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Singh V, Mandal P, Chauhan SS, Saifi IJ, Marhaba, Sandeep PV, Jagdale P, Ayanur A, Ansari KM. Chronic exposure to Zearalenone leads to endometrial hyperplasia in CD-1 mice by altering the inflammatory markers. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae055. [PMID: 38645625 PMCID: PMC11031408 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Zearalenone (ZEA), a natural food contaminant, is reported to act as a mycoestrogen due to its estrogen-mimicking properties. According to studies, ZEA has a greater potential for estrogenic activity compared to any other naturally occurring non-steroidal estrogen. ZEA has been found in the endometrium of individuals with reproductive problems and the serum of children facing early puberty. These studies suggested a possible link between ZEA exposure and endometrial toxicity; nonetheless, no thorough research has been done. This study assessed the endometrium's response to chronic ZEA exposure. Methods Four groups of CD-1 female mice were exposed to control, estradiol (E2), and two different doses of ZEA for 90 days. At the end of treatment, blood and uterus were collected, and samples were used for inflammatory cytokines level, immunochemical, histopathological, and biophysical analysis. Results Our data indicated that the uterus showed a change in body/organ weight ratio, while other organs did not have any notable changes. Immunochemical and histological studies showed hyperplasia and a higher number of glands in the endometrium after ZEA and E2 exposure. Similarly, proliferation markers such as proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interferon-gamma (IFN-?) levels were found to be higher in the E2 and ZEA-exposed groups. Conclusion Our finding conclude that ZEA targets the uterus and cause inflammation due to increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation mediators, as well as systemic toxicity denoted by a strong binding affinity with serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics and Industrial Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishrat Jahan Saifi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Marhaba
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P V Sandeep
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Jagdale
- Central Pathology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Central Pathology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Oguma T, Ishiguro T, Kamei K, Tanaka J, Suzuki J, Hebisawa A, Obase Y, Mukae H, Tanosaki T, Furusho S, Kurokawa K, Watai K, Matsuse H, Harada N, Nakamura A, Shibayama T, Baba R, Fukunaga K, Matsumoto H, Ohba H, Sakamoto S, Suzuki S, Tanaka S, Yamada T, Yamasaki A, Fukutomi Y, Shiraishi Y, Toyotome T, Fukunaga K, Shimoda T, Konno S, Taniguchi M, Tomomatsu K, Okada N, Asano K. Clinical characteristics of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis caused by Schizophyllum commune. Clin Transl Allergy 2024; 14:e12327. [PMID: 38282191 PMCID: PMC10758016 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) is an allergic disease caused by type I and type III hypersensitivity to environmental fungi. Schizophyllum commune, a basidiomycete fungus, is one of the most common fungi that causes non-Aspergillus ABPM. OBJECTIVE Herein, we attempted to clarify the clinical characteristics of ABPM caused by S. commune (ABPM-Sc) compared with those of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). METHODS Patients with ABPM-Sc or ABPA were recruited from a nationwide survey in Japan, a multicenter cohort, and a fungal database at the Medical Mycology Research Center of Chiba University. The definition of culture-positive ABPM-Sc/ABPA is as follows: (1) fulfills five or more of the 10 diagnostic criteria for ABPM proposed by Asano et al., and (2) positive culture of S. commune/Aspergillus spp. in sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, or mucus plugs in the bronchi. RESULTS Thirty patients with ABPM-Sc and 46 with ABPA were recruited. Patients with ABPM-Sc exhibited less severe asthma and presented with better pulmonary function than those with ABPA (p = 0.008-0.03). Central bronchiectasis was more common in ABPM-Sc than that in ABPA, whereas peripheral lung lesions, including infiltrates/ground-glass opacities or fibrotic/cystic changes, were less frequent in ABPM-Sc. Aspergillus fumigatus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E was negative in 10 patients (34%) with ABPM-Sc, who demonstrated a lower prevalence of asthma and levels of total serum IgE than those with ABPM-Sc positive for A. fumigatus-specific IgE or ABPA. CONCLUSIONS Clinical characteristics of ABPM-Sc, especially those negative for A. fumigatus-specific IgE, differed from those of ABPA.
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Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212269. [PMID: 34830149 PMCID: PMC8619365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.
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First Characterization and Description of Aspergillus Series Versicolores in French Bioaerosols. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080676. [PMID: 34436215 PMCID: PMC8399101 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air quality can be altered by fungal contaminants suspended in the air, forming bioaerosols. Aspergilli section Nidulantes series Versicolores are recurrent in bioaerosols and are mainly responsible for allergies and asthma aggravation. Phylogenetic studies recently identified 12 new species within this series. This study is the first to identify species of Aspergillus series Versicolores in French bioaerosols and to characterize them macroscopically, microscopically and molecularly. Bioaerosols were collected in a cancer treatment center, in contaminated homes and in agricultural environments. A total of 93 isolates were cultured on selective media, observed by optical microscopy and identified by benA amplification before sequencing. The field data (temperature and relative humidity) were statistically tested to explore the ecology of these species. Eight species were identified from bioaerosols: Aspergillus creber and A. jensenii, which represent more than 80% of the isolates, and A. protuberus, A. puulaauensis, A. sydowii, A. tabacinus, A. amoenus and A. fructus. Aspergilli series Versicolores are distributed differently depending on the sampling site and climatic determinants. Aspergillus protuberus was found in bioaerosols collected under significantly lower relative humidity (p = 3.899 × 10-4). Characterization and repartition of these isolates belonging to the Versicolores series constitute an important step to better assess exposure to fungal bioaerosols.
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Initiation and Pathogenesis of Severe Asthma with Fungal Sensitization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040913. [PMID: 33921169 PMCID: PMC8071493 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth, and their ubiquity and small proteolytically active products make them pervasive allergens that affect humans and other mammals. The immunologic parameters surrounding fungal allergies are still not fully elucidated despite their importance given that a large proportion of severe asthmatics are sensitized to fungal allergens. Herein, we explore fungal allergic asthma with emphasis on mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of human disease, and the main leukocyte players in the pathogenesis of fungal allergies. The endogenous mycobiome may also contribute to fungal asthma, a phenomenon that we discuss only superficially, as much remains to be discovered.
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Percier P, De Prins S, Tima G, Beyaert R, Grooten J, Romano M, Denis O. Aspergillus fumigatus Recognition by Dendritic Cells Negatively Regulates Allergic Lung Inflammation through a TLR2/MyD88 Pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:39-49. [PMID: 32970964 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0083oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for a spectrum of clinical manifestations. Dendritic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns of Aspergillus via two main receptor families, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR). Here, the importance of TLR and CLR signaling in the regulation of T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses was analyzed using a mouse model based on the transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) pulsed with A. fumigatus conidia. BMDCs were generated from mice deficient in either MyD88 or MALT1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1). Both the MyD88 and MALT1 signaling pathway in BMDCs contributed to the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by A. fumigatus conidia. Mice sensitized with MyD88-/- BMDCs pulsed in vitro with A. fumigatus conidia showed an exacerbated allergic inflammation, with stronger eosinophil recruitment in the BAL and higher Th2 cytokine production compared with mice sensitized with wild-type or MALT1-/- BMDCs. This exacerbation was not observed when MyD88-/- BMDCs were pulsed with Cladosporium sphaerospermum, a nonpathogenic mold. A lack of TLR2 signaling recapitulated the exacerbation of the A. fumigatus Th2 response observed in the absence of MyD88 signaling, whereas TLR2 agonist dampened the response induced with A. fumigatus and C. sphaerospermum conidia. IL-10 production by BMDCs in response to A. fumigatus was dependent on the expression of TLR2 and MyD88. IL-10-/- BMDCs exacerbated, whereas MyD88-/- BMDCs supplemented with exogenous IL-10 decreased the allergic pulmonary inflammation. These results indicate that TLR2/MyD88-specific recognition of PAMPs from A. fumigatus conidia can upregulate IL-10 production and downregulate lung eosinophilia and the development of a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giresse Tima
- Service Viral Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium.,Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; and
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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The Roles of Autoimmunity and Biotoxicosis in Sick Building Syndrome as a "Starting Point" for Irreversible Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020026. [PMID: 32580407 PMCID: PMC7345570 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The terminology of "sick building syndrome" (SBS), meaning that a person may feel sick in a certain building, but when leaving the building, the symptoms will reverse, is imprecise. Many different environmental hazards may cause the feeling of sickness, such as high indoor air velocity, elevated noise, low or high humidity, vapors or dust. The Aim: To describe SBS in connection with exposure to indoor air dampness microbiota (DM). Methods: A search through Medline/Pubmed. Results and Conclusions: Chronic course of SBS may be avoided. By contrast, persistent or cumulative exposure to DM may make SBS potentially life-threatening and lead to irreversible dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome (DMHS). The corner feature of DMHS is acquired by dysregulation of the immune system in the direction of hypersensitivities (types I-IV) and simultaneous deprivation of immunity that manifests as increased susceptibility to infections. DMHS is a systemic low-grade inflammation and a biotoxicosis. There is already some evidence that DMHS may be linked to autoimmunity. Autoantibodies towards, e.g., myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, ganglioside GM1, smooth muscle cells and antinuclear autoantibodies were reported in mold-related illness. DMHS is also a mitochondropathy and endocrinopathy. The association of autoimmunity with DMHS should be confirmed through cohort studies preferably using chip-based technology.
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Kids, Difficult Asthma and Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020055. [PMID: 32349347 PMCID: PMC7345103 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have many potential roles in paediatric asthma, predominantly by being a source of allergens (severe asthma with fungal sensitization, SAFS), and also directly damaging the epithelial barrier and underlying tissue by releasing proteolytic enzymes (fungal bronchitis). The umbrella term ‘fungal asthma’ is proposed for these manifestations. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not a feature of childhood asthma, for unclear reasons. Diagnostic criteria for SAFS are based on sensitivity to fungal allergen(s) demonstrated either by skin prick test or specific IgE. In children, there are no exclusion criteria on total IgE levels or IgG precipitins because of the rarity of ABPA. Diagnostic criteria for fungal bronchitis are much less well established. Data in adults and children suggest SAFS is associated with worse asthma control and greater susceptibility to asthma attacks than non-sensitized patients. The data on whether anti-fungal therapy is beneficial are conflicting. The pathophysiology of SAFS is unclear, but the epithelial alarmin interleukin-33 is implicated. However, whether individual fungi have different pathobiologies is unclear. There are many unanswered questions needing further research, including how fungi interact with other allergens, bacteria, and viruses, and what optimal therapy should be, including whether anti-neutrophilic strategies, such as macrolides, should be used. Considerable further research is needed to unravel the complex roles of different fungi in severe asthma.
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Afanou AK, Straumfors A, Eduard W. Fungal aerosol composition in moldy basements. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:780-790. [PMID: 31106451 PMCID: PMC6851693 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental aerosolization studies revealed that fungal fragments including small fragments in the submicrometer size are released from fungal cultures and have been suggested to represent an important fraction of overall fungal aerosols in indoor environments. However, their prevalence indoors and outdoors remains poorly characterized. Moldy basements were investigated for airborne fungal particles including spores, submicron fragments, and larger fragments. Particles were collected onto poly-L-lysine-coated polycarbonate filters and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using immunogold labeling combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy. We found that the total fungal aerosol levels including spores, submicrometer, and larger fragments in the moldy basements (median: 80 × 103 m-3 ) were not different from that estimated in control basements (63 × 103 m-3 ) and outdoor (90 × 103 m-3 ). However, mixed effect modeling of the fungal aerosol composition revealed that the fraction of fragments increased significantly in moldy basements, versus the spore fraction that increased significantly in outdoor air. These findings provide new insight on the compositional variation of mixed fungal aerosols in indoor as compared to outdoor air. Our results also suggest that further studies, aiming to investigate the role of fungal aerosols in the fungal exposure-disease relationships, should consider the mixed composition of various types of fungal particles.
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Øya E, Solhaug A, Bølling AK, Øvstebø R, Steensen TB, Afanou AKJ, Holme JA. Pro-inflammatory responses induced by A. fumigatus and A. versicolor in various human macrophage models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:483-501. [PMID: 31116698 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1619114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mold-contaminated indoor air has been associated with various respiratory diseases, and there is a need for experimental data to confirm these associations. The pro-inflammatory properties of well-characterized aerosolized spores and hyphal fragments from Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor were examined and compared using various human macrophage cell models including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1 Ma), primary peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and primary airway macrophages (AM) from induced sputum. X-ray treated samples of the two mold species induced different responses with A. fumigatus displaying the most potent induction of pro-inflammatory responses. While hyphal fragments from A. fumigatus were more potent than spores, similar responses were produced by the two growth stages of A. versicolor. THP-1 Ma was the most sensitive model releasing a broad range of cytokines/chemokines. MDM exhibited a similar cytokine/chemokine profile as THP-1 Ma, except for a low-quantity release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In contrast, AM appeared to be nonresponsive and yielded a different pattern of pro-inflammatory markers. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, but also to a certain degree TLR2, was involved in several responses induced by spores and aerosolized hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus in MDM. Taken together, MDM seems to be the most promising experimental macrophage model. Abbreviations: AF: A. fumigatus, Aspergillus fumigatus; AV: A. versicolor, Aspergillus versicolor; AM: Airway Macrophage; CBA: Cytometric Bead Array; CD: Cluster of Differentiation; DTT: dithiothreitol; ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1beta; MDM: Monocyte-Derived Macrophages; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NLR: NOD-like Receptor; PAMP: Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern; PMA: Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; THP-1: Human leukemia monocyte cell line; TLR: Toll-like Receptor; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øya
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anita Solhaug
- b Toxinology Research Group , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anette K Bølling
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- c Department for Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tonje B Steensen
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- d Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment , National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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Øya E, Becher R, Ekeren L, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Holme JA. Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Spores and Hyphal Fragments of Common Damp Indoor Molds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061085. [PMID: 30917597 PMCID: PMC6466608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Damp indoor environments contaminated with different mold species may contribute to the development and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to X-ray treated spores and hyphal fragments from pure cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum. Hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum induced expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokine IL-8, while none of the other hyphal preparations had effects. Hyphal fragments from A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum also increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but these cytokines were not released. X-ray treated spores had little or no inflammatory potential. Attenuating Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by blocking antibodies strongly reduced the A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum hyphae-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release, whereas TLR4 antagonist treatment was without effects. Untreated A. fumigatus spores formed hyphae and triggered expression of pro-inflammatory genes with similarities to the effects of hyphal fragments. In conclusion, while X-ray treated spores induced no pro-inflammatory responses, hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum enhanced a TLR2-dependent expression and release of IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Becher
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leni Ekeren
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Vincent M, Corazza F, Chasseur C, Bladt S, Romano M, Huygen K, Denis O, Michel O. Relationship between mold exposure, specific IgE sensitization, and clinical asthma: A case-control study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:333-339. [PMID: 29944956 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the findings related to the noxious effect of mold sensitization on asthma come from investigations based on Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, and Aspergillus fumigatus. However, species such as Penicillium spp, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, or Aspergillus versicolor display a more pronounced indoor tropism, and their potential harmful respiratory effects cannot be neglected. OBJECTIVE The goal of this work was to relate mold sensitizations with asthma severity and with the level of indoor mold contamination among mold-sensitized patients with asthma and nonsensitized patients with asthma. METHODS A case-control study was conducted and several asthma severity markers were compared between patients with asthma with and without mold sensitization. Indoor contamination of patients' dwellings was also investigated. RESULTS Our findings confirmed the association between sensitization to A fumigatus and severity for patients with asthma in contrast with sensitization to other species. Indoor mold contamination was detected in approximately 90% of dwellings. Overall mold exposure was not associated with asthma severity. However, regardless of the sensitization, exposure to A fumigatus and Penicillium spp in dust was linked to an increased risk of severe asthma. CONCLUSION The harmful nature of mold sensitization and mold exposure for patients with asthma was not confirmed in this study. However, sensitization to A fumigatus was associated with an increased risk for severe asthma. A better investigation of the properties of Penicillium spp is recommended because its exposure was found to be associated with a more pronounced impairment of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Vincent
- Program Allergology, Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP (site Uccle), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Immunology and of Translational Research, CHU Brugmann (Université Libre de Bruxelles-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Chasseur
- Program Health and Environment, Scientific Service Food, drugs and consumers security, WIV-ISP (site Ixelles), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marta Romano
- Program Host-Pathogen Interaction, Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP (site Uccle), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Program Allergology, Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP (site Uccle), Brussels, Belgium; Program Host-Pathogen Interaction, Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP (site Uccle), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Program Allergology, Scientific Service Immunology, WIV-ISP (site Uccle), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Michel
- Clinic of Immunology and Allergology, CHU Brugmann (Université Libre de Bruxelles-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Tuuminen T, Lohi J. Immunological and toxicological effects of bad indoor air to cause dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2018.4.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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