the cytolytic protein perforin as a target for therapeutic intervention. Perforin plays an indispensable role in CTL/NK killing and controls a range of immune pathologies, while being encoded by a single copy gene with no redundancy of function. An immunosuppressant targeting this protein would provide the first-ever therapy focused specifically on one of the principal cell death pathways contributing to allotransplant rejection and underpinning multiple autoimmune and postinfectious diseases. No drugs that selectively block perforin-dependent cell death are currently in clinical use, so this perspective will review published novel small molecule inhibitors, concluding with in vivo proof-of-concept experiments performed in mouse models of perforin-mediated immune pathologies that provide a potential pathway toward a clinically useful therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Spicer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jiney Jose
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Dimitrov
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, A New Zealand Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hedieh Akhlaghi
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vivien R Sutton
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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13
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Capitani N, Baldari CT. The Immunological Synapse: An Emerging Target for Immune Evasion by Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943344. [PMID: 35911720 PMCID: PMC9325968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other pathogens, bacteria have developed during their evolution a variety of mechanisms to overcome both innate and acquired immunity, accounting for their ability to cause disease or chronic infections. The mechanisms exploited for this critical function act by targeting conserved structures or pathways that regulate the host immune response. A strategic potential target is the immunological synapse (IS), a highly specialized structure that forms at the interface between antigen presenting cells (APC) and T lymphocytes and is required for the establishment of an effective T cell response to the infectious agent and for the development of long-lasting T cell memory. While a variety of bacterial pathogens are known to impair or subvert cellular processes essential for antigen processing and presentation, on which IS assembly depends, it is only recently that the possibility that IS may be a direct target of bacterial virulence factors has been considered. Emerging evidence strongly supports this notion, highlighting IS targeting as a powerful, novel means of immune evasion by bacterial pathogens. In this review we will present a brief overview of the mechanisms used by bacteria to affect IS assembly by targeting APCs. We will then summarize what has emerged from the current handful of studies that have addressed the direct impact of bacterial virulence factors on IS assembly in T cells and, based on the strategic cellular processes targeted by these factors in other cell types, highlight potential IS-related vulnerabilities that could be exploited by these pathogens to evade T cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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14
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Li W, Li F, Zhang X, Lin HK, Xu C. Insights into the post-translational modification and its emerging role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:422. [PMID: 34924561 PMCID: PMC8685280 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important manifestation of tumor heterogeneity is the dynamic change of tumor microenvironment (TME) heterogeneity. This depends not only on the tumor cells themselves in the microenvironment where the infiltrating immune cells and matrix together forming an antitumor and/or pro-tumor network. TME has resulted in novel therapeutic interventions as a place beyond tumor beds. The malignant cancer cells, tumor infiltrate immune cells, angiogenic vascular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, and the released factors including intracellular metabolites, hormonal signals and inflammatory mediators all contribute actively to cancer progression. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is often regarded as a degradative mechanism in protein destruction or turnover to maintain physiological homeostasis. Advances in quantitative transcriptomics, proteomics, and nuclease-based gene editing are now paving the global ways for exploring PTMs. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the PTM area and speculate on their importance as a critical functional readout for the regulation of TME. A wealth of information has been emerging to prove useful in the search for conventional therapies and the development of global therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Li
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine (Guangxi-ASEAN Collaborative Innovation Center for Major Disease Prevention and Treatment), Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610042, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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15
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Abu Khweek A, Joldrichsen MR, Kim E, Attia Z, Krause K, Daily K, Estfanous S, Hamilton K, Badr A, Anne MNK, Eltobgy M, Corps KN, Carafice C, Zhang X, Gavrilin MA, Boyaka PN, Amer AO. Caspase-11 regulates lung inflammation in response to house dust mites. Cell Immunol 2021; 370:104425. [PMID: 34800762 PMCID: PMC8714054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory lung disorder characterized by mucus hypersecretion, cellular infiltration, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. House dust mites (HDM) are the most prevalent cause of allergic sensitization. Canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that assemble in response to pathogen or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs). Murine caspase-11 engages the noncanonical inflammasome. We addressed the role of caspase-11 in mediating host responses to HDM and subsequent allergic inflammation using caspase-11-/- mice, which lack caspase-11 while express caspase-1. We found that HDM induce caspase-11 expression in vitro. The presence of IL-4 and IL-13 promote caspase-11 expression. Additionally, caspase-11-/- macrophages show reduced release of IL-6, IL-12, and KC, and express lower levels of costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD40, CD86 and MHCII) in response to HDM stimulation. Notably, HDM sensitization of caspase-11-/- mice resulted in similar levels of IgE responses and hypothermia in response to nasal HDM challenge compared to WT. However, analysis of cell numbers and cytokines in bronchiolar alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histopathology of representative lung segments demonstrate altered inflammatory responses and reduced neutrophilia in the airways of the caspase-11-/- mice. These findings indicate that caspase-11 regulates airway inflammation in response to HDM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abu Khweek
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Marisa R Joldrichsen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Zayed Attia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathrin Krause
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Kylene Daily
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Shady Estfanous
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Kaitlin Hamilton
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Asmaa Badr
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Midhun N K Anne
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Mostafa Eltobgy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Kara N Corps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Cierra Carafice
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Mikhail A Gavrilin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA.
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Bessy T, Candelas A, Souquet B, Saadallah K, Schaeffer A, Vianay B, Cuvelier D, Gobaa S, Nakid-Cordero C, Lion J, Bories JC, Mooney N, Jaffredo T, Larghero J, Blanchoin L, Faivre L, Brunet S, Théry M. Hematopoietic progenitors polarize in contact with bone marrow stromal cells in response to SDF1. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212662. [PMID: 34570198 PMCID: PMC8479938 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fate of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is regulated by their interaction with stromal cells in the bone marrow. However, the cellular mechanisms regulating HSPC interaction with these cells and their potential impact on HSPC polarity are still poorly understood. Here we evaluated the impact of cell–cell contacts with osteoblasts or endothelial cells on the polarity of HSPC. We found that an HSPC can form a discrete contact site that leads to the extensive polarization of its cytoskeleton architecture. Notably, the centrosome was located in proximity to the contact site. The capacity of HSPCs to polarize in contact with stromal cells of the bone marrow appeared to be specific, as it was not observed in primary lymphoid or myeloid cells or in HSPCs in contact with skin fibroblasts. The receptors ICAM, VCAM, and SDF1 were identified in the polarizing contact. Only SDF1 was independently capable of inducing the polarization of the centrosome–microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessy
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Adrian Candelas
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Souquet
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Alveole, Paris, France
| | - Khansa Saadallah
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Schaeffer
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Samy Gobaa
- Group of Biomaterials and Microfluidics Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Nakid-Cordero
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lion
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Bories
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR 7622, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1156, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Larghero
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer CBT501, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Faivre
- Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer CBT501, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Brunet
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- Cytomorpho Lab, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology, Immunotherapy, Unit 976, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CEA, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Cytomorpho Lab, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, CEA, Institut national de recherche en agriculture, alimentation et environment, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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17
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Zhao N, Bardine C, Lourenço AL, Wang YH, Huang Y, Cleary SJ, Wilson DM, Oh DY, Fong L, Looney MR, Evans MJ, Craik CS. In Vivo Measurement of Granzyme Proteolysis from Activated Immune Cells with PET. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1638-1649. [PMID: 34729407 PMCID: PMC8554823 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The biology of human granzymes remains enigmatic in part due to our inability to probe their functions outside of in vitro assays or animal models with divergent granzyme species. We hypothesize that the biology of human granzymes could be better elaborated with a translational imaging technology to reveal the contexts in which granzymes are secreted and biochemically active in vivo. Here, we advance toward this goal by engineering a Granzyme targeting Restricted Interaction Peptide specific to family member B (GRIP B) to measure secreted granzyme B (GZMB) biochemistry with positron emission tomography. A proteolytic cleavage of 64Cu-labeled GRIP B liberates a radiolabeled form of Temporin L, which sequesters the radioisotope by binding to adjacent phospholipid bilayers. Thus, at extended time points postinjection (i.e., hours, not seconds), tissue biodistribution of the radioisotope in vivo reflects relative units of the GZMB activity. As a proof of concept, we show in three syngeneic mouse cancer models that 64Cu-GRIP B detects GZMB from T cells activated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). Remarkably, the radiotracer detects the proteolysis within tumors but also in lymphoid tissue, where immune cells are activated by a systemic CPI. Control experiments with an uncleavable analogue of 64Cu-GRIP B and tumor imaging studies in germline GZMB knockout mice were applied to show that 64Cu-GRIP B is specific for GZMB proteolysis. Furthermore, we explored a potential noncytotoxic function for GZMB by applying 64Cu-GRIP B to a model of pulmonary inflammation. In summary, we demonstrate that granzyme biochemistry can be assessed in vivo using an imaging modality that can be scaled vertically into human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Conner Bardine
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - André Luiz Lourenço
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yung-hua Wang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Simon J. Cleary
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Y. Oh
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Laboratory
Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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18
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Wei T, Lambert PF. Role of IQGAP1 in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3940. [PMID: 34439095 PMCID: PMC8391515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins can play important roles in cell signaling transduction. IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) influences many cellular activities by scaffolding multiple key signaling pathways, including ones involved in carcinogenesis. Two decades of studies provide evidence that IQGAP1 plays an essential role in promoting cancer development. IQGAP1 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, and its overexpression in cancer is associated with lower survival of the cancer patient. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the oncogenic roles of IQGAP1. We start by describing the major cancer-related signaling pathways scaffolded by IQGAP1 and their associated cellular activities. We then describe clinical and molecular evidence for the contribution of IQGAP1 in different types of cancers. In the end, we review recent evidence implicating IQGAP1 in tumor-related immune responses. Given the critical role of IQGAP1 in carcinoma development, anti-tumor therapies targeting IQGAP1 or its associated signaling pathways could be beneficial for patients with many types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
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19
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Frazer GL, Gawden-Bone CM, Dieckmann NMG, Asano Y, Griffiths GM. Signal strength controls the rate of polarization within CTLs during killing. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212498. [PMID: 34292303 PMCID: PMC8302442 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are key effector cells in the immune response against viruses and cancers, killing targets with high precision. Target cell recognition by CTL triggers rapid polarization of intracellular organelles toward the synapse formed with the target cell, delivering cytolytic granules to the immune synapse. Single amino acid changes within peptides binding MHC class I (pMHCs) are sufficient to modulate the degree of killing, but exactly how this impacts the choreography of centrosome polarization and granule delivery to the target cell remains poorly characterized. Here we use 4D imaging and find that the pathways orchestrating killing within CTL are conserved irrespective of the signal strength. However, the rate of initiation along these pathways varies with signal strength. We find that increased strength of signal leads to an increased proportion of CTLs with prolonged dwell times, initial Ca2+ fluxes, centrosome docking, and granule polarization. Hence, TCR signal strength modulates the rate but not organization of effector CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Frazer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nele M G Dieckmann
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yukako Asano
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Capitani N, Baldari CT. F-Actin Dynamics in the Regulation of Endosomal Recycling and Immune Synapse Assembly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670882. [PMID: 34249926 PMCID: PMC8265274 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins endocytosed at the cell surface as vesicular cargoes are sorted at early endosomes for delivery to lysosomes for degradation or alternatively recycled to different cellular destinations. Cargo recycling is orchestrated by multimolecular complexes that include the retromer, retriever, and the WASH complex, which promote the polymerization of new actin filaments at early endosomes. These endosomal actin pools play a key role at different steps of the recycling process, from cargo segregation to specific endosomal subdomains to the generation and mobility of tubulo-vesicular transport carriers. Local F-actin pools also participate in the complex redistribution of endomembranes and organelles that leads to the acquisition of cell polarity. Here, we will present an overview of the contribution of endosomal F-actin to T-cell polarization during assembly of the immune synapse, a specialized membrane domain that T cells form at the contact with cognate antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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21
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Mok AC, Mody CH, Li SS. Immune Cell Degranulation in Fungal Host Defence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:484. [PMID: 34208679 PMCID: PMC8234259 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in an attempt to translate knowledge from one immune cell to another that may facilitate further studies in the context of fungal host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adley Ch Mok
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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22
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RhoG deficiency abrogates cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes and causes hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2021; 137:2033-2045. [PMID: 33513601 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis of cytotoxic granules (CG) by lymphocytes is required for the elimination of infected and malignant cells. Impairments in this process underly a group of diseases with dramatic hyperferritinemic inflammation termed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Although genetic and functional studies of HLH have identified proteins controlling distinct steps of CG exocytosis, the molecular mechanisms that spatiotemporally coordinate CG release remain partially elusive. We studied a patient exhibiting characteristic clinical features of HLH associated with markedly impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell exocytosis functions, who beared biallelic deleterious mutations in the gene encoding the small GTPase RhoG. Experimental ablation of RHOG in a model cell line and primary CTLs from healthy individuals uncovered a hitherto unappreciated role of RhoG in retaining CGs in the vicinity of the plasma membrane (PM), a fundamental prerequisite for CG exocytotic release. We discovered that RhoG engages in a protein-protein interaction with Munc13-4, an exocytosis protein essential for CG fusion with the PM. We show that this interaction is critical for docking of Munc13-4+ CGs to the PM and subsequent membrane fusion and release of CG content. Thus, our study illuminates RhoG as a novel essential regulator of human lymphocyte cytotoxicity and provides the molecular pathomechanism behind the identified here and previously unreported genetically determined form of HLH.
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23
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Bain JM, Alonso MF, Childers DS, Walls CA, Mackenzie K, Pradhan A, Lewis LE, Louw J, Avelar GM, Larcombe DE, Netea MG, Gow NAR, Brown GD, Erwig LP, Brown AJP. Immune cells fold and damage fungal hyphae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020484118. [PMID: 33876755 PMCID: PMC8053999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020484118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity provides essential protection against life-threatening fungal infections. However, the outcomes of individual skirmishes between immune cells and fungal pathogens are not a foregone conclusion because some pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade phagocytic recognition, engulfment, and killing. For example, Candida albicans can escape phagocytosis by activating cellular morphogenesis to form lengthy hyphae that are challenging to engulf. Through live imaging of C. albicans-macrophage interactions, we discovered that macrophages can counteract this by folding fungal hyphae. The folding of fungal hyphae is promoted by Dectin-1, β2-integrin, VASP, actin-myosin polymerization, and cell motility. Folding facilitates the complete engulfment of long hyphae in some cases and it inhibits hyphal growth, presumably tipping the balance toward successful fungal clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - M Fernanda Alonso
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona A Walls
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Mackenzie
- Microscopy and Histology Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne E Lewis
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Louw
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela M Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel E Larcombe
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Johnson-Johnson Innovation, Europe, Middle East and Africa Innovation Centre, London W1G 0BG, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, United Kingdom;
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, United Kingdom
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24
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Kim HR, Park JS, Karabulut H, Yasmin F, Jun CD. Transgelin-2: A Double-Edged Sword in Immunity and Cancer Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:606149. [PMID: 33898417 PMCID: PMC8060441 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.606149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin-2, a small actin-binding protein, is the only transgelin family member expressed in immune cells. In T and B lymphocytes, transgelin-2 is constitutively expressed, but in antigen-presenting cells, it is significantly upregulated upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Transgelin-2 acts as a molecular staple to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton, and it competes with cofilin to bind filamentous (F)-actin. This action may enable immune synapse stabilization during T-cell interaction with cognate antigen-presenting cells. Furthermore, transgelin-2 blocks Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin branching, which is presumably related to small filopodia formation, enhanced phagocytic function, and antigen presentation. Overall, transgelin-2 is an essential part of the molecular armament required for host defense against neoplasms and infectious diseases. However, transgelin-2 acts as a double-edged sword, as its expression is also essential for a wide range of tumor development, including drug resistance and metastasis. Thus, targeting transgelin-2 can also have a therapeutic advantage for cancer treatment; selectively suppressing transgelin-2 expression may prevent multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we review newly discovered molecular characteristics of transgelin-2 and discuss clinical applications for cancer and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hatice Karabulut
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Fatima Yasmin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
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25
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Jana SC. Centrosome structure and biogenesis: Variations on a theme? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 110:123-138. [PMID: 33455859 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of two orthogonally arranged centrioles surrounded by an electron-dense matrix called the pericentriolar material (PCM). Centrioles are cylinders with diameters of ~250 nm, are several hundred nanometres in length and consist of 9-fold symmetrically arranged microtubules (MT). In dividing animal cells, centrosomes act as the principal MT-organising centres and they also organise actin, which tunes cytoplasmic MT nucleation. In some specialised cells, the centrosome acquires additional critical structures and converts into the base of a cilium with diverse functions including signalling and motility. These structures are found in most eukaryotes and are essential for development and homoeostasis at both cellular and organism levels. The ultrastructure of centrosomes and their derived organelles have been known for more than half a century. However, recent advances in a number of techniques have revealed the high-resolution structures (at Å-to-nm scale resolution) of centrioles and have begun to uncover the molecular principles underlying their properties, including: protein components; structural elements; and biogenesis in various model organisms. This review covers advances in our understanding of the features and processes that are critical for the biogenesis of the evolutionarily conserved structures of the centrosomes. Furthermore, it discusses how variations of these aspects can generate diversity in centrosome structure and function among different species and even between cell types within a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, Bellary Road, 560065 Bangalore, India.
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26
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Biolato AM, Filali L, Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Gargiulo E, Valitutti S, Thomas C. Actin remodeling and vesicular trafficking at the tumor cell side of the immunological synapse direct evasion from cytotoxic lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:99-130. [PMID: 33066877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Michela Biolato
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ernesto Gargiulo
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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27
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Abu Khweek A, Amer AO. Pyroptotic and non-pyroptotic effector functions of caspase-11. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:39-52. [PMID: 32737894 PMCID: PMC7496135 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, epithelial cells, and many other cell types are capable of detecting infection or tissue injury, thus mounting regulated immune response. Inflammasomes are highly sophisticated and effective orchestrators of innate immunity. These oligomerized multiprotein complexes are at the center of various innate immune pathways, including modulation of the cytoskeleton, production and maturation of cytokines, and control of bacterial growth and cell death. Inflammasome assembly often results in caspase‐1 activation, which is an inflammatory caspase that is involved in pyroptotic cell death and release of inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogen patterns and endogenous danger stimuli. However, the nature of stimuli and inflammasome components are diverse. Caspase‐1 activation mediated release of mature IL‐1β and IL‐18 in response to canonical stimuli initiated by NOD‐like receptor (NLR), and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). On the other hand, caspase‐11 delineates a non‐canonical inflammasome that promotes pyroptotic cell death and non‐pyroptotic functions in response to non‐canonical stimuli. Caspase‐11 in mice and its homologues in humans (caspase‐4/5) belong to caspase‐1 family of cysteine proteases, and play a role in inflammation. Knockout mice provided new genetic tools to study inflammatory caspases and revealed the role of caspase‐11 in mediating septic shock in response to lethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recognition of LPS mediates caspase‐11 activation, which promotes a myriad of downstream effects that include pyroptotic and non‐pyroptotic effector functions. Therefore, the physiological functions of caspase‐11 are much broader than its previously established roles in apoptosis and cytokine maturation. Inflammation induced by exogenous or endogenous agents can be detrimental and, if excessive, can result in organ and tissue damage. Consequently, the existence of sophisticated mechanisms that tightly regulate the specificity and sensitivity of inflammasome pathways provides a fine‐tuning balance between adequate immune response and minimal tissue damage. In this review, we summarize effector functions of caspase‐11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abu Khweek
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Forkosh E, Kenig A, Ilan Y. Introducing variability in targeting the microtubules: Review of current mechanisms and future directions in colchicine therapy. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00616. [PMID: 32608157 PMCID: PMC7327382 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers that constitute the cellular cytoskeleton and play a role in multiple cellular functions. Variability characterizes biological systems and is considered a part of the normal function of cells and organs. Variability contributes to cell plasticity and is a mechanism for overcoming errors in cellular level assembly and function, and potentially the whole organ level. Dynamic instability is a feature of biological variability that characterizes the function of MTs. The dynamic behavior of MTs constitutes the basis for multiple biological processes that contribute to cellular plasticity and the timing of cell signaling. Colchicine is a MT-modifying drug that exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. This review discusses some of the functions of colchicine and presents a platform for introducing variability while targeting MTs in intestinal cells, the microbiome, the gut, and the systemic immune system. This platform can be used for implementing novel therapies, improving response to chronic MT-based therapies, overcoming drug resistance, exerting gut-based systemic immune responses, and generating patient-tailored dynamic therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Forkosh
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
| | - Ariel Kenig
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of MedicineHebrew University‐Hadassah Medical CentreJerusalemIsrael
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29
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Kara S, Amon L, Lühr JJ, Nimmerjahn F, Dudziak D, Lux A. Impact of Plasma Membrane Domains on IgG Fc Receptor Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1320. [PMID: 32714325 PMCID: PMC7344230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid cell membranes not only represent the physical boundaries of cells. They also actively participate in many cellular processes. This contribution is facilitated by highly complex mixtures of different lipids and incorporation of various membrane proteins. One group of membrane-associated receptors are Fc receptors (FcRs). These cell-surface receptors are crucial for the activity of most immune cells as they bind immunoglobulins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). Based on distinct mechanisms of IgG binding, two classes of Fc receptors are now recognized: the canonical type I FcγRs and select C-type lectin receptors newly referred to as type II FcRs. Upon IgG immune complex induced cross-linking, these receptors are known to induce a multitude of cellular effector responses in a cell-type dependent manner, including internalization, antigen processing, and presentation as well as production of cytokines. The response is also determined by specific intracellular signaling domains, allowing FcRs to either positively or negatively modulate immune cell activity. Expression of cell-type specific combinations and numbers of receptors therefore ultimately sets a threshold for induction of effector responses. Mechanistically, receptor cross-linking and localization to lipid rafts, i.e., organized membrane microdomains enriched in intracellular signaling proteins, were proposed as major determinants of initial FcR activation. Given that immune cell membranes might also vary in their lipid compositions, it is reasonable to speculate, that the cell membrane and especially lipid rafts serve as an additional regulator of FcR activity. In this article, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the interplay of lipid rafts and IgG binding FcRs with a focus on the plasma membrane composition and receptor localization in immune cells, the proposed mechanisms underlying this localization and consequences for FcR function with respect to their immunoregulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kara
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Lühr
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Nano-Optics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Gracheva IA, Shchegravina ES, Schmalz HG, Beletskaya IP, Fedorov AY. Colchicine Alkaloids and Synthetic Analogues: Current Progress and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10618-10651. [PMID: 32432867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine, the main alkaloid of Colchicum autumnale, is one of the most famous natural molecules. Although colchicine belongs to the oldest drugs (in use since 1500 BC), its pharmacological potential as a lead structure is not yet fully exploited. This review is devoted to the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of colchicine alkaloids and their analogues with modified A, B, and C rings, as well as hybrid compounds derived from colchicinoids including prodrugs, conjugates, and delivery systems. The systematization of a vast amount of information presented to date will create a paradigm for future studies of colchicinoids for neoplastic and various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia A Gracheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S Shchegravina
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | | | - Irina P Beletskaya
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
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Zhao P, Yang L, Li X, Lu W, Lu F, Wang S, Wang Y, Hua L, Cui C, Dong B, Yu Y, Wang L. Rae1 drives NKG2D binding-dependent tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways in tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2234-2247. [PMID: 32333709 PMCID: PMC7385386 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells engage NKG2D and mediate killing by NKG2D+ immune cells. However, tumor cells with high levels of NKG2DLs are still malignant and proliferate rapidly. We investigated the reason for NKG2DL-expressing cell progression. Tumor cells in mice were assessed for their NKG2DL expression, ability to attract immune cells, tumorigenicity, mTOR, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling activation. Antibody blockade was used to determine the effect of NKG2DL-NKG2D interaction on signaling activation in vitro. Retinoic acid early inducible gene 1 (Rae1) was related to the expression of other NKG2DLs, the promotion of tumorigenicity, Mmp2 expression, mTOR and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells, and the recruitment of NKG2D+ cells in mice. Rae1 also induced NKG2DL expression, mTOR, and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells and LLC cells, but not in B16 and Pan02 cells, which did not express NKG2DLs, when cocultured with PBMCs; the induced phosphorylation was eliminated by Rae1-NKG2D blockade. Inhibition of mTOR and/or STAT3 decreased PBMC-induced migration and proliferation of GL261 cells in vitro. Rae1, a NKG2DL on tumor cells, plays a driving role in the expression of other NKG2DLs and in tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways, relying on its interaction with NKG2D on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangjie Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Hua
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boqi Dong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kim S, Reddy P. Targeting Signal 3 Extracellularly and Intracellularly in Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:722. [PMID: 32411139 PMCID: PMC7198807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) holds curative potential for many hematological disorders. However, the pathophysiology of the desired graft-versus-tumor effect is linked to life-threatening complications of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Allogeneic donor T lymphocytes are essential for causing GVHD, and their activation relies on the coordination of TCR engagement and co-stimulation, also known as Signal 1 and Signal 2. In addition to these signals, a network of secreted cytokines by immune cells provides a third signal, Signal 3, that is critical for the initiation and maintenance of GVHD. Strategies to target Signal 3 in human diseases have shown therapeutic benefit for inflammatory disorders such as Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. However, despite our growing understanding of their role in GVHD, the success of targeting individual cytokines has been modest with some notable exceptions. This review aims to describe current approaches toward targeting Signal 3 in clinical GVHD, and to highlight emerging studies in immune cell biology that may be harnessed for better clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Inducible Polarized Secretion of Exosomes in T and B Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072631. [PMID: 32290050 PMCID: PMC7177964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EV) of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVB) constitutively released by many different eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVB to the plasma membrane. However, inducible exosome secretion controlled by cell surface receptors is restricted to very few cell types and a limited number of cell surface receptors. Among these, exosome secretion is induced in T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes when stimulated at the immune synapse (IS) via T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR), respectively. IS formation by T and B lymphocytes constitutes a crucial event involved in antigen-specific, cellular, and humoral immune responses. Upon IS formation by T and B lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APC), the convergence of MVB towards the microtubule organization center (MTOC), and MTOC polarization to the IS, are involved in polarized exosome secretion at the synaptic cleft. This specialized mechanism provides the immune system with a finely-tuned strategy to increase the specificity and efficiency of crucial secretory effector functions of B and T lymphocytes. As inducible exosome secretion by antigen-receptors is a critical and unique feature of the immune system this review considers the study of the traffic events leading to polarized exosome secretion at the IS and some of their biological consequences.
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34
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Are Synapse-Like Structures a Possible Way for Crosstalk of Cancer with Its Microenvironment? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040806. [PMID: 32230806 PMCID: PMC7226151 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of therapies directed at targets within cancer cells highlight the necessity for a paradigm change in cancer therapy. The attention of researchers has shifted towards the disruption of cancer cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment. A typical example of such a disruption is the immune checkpoint cancer therapy that disrupts interactions between the immune and the cancer cells. The interaction of cancer antigens with T cells occurs in the immunological synapses. This is characterized by several special features, i.e., the proximity of the immune cells and their target cells, strong intercellular adhesion, and secretion of signaling cytokines into the intercellular cleft. Earlier, we hypothesized that the cancer-associated fibroblasts interacting with cancer cells through a synapse-like adhesion might play an important role in cancer tumors. Studies of the interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts showed that their clusterization on the membrane surface determined their strength and specificity. The hundreds of interacting pairs are involved in the binding that may indicate the formation of synapse-like structures. These interactions may be responsible for successful metastasis of cancer cells, and their identification and disruption may open new therapeutic possibilities.
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Thumkeo D, Katsura Y, Nishimura Y, Kanchanawong P, Tohyama K, Ishizaki T, Kitajima S, Takahashi C, Hirata T, Watanabe N, Krummel MF, Narumiya S. mDia1/3-dependent actin polymerization spatiotemporally controls LAT phosphorylation by Zap70 at the immune synapse. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2432. [PMID: 31911947 PMCID: PMC6938706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the cytosolic protein Zap70 physically interacts with and phosphorylates its substrate, the transmembrane protein LAT, upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation remains largely obscure. In this study, we found that the pharmacological inhibition of formins, a major class of actin nucleators, suppressed LAT phosphorylation by Zap70, despite TCR stimulation-dependent phosphorylation of Zap70 remaining intact. High-resolution imaging and three-dimensional image reconstruction revealed that localization of phosphorylated Zap70 to the immune synapse (IS) and subsequent LAT phosphorylation are critically dependent on formin-mediated actin polymerization. Using knockout mice, we identify mDia1 and mDia3, which are highly expressed in T cells and which localize to the IS upon TCR activation, as the critical formins mediating this process. Our findings therefore describe previously unsuspected roles for mDia1 and mDia3 in the spatiotemporal control of Zap70-dependent LAT phosphorylation at the IS through regulation of filamentous actin, and underscore their physiological importance in TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Thumkeo
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (D.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Y. Katsura
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - P. Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - K. Tohyama
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T. Ishizaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Oita University Graduate School of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - S. Kitajima
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - C. Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - T. Hirata
- Department of Fundamental Biosciences, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - N. Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Single-Molecule Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M. F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S. Narumiya
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Corresponding author. (D.T.); (S.N.)
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Ogbomo H, Timm-McCann M, Barnes T, Xiang RF, Jamil K, Ganguly A, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Colarusso P, Mody CH. Granule-Dependent NK Cell Killing of Cryptococcus Requires Kinesin to Reposition the Cytolytic Machinery for Directed Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3017-3032. [PMID: 30208325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is the most important cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals. Host defense against Cryptococcus involves direct killing by NK cells. That NK cells from HIV-infected patients fail to polarize perforin to the microbial synapse and kill C. neoformans led us to explore the mechanisms used to reposition and polarize the cytolytic granules to the synapse. Using live-cell imaging, we observed microtubule and granule movements in response to Cryptococcus that revealed a kinesin-dependent event. Eg5-kinesin bound to perforin-containing granules and was required for association with the microtubules. Inhibition of Eg5-kinesin abrogated dynein-dependent granule convergence to the MTOC and granule and MTOC polarization to the synapse and suppressed NK cell killing of Cryptococcus. In contrast, Eg5-kinesin was dispensable for tumor killing. This reveals an alternative mechanism of MTOC repositioning and granule polarization, not used in tumor cytotoxicity, in which Eg5-kinesin is required to initiate granule movement, leading to microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ogbomo
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Martina Timm-McCann
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tavish Barnes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard F Xiang
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Khusraw Jamil
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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37
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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38
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Ilan-Ber T, Ilan Y. The role of microtubules in the immune system and as potential targets for gut-based immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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39
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Lysosome motility and distribution: Relevance in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1076-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Herranz G, Aguilera P, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Stancu B, Gómez J, Fernández-Moreno D, de Martín R, Quintanilla M, Fernández T, Rodríguez-Silvestre P, Márquez-Expósito L, Bello-Gamboa A, Fraile-Ramos A, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Protein Kinase C δ Regulates the Depletion of Actin at the Immunological Synapse Required for Polarized Exosome Secretion by T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31105694 PMCID: PMC6499072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVB) are endocytic compartments that enclose intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed by inward budding from the limiting membrane of endosomes. In T lymphocytes, ILVs are secreted as Fas ligand-bearing, pro-apoptotic exosomes following T cell receptor (TCR)-induced fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane at the immune synapse (IS). In this study we show that protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), a novel PKC isotype activated by diacylglycerol (DAG), regulates TCR-controlled MVB polarization toward the IS and exosome secretion. Concomitantly, we demonstrate that PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes are defective in activation-induced cell death. Using a DAG sensor based on the C1 DAG-binding domain of PKCδ and a GFP-PKCδ chimera, we reveal that T lymphocyte activation enhances DAG levels at the MVB endomembranes which mediates the association of PKCδ to MVB. Spatiotemporal reorganization of F-actin at the IS is inhibited in PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes. Therefore, we propose PKCδ as a DAG effector that regulates the actin reorganization necessary for MVB traffic and exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herranz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Stancu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl de Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Márquez-Expósito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Hammer JA, Wang JC, Saeed M, Pedrosa AT. Origin, Organization, Dynamics, and Function of Actin and Actomyosin Networks at the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:201-224. [PMID: 30576253 PMCID: PMC8343269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The engagement of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or activating surface results in the formation within the T cell of several distinct actin and actomyosin networks. These networks reside largely within a narrow zone immediately under the T cell's plasma membrane at its site of contact with the APC or activating surface, i.e., at the immunological synapse. Here we review the origin, organization, dynamics, and function of these synapse-associated actin and actomyosin networks. Importantly, recent insights into the nature of these actin-based cytoskeletal structures were made possible in several cases by advances in light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jia C Wang
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mezida Saeed
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Antonio T Pedrosa
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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42
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Sun X, Wei Y, Lee PP, Ren B, Liu C. The role of WASp in T cells and B cells. Cell Immunol 2019; 341:103919. [PMID: 31047647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a form of primary immunodeficiency (PIDs) resulting from mutations of the gene that encodes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). WASp is the first identified and most widely studied protein belonging to the actin nucleation-promoting factor family and plays significant role in integrating and transforming signals from critical receptors on the cell surface to actin remodeling. WASp functions in immune defense and homeostasis through the regulation of actin cytoskeleton-dependent cellular processes as well as processes uncoupled with actin polymerization like nuclear transcription programs. In this article, we review the mechanisms of WASp activation through an understanding of its structure. We further discuss the role of WASp in adaptive immunity, paying special attention to some recent findings on the crucial role of WASp in the formation of immunological synapse, the regulation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and in the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela P Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
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43
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Gawden-Bone CM, Griffiths GM. Phospholipids: Pulling Back the Actin Curtain for Granule Delivery to the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2019; 10:700. [PMID: 31031745 PMCID: PMC6470250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides, together with the phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, are important components of the plasma membrane acting as second messengers that, with diacylglycerol, regulate a diverse range of signaling events converting extracellular changes into cellular responses. Local changes in their distribution and membrane charge on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane play important roles in immune cell function. Here we discuss their distribution and regulators highlighting the importance of membrane changes across the immune synapse on the cytoskeleton and the impact on the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Abstract
Functional interpretation of noncoding genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies is a major challenge in human genetics and gene regulation. We generated epigenomics data using primary cells from type 1 diabetes patients. Using these data, we identified and validated multiple novel risk variants for this disease. In addition, our ranked list of candidate risk SNPs represents the most comprehensive annotation based on T1D-specific T-cell data. Because many autoimmune diseases share some genetic underpinnings, our dataset may be used to understand causal noncoding mutations in related autoimmune diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed 59 genomic loci associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Functional interpretation of the SNPs located in the noncoding region of these loci remains challenging. We perform epigenomic profiling of two enhancer marks, H3K4me1 and H3K27ac, using primary TH1 and TREG cells isolated from healthy and T1D subjects. We uncover a large number of deregulated enhancers and altered transcriptional circuitries in both cell types of T1D patients. We identify four SNPs (rs10772119, rs10772120, rs3176792, rs883868) in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with T1D-associated GWAS lead SNPs that alter enhancer activity and expression of immune genes. Among them, rs10772119 and rs883868 disrupt the binding of retinoic acid receptor α (RARA) and Yin and Yang 1 (YY1), respectively. Loss of binding by YY1 also results in the loss of long-range enhancer–promoter interaction. These findings provide insights into how noncoding variants affect the transcriptomes of two T-cell subtypes that play critical roles in T1D pathogenesis.
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45
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Sharma N, Baek K, Shimokawa N, Takagi M. Effect of temperature on raft-dependent endocytic cluster formation during activation of Jurkat T cells by concanavalin A. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:479-485. [PMID: 30355461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature plays an important role in the immune response. Acclimatization occurs when there are changes in ambient temperature over a long period. In this study, we used the human leukemic Jurkat T cell line to study the effect of temperature on the immune system using concanavalin A (ConA), a plant-derived immunostimulant, as a trigger for T-cell activation. Previously, we have reported endocytic intracellular cluster formation during T-cell activation by ConA with the aid of rafts and polymerization of the cytoskeleton (actin and microtubules). Here, we investigated the effect of temperature on cluster formation (with the aid of three-dimensional images of the cells) and on the stability of rafts, actin, and microtubules. When the temperature was changed between 23°C and 37°C (physiological temperature), clusters could be observed throughout this temperature range. Raft structure was stabilized at lower temperatures but destabilized at higher temperatures. Actin was stable when the temperature was higher than 27°C. When actin was depolymerized, clustering was not observed at 37°C but could be observed at 23°C. There were no changes in microtubules within this temperature range. Thus, raft clustering may be associated with raft stability at lower temperatures (<27°C) and with actin at higher temperatures (≥27°C). Hence, we provided insight into the associations between temperature, rafts, actin, and microtubules in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - KeangOK Baek
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Naofumi Shimokawa
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takagi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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46
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Jenkins E, Santos AM, O'Brien-Ball C, Felce JH, Wilcock MJ, Hatherley D, Dustin ML, Davis SJ, Eggeling C, Sezgin E. Reconstitution of immune cell interactions in free-standing membranes. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs219709. [PMID: 30209137 PMCID: PMC6398472 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal regulation of signalling proteins at the contacts formed between immune cells and their targets determines how and when immune responses begin and end. Therapeutic control of immune responses therefore relies on thorough elucidation of the molecular processes occurring at these interfaces. However, the detailed investigation of each component's contribution to the formation and regulation of the contact is hampered by the complexities of cell composition and architecture. Moreover, the transient nature of these interactions creates additional challenges, especially in the use of advanced imaging technology. One approach that circumvents these problems is to establish in vitro systems that faithfully mimic immune cell interactions, but allow complexity to be 'dialled-in' as needed. Here, we present an in vitro system that makes use of synthetic vesicles that mimic important aspects of immune cell surfaces. Using this system, we began to explore the spatial distribution of signalling molecules (receptors, kinases and phosphatases) and how this changes during the initiation of signalling. The GUV/cell system presented here is expected to be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jenkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Caitlin O'Brien-Ball
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - James H Felce
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Martin J Wilcock
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Simon J Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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47
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Junghans V, Santos AM, Lui Y, Davis SJ, Jönsson P. Dimensions and Interactions of Large T-Cell Surface Proteins. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2215. [PMID: 30319654 PMCID: PMC6170634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of the adaptive immune response involves the interaction of T cells that express T-cell receptors (TCRs) with peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Exactly how this leads to activation of the TCR and to downstream signaling is uncertain, however. Recent findings suggest that one of the key events is the exclusion of the large receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45, from close contacts formed at sites of T-cell/APC interaction. If this is true, a full understanding of how close contact formation leads to signaling would require insights into the structures of, and interactions between, large membrane proteins like CD45 and other proteins forming the glycocalyx, such as CD43. Structural insights into the overall dimensions of these proteins using crystallographic methods are hard to obtain, and their conformations on the cell surface are also unknown. Several imaging-based optical microscopy techniques have however been developed for analyzing protein dimensions and orientation on model cell surfaces with nanometer precision. Here we review some of these methods with a focus on the use of hydrodynamic trapping, which relies on liquid flow from a micropipette to move and trap membrane-associated fluorescently labeled molecules. Important insights that have been obtained include (i) how protein flexibility and coverage might affect the effective heights of these molecules, (ii) the height of proteins on the membrane as a key parameter determining how they will distribute in cell-cell contacts, and (iii) how repulsive interactions between the extracellular parts of the proteins influences protein aggregation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Lui
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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48
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Jeon BN, Kim HR, Chung YS, Na BR, Park H, Hong C, Fatima Y, Oh H, Kim CH, Jun CD. Actin stabilizer TAGLN2 potentiates adoptive T cell therapy by boosting the inside-out costimulation via lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1500674. [PMID: 30524895 PMCID: PMC6279342 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct temporal and spatial control of actin dynamics is essential for the cytotoxic T cell effector function against tumor cells. However, little is known whether actin engineering in tumor-targeted T cells can enhance their antitumor responses, thereby potentiating the adoptive T cell therapy. Here, we report that TAGLN2, a 22-KDa actin-stabilizing protein which is physically associated with lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), potentiates the OTI TCR CD8+ T cells to kill the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-positive/OVA-presenting E0771 cells, but not ICAM-1-negative OVA-B16F10 cells, suggesting an 'inside-out' activation of LFA-1, which causes more efficient immunological synapse formation between T cells and tumor cells. Notably, recombinant TAGLN2 fused with the protein transduction domain (TG2P) overcame the disadvantages of viral gene delivery, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mice. TG2P also potentiated the CD19-targeted, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells to kill Raji B-lymphoma cells. Our findings indicate that activating the TAGLN2-actin-LFA-1 axis is an effective strategy to potentiate the adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Nam Jeon
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chorong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yasmin Fatima
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyeonju Oh
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, GIST, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, GIST, Gwangju, Korea
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49
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The actin remodeling protein cofilin is crucial for thymic αβ but not γδ T-cell development. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005380. [PMID: 29985916 PMCID: PMC6053251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin is an essential actin remodeling protein promoting depolymerization and severing of actin filaments. To address the relevance of cofilin for the development and function of T cells in vivo, we generated knock-in mice in which T-cell-specific nonfunctional (nf) cofilin was expressed instead of wild-type (WT) cofilin. Nf cofilin mice lacked peripheral αβ T cells and showed a severe thymus atrophy. This was caused by an early developmental arrest of thymocytes at the double negative (DN) stage. Importantly, even though DN thymocytes expressed the TCRβ chain intracellularly, they completely lacked TCRβ surface expression. In contrast, nf cofilin mice possessed normal numbers of γδ T cells. Their functionality was confirmed in the γδ T-cell-driven, imiquimod (IMQ)-induced, psoriasis-like murine model. Overall, this study not only highlights the importance of cofilin for early αβ T-cell development but also shows for the first time that an actin-binding protein is differentially involved in αβ versus γδ T-cell development.
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50
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Jo S, Kim HR, Mun Y, Jun CD. Transgelin-2 in immunity: Its implication in cell therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:903-910. [PMID: 29749649 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr1117-470r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgelin-2 is a small 22-kDa actin-binding protein implicated in actin dynamics, which stabilizes actin structures and participates in actin-associated signaling pathways. Much curiosity regarding transgelin-2 has centered around its dysregulation in tumor development and associated diseases. However, recent studies have shed new light on the functions of transgelin-2, the only transgelin family member present in leukocytes, in the context of various immune responses. In this review, we outlined the biochemical properties of transgelin-2 and its physiological functions in T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Transgelin-2 regulates T cell activation by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton at the immunological synapse. Transgelin-2 in B cells also participates in the stabilization of T cell-B cell conjugates. While transgelin-2 is expressed at trace levels in macrophages, its expression is highly upregulated upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation and plays an essential role in macrophage phagocytosis. Since transgelin-2 increases T cell adhesion to target cells via boosting the "inside-out" costimulatory activation of leukocyte function-associated antigen 1, transgelin-2 could be a suitable candidate to potentiate the antitumor response of cytotoxic T cells by compensating for the lack of costimulation in tumor microenvironment. We discussed the feasibility of using native or engineered transgelin-2 as a synergistic molecule in cell-based immunotherapies, without inducing off-target disturbance in actin dynamics in other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suin Jo
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - YeVin Mun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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