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Katavic S, Cehic I, Zukic N, Mirvic M, Dizdar M, Gutalj A, Saric Medic B, Jerković-Mujkić A, Mahmutović-Dizdarević I, Mesic A. In vitro assessment of the antioxidative, toxicological and antimicrobial properties of battery of parabens. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:463-472. [PMID: 37334811 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2222928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidative features using 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging method, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-binding properties with usage of spectrofluorimetric method, proliferative and cyto/genotoxic status by use of chromosome aberration test, and antimicrobial potential using broth microdilution method, followed by resazurin assay of benzyl-, isopropyl-, isobutyl and phenylparaben in vitro. Our results showed that all parabens had significant antiradical scavenger activity compared to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) precursor. Higher mitotic index for benzyl-, isopropyl and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) in comparison with control was demonstrated. An increase in the frequency of acentric fragments in lymphocytes treated with benzylparaben and isopropylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL), and isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) was observed. Isobutylparaben (250 µg/mL) induced higher number of dicentric chromosomes. An increased number of minute fragments in lymphocytes exposed to benzylparaben (125 and 250 µg/mL) was found. A significant difference in the frequency of chromosome pulverization, between phenylparaben (250 µg/mL) and control, was detected. Benzylparaben (250 µg/mL) and phenylparaben (62.5 µg/mL) caused an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, while isopropylparaben (62.5, 125 and 250 µg/mL) and isobutylparaben (62.5 and 125 µg/mL) induced higher frequency of necrosis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested parabens ranged 15.62-250 µg/mL for bacteria, and 125-500 µg/mL for the yeast. Minimum microbiocidal concentration ranged 31.25 to 500 µg/mL, and 250 to 1000 µg/mL in bacteria and fungi respectively. The lowest MICs for bacteria were observed for phenyl- (15.62 µg/mL) and isopropylparaben (31.25 µg/mL) against Enterococcus faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Katavic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ilma Cehic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nejla Zukic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Merjem Mirvic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muamer Dizdar
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ana Gutalj
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Belmina Saric Medic
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anesa Jerković-Mujkić
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Aner Mesic
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Neri I, MacCallum J, Di Lorenzo R, Russo G, Lynen F, Grumetto L. Into the toxicity potential of an array of parabens by biomimetic liquid chromatography, cell viability assessments and in silico predictions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170461. [PMID: 38286290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Five parabens (PBs) i.e., Methylparaben (MP), Ethylparaben (EP), Isopropylparaben (iPrP), Isobutylparaben (iBuP), Benzylparaben (BzP), and their parent compound i.e., para-hydroxy Benzoic Acid (pHBA), were studied both in vitro and in silico. Specifically, we determined their retention on several both protein- (Human Serum Albumin and α1-acidic glycoprotein) and (phospho) lipid- (immobilized artificial membrane (IAM)) based biomimetic stationary phases to evaluate their penetration potential through the biomembranes and their possible distribution in the body. The IAM phases were based either on phosphatidylcholine (PC) analogues i.e., PC.MG and PC.DD2 or on sphingomyelin (SPH). We also assessed their viability effect on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) via MTT assay subjecting the cells to five different PB concentrations i.e., 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.01 μM. Finally, their pharmacokinetics and toxicity were assessed by the ADMET Predictor™ software. Isopropylparaben was found to be more active than 17β estradiol (E2) employed as positive control, on the screened cell line inducing cell proliferation up to 150 % more of untreated cells. Other analogues showed only a slight/moderate cell proliferation activity, with parabens having longer/branched side chain showing, on average, a higher proliferation rate. Significant linear direct relationships (for PC.DD2 r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.86, for SPH r2 = 0.89, q2 = 0.85, for both P value < 0.05) were observed between the difference in proliferative effect between the readout and the control at 0.01 μM concentration and the retention on the IAM phases measured at pH 5.0 for all compounds but pHBA, which is the only analyte of the dataset supporting a carboxylic acid moiety. IAM affinity data measured at pH 7.0 were found to be related to the effective human jejunal permeability as predicted by the software ADMET® Predictor, which is relevant when PBs are added to pharmaceutical and food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Neri
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Janis MacCallum
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ritamaria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, EH11 4BN Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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Pascual F. Asking the Right Questions: Untargeted Metabolomics for Studying Early Pregnancy Paraben Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:14001. [PMID: 38261304 PMCID: PMC10805134 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Periconceptional exposures to three parabens were, surprisingly, associated with dietary sources of these preservatives rather than personal care products, highlighting the utility of this method and need for more study of dietary parabens.
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Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4793. [PMID: 37445107 PMCID: PMC10343617 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rathee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak 124021, India;
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India;
| | - Pooja Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Sarita Khatkar
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Neelam Redhu
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Gizem Türkcanoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Malarat N, Oin W, Kanjana K, Makkliang F, Siaj M, Poorahong S. Electrochemical platform based on activated carbon/graphene oxide-gold nanoparticle composites for the electrochemical sensing of methylparaben in cosmetic samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ávalos-Viveros M, Esquivel-García R, García-Pérez M, Torres-García E, Bartolomé-Camacho MC, Santes V, García-Pérez ME. Updated view of tars for psoriasis: what have we learned over the last decade? Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:290-301. [PMID: 35398899 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tars are one of the most effective, unknown, and oldest therapies for psoriasis. They include coal tar (CT) and biomass-derived products. These treatments, particularly the CT, have proven to be cost-effective with long remission times compared to other systemic or topical treatments. However, they have hardly evolved in recent years, as they are not well-embraced by clinicians or patients because of concerns regarding cosmesis and safety. This review summarizes current knowledge about the chemical characterization, mechanism of action, toxicity, and clinical studies supporting the use of tars for psoriasis over the last decade. Trends within these above aspects are reviewed, and avenues of research are identified. CT is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas biomass-derived tars are rich in phenols. While the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is involved in the antipsoriatic effect of CT, the mechanism of action of biomass-derived products remains to be elucidated. No conclusive evidence exists about the risk of cancer in psoriasis patients under CT treatment. Large, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials are necessary to promote the inclusion of tars as part of modern therapies for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ávalos-Viveros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Roberto Esquivel-García
- Facultad de Químico-Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Manuel García-Pérez
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Enelio Torres-García
- Biomass Conversion Division, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Santes
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha-Estrella García-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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Huang PC, Chen HC, Chou WC, Lin HW, Chang WT, Chang JW. Cumulative risk assessment and exposure characteristics of parabens in the general Taiwanese using multiple hazard indices approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156821. [PMID: 35738379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, a group of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are well known preservatives in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, studies on parabens exposure and their cumulative effects in Asian population are limited. This study aimed to identify the exposure characteristics and estimate the cumulative risk of four parabens in the general Taiwanese. We have collected urine samples including 271 adults (18-97 yrs old) and 95 minors (7-17 yrs old), from Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013, and analyzed for four urinary parabens including methyl (MeP)-, ethyl (EtP)-, propyl (PrP)-, and butylparaben (BuP) by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The health-based guidance value (HBGV) and the antiandrogenic properties of parabens were used to calculate the hazard index (HI) for cumulative risk. MeP and PrP were most abundant compounds and startlingly higher than those in other countries. Adults had a higher geometric mean level of four parabens than minors (adults: MeP, 381.7; PrP, 108.6; EtP, 39.6 and BuP 6.3 ng/mL; minors: MeP, 65.7; PrP, 7.9, EtP, 2.6 and BuP 2.2 ng/mL). Participants who used a higher number of personal care products had a significantly higher risk with higher concentrations of PrP (above 75th %tile) [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.01-3.15] and BuP [aOR: 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.03-3.07]. The median and 95th %tile HI (the sum of the HQs of each paraben) was as 1.10 and 4.39-fold higher than acceptable cumulative threshold (HI <1) and PrP accounted for 90 % of the HI. Our results indicate omnipresent exposure to parabens among the Taiwanese population, which might cause certain level of concerns. These significant increasing trends of HI with age dependence were observed, which mainly driven by PPCPS used. Routine survey of parabens in PPCPs and continued biomonitoring needs to be urgently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Torfs E, Brackman G. A perspective on the safety of parabens as preservatives in wound care products. Int Wound J 2020; 18:221-232. [PMID: 33236854 PMCID: PMC8243994 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and/or preservative ingredients incorporated in wound care products are subjected to certain safety restrictions. However, several of those agents, and paraben preservatives in particular, have been criticised. Conflicting reports on the potential of parabens to induce allergic contact dermatitis, and their assumed oestrogen‐like activity, raised public health concerns about their overall safety. Here, we seek to provide a balanced perspective on the most significant purported adverse health effects, and thereby allay the many misconceptions regarding the safety of parabens. Extensive and long‐term monitoring of paraben allergy frequencies illustrate that allergic reactions are quite uncommon, especially when compared with other antimicrobial and preservative agents. The estrogenic potential of parabens was illustrated to be far less potent than that of natural oestrogen receptor ligands, and the etiological significance of their presence in human tissue has not been established. The general consensus based on investigations by both the scientific community and regulatory agencies indicates that, with current safety regulations regarding their use in place, this effective and well‐documented group of preservatives should not warrant drastic measures to replace them. As such, despite the ongoing concern, it is indicated that, when used at typical concentrations, parabens are unlikely to affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Torfs
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Gilles Brackman
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
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