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Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Zhao M, Zhao M, Tan H, Tie Y, Feng Z. Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic and after easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0116124. [PMID: 39320069 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01161-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) respiratory pathogens among patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Shijiazhuang, China, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (January 2021--December 2022) and after the relaxation of COVID-19 restrictive measures (January 2022--December 2023). This retrospective study enrolled 6,633 ARIs patients who visited the Hebei General Hospital between 2021- and 2023. Nasopharyngeal swabs samples were collected for multiplex PCR detection of 13 common respiratory pathogens. Respiratory pathogens were detected in 31.58% of individuals diagnosed with ARIs, whileereas a co-infection with multiple pathogens was observed in 8.5% of the ARI patients. In the years 2021 and 2022, 326 (27.63%) and 283 (24.38%) respiratory pathogens were found to be positive, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in 2023, subsequent to the easing of COVID-19 restrictions, the positivity rate significantly rose to 34.62%, with 4,292 cases identified. The majority of positive cases over the last three3 years were concentrated in patients under 14 years old. The predominant pathogens identified were human rhinovirus (HRVs) (15.08%) in 2021, mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) (6.46%) in 2022, and influenza A virus (FluA) (11.35%) in 2023. Seasonal prevalence patterns of most pathogens were affected, except for parainfluenza virus (PIV). There was a simultaneous increase in the positive cases and positivity rates of FluA and adenovirus (ADV) Iin 2023, compared to 2021 and 2022. Additionally, the infection rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), MP, and coronavirus (CoV) in 2023 either exceeded or were comparable to those in 2021 and 2022. Conversely, the positivity rates of PIV, RVs, metapneumovirus (MPV), and influenza B virus (FluB) were lower in 2023 compared to 2021 or 2022. IMPORTANCE The implementation of strict non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may lead to changes in the epidemiological features of respiratory pathogens, as well as the occurrence of immune debt, potentially causing a resurgence in respiratory pathogen activity following the easing of strict NPIs measures. There are limited reports on the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory pathogens among patients of all ages with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic and after the easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Our study investigated the epidemiology of 13 respiratory pathogens in Shijiazhuang, China, from January 2021 to December 2023. Thisese data isare crucial for the ongoing surveillance of epidemiological shifts in respiratory pathogens during and post the -COVID-19 pandemic, and serves as a scientific foundation for the prevention and management of ARIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengchuan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - He Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqing Tie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - ZhiShan Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Frimpong JA, Ampofo WK, Nyarko KM, Duque J, Aboagye J, Koram K, Widdowson M. Effect of antipyretics on performance of influenza surveillance in Ghana. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13068. [PMID: 36370028 PMCID: PMC9835404 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization's case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) includes a measured temperature of ≥38°C. We conducted this study to assess the effect of antipyretics on performance of ILI surveillance in Ghana. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts of Ghana from September 2013 to May 2014. We collected epidemiological data and respiratory specimens from an expanded ILI case definition, which included patients presenting to health facilities with measured temperature ≥38°C or reported fever (but afebrile at the time of evaluation), and cough, with onset in the last 10 days. Specimens were tested for influenza viruses by real time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Of 321 participants who met our expanded ILI case definition, 236 presented with temperature of <38°C but reported subjective fever. Of these, 17% (39/236) were positive for influenza virus; Of those with fever ≤38°C who took antipyretics, 21%(16/77) were positive for influenza, compared with 14%(23/159) of those who did not take antipyretics. The addition of subjective fever to the standard ILI case definition captured approximately an additional 57% influenza cases but also required testing of approximately four times as many patients. However, including those without fever on presentation that had taken antipyretics found an additional 23% of Influenza cases and only two times as much testing. CONCLUSION Depending on the goals of surveillance (monitoring virus circulation or determining disease burden) and available resources, a more sensitive case definition including subjective fever and history of use of antipyretics may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kofi Mensah Nyarko
- Department of Environmental and Public HealthUniversity of Environmental and Sustainable DevelopmentSomanyaGhana
| | | | - James Aboagye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
| | - Kwadwo Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
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Hasan S, Webby RJ, Iqbal M, Rashid HB, Ahmad MUD, Nazir J, DeBeauchamp J, Sadiq S, Chaudhry M. Sentinel surveillance for influenza A viruses in Lahore District Pakistan in flu season 2015-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:38. [PMID: 34991508 PMCID: PMC8734537 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-07021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus (IAV) remains an important global public health threat with limited epidemiological information available from low-and-middle-income countries. The major objective of this study was to describe the proportions, temporal and spatial distribution, and demographic and clinical characteristics of IAV positive patients with influenza like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods Prospective surveillance was established in a sentinel hospital from October 2015 to May 2016. All eligible outpatients and inpatients with ILI or SARI were enrolled in the study. Nasal and/or throat swabs were collected along with clinico-epidemiological data. Samples were tested by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) to identify IAV and subtype. The descriptive analysis of data was done in R software. Results Out of 311 enrolled patients, 284 (91.3%) were ILI and 27 (8.7%) were SARI cases. A distinct peak of ILI and SARI activity was observed in February. Fifty individuals (16%) were positive for IAV with peak positivity observed in December. Of 50 IAV, 15 were seasonal H3N2, 14 were H1N1pdm09 and 21 were unable to be typed. The majority of IAV positive cases (98%) presented with current or history of fever, 88% reported cough and 82% reported sore throat. The most common comorbidities in IAV positive cases were hepatitis C (4%), obesity (4%) and tuberculosis (6%). The highest incidence of patients reporting to the hospital was seen three days post symptoms onset (66/311) with 14 of these (14/66) positive for IAV. Conclusion Distinct trends of ILI, SARI and IAV positive cases were observed which can be used to inform public health interventions (vaccinations, hand and respiratory hygiene) at appropriate times among high-risk groups. We suggest sampling from both ILI and SARI patients in routine surveillance as recommended by WHO. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-07021-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Hasan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Richard J Webby
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Bin Rashid
- Department of Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Pathobiology, Riphah Veterinary College, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nazir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Virology Laboratory, Treidlia Biovet, Seven Hills, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Studies on the Ecology of Influenza in Animals and Birds, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shakera Sadiq
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Chaudhry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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The first epidemiological and virological influenza surveillance in the Republic of Guinea revealed the predominance of influenza A/H3N2 and B Victoria viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e223. [PMID: 34579803 PMCID: PMC8569828 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about respiratory viruses infection in Guinea. Influenza surveillance has not been implemented in Guinea mainly because of the paucity of laboratory infrastructure and capacity. This paper presents the first influenza surveillance data in Guinea.Swabs were obtained from August 2018 through December 2019 at influenza sentinel sites and transported to the Institut National de Santé Publique for testing. Ribonucleic acid was extracted and tested for the presence of influenza A and B by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Positive samples were further characterised to determine the subtypes and lineages of influenza viruses.A total of 862 swabs were collected and tested. Twenty-three per cent of samples tested positive for influenza A and B viruses. Characterisation of positive specimens identified influenza A/H1N1pmd09 (2.5%), influenza A/H3N2 (57.3%), influenza B/Victoria lineage (36.7%) and 7 (3.5%) influenza B with undetermined lineage. Influenza B virus activity clustered in August through November while influenza A/H3N2 displayed two clusters of activities that appeared in May through August and November through December.For the first time in Guinea, the epidemiology, diversity and period of circulation of influenza viruses were studied. The results indicate the predominance and the periods of activities of influenza B Victoria lineage and influenza A/H3N2 which are important information for preventive strategies. It is warranted to extend the influenza surveillance to other parts of Guinea to better understand the epidemiology of the viruses and monitor the emergence of influenza strains with pandemic potential.
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Lagare A, Rajatonirina S, Testa J, Mamadou S. The epidemiology of seasonal influenza after the 2009 influenza pandemic in Africa: a systematic review. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1514-1536. [PMID: 34394213 PMCID: PMC8351825 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza infection is a serious public health problem that causes an estimated 3 to 5 million cases and 250,000 deaths worldwide every year. The epidemiology of influenza is well-documented in high- and middle-income countries, however minimal effort had been made to understand the epidemiology, burden and seasonality of influenza in Africa. This study aims to assess the state of knowledge of seasonal influenza epidemiology in Africa and identify potential data gaps for policy formulation following the 2009 pandemic. Method We reviewed articles from Africa published into four databases namely: MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Scientific Research Publishing from 2010 to 2019. Results We screened titles and abstracts of 2070 studies of which 311 were selected for full content evaluation and 199 studies were considered. Selected articles varied substantially on the basis of the topics they addressed covering the field of influenza surveillance (n=80); influenza risk factors and co-morbidities (n=15); influenza burden (n=37); influenza vaccination (n=40); influenza and other respiratory pathogens (n=22) and influenza diagnosis (n=5). Conclusion Significant progress has been made since the last pandemic in understanding the influenza epidemiology in Africa. However, efforts still remain for most countries to have sufficient data to allow countries to prioritize strategies for influenza prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamou Lagare
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Jean Testa
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
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Naeem A, Elbakkouri K, Alfaiz A, Hamed ME, Alsaran H, AlOtaiby S, Enani M, Alosaimi B. Antigenic drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses from Saudi Arabia in 2014 to 2015. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3016-3027. [PMID: 32159230 PMCID: PMC7228267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of the influenza virus cause a decrease in vaccine efficacy. Since the information about the evolution of these viruses in Saudi is deficient so we investigated the genetic diversity of circulating H1N1 viruses. Nasopharyngeal aspirates/swabs collected from 149 patients hospitalized with flu-like symptoms during 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. Viral RNA extraction was followed by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and genetic sequencing. We analyzed complete gene sequences of HA and NA from 80 positive isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes of 80 isolates showed similar topologies and co-circulation of clades 6b. Genetic diversity was observed among circulating viruses belonging to clade 6B.1A. The amino acid residues in the HA epitope domain were under purifying selection. Amino acid changes at key antigenic sites, such as position S101N, S179N (antigenic site-Sa), I233T (antigenic site-Sb) in the head domain might have resulted in antigenic drift and emergence of variant viruses. For NA protein, 36% isolates showed the presence of amino acid changes such as V13I (n = 29), I314M (n = 29) and 12% had I34V (n = 10). However, H257Y mutation responsible for resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors was missing. The presence of amino acid changes at key antigenic sites and their topologies with structural mapping of residues under purifying selection highlights the importance of antigenic drift and warrants further characterization of recently circulating viruses in view of vaccine effectiveness. The co-circulation of several clades and the predominance of clade 6B.1 suggest multiple introductions in Saudi.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Saudi Arabia/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Adult
- Male
- Female
- Young Adult
- Genetic Variation
- Middle Aged
- Adolescent
- Genetic Drift
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Nasopharynx/virology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Antigenic Variation
- Aged
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Naeem
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Alfaiz
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Hadel Alsaran
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Mushira Enani
- Medical Specialties Department, Section of Infectious DiseasesKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alosaimi
- Research CenterKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- College of MedicineKing Fahad Medical CityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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Ayim-Akonor M, Mertens E, May J, Harder T. Exposure of domestic swine to influenza A viruses in Ghana suggests unidirectional, reverse zoonotic transmission at the human-animal interface. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:697-707. [PMID: 32710707 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have both zoonotic and anthroponotic potential and are of public and veterinary importance. Swine are intermediate hosts and 'mixing vessels' for generating reassortants, progenies of which may harbour pandemic propensity. Swine handlers are at the highest risk of becoming infected with IAVs from swine but there is little information on the ecology of IAVs at the human-animal interface in Africa. We analysed and characterized nasal and throat swabs from swine and farmers respectively, for IAVs using RT-qPCR, from swine farms in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Sera were also analysed for IAVs antibodies and serotyped using ELISA and HI assays. IAV was detected in 1.4% (n = 17/1,200) and 2.0% (n = 2/99) of swine and farmers samples, respectively. Viral subtypes H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 were found in human samples. All virus-positive swine samples were subtyped as H1N1pdm09 phylogenetically clustering closely with H1N1pdm09 that circulated among humans during the study period. Phenotypic markers that confer sensitivity to Oseltamivir were found. Serological prevalence of IAVs in swine and farmers by ELISA was 3.2% (n = 38/1,200) and 18.2% (n = 18/99), respectively. Human H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 antibodies were found in both swine and farmers sera. Indigenous swine influenza A viruses and/or antibodies were not detected in swine or farmers samples. Majority (98%, n = 147/150) of farmers reported of not wearing surgical mask and few (4%, n = 6) reported to wear gloves when working. Most (n = 74, 87.7%) farmers reported of working on the farm when experiencing influenza-like illness. Poor husbandry and biosafety practices of farmers could facilitate virus transmission across the human-swine interface. Farmers should be educated on the importance of good farm practices to mitigate influenza transmission at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Ayim-Akonor
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eva Mertens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
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Zhao Y, Lu R, Shen J, Xie Z, Liu G, Tan W. Comparison of viral and epidemiological profiles of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection in Beijing and Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:729. [PMID: 31429710 PMCID: PMC6701130 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No comparison data have been reported on viral and epidemiological profiles of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Beijing or Shanghai, China. Methods We collected 700 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from hospitalized children with SARI in Beijing (northern China) and Shanghai (southern China). Multiple respiratory viruses (including 15 common viruses) were screened by validated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays and confirmed by sequencing. Demographic data and the distribution of viral infections were also examined. Results Of 700 samples, 547 (78.1%) tested positive for viral infections. The picornaviruses (PIC), which included rhinovirus (RV) and enterovirus (EV), were the most common (34.0%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (28.3%), human bocavirus (HBoV) (19.1%), adenovirus (ADV) (13.7%), human coronaviruses (HCoV) (10.7%), influenza A and B (8.9%), parainfluenza virus (PIV 1–3) (7.9%), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (5.0%). PIC (RV/EV) and RSV were the most prevalent etiological agents of SARI in both cities. The total and age-matched prevalence of RSV, HCoV, and hMPV among SARI children under 5 years old were significantly higher in Beijing than in Shanghai. Different age and seasonal distribution patterns of the viral infections were found between Beijing and Shanghai. Conclusions Viral infection was tested and shown to be the most prevalent etiological agent among children with SARI in either the Beijing or the Shanghai area, while showing different patterns of viral and epidemiological profiles. Our findings provide a better understanding of the roles of geographic location and climate in respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children with SARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children and National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Gaoshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Institute of Medical Virology, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. .,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, Changping District, China.
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Seidu AA, Dickson KS, Ahinkorah BO, Amu H, Darteh EKM, Kumi-Kyereme A. Prevalence and determinants of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections among children under-five years in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys. SSM Popul Health 2019; 8:100443. [PMID: 31334326 PMCID: PMC6614699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRIs) account for 5.8 million deaths globally and 50% of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we examined the prevalence and determinants of ALRIs among children under-five years in 28 sub–Saharan African countries. We used data from the most recent (2011–2016) Demographic and Health Surveys of the 28 countries. Women aged 15–49 (N = 13,495) with children under-five years participated in the study. Data were extracted and analysed using STATA version 14.2. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done to establish associations between the outcome and explanatory variables. The prevalence of ALRI for all the countries was 25.3%. Congo (39.8%), Gabon (38.1%), Lesotho (35.2%), and Tanzania (35.2%) were the countries with the highest prevalence of ALRIs. The results from the multivariate analyses showed that children aged 24–59 months (AOR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.04–1.28), and children who received intestinal parasite in the 6 months preceding the survey (AOR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.02–1.22) had higher odds of developing ALRIs. However, children whose mothers were employed (AOR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.64–0.94) and those whose households used improved toilet facilities (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.64–0.97) had lower odds of contracting ALRIs. Our findings underscore the need for stakeholders in health in the various sub-Saharan African countries, especially those worst affected by ALRIs to implement programmes and develop policies at different levels aimed at reducing infections among children under-five years. Such strategies should specifically focus on improving the administration of medications for intestinal worms, health education to mothers with children under five on ALRIs and improving the sanitation situations of households through the provision of improved toilet facilities. We examined the prevalence and determinants of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRIs) among children under-five years in sub–Sahara Africa. ALRIs account for 5.8 million deaths globally. The prevalence of ALRI is 25.3% in sub-Sahara Africa. Children aged 24–59 months had higher odds of developing ALRIs. Employed mothers and improved toilet facility are protective factors against ALRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Hubert Amu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
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10
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Aydın H, Doğan H, Özüçelik DN, Koçak M, Gül OA. Viral prevalence, clinical profiles and comparison of severity scores for predicting the mortality of adults with severe acute respiratory infections. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:862-871. [PMID: 31195770 PMCID: PMC7018304 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1807-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of severity scores for predicting the 28-day mortality among adults with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) admitted to the emergency department. Materials and methods This study included 159 consecutive adult patients with SARI admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. A standard form was filled out in order to record demographic information, clinical parameters, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings of the patients. CURB-65, PSI, SIRS, qSOFA, SOFA and APACHE II scores were compared between the survivor and nonsurvivor groups. Results Of 159 patients included in the study, 38.4% were positive for respiratory viruses and 28.3% were positive for influenza viruses. 35.8% of the patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and the mortality rate was 36.5%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CURB-65, PSI, SIRS criteria, qSOFA, SOFA and APACHE II scores were 0.717, 0.712, 0.607, 0.683, 0.755, and 0.748, respectively in predicting mortality and 0.759, 0.744, 0.583, 0.728, 0.741, and 0.731, respectively in predicting ICU admission. Conclusion SOFA and APACHE II were more accurate than SIRS in predicting the 28-day mortality among adults with SARI. There was no significant difference among these scores in terms of other multivariate comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aydın
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Doğan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Doğaç Niyazi Özüçelik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Koçak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Avşar Gül
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
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11
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Tillekeratne LG, Bodinayake CK, Simmons R, Nagahawatte A, Devasiri V, Kodikara Arachchi W, Nicholson BP, Park LP, Vanderburg S, Kurukulasooriya R, De Silva AD, Østybe T, Reller ME, Woods CW. Respiratory Viral Infection: An Underappreciated Cause of Acute Febrile Illness Admissions in Southern Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:672-680. [PMID: 30594268 PMCID: PMC6402941 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of respiratory viruses to acute febrile illness (AFI) burden is poorly characterized. We describe the prevalence, seasonality, and clinical features of respiratory viral infection among AFI admissions in Sri Lanka. We enrolled AFI patients ≥ 1 year of age admitted to a tertiary care hospital in southern Sri Lanka, June 2012-October 2014. We collected epidemiologic/clinical data and a nasal or nasopharyngeal sample that was tested using polymerase chain reaction (Luminex NxTAG, Austin, TX). We determined associations between weather data and respiratory viral activity using the Spearman correlation and assessed respiratory virus seasonality using a Program for Appropriate Technology definition. Bivariable and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify features associated with respiratory virus detection. Among 964 patients, median age was 26.2 years (interquartile range 14.6-39.9) and 646 (67.0%) were male. One-fifth (203, 21.1%) had respiratory virus detected: 13.9% influenza, 1.4% human enterovirus/rhinovirus, 1.4% parainfluenza virus, 1.1% respiratory syncytial virus, and 1.1% human metapneumovirus. Patients with respiratory virus identified were younger (median 9.8 versus 27.7 years, P < 0.001) and more likely to have respiratory signs and symptoms. Influenza A and respiratory viral activity peaked in February-June each year. Maximum daily temperature was associated with influenza and respiratory viral activity (P = 0.03 each). Patients with respiratory virus were as likely as others to be prescribed antibiotics (55.2% versus 52.6%, P = 0.51), and none reported prior influenza vaccination. Respiratory viral infection was a common cause of AFI. Improved access to vaccines and respiratory diagnostics may help reduce disease burden and inappropriate antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Gayani Tillekeratne
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Champica K. Bodinayake
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Ryan Simmons
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Vasantha Devasiri
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Wasantha Kodikara Arachchi
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
- Teaching Hospital Karapitiya, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Bradly P. Nicholson
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Lawrence P. Park
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sky Vanderburg
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
- General Sir Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Truls Østybe
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Megan E. Reller
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke-Ruhuna Collaborative Research Centre, Galle, Sri Lanka
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12
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Strengthening laboratory surveillance of viral pathogens: Experiences and lessons learned building next-generation sequencing capacity in Ghana. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 81:231-234. [PMID: 30776545 PMCID: PMC6508881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the feasibility of applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) in medium-resource reference laboratories in Africa to enhance global disease surveillance. METHODS A training program was developed to support implementation of NGS at Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), University of Ghana. The program was divided into two training stages, first at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA, followed by on-site training at NMIMR for a larger cohort of scientists. RESULTS Self-assessment scores for topics covered during the NGS training program were higher post-training relative to pre-training. During the NGS Training II session at NMIMR, six enterovirus isolates from acute flaccid paralysis cases in Ghana were successfully sequenced by trainees, including two echovirus 6, two echovirus 11 and one echovirus 13. Another genome was an uncommon type (EV-B84), which has not been reported in Africa since its initial discovery from a Côte d'Ivoire specimen in 2003. CONCLUSIONS The success at NMIMR provides an example of how to approach transferring of NGS methods to international laboratories. There is great opportunity for collaboration between institutes that have genomics expertise to ensure effectiveness and long-term success of global NGS capacity building programs.
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13
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Obodai E, Odoom JK, Adiku T, Goka B, Wolff T, Biere B, Schweiger B, Reiche J. The significance of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) in children from Ghana with acute lower respiratory tract infection: A molecular epidemiological analysis, 2006 and 2013-2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203788. [PMID: 30199549 PMCID: PMC6130863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Globally, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common pathogen of ALRI in infants and children. However, age-stratified HRSV disease burden data are largely absent from Africa, which is a key gap in informing an evidence-based recommendation for the introduction of an HRSV vaccine by the WHO. Methods This study investigated the presence of HRSV in respiratory specimens from 552 children <5 years old with ALRI from Accra, Ghana in 2006 and 2013–2014 by real-time PCR. Of HRSV-positive samples the second hypervariable region of the viral G protein gene was sequenced and analyzed for phylogeny, characteristic amino acid substitutions, and potential glycosylation patterns. Further, HRSV infections have been characterized by age, symptoms and timely occurrence. Results HRSV was observed in 23% (127/552) of the children with ALRI, with the highest incidence in infants younger than one year (33%, 97/295, p = 0.013). Within the observed seasonal circulation time of HRSV from June (mid-wet season) to December (beginning of the dry season) the incidence of ALRI due to HRSV was as high as 46% (125/273). HRSV disease was significantly associated with (broncho-) pneumonia, bronchiolitis, LRTI, and difficulty in breathing. Phylogenetic characterization of HRSV strains from Ghana identified the circulation of the currently worldwide prevailing genotypes ON1 and BA9, and shows evidence of an independent molecular evolution of ON1 and BA9 strains in Ghana resulting in potentially new subgenotypes within ON1 and BA9, provisionally named ON1.5, ON1.6, and BA9-IV. Conclusion This study addresses important knowledge gaps in the forefront of introducing the HRSV vaccine by providing information on the molecular evolution and incidence of HRSV in Accra (Ghana, Africa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (EO); (JR)
| | - John Kofi Odoom
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Adiku
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (EO); (JR)
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14
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Preliminary results of official influenza and acute respiratory infection surveillance in two towns of Burkina Faso, 2013-2015. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 30012098 PMCID: PMC6048705 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2010, influenza, influenza-like illness (ILI) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) surveillance was established by the government of Burkina Faso. We provide preliminary descriptive results from this surveillance activity. Methods The study period was 2013 through 2015. Two primary healthcare facilities in Bobo-Dioulasso district reported ILI in outpatients. Influenza virology, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), was available for a proportion of ILI patients. One hospital, in the capital Ouagadougou, reported ARI in both outpatients and inpatients (hospitalized). Inpatients admitted with ARI were considered severe ARI (SARI). We estimated the proportion of primary care outpatient visits that were ILI, and the proportion of those that were due to influenza, by age. We estimated the proportion of hospital outpatient visits that were ARI and the proportion of those that were SARI, by age. Results Among combined outpatient visits in the Bobo-Dioulasso facilities, 19.6% were for ILI. One half (49.9%) of outpatient visits in infants and 30.9% in 1–4 year-olds were ILI. Among ILI outpatient visits 14.8% were due to influenza virus and, of these, 58.5% were type A and 41.5% type B. At the Ouagadougou hospital, 6.7% of outpatient visits were ARI, and 22.3% of those were SARI. The highest proportions of ARI were among infants (19.8%) and 1–4 year-olds (16.0%). The proportion of ARI that was SARI was highest among ≥15 year-olds (31.5%) followed by 1–4 year-olds (22.4%). Overall, 4.1% of SARI patients died. Conclusions These preliminary data indicate the importance of respiratory infections among health care attendances in Burkina Faso, and influenza may be an important contributor to these.
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15
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Stewart RJ, Ly S, Sar B, Ieng V, Heng S, Sim K, Machingaidze C, Roguski K, Dueger E, Moen A, Tsuyuoka R, Iuliano AD. Using a hospital admission survey to estimate the burden of influenza-associated severe acute respiratory infection in one province of Cambodia-methods used and lessons learned. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:104-112. [PMID: 29453796 PMCID: PMC5818350 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the burden of influenza‐associated severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is important for setting national influenza surveillance and vaccine priorities. Estimating influenza‐associated SARI rates requires hospital‐based surveillance data and a population‐based denominator, which can be challenging to determine. Objectives We present an application of the World Health Organization's recently developed manual (WHO Manual) including hospital admission survey (HAS) methods for estimating the burden of influenza‐associated SARI, with lessons learned to help others calculate similar estimates. Methods Using an existing SARI surveillance platform in Cambodia, we counted influenza‐associated SARI cases during 2015 at one sentinel surveillance site in Svay Rieng Province. We applied WHO Manual‐derived methods to count respiratory hospitalizations at all hospitals within the catchment area, where 95% of the sentinel site case‐patients resided. We used HAS methods to adjust the district‐level population denominator for the sentinel site and calculated the incidence rate of influenza‐associated SARI by dividing the number of influenza‐positive SARI infections by the adjusted population denominator and multiplying by 100 000. We extrapolated the rate to the provincial population to derive a case count for 2015. We evaluated data sources, detailed steps of implementation, and identified lessons learned. Results We estimated an adjusted influenza‐associated 2015 SARI rate of 13.5/100 000 persons for the catchment area of Svay Rieng Hospital and 77 influenza‐associated SARI cases in Svay Rieng Province after extrapolation. Conclusions Methods detailed in the WHO Manual and operationalized successfully in Cambodia can be used in other settings to estimate rates of influenza‐associated SARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Stewart
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sovann Ly
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Borann Sar
- Influenza Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vanra Ieng
- Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seng Heng
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kheng Sim
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chiedza Machingaidze
- Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Katherine Roguski
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica Dueger
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ann Moen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Reiko Tsuyuoka
- Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - A Danielle Iuliano
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Fitzner J, Qasmieh S, Mounts AW, Alexander B, Besselaar T, Briand S, Brown C, Clark S, Dueger E, Gross D, Hauge S, Hirve S, Jorgensen P, Katz MA, Mafi A, Malik M, McCarron M, Meerhoff T, Mori Y, Mott J, Olivera MTDC, Ortiz JR, Palekar R, Rebelo-de-Andrade H, Soetens L, Yahaya AA, Zhang W, Vandemaele K. Revision of clinical case definitions: influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection. Bull World Health Organ 2017; 96:122-128. [PMID: 29403115 PMCID: PMC5791775 DOI: 10.2471/blt.17.194514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formulation of accurate clinical case definitions is an integral part of an effective process of public health surveillance. Although such definitions should, ideally, be based on a standardized and fixed collection of defining criteria, they often require revision to reflect new knowledge of the condition involved and improvements in diagnostic testing. Optimal case definitions also need to have a balance of sensitivity and specificity that reflects their intended use. After the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a technical consultation on global influenza surveillance. This prompted improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of the case definition for influenza - i.e. a respiratory disease that lacks uniquely defining symptomology. The revision process not only modified the definition of influenza-like illness, to include a simplified list of the criteria shown to be most predictive of influenza infection, but also clarified the language used for the definition, to enhance interpretability. To capture severe cases of influenza that required hospitalization, a new case definition was also developed for severe acute respiratory infection in all age groups. The new definitions have been found to capture more cases without compromising specificity. Despite the challenge still posed in the clinical separation of influenza from other respiratory infections, the global use of the new WHO case definitions should help determine global trends in the characteristics and transmission of influenza viruses and the associated disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fitzner
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Saba Qasmieh
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Wayne Mounts
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Burmaa Alexander
- National Centre for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbataar, Mongolia
| | - Terry Besselaar
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Briand
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Brown
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth Clark
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Erica Dueger
- Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Diane Gross
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri Hauge
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siddhivinayak Hirve
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Pernille Jorgensen
- Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark A Katz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
| | - Ali Mafi
- Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamunur Malik
- Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Margaret McCarron
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America (USA)
| | - Tamara Meerhoff
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Yuichiro Mori
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Mott
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Justin R Ortiz
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Rakhee Palekar
- Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, USA
| | | | - Loes Soetens
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ali Ahmed Yahaya
- Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Katelijn Vandemaele
- Infectious Hazard Management, World Health Organization, avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
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17
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Hogan B, Ammer L, Zimmermann M, Binger T, Krumkamp R, Sarpong N, Rettig T, Dekker D, Kreuels B, Reigl L, Boahen KG, Wiafe C, Adu‐Sarkodie Y, Owusu‐Dabo E, May J, Eibach D. Burden of influenza among hospitalized febrile children in Ghana. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:497-501. [PMID: 28991406 PMCID: PMC5705687 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza surveillance data from Africa indicate a substantial disease burden with high mortality. However, local influenza data from district hospitals with limited laboratory facilities are still scarce. OBJECTIVES To identify the frequency and seasonal distribution of influenza among hospitalized febrile children in a rural hospital in Ghana and to describe differential diagnoses to other severe febrile infections. METHODS Between January 2014 and April 2015, all children with a temperature of ≥38°C admitted to a district hospital in Ghana were screened for influenza A and B by RT-PCR and differentiated to subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). Malaria microscopy and blood cultures were performed for each patient. RESULTS A total of 1063 children with a median age of 2 years (IQR: 1-4 years) were recruited. Of those, 271 (21%) were classified as severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and 47 (4%) were positive for influenza, namely 26 (55%) influenza B, 15 (32%) A(H1N1)pdm09, and 6 (13%) A(H3N2) cases. Influenza predominantly occurred in children aged 3-5 years and was more frequently detected in the major rainy season (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.47-6.19) during the first half of the year. Two (4%) and seven (15%) influenza-positive children were co-diagnosed with an invasive bloodstream infection or malaria, respectively. CONCLUSION Influenza contributes substantially to the burden of hospitalized febrile children in Ghana being strongly dependent on age and corresponds with the major rainy season during the first half-year.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteremia/diagnosis
- Bacteremia/epidemiology
- Child, Hospitalized/statistics & numerical data
- Child, Preschool
- Coinfection/diagnosis
- Coinfection/epidemiology
- Coinfection/microbiology
- Coinfection/parasitology
- Cost of Illness
- Female
- Fever/epidemiology
- Fever/virology
- Ghana/epidemiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/complications
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Betainfluenzavirus/genetics
- Betainfluenzavirus/isolation & purification
- Malaria/diagnosis
- Malaria/epidemiology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Seasons
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hogan
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Luise Ammer
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Marlow Zimmermann
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Tabea Binger
- College of Health SciencesKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KNUSTKumasiGhana
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- College of Health SciencesKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KNUSTKumasiGhana
| | - Theresa Rettig
- Department of Child HealthAgogo Presbyterian HospitalAgogoGhana
| | - Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Benno Kreuels
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
- Division of Tropical MedicineI. Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
| | - Lisa Reigl
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Kennedy G. Boahen
- College of Health SciencesKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KNUSTKumasiGhana
| | - Charity Wiafe
- College of Health SciencesKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KNUSTKumasiGhana
| | - Yaw Adu‐Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)KumasiGhana
| | - Ellis Owusu‐Dabo
- College of Health SciencesKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR)KNUSTKumasiGhana
- Department of Global HealthSchool of Public HealthCollege of Health SciencesKNUSTKumasiGhana
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hamburg‐Borstel‐LübeckGermany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Infectious Disease EpidemiologyBernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine HamburgHamburgGermany
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18
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Jones AH, Ampofo W, Akuffo R, Doman B, Duplessis C, Amankwa JA, Sarpong C, Sagoe K, Agbenohevi P, Puplampu N, Armah G, Koram KA, Nyarko EO, Bel-Nono S, Dueger EL. Sentinel surveillance for influenza among severe acute respiratory infection and acute febrile illness inpatients at three hospitals in Ghana. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:367-74. [PMID: 27239956 PMCID: PMC4947945 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza epidemiology in Africa is generally not well understood. Using syndrome definitions to screen patients for laboratory confirmation of infection is an established means to effectively conduct influenza surveillance. Methods To compare influenza‐related epidemiologic data, from October 2010 through March 2013, we enrolled hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; fever with respiratory symptoms) and acute febrile illness (AFI; fever without respiratory or other localizing symptoms) patients from three referral hospitals in Ghana. Demographic and epidemiologic data were obtained from enrolled patients after which nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected, and processed by molecular methods for the presence of influenza viruses. Results Of 730 SARI patients, 59 (8%) were influenza positive; of 543 AFI patients, 34 (6%) were positive for influenza. Both SARI and AFI surveillance yielded influenza A(H3N2) (3% versus 1%), A(H1N1)pdm09 (2% versus 1%), and influenza B (3% versus 4%) in similar proportions. Data from both syndromes show year‐round influenza transmission but with increased caseloads associated with the rainy seasons. Conclusions As an appreciable percentage of influenza cases (37%) presented without defined respiratory symptoms, and thus met the AFI but not the SARI definition, it is important to consider broader screening criteria (i.e., AFI) to identify all laboratory‐confirmed influenza. The identified influenza transmission seasonality has important implications for the timing of related public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Jones
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - William Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, National Influenza Center, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Akuffo
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - Brooke Doman
- Global Disease Detection and Response Program, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Ken Sagoe
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Naiki Puplampu
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 Ghana Detachment, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Armah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo A Koram
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Erica L Dueger
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
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