1
|
Cadosch N, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Ludewig B. Cardiac Fibroblastic Niches in Homeostasis and Inflammation. Circ Res 2024; 134:1703-1717. [PMID: 38843287 PMCID: PMC11149942 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are essential for building and maintaining the structural integrity of all organs. Moreover, fibroblasts can acquire an inflammatory phenotype to accommodate immune cells in specific niches and to provide migration, differentiation, and growth factors. In the heart, balancing of fibroblast activity is critical for cardiac homeostasis and optimal organ function during inflammation. Fibroblasts sustain cardiac homeostasis by generating local niche environments that support housekeeping functions and by actively engaging in intercellular cross talk. During inflammatory perturbations, cardiac fibroblasts rapidly switch to an inflammatory state and actively communicate with infiltrating immune cells to orchestrate immune cell migration and activity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular landscape of cardiac fibroblasts, focusing on their dual role in promoting tissue homeostasis and modulating immune cell-cardiomyocyte interaction. In addition, we discuss potential future avenues for manipulating cardiac fibroblast activity during myocardial inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Cadosch
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland (N.C., C.G.-C., C.P.-S., B.L.)
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland (N.C., C.G.-C., C.P.-S., B.L.)
- University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.G.-C., B.L.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland (N.C., C.G.-C., C.P.-S., B.L.)
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland (N.C., C.G.-C., C.P.-S., B.L.)
- University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (C.G.-C., B.L.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (B.L.), University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Tissue fibroblasts are versatile immune regulators: An evaluation of their impact on the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102296. [PMID: 38588867 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are abundant stromal cells which not only control the integrity of extracellular matrix (ECM) but also act as immune regulators. It is known that the structural cells within tissues can establish an organ-specific immunity expressing many immune-related genes and closely interact with immune cells. In fact, fibroblasts can modify their immune properties to display both pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities in a context-dependent manner. After acute insults, fibroblasts promote tissue inflammation although they concurrently recruit immunosuppressive cells to enhance the resolution of inflammation. In chronic pathological states, tissue fibroblasts, especially senescent fibroblasts, can display many pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and stimulate the activities of different immunosuppressive cells. In return, immunosuppressive cells, such as M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), evoke an excessive conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, thus aggravating the severity of tissue fibrosis. Single-cell transcriptome studies on fibroblasts isolated from aged tissues have confirmed that tissue fibroblasts express many genes coding for cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors, whereas they lose some fibrogenic properties. The versatile immune properties of fibroblasts and their close cooperation with immune cells indicate that tissue fibroblasts have a crucial role in the aging process and age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, KYS FI-70029, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao KM, Chiang K, Jiang Z, Korkmaz FT, Janardhan HP, Trivedi CM, Quinton LJ, Gingras S, Fitzgerald KA, Marshak-Rothstein A. Endothelial cell expression of a STING gain-of-function mutation initiates pulmonary lymphocytic infiltration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114114. [PMID: 38625791 PMCID: PMC11108094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients afflicted with Stimulator of interferon gene (STING) gain-of-function mutations frequently present with debilitating interstitial lung disease (ILD) that is recapitulated in mice expressing the STINGV154M mutation (VM). Prior radiation chimera studies revealed an unexpected and critical role for non-hematopoietic cells in initiating ILD. To identify STING-expressing non-hematopoietic cell types required for the development of ILD, we use a conditional knockin (CKI) model and direct expression of the VM allele to hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, or endothelial cells. Only endothelial cell-targeted VM expression results in enhanced recruitment of immune cells to the lung associated with elevated chemokine expression and the formation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, as seen in the parental VM strain. These findings reveal the importance of endothelial cells as instigators of STING-driven lung disease and suggest that therapeutic targeting of STING inhibitors to endothelial cells could potentially mitigate inflammation in the lungs of STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) patients or patients afflicted with other ILD-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin MingJie Gao
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kristy Chiang
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Filiz T Korkmaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Harish P Janardhan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Lee J Quinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsokos GC, Boulougoura A, Kasinath V, Endo Y, Abdi R, Li H. The immunoregulatory roles of non-haematopoietic cells in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:206-217. [PMID: 37985868 PMCID: PMC11005998 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of immune complexes, activation of complement and infiltration of the kidney by cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems have long been considered responsible for the induction of kidney damage in autoimmune, alloimmune and other inflammatory kidney diseases. However, emerging findings have highlighted the contribution of resident immune cells and of immune molecules expressed by kidney-resident parenchymal cells to disease processes. Several types of kidney parenchymal cells seem to express a variety of immune molecules with a distinct topographic distribution, which may reflect the exposure of these cells to different pathogenic threats or microenvironments. A growing body of literature suggests that these cells can stimulate the infiltration of immune cells that provide protection against infections or contribute to inflammation - a process that is also regulated by draining kidney lymph nodes. Moreover, components of the immune system, such as autoantibodies, cytokines and immune cells, can influence the metabolic profile of kidney parenchymal cells in the kidney, highlighting the importance of crosstalk in pathogenic processes. The development of targeted nanomedicine approaches that modulate the immune response or control inflammation and damage directly within the kidney has the potential to eliminate the need for systemically acting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Vivek Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yushiro Endo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lucas CJ, Sheridan RM, Reynoso GV, Davenport BJ, McCarthy MK, Martin A, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Tamburini BA, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts lymph node lymphatic endothelial cell composition and function via MARCO. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176537. [PMID: 38194268 PMCID: PMC11143926 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes disruption of draining lymph node (dLN) organization, including paracortical relocalization of B cells, loss of the B cell-T cell border, and lymphocyte depletion that is associated with infiltration of the LN with inflammatory myeloid cells. Here, we found that, during the first 24 hours of infection, CHIKV RNA accumulated in MARCO-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in both the floor and medullary LN sinuses. The accumulation of viral RNA in the LN was associated with a switch to an antiviral and inflammatory gene expression program across LN stromal cells, and this inflammatory response - including recruitment of myeloid cells to the LN - was accelerated by CHIKV-MARCO interactions. As CHIKV infection progressed, both floor and medullary LECs diminished in number, suggesting further functional impairment of the LN by infection. Consistent with this idea, antigen acquisition by LECs, a key function of LN LECs during infection and immunization, was reduced during pathogenic CHIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac J. Lucas
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan M. Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Glennys V. Reynoso
- Viral Immunity & Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Aspen Martin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics and
| | - Jay R. Hesselberth
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics and
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Viral Immunity & Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth A.J. Tamburini
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perrotta S, Carnevale D. Brain-Splenic Immune System Interactions in Hypertension: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:65-75. [PMID: 37942610 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension represents a major worldwide cause of death and disability, and it is becoming increasingly clear that available therapies are not sufficient to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events. Various mechanisms contribute to blood pressure increase: neurohormonal activation, autonomic nervous system imbalance, and immune activation. Of note, the brain is an important regulator of blood pressure levels; it recognizes the peripheral perturbation and organizes a reflex response by modulating immune system and hormonal release to attempt at restoring the homeostasis. The connection between the brain and peripheral organs is mediated by the autonomic nervous system, which also modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, an increased autonomic nervous system activity has been correlated with an altered immune response in cardiovascular diseases. The spleen is the largest immune organ exerting a potent influence on the cardiovascular system during disease and is characterized by a dense noradrenergic innervation. Taken together, these aspects led to hypothesize a key role of neuroimmune mechanisms in the onset and progression of hypertension. This review discusses how the nervous and splenic immune systems interact and how the mechanisms underlying the neuroimmune cross talk influence the disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perrotta
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.P., D.C.)
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, Unit of Neuro and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (S.P., D.C.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schneider M, Allman A, Maillard I. Regulation of immune cell development, differentiation and function by stromal Notch ligands. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102256. [PMID: 37806295 PMCID: PMC10873072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell-to-cell communication is critical for the regulation of tissue organization. Notch signaling relies on direct interactions between Notch receptors on signal-receiving cells and Notch ligands on adjacent cells. Notch evolved to mediate local cellular interactions that are responsive to spatial cues via dosage-sensitive short-lived signals. Immune cells utilize these unique properties of Notch signaling to direct their development, differentiation, and function. In this review, we explore how immune cells interact through Notch receptors with stromal cells in specialized niches of lymphohematopoietic organs that express Notch-activating ligands. We emphasize factors that control these interactions and focus on how Notch signals communicate spatial, quantitative, and temporal information to program the function of signal-receiving cells in the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anneka Allman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hegewisch-Solloa E, Nalin AP, Freud AG, Mace EM. Deciphering the localization and trajectory of human natural killer cell development. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:487-506. [PMID: 36869821 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells represent the first line of cellular immunity, comprised of both circulating and tissue-resident natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells. These innate lymphocytes arise from a common CD34+ progenitor that differentiates into mature natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells. The successive stages in natural killer cell maturation are characterized by increased lineage restriction and changes to phenotype and function. Mechanisms of human natural killer cell development have not been fully elucidated, especially the role of signals that drive the spatial localization and maturation of natural killer cells. Cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and chemokines provide maturation signals and influence the trafficking of natural killer cell progenitors to peripheral sites of differentiation. Here we present the latest advances in our understanding of natural killer and innate lymphoid cell development in peripheral sites, including secondary lymphoid tissues (i.e. tonsil). Recent work in the field has provided a model for the spatial distribution of natural killer cell and innate lymphoid cell developmental intermediates in tissue and generated further insights into the developmental niche. In support of this model, future studies using multifaceted approaches seek to fully map the developmental trajectory of human natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells in secondary lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ansel P Nalin
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Medical Scientist Training Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 10th Ave. Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave. Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lucas CJ, Sheridan RM, Reynoso GV, Davenport BJ, McCarthy MK, Martin A, Hesselberth JR, Hickman HD, Tamburini BAJ, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts lymph node lymphatic endothelial cell composition and function via MARCO. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.561615. [PMID: 37873393 PMCID: PMC10592756 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.561615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes disruption of draining lymph node (dLN) organization, including paracortical relocalization of B cells, loss of the B cell-T cell border, and lymphocyte depletion that is associated with infiltration of the LN with inflammatory myeloid cells. Here, we find that during the first 24 h of infection, CHIKV RNA accumulates in MARCO-expressing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in both the floor and medullary LN sinuses. The accumulation of viral RNA in the LN was associated with a switch to an antiviral and inflammatory gene expression program across LN stromal cells, and this inflammatory response, including recruitment of myeloid cells to the LN, was accelerated by CHIKV-MARCO interactions. As CHIKV infection progressed, both floor and medullary LECs diminished in number, suggesting further functional impairment of the LN by infection. Consistent with this idea, we find that antigen acquisition by LECs, a key function of LN LECs during infection and immunization, was reduced during pathogenic CHIKV infection.
Collapse
|
10
|
Han N, Zhou D, Ruan M, Yan M, Zhang C. Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles drive pre-metastatic niche formation of lymph node via IFNGR1/JAK1/STAT1-activated-PD-L1 expression on FRCs in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2023; 145:106524. [PMID: 37482043 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of FRCs regulated by cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs) played in pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation of lymph node (LN). MATERIALS AND METHODS The FRCs in sixty fresh cervical LNs from 20 patients were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. Cells in LN with or without metastasis were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). CEVs were isolated from the culture supernatant of primarily cultured cancer cells and cocultured with FRCs. Mass Spectrometry was used to identify LN metastasis related protein in CEVs. The activation of IFNGR1/JAK1/STAT1-activated-PD-L1 pathway in FRCs was detected by western blotting. FRCs were co-cultured with CD8+ T lymphocytes to confirm the cytotoxicity assay of FRCs. RESULTS The proportion of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) was significantly higher in micro-metastatic LN in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients (HNSCC, p < 0.05) and scRNA-seq analysis further showed a high focus of extracellular vesicles-related pathway on FRCs in LN with metastasis (p < 0.05). Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) in CEVs can be engulfed by FRCs and promote PD-L1 expression on FRCs via JAK1-STAT1 pathway, resulting in an increased CD8+ T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSION IFNGR1, originated from cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles, promote PD-L1 expression on FRCs and subsequent CD8+ T cell exhaustion via JAK1-STAT1 activation, which facilitate pre-metastatic niche formation and tumor metastasis in sentinel lymph node in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Han
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ruan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghonim MA, Boyd DF, Flerlage T, Thomas PG. Pulmonary inflammation and fibroblast immunoregulation: from bench to bedside. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170499. [PMID: 37655660 PMCID: PMC10471178 DOI: 10.1172/jci170499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in how fibroblasts initiate, sustain, and resolve inflammation across disease states. Fibroblasts contain heterogeneous subsets with diverse functionality. The phenotypes of these populations vary depending on their spatial distribution within the tissue and the immunopathologic cues contributing to disease progression. In addition to their roles in structurally supporting organs and remodeling tissue, fibroblasts mediate critical interactions with diverse immune cells. These interactions have important implications for defining mechanisms of disease and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Fibroblasts in the respiratory tract, in particular, determine the severity and outcome of numerous acute and chronic lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we review recent studies defining the spatiotemporal identity of the lung-derived fibroblasts and the mechanisms by which these subsets regulate immune responses to insult exposures and highlight past, current, and future therapeutic targets with relevance to fibroblast biology in the context of acute and chronic human respiratory diseases. This perspective highlights the importance of tissue context in defining fibroblast-immune crosstalk and paves the way for identifying therapeutic approaches to benefit patients with acute and chronic pulmonary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ghonim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - David F. Boyd
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Tim Flerlage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao KM, Chiang K, Korkmaz FT, Janardhan HP, Trivedi CM, Quinton LJ, Gingras S, Fitzgerald KA, Marshak-Rothstein A. Expression of a STING Gain-of-function Mutation in Endothelial Cells Initiates Lymphocytic Infiltration of the Lungs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550897. [PMID: 37547024 PMCID: PMC10402179 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients afflicted with STING gain-of-function mutations frequently present with debilitating interstitial lung disease ( ILD ) that is recapitulated in mice expressing the STING V154M mutation ( VM ). Prior radiation chimera studies revealed an unexpected and critical role for non-hematopoietic cells in the initiation of ILD. To identify STING-expressing non-hematopoietic cell types relevant to ILD, we generated a conditional knock-in ( CKI ) model in which expression of the VM allele was directed to hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, or endothelial cells. Only endothelial cell-targeted expression of the mutant allele resulted in the recruitment of immune cells to the lung and the formation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, as seen in the parental VM strain. These findings reveal the importance of endothelial cells as instigators of STING-driven lung disease and suggest that therapeutic targeting of STING inhibitors to endothelial cells could potentially mitigate inflammation in the lungs of SAVI patients or patients afflicted with other ILD-related disorders. Summary Patients with STING gain-of-function (GOF) mutations develop life-threatening lung autoinflammation. In this study, Gao et al. utilize a mouse model of conditional STING GOF to demonstrate a role for endothelial STING GOF in initiating immune cell recruitment into lung tissues of SAVI mice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Apollonio B, Spada F, Petrov N, Cozzetto D, Papazoglou D, Jarvis P, Kannambath S, Terranova-Barberio M, Amini RM, Enblad G, Graham C, Benjamin R, Phillips E, Ellis R, Nuamah R, Saqi M, Calado DP, Rosenquist R, Sutton LA, Salisbury J, Zacharioudakis G, Vardi A, Hagner PR, Gandhi AK, Bacac M, Claus C, Umana P, Jarrett RF, Klein C, Deutsch A, Ramsay AG. Tumor-activated lymph node fibroblasts suppress T cell function in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166070. [PMID: 37219943 PMCID: PMC10313378 DOI: 10.1172/jci166070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent transcriptomic-based analysis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has highlighted the clinical relevance of LN fibroblast and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) signatures within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the immunomodulatory role of fibroblasts in lymphoma remains unclear. Here, by studying human and mouse DLBCL-LNs, we identified the presence of an aberrantly remodeled fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network expressing elevated fibroblast-activated protein (FAP). RNA-Seq analyses revealed that exposure to DLBCL reprogrammed key immunoregulatory pathways in FRCs, including a switch from homeostatic to inflammatory chemokine expression and elevated antigen-presentation molecules. Functional assays showed that DLBCL-activated FRCs (DLBCL-FRCs) hindered optimal TIL and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell migration. Moreover, DLBCL-FRCs inhibited CD8+ TIL cytotoxicity in an antigen-specific manner. Notably, the interrogation of patient LNs with imaging mass cytometry identified distinct environments differing in their CD8+ TIL-FRC composition and spatial organization that associated with survival outcomes. We further demonstrated the potential to target inhibitory FRCs to rejuvenate interacting TILs. Cotreating organotypic cultures with FAP-targeted immunostimulatory drugs and a bispecific antibody (glofitamab) augmented antilymphoma TIL cytotoxicity. Our study reveals an immunosuppressive role of FRCs in DLBCL, with implications for immune evasion, disease pathogenesis, and optimizing immunotherapy for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Apollonio
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Domenico Cozzetto
- BRC Translational Bioinformatics at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jarvis
- 5th Surgical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Shichina Kannambath
- BRC Genomics Research Platform at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rose-Marie Amini
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Enblad
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Graham
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben Benjamin
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Phillips
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rosamond Nuamah
- BRC Genomics Research Platform at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Saqi
- BRC Translational Bioinformatics at Guy’s and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinis P. Calado
- Immunity & Cancer Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley A. Sutton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Salisbury
- Department of Haematology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Vardi
- Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ruth F. Jarrett
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alan G. Ramsay
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gu L, Zhu Y, Lee M, Nguyen A, Ryujin NT, Huang JY, Pandit SK, Chamseddine S, Xiao L, Mohamed YI, Kaseb AO, Karin M, Shalapour S. Angiotensin II receptor inhibition ameliorates liver fibrosis and enhances hepatocellular carcinoma infiltration by effector T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300706120. [PMID: 37126700 PMCID: PMC10175751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300706120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is declining, nonviral HCC, which often is the end stage of nonalcoholic or alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, ASH), is on an upward trajectory. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that block the T cell inhibitory receptor PD-1 were approved for treatment of all HCC types. However, only a minority of HCC patients show a robust and sustained response to PD-1 blockade, calling for improved understanding of factors that negatively impact response rate and duration and the discovery of new adjuvant treatments that enhance ICI responsiveness. Using a mouse model of NASH-driven HCC, we identified peritumoral fibrosis as a potential obstacle to T cell-mediated tumor regression and postulated that antifibrotic medications may increase ICI responsiveness. We now show that the angiotensin II receptor inhibitor losartan, a commonly prescribed and safe antihypertensive drug, reduced liver and peritumoral fibrosis and substantially enhanced anti-PD-1-induced tumor regression. Although losartan did not potentiate T cell reinvigoration, it substantially enhanced HCC infiltration by effector CD8+ T cells compared to PD-1 blockade alone. The beneficial effects of losartan correlated with blunted TGF-β receptor signaling, reduced collagen deposition, and depletion of immunosuppressive fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Yahui Zhu
- Department of Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Maiya Lee
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Nicolas T. Ryujin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Jian Yu Huang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Shusil K. Pandit
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Shadi Chamseddine
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Yehia I. Mohamed
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Ahmed O. Kaseb
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoshihara T, Okabe Y. Aldh1a2 + fibroblastic reticular cells regulate lymphocyte recruitment in omental milky spots. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213908. [PMID: 36880532 PMCID: PMC9997506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid clusters in visceral adipose tissue omentum, known as milky spots, play a central role in the immunological defense in the abdomen. Milky spots exhibit hybrid nature between secondary lymph organs and ectopic lymphoid tissues, yet their development and maturation mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified a subset of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) that are uniquely present in omental milky spots. These FRCs were characterized by the expression of retinoic acid-converting enzyme, Aldh1a2, and endothelial cell marker, Tie2, in addition to canonical FRC-associated genes. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of Aldh1a2+ FRCs resulted in the alteration in milky spot structure with a significant reduction in size and cellularity. Mechanistically, Aldh1a2+ FRCs regulated the display of chemokine CXCL12 on high endothelial venules (HEVs), which recruit blood-borne lymphocytes from circulation. We further found that Aldh1a2+ FRCs are required for the maintenance of peritoneal lymphocyte composition. These results illustrate the homeostatic roles of FRCs in the formation of non-classical lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Okabe
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency , PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Laumont CM, Nelson BH. B cells in the tumor microenvironment: Multi-faceted organizers, regulators, and effectors of anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:466-489. [PMID: 36917951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is rapidly expanding beyond T cell-centric perspectives to include B cells and plasma cells, collectively referred to as TIL-Bs. In many cancers, TIL-Bs carry strong prognostic significance and are emerging as key predictors of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. TIL-Bs can perform multiple functions, including antigen presentation and antibody production, which allow them to focus immune responses on cognate antigen to support both T cell responses and innate mechanisms involving complement, macrophages, and natural killer cells. In the stroma of the most immunologically "hot" tumors, TIL-Bs are prominent components of tertiary lymphoid structures, which resemble lymph nodes structurally and functionally. Additionally, TIL-Bs participate in a variety of other lympho-myeloid aggregates and engage in dynamic interactions with the tumor stroma. Here, we summarize our current understanding of TIL-Bs in human cancer, highlighting the compelling therapeutic opportunities offered by their unique tumor recognition and effector mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline M Laumont
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 3E6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gu L, Zhu Y, Lee M, Nguyen A, Ryujin NT, Huang J, Chamseddine S, Xiao L, Mohamed YI, Kaseb AO, Karin M, Shalapour S. Angiotensin II receptor inhibition ameliorates liver fibrosis and enhances hepatocellular carcinoma infiltration by effector T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.05.531188. [PMID: 36945365 PMCID: PMC10028807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.05.531188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Although viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is declining, non-viral HCC, which often is the end-stage of non-alcoholic or alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, ASH), is on an upward trajectory. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that block the T cell inhibitory receptor PD-1 were approved for treatment of all HCC types. However, only a small portion of HCC patients show a robust and sustained response to PD-1 blockade, calling for improved understanding of factors that negatively impact response rate and duration and the discovery of new adjuvant treatments that enhance ICI responsiveness. Using a mouse model of NASH-driven HCC, we identified peritumoral fibrosis as a potential obstacle to T cell mediated tumor regression and postulated that anti-fibrotic medications may increase ICI responsiveness. We now show that the angiotensin II receptor inhibitor losartan, a commonly prescribed and safe antihypertensive drug, reduced liver and peritumoral fibrosis and substantially enhanced anti-PD-1 induced tumor regression. Although losartan did not potentiate T cell reinvigoration, it substantially enhanced HCC infiltration by effector CD8 + T cells compared to PD-1 blockade alone. The beneficial effects of losartan correlated with inhibition of TGF-β receptor signaling, collagen deposition and depletion of immunosuppressive fibroblasts. Significance Immune checkpoint inhibitors are used in HCC treatment but overall response rates for single agent PD-1/PD-L1 blockers have remained stubbornly low. Using a mouse model of NASH-driven HCC, we show that co-treatment with the safe and inexpensive angiotensin II receptor inhibitor losartan substantially enhanced anti-PD-1 triggered HCC regression. Although losartan did not influence the reinvigoration of exhausted CD8 + T cells it considerably enhanced their intratumoral invasion, which we postulated to be compromised by peritumoral fibrosis. Indeed, the beneficial effect of losartan correlated with inhibition of TGF-β signaling and collagen deposition, and depletion of immunosuppressive fibroblasts. Losartan should be evaluated for its adjuvant activity in HCC patients undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The theory that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are immunosuppressive cells has prevailed throughout the past decade. However, recent high-throughput, high-resolution mesenchyme-directed single-cell studies have harnessed computational advances to functionally characterize cell states, highlighting the existence of immunostimulatory CAFs. Our group and others have uncovered and experimentally substantiated key functions of cancer antigen-presenting CAFs in T cell immunity, both in vitro and in vivo, refuting the conventional assumption that CAFs impede adaptive immune rejection of tumours. In this Perspective, I unify the follicular and non-follicular, non-endothelial stroma of tumours under the 'peripheral adaptive immune mesenchyme' framework and position subsets of CAFs as direct positive regulators of the adaptive immune system. Building on the understanding of cancer antigen presentation by CAFs and the second touch hypothesis, which postulates that full T cell polarization requires interaction with antigen-presenting cells in the non-lymphoid tissue where the antigen resides, I re-design the 'cancer-immunity cycle' to incorporate intratumoural activation of cancer-specific CD4+ T cells. Lastly, a road map to therapeutic harnessing of immunostimulatory CAF states is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoumakidou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stromal regulation of the intestinal barrier. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:221-231. [PMID: 36708806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a complex structure that allows the absorption of nutrients while ensuring protection against intestinal pathogens and balanced immunity. The development and maintenance of a functional intestinal barrier is a multifactorial process that is only partially understood. Here we review novel findings on the emerging role of mesenchymal cells in this process using insights gained from lineage tracing approaches, Cre-based gene deletion, and single-cell transcriptomics. The current evidence points toward a key organizer role for distinct mesenchymal lineages in intestinal development and homeostasis, regulating both epithelial and immune components of the intestinal barrier. We further discuss recent findings on functional mesenchymal heterogeneity and implications for intestinal regeneration and inflammatory intestinal pathologies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schuster R, Younesi F, Ezzo M, Hinz B. The Role of Myofibroblasts in Physiological and Pathological Tissue Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041231. [PMID: 36123034 PMCID: PMC9808581 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the construction workers of wound healing and repair damaged tissues by producing and organizing collagen/extracellular matrix (ECM) into scar tissue. Scar tissue effectively and quickly restores the mechanical integrity of lost tissue architecture but comes at the price of lost tissue functionality. Fibrotic diseases caused by excessive or persistent myofibroblast activity can lead to organ failure. This review defines myofibroblast terminology, phenotypic characteristics, and functions. We will focus on the central role of the cell, ECM, and tissue mechanics in regulating tissue repair by controlling myofibroblast action. Additionally, we will discuss how therapies based on mechanical intervention potentially ameliorate wound healing outcomes. Although myofibroblast physiology and pathology affect all organs, we will emphasize cutaneous wound healing and hypertrophic scarring as paradigms for normal tissue repair versus fibrosis. A central message of this review is that myofibroblasts can be activated from multiple cell sources, varying with local environment and type of injury, to either restore tissue integrity and organ function or create an inappropriate mechanical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schuster
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Younesi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Maya Ezzo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells Attenuate Immune Responses Through Induction of Tolerogenic Macrophages at Early Stage of Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:140-155. [PMID: 35876378 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are a type of stromal cells located in the T zone in secondary lymphoid organs. Previous studies showed that FRCs possess the potential to promote myeloid differentiation. We aim to investigate whether FRCs in lymph nodes (LNs) could induce tolerogenic macrophage generation and further influence T-cell immunity at an early stage of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS LNs were assayed to confirm the existence of proliferating macrophages after allo-HSCT. Ex vivo-expanded FRCs and bone marrow cells were cocultured to verify the generation of macrophages. Real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA assays were performed to observe the cytokines expressed by FRC. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the difference between FRC-induced macrophages (FMs) and conventional macrophages. Mixed lymphocyte reaction and the utilization of FMs in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) mice were used to test the inhibitory function of FMs in T-cell immunity in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found a large number of proliferating macrophages near FRCs in LNs with tolerogenic phenotype under allo-HSCT conditions. Neutralizing anti-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor antibody abolished FMs generation in vitro. Phenotypic analysis and transcriptome sequencing suggested FMs possessed immunoinhibitory function. Mixed lymphocyte reaction proved that FMs could inhibit T-cell activation and differentiation toward Th1/Tc1 cells. Injection of FMs in aGVHD mice effectively attenuated aGVHD severity and mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study has revealed a novel mechanism of immune regulation through the generation of FRC-induced tolerogenic macrophages in LNs at an early stage of allo-HSCT.
Collapse
|
22
|
The Potential Clinical Application of Induced Tolerogenic Macrophages. Transplantation 2023; 107:23-24. [PMID: 35876367 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Pezoldt J, Wiechers C, Zou M, Litovchenko M, Biocanin M, Beckstette M, Sitnik K, Palatella M, van Mierlo G, Chen W, Gardeux V, Floess S, Ebel M, Russeil J, Arampatzi P, Vafardanejad E, Saliba AE, Deplancke B, Huehn J. Postnatal expansion of mesenteric lymph node stromal cells towards reticular and CD34 + stromal cell subsets. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7227. [PMID: 36433946 PMCID: PMC9700677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) provide the framework to shape intestinal adaptive immune responses. Based on the transcriptional signatures established by our previous work, the composition and immunomodulatory function of LN stromal cells (SC) vary according to location. Here, we describe the single-cell composition and development of the SC compartment within mesenteric LNs derived from postnatal to aged mice. We identify CD34+ SC and fibroblastic reticular stromal cell (FRC) progenitors as putative progenitors, both supplying the typical rapid postnatal mesenteric LN expansion. We further establish the location-specific chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation landscape of non-endothelial SCs and identify a microbiota-independent core epigenomic signature, showing characteristic differences between SCs from mesenteric and skin-draining peripheral LNs. The epigenomic landscape of SCs points to dynamic expression of Irf3 along the differentiation trajectories of FRCs. Accordingly, a mesenchymal stem cell line acquires a Cxcl9+ FRC molecular phenotype upon lentiviral overexpression of Irf3, and the relevance of Irf3 for SC biology is further underscored by the diminished proportion of Ccl19+ and Cxcl9+ FRCs in LNs of Irf3-/- mice. Together, our data constitute a comprehensive transcriptional and epigenomic map of mesenteric LNSC development in early life and dissect location-specific, microbiota-independent properties of non-endothelial SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joern Pezoldt
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Wiechers
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mangge Zou
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Litovchenko
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marjan Biocanin
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Beckstette
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.512472.7Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany ,grid.7491.b0000 0001 0944 9128Genome Informatics Group, Bielefeld Institute for Bioinformatics Infrastructure, Department of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Palatella
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guido van Mierlo
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wanze Chen
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gardeux
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Floess
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Ebel
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julie Russeil
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Panagiota Arampatzi
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ehsan Vafardanejad
- grid.498164.6Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- grid.498164.6Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bart Deplancke
- grid.5333.60000000121839049Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Huehn
- grid.7490.a0000 0001 2238 295XDepartment Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany ,grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The microenvironment of the thymus is composed of a group of stromal cells that include endoderm-derived thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and mesenchymal stromal cells such as fibroblasts and serves as a site for the development of T cells. TECs are known to play an essential role in T cell differentiation and selection. Mesenchymal stromal cells have been less studied in terms of their immunological significance compared to TECs. Recently, new technologies have made it possible to identify and characterize mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, revealing their unique functions in thymic organogenesis and T cell development. This review outlines the current views on mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, particularly highlighting the newly discovered function of thymic fibroblasts in T cell repertoire selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee J, Park BC, Jang NY, Lee S, Cho YK, Sharma P, Byun SW, Jeon K, Jeon Y, Park U, Ro HJ, Park HR, Kim Y, Lee D, Chung S, Kim YK, Cho N. Inducing Ectopic T Cell Clusters Using Stromal Vascular Fraction Spheroid-Based Immunotherapy to Enhance Anti-Tumor Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203842. [PMID: 36058002 PMCID: PMC9534947 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) provide specialized niches for immune cells, resulting in improved prognoses for patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy. Shaping TLS-like niches may improve anti-cancer immunity and overcome the current limitations of immune cell-based immunotherapy. Here, it is shown that stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from adipose tissues can enhance dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T cell immunity by inducing ectopic T lymphocyte clusters. SVF cells expanded ex vivo have phenotypes and functions similar to those of fibroblastic reticular cells in a secondary lymphoid organ, and their properties can be modulated using three-dimensional spheroid culture and coculture with DCs spiked with antigen-loaded iron oxide-zinc oxide core-shell nanoparticles. Thereby, the combination of SVF spheroids and mature DCs significantly augments T cell recruitment and retention at the injection site. This strategy elicits enhanced antigen-specific immune response and anti-tumoral immunity in mice, illustrating the potential for a novel immunotherapeutic design using SVF as a structural scaffold for TLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae‐Won Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Institute of Endemic DiseasesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Korea
| | - Bum Chul Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02481Korea
- Brain Korea Center for Smart Materials and DevicesKorea UniversitySeoul02841Korea
| | - Na Yoon Jang
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Sihyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Young Kyu Cho
- School of Mechanical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Sang Won Byun
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02481Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Jeon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Yun‐Hui Jeon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Ro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Hyo Ree Park
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Institute of Endemic DiseasesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Korea
| | - Dong‐Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02481Korea
- Brain Korea Center for Smart Materials and DevicesKorea UniversitySeoul02841Korea
| | - Nam‐Hyuk Cho
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoul03080Korea
- Institute of Endemic DiseasesCollege of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoul03080Korea
- Seoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnam‐siGyeonggi‐do13620Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fang L, Liu K, Liu C, Wang X, Ma W, Xu W, Wu J, Sun C. Tumor accomplice: T cell exhaustion induced by chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979116. [PMID: 36119037 PMCID: PMC9479340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and response to treatment of tumor are modulated by inflammation, and chronic inflammation promotes tumor progression and therapy resistance. This article summarizes the dynamic evolution of inflammation from acute to chronic in the process of tumor development, and its effect on T cells from activation to the promotion of exhaustion. We review the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate T cell exhaustion and methods for targeting chronic inflammation to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. It is great significance to refer to the specific state of inflammation and T cells at different stages of tumor development for accurate clinical decision-making of immunotherapy and improving the efficiency of tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Fang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kunjing Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Inspection, The Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Department of Inspection, The Medical Faculty of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Changgang Sun,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dai L, Uehara M, Li X, LaBarre BA, Banouni N, Ichimura T, Lee-Sundlov MM, Kasinath V, Sullivan JA, Ni H, Barone F, Giannini S, Bahmani B, Sage PT, Patsopoulos NA, Tsokos GC, Bromberg JS, Hoffmeister K, Jiang L, Abdi R. Characterization of CD41 + cells in the lymph node. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801945. [PMID: 36032128 PMCID: PMC9405417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are the critical sites of immunity, and the stromal cells of LNs are crucial to their function. Our understanding of the stromal compartment of the LN has deepened recently with the characterization of nontraditional stromal cells. CD41 (integrin αIIb) is known to be expressed by platelets and hematolymphoid cells. We identified two distinct populations of CD41+Lyve1+ and CD41+Lyve1- cells in the LNs. CD41+Lyve1- cells appear in the LN mostly at the later stages of the lives of mice. We identified CD41+ cells in human LNs as well. We demonstrated that murine CD41+ cells express mesodermal markers, such as Sca-1, CD105 and CD29, but lack platelet markers. We did not observe the presence of platelets around the HEVs or within proximity to fibroblastic reticular cells of the LN. Examination of thoracic duct lymph fluid showed the presence of CD41+Lyve1- cells, suggesting that these cells recirculate throughout the body. FTY720 reduced their trafficking to lymph fluid, suggesting that their egress is controlled by the S1P1 pathway. CD41+Lyve1- cells of the LNs were sensitive to radiation, suggestive of their replicative nature. Single cell RNA sequencing data showed that the CD41+ cell population in naïve mouse LNs expressed largely stromal cell markers. Further studies are required to examine more deeply the role of CD41+ cells in the function of LNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brenna A. LaBarre
- Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Naima Banouni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa M. Lee-Sundlov
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jade A. Sullivan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Barone
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Giannini
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Baharak Bahmani
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos A. Patsopoulos
- Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karin Hoffmeister
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Liwei Jiang
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Reza Abdi, ; Liwei Jiang,
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Reza Abdi, ; Liwei Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwok T, Medovich SC, Silva-Junior IA, Brown EM, Haug JC, Barrios MR, Morris KA, Lancaster JN. Age-Associated Changes to Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:838943. [PMID: 35821826 PMCID: PMC9261404 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.838943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The decreased proportion of antigen-inexperienced, naïve T cells is a hallmark of aging in both humans and mice, and contributes to reduced immune responses, particularly against novel and re-emerging pathogens. Naïve T cells depend on survival signals received during their circulation among the lymph nodes by direct contacts with stroma, in particular fibroblastic reticular cells. Macroscopic changes to the architecture of the lymph nodes have been described, but it is unclear how lymph node stroma are altered with age, and whether these changes contribute to reduced naïve T cell maintenance. Here, using 2-photon microscopy, we determined that the aged lymph node displayed increased fibrosis and correspondingly, that naïve T-cell motility was impaired in the aged lymph node, especially in proximity to fibrotic deposition. Functionally, adoptively transferred young naïve T-cells exhibited reduced homeostatic turnover in aged hosts, supporting the role of T cell-extrinsic mechanisms that regulate their survival. Further, we determined that early development of resident fibroblastic reticular cells was impaired, which may correlate to the declining levels of naïve T-cell homeostatic factors observed in aged lymph nodes. Thus, our study addresses the controversy as to whether aging impacts the composition lymph node stroma and supports a model in which impaired differentiation of lymph node fibroblasts and increased fibrosis inhibits the interactions necessary for naïve T cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kwok
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Elise M Brown
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Joel C Haug
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | | | - Karina A Morris
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rossi A, Belmonte B, Carnevale S, Liotti A, De Rosa V, Jaillon S, Piconese S, Tripodo C. Stromal and Immune Cell Dynamics in Tumor Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:933113. [PMID: 35874810 PMCID: PMC9304551 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.933113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that have been observed in chronic inflammatory conditions including cancer, where they are thought to exert a positive effect on prognosis. Both immune and non-immune cells participate in the genesis of TLS by establishing complex cross-talks requiring both soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. Several immune cell types, including T follicular helper cells (Tfh), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid cells, may accumulate in TLS, possibly promoting or inhibiting their development. In this manuscript, we propose to review the available evidence regarding specific aspects of the TLS formation in solid cancers, including 1) the role of stromal cell composition and architecture in the recruitment of specific immune subpopulations and the formation of immune cell aggregates; 2) the contribution of the myeloid compartment (macrophages and neutrophils) to the development of antibody responses and the TLS formation; 3) the immunological and metabolic mechanisms dictating recruitment, expansion and plasticity of Tregs into T follicular regulatory cells, which are potentially sensitive to immunotherapeutic strategies directed to costimulatory receptors or checkpoint molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Liotti
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastien Jaillon
- RCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Unità di Neuroimmunologia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Piconese,
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Histopathology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jacob JM, Di Carlo SE, Stzepourginski I, Lepelletier A, Ndiaye PD, Varet H, Legendre R, Kornobis E, Benabid A, Nigro G, Peduto L. PDGFRα-induced stromal maturation is required to restrain postnatal intestinal epithelial stemness and promote defense mechanisms. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:856-868.e5. [PMID: 35523143 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
After birth, the intestine undergoes major changes to shift from an immature proliferative state to a functional intestinal barrier. By combining inducible lineage tracing and transcriptomics in mouse models, we identify a prodifferentiation PDGFRαHigh intestinal stromal lineage originating from postnatal LTβR+ perivascular stromal progenitors. The genetic blockage of this lineage increased the intestinal stem cell pool while decreasing epithelial and immune maturation at weaning age, leading to reduced postnatal growth and dysregulated repair responses. Ablating PDGFRα in the LTBR stromal lineage demonstrates that PDGFRα has a major impact on the lineage fate and function, inducing a transcriptomic switch from prostemness genes, such as Rspo3 and Grem1, to prodifferentiation factors, including BMPs, retinoic acid, and laminins, and on spatial organization within the crypt-villus and repair responses. Our results show that the PDGFRα-induced transcriptomic switch in intestinal stromal cells is required in the first weeks after birth to coordinate postnatal intestinal maturation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Jacob
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Selene E Di Carlo
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Igor Stzepourginski
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Papa Diogop Ndiaye
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform-Biomics Pole, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform-Biomics Pole, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform-Biomics Pole, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Adam Benabid
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Nigro
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Peduto
- Stroma, Inflammation & Tissue Repair Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Doan TA, Forward T, Tamburini BAJ. Trafficking and retention of protein antigens across systems and immune cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:275. [PMID: 35505125 PMCID: PMC9063628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection or vaccination, the immune system initially responds non-specifically to the foreign insult (innate) and then develops a specific response to the foreign antigen (adaptive). The programming of the immune response is shaped by the dispersal and delivery of antigens. The antigen size, innate immune activation and location of the insult all determine how antigens are handled. In this review we outline which specific cell types are required for antigen trafficking, which processes require active compared to passive transport, the ability of specific cell types to retain antigens and the viruses (human immunodeficiency virus, influenza and Sendai virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus) and pattern recognition receptor activation that can initiate antigen retention. Both where the protein antigen is localized and how long it remains are critically important in shaping protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding antigen trafficking and retention is necessary to understand the type and magnitude of the immune response and essential for the development of novel vaccine and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Tadg Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lenti E, Genovese L, Bianchessi S, Maurizio A, Sain SB, di Lillo A, Mattavelli G, Harel I, Bernassola F, Hehlgans T, Pfeffer K, Crosti M, Abrignani S, Evans SM, Sitia G, Guimarães-Camboa N, Russo V, van de Pavert SA, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Brendolan A. Fate mapping and scRNA sequencing reveal origin and diversity of lymph node stromal precursors. Immunity 2022; 55:606-622.e6. [PMID: 35358427 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) stromal cells play a crucial role in LN development and in supporting adaptive immune responses. However, their origin, differentiation pathways, and transcriptional programs are still elusive. Here, we used lineage-tracing approaches and single-cell transcriptome analyses to determine origin, transcriptional profile, and composition of LN stromal and endothelial progenitors. Our results showed that all major stromal cell subsets and a large proportion of blood endothelial cells originate from embryonic Hoxb6+ progenitors of the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), whereas lymphatic endothelial cells arise from Pax3+ progenitors of the paraxial mesoderm (PXM). Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the existence of different Cd34+ and Cxcl13+ stromal cell subsets and showed that embryonic LNs contain proliferating progenitors possibly representing the amplifying populations for terminally differentiated cells. Taken together, our work identifies the earliest embryonic sources of LN stromal and endothelial cells and demonstrates that stromal diversity begins already during LN development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lenti
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Genovese
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bianchessi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Maurizio
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Baghai Sain
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia di Lillo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Mattavelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Itamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Leibniz Institute of Immunotherapy (LIT), Chair for Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical, Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Science and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nuno Guimarães-Camboa
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin (partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main), Germany
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serge A van de Pavert
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Andrea Brendolan
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meylan M, Petitprez F, Becht E, Bougoüin A, Pupier G, Calvez A, Giglioli I, Verkarre V, Lacroix G, Verneau J, Sun CM, Laurent-Puig P, Vano YA, Elaïdi R, Méjean A, Sanchez-Salas R, Barret E, Cathelineau X, Oudard S, Reynaud CA, de Reyniès A, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures generate and propagate anti-tumor antibody-producing plasma cells in renal cell cancer. Immunity 2022; 55:527-541.e5. [PMID: 35231421 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is associated with positive clinical outcomes and responses to immunotherapy in cancer. Here, we used spatial transcriptomics to examine the nature of B cell responses within TLS in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). B cells were enriched in TLS, and therein, we could identify all B cell maturation stages toward plasma cell (PC) formation. B cell repertoire analysis revealed clonal diversification, selection, expansion in TLS, and the presence of fully mature clonotypes at distance. In TLS+ tumors, IgG- and IgA-producing PCs disseminated into the tumor beds along fibroblastic tracks. TLS+ tumors exhibited high frequencies of IgG-producing PCs and IgG-stained and apoptotic malignant cells, suggestive of anti-tumor effector activity. Therapeutic responses and progression-free survival correlated with IgG-stained tumor cells in RCC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, intratumoral TLS sustains B cell maturation and antibody production that is associated with response to immunotherapy, potentially via direct anti-tumor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Meylan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Florent Petitprez
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Etienne Becht
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Bougoüin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Pupier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne Calvez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ilenia Giglioli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Département de pathologie, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Paris Centre, 75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Johanna Verneau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Chen-Ming Sun
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, EPIGENETEC, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Yann-Alexandre Vano
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France; Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Département d'oncologie médicale, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Paris Centre, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Reza Elaïdi
- Association pour la Recherche de Thérapeutiques Innovantes en Cancérologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Département d'urologie, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rafaël Sanchez-Salas
- Département d'urologie, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Barret
- Département d'urologie, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Cathelineau
- Département d'urologie, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Oudard
- Département d'oncologie médicale, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris - Paris Centre, F-75015 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMRS8253, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France; MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, EPIGENETEC, 75006 Paris, France; Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Makris S, de Winde CM, Horsnell HL, Cantoral-Rebordinos JA, Finlay RE, Acton SE. Immune function and dysfunction are determined by lymphoid tissue efficacy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049256. [PMID: 35072206 PMCID: PMC8807573 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue returns to a steady state once each immune response is resolved, and although this occurs multiple times throughout life, its structural integrity and functionality remain unaffected. Stromal cells orchestrate cellular interactions within lymphoid tissue, and any changes to the microenvironment can have detrimental outcomes and drive disease. A breakdown in lymphoid tissue homeostasis can lead to a loss of tissue structure and function that can cause aberrant immune responses. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of lymphoid tissue function and remodelling in adaptive immunity and in disease states. We discuss the functional role of lymphoid tissue in disease progression and explore the changes to lymphoid tissue structure and function driven by infection, chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Understanding the role of lymphoid tissues in immune responses to a wide range of pathologies allows us to take a fuller systemic view of disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte M. de Winde
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harry L. Horsnell
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesús A. Cantoral-Rebordinos
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel E. Finlay
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
SIRPα - CD47 axis regulates dendritic cell-T cell interactions and TCR activation during T cell priming in spleen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266566. [PMID: 35413056 PMCID: PMC9004769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SIRPα-CD47 axis plays an important role in T cell recruitment to sites of immune reaction and inflammation but its role in T cell antigen priming is incompletely understood. Employing OTII TCR transgenic mice bred to Cd47-/- (Cd47KO) or SKI mice, a knock-in transgenic animal expressing non-signaling cytoplasmic-truncated SIRPα, we investigated how the SIRPα-CD47 axis contributes to antigen priming. Here we show that adoptive transfer of Cd47KO or SKI Ova-specific CD4+ T cells (OTII) into Cd47KO and SKI recipients, followed by Ova immunization, elicited reduced T cell division and proliferation indices, increased apoptosis, and reduced expansion compared to transfer into WT mice. We confirmed prior reports that splenic T cell zone, CD4+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and CD4+ T cell numbers were reduced in Cd47KO and SKI mice. We report that in vitro derived DCs from Cd47KO and SKI mice exhibited impaired migration in vivo and exhibited reduced CD11c+ DC proximity to OTII T cells in T cell zones after Ag immunization, which correlates with reduced TCR activation in transferred OTII T cells. These findings suggest that reduced numbers of CD4+ cDCs and their impaired migration contributes to reduced T cell-DC proximity in splenic T cell zone and reduced T cell TCR activation, cell division and proliferation, and indirectly increased T cell apoptosis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li X, Zhao J, Naini SM, Sabiu G, Tullius SG, Shin SR, Bromberg JS, Fiorina P, Tsokos GC, Abdi R, Kasinath V. Kidney-Draining Lymph Node Fibrosis Following Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768412. [PMID: 35024041 PMCID: PMC8744208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary organ has been the subject of intense investigation in the field of organ fibrosis over the past several decades, the presence of lymph node fibrosis due to persistent activation of the immune response in its partner organ remains largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that activation of the immune response following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) in the kidney was associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) of the kidney-draining lymph node (KLN). Here, we sought to determine whether FRCs in the KLN become similarly fibrogenic following unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of the kidney. We subjected 6-8-week-old C57BL/6J mice to UUO for 2, 7, and 14 days. We examined the microarchitecture of the kidney and KLN by immunofluorescence staining at each timepoint, and we quantified immune cell populations in the KLN by flow cytometry. The contralateral kidney unaffected by UUO and its partner KLN were used as controls. We found through immunofluorescence staining that FRCs increased production of ECM fibers and remodeled the microarchitecture of the UUO KLN, contributing to fibrosis that mirrored the changes in the kidney. We also observed by flow cytometry that the populations of CD11b+ antigen-presenting cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the UUO KLN than the KLN draining the unaffected contralateral kidney. Expression of the TGFβ/TGFβR signaling pathway was upregulated and colocalized with FRCs in the UUO KLNs, suggesting a possible mechanism behind the fibrosis. Both release of ureteral ligation at 2 days following UUO and depletion of FRCs at the time of injury onset halted the progression of fibrosis in both the kidney and the KLN. These findings for the first time highlight the association between fibrosis both in the kidney and the KLN during UUO, and they lay the groundwork for future studies that will investigate more deeply the mechanisms behind the connection between FRCs and KLN fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Said Movahedi Naini
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Onder L, Cheng HW, Ludewig B. Visualization and functional characterization of lymphoid organ fibroblasts. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:108-122. [PMID: 34866192 PMCID: PMC9300201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are specialized stromal cells of lymphoid organs that generate the structural foundation of the tissue and actively interact with immune cells. Distinct FRC subsets position lymphocytes and myeloid cells in specialized niches where they present processed or native antigen and provide essential growth factors and cytokines for immune cell activation and differentiation. Niche‐specific functions of FRC subpopulations have been defined using genetic targeting, high‐dimensional transcriptomic analyses, and advanced imaging methods. Here, we review recent findings on FRC‐immune cell interaction and the elaboration of FRC development and differentiation. We discuss how imaging approaches have not only shaped our understanding of FRC biology, but have critically advanced the niche concept of immune cell maintenance and control of immune reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Mesangial cells are stromal cells that are important for kidney glomerular homeostasis and the glomerular response to injury. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that mesenchymal stromal cells, such as stromal fibroblasts, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, not only specify the architecture of tissues but also regulate developmental processes, vascularization and cell fate specification. In addition, through crosstalk with neighbouring cells and indirectly through the remodelling of the matrix, stromal cells can regulate a variety of processes such as immunity, inflammation, regeneration and in the context of maladaptive responses - fibrosis. Insights into the molecular phenotype of kidney mesangial cells suggest that they are a specialized stromal cell of the glomerulus. Here, we review our current understanding of mesenchymal stromal cells and discuss how it informs the function of mesangial cells and their role in disease. These new insights could lead to a better understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis and the development of new therapies for chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cleypool CGJ, Brinkman DJ, Mackaaij C, Nikkels PGJ, Nolte MA, Luyer MD, de Jonge WJ, Bleys RLAW. Age-Related Variation in Sympathetic Nerve Distribution in the Human Spleen. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:726825. [PMID: 34720859 PMCID: PMC8552063 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.726825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) has been proposed as an efferent neural pathway dampening the systemic inflammatory response via the spleen. The CAIP activates the splenic neural plexus and a subsequent series of intrasplenic events, which at least require a close association between sympathetic nerves and T cells. Knowledge on this pathway has mostly been derived from rodent studies and only scarce information is available on the innervation of the human spleen. This study aimed to investigate the sympathetic innervation of different structures of the human spleen, the topographical association of nerves with T cells and age-related variations in nerve distribution. Materials and Methods: Spleen samples were retrieved from a diagnostic archive and were allocated to three age groups; neonates, 10–25 and 25–70 years of age. Sympathetic nerves and T cells were identified by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the membrane marker CD3, respectively. The overall presence of sympathetic nerves and T cells was semi-automatically quantified and expressed as total area percentage. A predefined scoring system was used to analyze the distribution of nerves within different splenic structures. Results: Sympathetic nerves were observed in all spleens and their number appeared to slightly increase from birth to adulthood and to decrease afterward. Irrespective to age, more than halve of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALSs) contained sympathetic nerves in close association with T cells. Furthermore, discrete sympathetic nerves were observed in the capsule, trabeculae and red pulp and comparable to the total amount of sympathetic nerves, showed a tendency to decrease with age. No correlation was found between the number of T cells and sympathetic nerves. Conclusion: The presence of discrete sympathetic nerves in the splenic parenchyma, capsule and trabecular of human spleens could suggest a role in functions other than vasoregulation. In the PALS, sympathetic nerves were observed to be in proximity to T cells and is suggestive for the existence of the CAIP in humans. Since sympathetic nerve distribution shows interspecies and age-related variation, and our general understanding of the relative and spatial contribution of splenic innervation in immune regulation is incomplete, it remains difficult to estimate the anti-inflammatory potential of targeting splenic nerves in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy G J Cleypool
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David J Brinkman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Claire Mackaaij
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter G J Nikkels
- Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy, Biomedical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Misha D Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronald L A W Bleys
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Grasso C, Pierie C, Mebius RE, van Baarsen LGM. Lymph node stromal cells: subsets and functions in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:920-936. [PMID: 34521601 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) aid the interaction between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in adequate and prolonged adaptive immune responses. LN stromal cells (LNSCs) are crucially involved in steering adaptive immune responses at different levels. Most knowledge on LNSCs has been obtained from mouse studies, and few studies indicate similarities with their human counterparts. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed significant LNSC heterogeneity among different subsets with potential selective functions in immunity. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of LNSCs based on human and murine studies describing the role of these cells in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Grasso
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Pierie
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - L G M van Baarsen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cleypool CGJ, Mackaaij C, Verlinde-Schellekens SAMW, Bleys RLAW. A comparative anatomical and histological study on the presence of an apical splenic nerve in mice and humans. J Anat 2021; 240:296-304. [PMID: 34486109 PMCID: PMC8742969 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial pole of the mouse spleen is considered to be parasympathetically innervated by a macroscopic observable nerve referred to as the apical splenic nerve (ASN). Electrical stimulation of the ASN resulted in increased levels of splenic acetylcholine, decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced levels of systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha and mitigated clinical symptoms in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. If such a discrete ASN would be present in humans, this structure is of interest as it might represent a relatively easily accessible electrical stimulation target to treat immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. So far, it is unknown if a human ASN equivalent exists. This study aimed to provide a detailed description of the location and course of the ASN in mice. Subsequently, this information was used for a guided exploration of an equivalent structure in humans. Microscopic techniques were applied to confirm nerve identity and compare ASN composition. Six mice and six human cadavers were used to study and compare the ASN, both macro- and microscopically. Macroscopic morphological characteristics of the ASN in both mice and humans were described and photographs were taken. ASN samples were resected, embedded in paraffin, cut in 5 μm thin sections where after adjacent sections were stained with a general, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve marker, respectively. Neural identity and nerve fiber composition was then evaluated microscopically. Macroscopically, the ASN could be clearly identified in all mice and was running in the phrenicosplenic ligament connecting the diaphragm and apical pole of the spleen. If a phrenicosplenic ligament was present in humans, a similar configuration of potential neural structures was observed. Since the gastrosplenic ligament was a continuation of the phrenicosplenic ligament, this ligament was explored as well and contained white, potential discrete nerve-like structures as well which could represent an ANS equivalent. Microscopic evaluation of the ASN in mice and human showed that this structure did not represent a nerve, but most likely connective tissue strains. White nerve-like structures, which could represent the ASN, were macroscopically observed in the phrenicosplenic ligament in both mice and human and in the gastrosplenic ligament in humans. The microscopic investigation did not confirm their neural identity and therefore, this study disclaims the existence of a parasympathetic ASN in both mice and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy G J Cleypool
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Mackaaij
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne A M W Verlinde-Schellekens
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald L A W Bleys
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mourcin F, Verdière L, Roulois D, Amin R, Lamaison C, Sibut V, Thamphya B, Pangault C, Monvoisin C, Huet S, Seffals M, Baulande S, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Legoix P, Rossille D, Guirriec M, Léonard S, Cartron G, Salles G, Fest T, Tarte K. Follicular lymphoma triggers phenotypic and functional remodeling of the human lymphoid stromal cell landscape. Immunity 2021; 54:1788-1806.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
43
|
Cupovic J, Ring SS, Onder L, Colston JM, Lütge M, Cheng HW, De Martin A, Provine NM, Flatz L, Oxenius A, Scandella E, Krebs P, Engeler D, Klenerman P, Ludewig B. Adenovirus vector vaccination reprograms pulmonary fibroblastic niches to support protective inflating memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1042-1051. [PMID: 34267375 PMCID: PMC7611414 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and vaccines that produce persisting antigens can generate expanded pools of effector memory CD8+ T cells, described as memory inflation. While properties of inflating memory CD8+ T cells have been characterized, the specific cell types and tissue factors responsible for their maintenance remain elusive. Here, we show that clinically applied adenovirus vectors preferentially target fibroblastic stromal cells in cultured human tissues. Moreover, we used cell-type-specific antigen targeting to define critical cells and molecules that sustain long-term antigen presentation and T cell activity after adenovirus vector immunization in mice. While antigen targeting to myeloid cells was insufficient to activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, genetic activation of antigen expression in Ccl19-cre-expressing fibroblastic stromal cells induced inflating CD8+ T cells. Local ablation of vector-targeted cells revealed that lung fibroblasts support the protective function and metabolic fitness of inflating memory CD8+ T cells in an interleukin (IL)-33-dependent manner. Collectively, these data define a critical fibroblastic niche that underpins robust protective immunity operating in a clinically important vaccine platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra S Ring
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Julia M Colston
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mechthild Lütge
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hung-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Angelina De Martin
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elke Scandella
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Engeler
- Department of Urology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hot or cold: Bioengineering immune contextures into in vitro patient-derived tumor models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113791. [PMID: 33965462 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have proven to be tremendously effective for a subset of cancer patients. However, it is difficult to predict the response of individual patients and efforts are now directed at understanding the mechanisms of ICI resistance. Current models of patient tumors poorly recapitulate the immune contexture, which describe immune parameters that are associated with patient survival. In this Review, we discuss parameters that influence the induction of different immune contextures found within tumors and how engineering strategies may be leveraged to recapitulate these contextures to develop the next generation of immune-competent patient-derived in vitro models.
Collapse
|
45
|
Li L, Wu J, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells steer immune responses. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:723-734. [PMID: 34256989 PMCID: PMC8324561 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs), where immune responses are initiated, are organized into distinctive compartments by fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs). FRCs imprint immune responses by supporting LN architecture, recruiting immune cells, coordinating immune cell crosstalk, and presenting antigens. Recent high-resolution transcriptional and histological analyses have enriched our knowledge of LN FRC genetic and spatial heterogeneities. Here, we summarize updated anatomic, phenotypic, and functional identities of FRC subsets, delve into topological and transcriptional remodeling of FRCs in inflammation, and illustrate the crosstalk between FRCs and immune cells. Discussing FRC functions in immunity and tolerance, we highlight state-of-the-art FRC-based therapeutic approaches for maintaining physiological homeostasis, steering protective immunity, inducing transplantation tolerance, and treating diverse immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Derk J, Jones HE, Como C, Pawlikowski B, Siegenthaler JA. Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:703944. [PMID: 34276313 PMCID: PMC8281977 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.703944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural compartment of the meninges, closest to the skull, is predominantly composed of fibroblasts, but also includes fenestrated blood vasculature, an elaborate lymphatic system, as well as immune cells which are distinct from the CNS. Segregating the outer and inner meningeal compartments is the epithelial-like arachnoid barrier cells, connected by tight and adherens junctions, which regulate the movement of pathogens, molecules, and cells into and out of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma. Most proximate to the brain is the collagen and basement membrane-rich pia matter that abuts the glial limitans and has recently be shown to have regional heterogeneity within the developing mouse brain. While the meninges were historically seen as a purely structural support for the CNS and protection from trauma, the emerging view of the meninges is as an essential interface between the CNS and the periphery, critical to brain development, required for brain homeostasis, and involved in a variety of diseases. In this review, we will summarize what is known regarding the development, specification, and maturation of the meninges during homeostatic conditions and discuss the rapidly emerging evidence that specific meningeal cell compartments play differential and important roles in the pathophysiology of a myriad of diseases including: multiple sclerosis, dementia, stroke, viral/bacterial meningitis, traumatic brain injury, and cancer. We will conclude with a list of major questions and mechanisms that remain unknown, the study of which represent new, future directions for the field of meninges biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Derk
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hannah E. Jones
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christina Como
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bradley Pawlikowski
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Siegenthaler
- Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
de Souza JG, Starobinas N, Ibañez OCM. Unknown/enigmatic functions of extracellular ASC. Immunology 2021; 163:377-388. [PMID: 34042182 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruit domain (ASC), encoded by PYCARD gene, is a 22 kDa small molecule, which aggregates into ASC specks during inflammasome activation. ASC protein is an adaptor protein present in several inflammasome complexes that performs several intra- and extracellular functions, in monomeric form or as ASC specks, during physiological and pathological processes related to inflammation and adaptive immunity. Extracellular ASC specks (eASC specks) released during cell death by pyroptosis can contribute as a danger signal to the propagation of inflammation via phagocytosis and activation of surrounding cells. ASC specks are found in the circulation of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and have been considered as relevant blood biomarkers of inflammation. eASC amplifies the inflammatory signal, may induce the production of autoantibodies, transports molecules that bind to this complex, contributing to the generation of antibodies, and can induce the maturation of cytokines promoting the modelling of the adaptive immunity. Although several advances have been registered in the last 21 years, there are numerous unknown or enigmatic gaps in the understanding of the role of eASC specks in the organism. Here, we provide an overview about the ASC protein focusing on the probable roles of eASC specks in several diseases, up to the most recent studies concerning COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gabriel de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Catalyst, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenag, UK
| | - Nancy Starobinas
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olga Celia Martinez Ibañez
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ding R, Huang H, Wang H, Yi Z, Qiu S, Lv Y, Bao E. Goose Nephritic Astrovirus Infection of Goslings Induces Lymphocyte Apoptosis, Reticular Fiber Destruction, and CD8 T-Cell Depletion in Spleen Tissue. Viruses 2021; 13:1108. [PMID: 34207913 PMCID: PMC8229047 DOI: 10.3390/v13061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel goose nephritic astrovirus (GNAstV) has caused economic losses to the Chinese goose industry. High viral load is found in the spleen of goslings infected with GNAstV, but pathological injuries to the spleen due to GNAstV are largely unknown. In this study, 50 two-day-old goslings were infected orally with GNAstV, and 50 goslings were treated with PBS as control. Spleens were collected at different times following infection to assess damage. GNAstV infection caused visceral gout and urate deposition in joints, and resulted in 16% mortality. GNAstV was found in the lymphocytes and macrophages within the spleen. Lymphocyte loss, especially around the white pulp, and destruction and decline in the number of reticular fibers was observed in GNAstV-infected goslings. Moreover, in GNAstV-infected goslings, ultrahistopathological examination found that splenic lymphocytes exhibited condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies, and reticular cells displayed damage to plasma membrane integrity and swollen mitochondria. Furthermore, TUNEL staining confirmed apoptosis of lymphocytes, and the mRNA levels of Fas and FasL were significantly increased in the GNAstV-infected goslings. In addition, GNAstV infection reduced the number and protein expression of CD8. In conclusion, GNAstV infection causes lymphocyte depletion, reticular cell necrosis, reticular fiber destruction, lymphocyte apoptosis, and reduction in CD8 levels, which contribute to spleen injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingjun Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.D.); (H.H.); (H.W.); (Z.Y.); (S.Q.); (E.B.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Janiszewska M, Stein S, Metzger Filho O, Eng J, Kingston NL, Harper NW, Rye IH, Alečković M, Trinh A, Murphy KC, Marangoni E, Cristea S, Oakes B, Winer EP, Krop IE, Russnes HG, Spellman PT, Bucher E, Hu Z, Chin K, Gray JW, Michor F, Polyak K. The impact of tumor epithelial and microenvironmental heterogeneity on treatment responses in HER2+ breast cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147617. [PMID: 33886505 PMCID: PMC8262355 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of multiple human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-targeted (HER2-targeted) treatments, therapeutic resistance in HER2+ breast cancer remains a clinical challenge. Intratumor heterogeneity for HER2 and resistance-conferring mutations in the PIK3CA gene (encoding PI3K catalytic subunit α) have been investigated in response and resistance to HER2-targeting agents, while the role of divergent cellular phenotypes and tumor epithelial-stromal cell interactions is less well understood. Here, we assessed the effect of intratumor cellular genetic heterogeneity for ERBB2 (encoding HER2) copy number and PIK3CA mutation on different types of neoadjuvant HER2-targeting therapies and clinical outcome in HER2+ breast cancer. We found that the frequency of cells lacking HER2 was a better predictor of response to HER2-targeted treatment than intratumor heterogeneity. We also compared the efficacy of different therapies in the same tumor using patient-derived xenograft models of heterogeneous HER2+ breast cancer and single-cell approaches. Stromal determinants were better predictors of response than tumor epithelial cells, and we identified alveolar epithelial and fibroblastic reticular cells as well as lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1-positive (Lyve1+) macrophages as putative drivers of therapeutic resistance. Our results demonstrate that both preexisting and acquired resistance to HER2-targeting agents involve multiple mechanisms including the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, our data suggest that intratumor heterogeneity for HER2 should be incorporated into treatment design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Shayna Stein
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Otto Metzger Filho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Eng
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Natalie L Kingston
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Inga H Rye
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maša Alečković
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Trinh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine C Murphy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Simona Cristea
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Oakes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hege G Russnes
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul T Spellman
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elmar Bucher
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zhi Hu
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Koei Chin
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Evolution, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Evolution, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nitta T, Ota A, Iguchi T, Muro R, Takayanagi H. The fibroblast: An emerging key player in thymic T cell selection. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:68-85. [PMID: 34096078 PMCID: PMC8362222 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts have recently attracted attention as a key stromal component that controls the immune responses in lymphoid tissues. The thymus has a unique microenvironment comprised of a variety of stromal cells, including fibroblasts and thymic epithelial cells (TECs), the latter of which is known to be important for T cell development because of their ability to express self‐antigens. Thymic fibroblasts contribute to thymus organogenesis during embryogenesis and form the capsule and medullary reticular network in the adult thymus. However, the immunological significance of thymic fibroblasts has thus far only been poorly elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the current views on the development and functions of thymic fibroblasts as revealed by new technologies such as multicolor flow cytometry and single cell–based transcriptome profiling. Furthermore, the recently discovered role of medullary fibroblasts in the establishment of T cell tolerance by producing a unique set of self‐antigens will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayami Ota
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Muro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|