1
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Shen Y, Boulton APR, Yellon RL, Cook MC. Skin manifestations of inborn errors of NF-κB. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1098426. [PMID: 36733767 PMCID: PMC9888762 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 400 single gene defects have been identified as inborn errors of immunity, including many arising from genes encoding proteins that affect NF-κB activity. We summarise the skin phenotypes in this subset of disorders and provide an overview of pathogenic mechanisms. NF-κB acts cell-intrinsically in basal epithelial cells during differentiation of skin appendages, influences keratinocyte proliferation and survival, and both responses to and amplification of inflammation, particularly TNF. Skin phenotypes include ectodermal dysplasia, reduction and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and aberrant recruitment of inflammatory cells, which often occur in combination. Phenotypes conferred by these rare monogenic syndromes often resemble those observed with more common defects. This includes oral and perineal ulceration and pustular skin disease as occurs with Behcet's disease, hyperkeratosis with microabscess formation similar to psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, these genotype-phenotype relations provide diagnostic clues for this subset of IEIs, and also provide insights into mechanisms of more common forms of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne P R Boulton
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Yellon
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Espinosa L, Marruecos L. NF-κB-Dependent and -Independent (Moonlighting) IκBα Functions in Differentiation and Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1278. [PMID: 34572464 PMCID: PMC8468488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IκBα is considered to play an almost exclusive role as inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, previous results have demonstrated that SUMOylation imposes a distinct subcellular distribution, regulation, NF-κB-binding affinity and function to the IκBα protein. In this review we discuss the main alterations of IκBα found in cancer and whether they are (most likely) associated with NF-κB-dependent or NF-κB-independent (moonlighting) activities of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Espinosa
- Cancer Research Program, Institut Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, CIBERONC, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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3
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Lalle G, Twardowski J, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe? Cells 2021; 10:355. [PMID: 33572260 PMCID: PMC7914614 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (G.L.); (J.T.)
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4
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Page A, Bravo A, Suarez-Cabrera C, Alameda JP, Casanova ML, Lorz C, Segrelles C, Segovia JC, Paramio JM, Navarro M, Ramirez A. IKKβ-Mediated Resistance to Skin Cancer Development Is Ink4a/Arf-Dependent. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1255-1264. [PMID: 28584022 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IKKβ (encoded by IKBKB) is a protein kinase that regulates the activity of numerous proteins important in several signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB pathway. IKKβ exerts a protumorigenic role in several animal models of lung, hepatic, intestinal, and oral cancer. In addition, genomic and proteomic studies of human tumors also indicate that IKBKB gene is amplified or overexpressed in multiple tumor types. Here, the relevance of IKKβ in skin cancer was determined by performing carcinogenesis studies in animal models overexpressing IKKβ in the basal skin layer. IKKβ overexpression resulted in a striking resistance to skin cancer development and an increased expression of several tumor suppressor proteins, such as p53, p16, and p19. Mechanistically, this skin tumor-protective role of IKKβ is independent of p53, but dependent on the activity of the Ink4a/Arf locus. Interestingly, in the absence of p16 and p19, IKKβ-increased expression favors the appearance of cutaneous spindle cell-like squamous cell carcinomas, which are highly aggressive tumors. These results reveal that IKKβ activity prevents skin tumor development, and shed light on the complex nature of IKKβ effects on cancer progression, as IKKβ can both promote and prevent carcinogenesis depending on the cell type or molecular context.Implications: The ability of IKKβ to promote or prevent carcinogenesis suggests the need for further evaluation when targeting this protein. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1255-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cristian Suarez-Cabrera
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Josefa P Alameda
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - M Llanos Casanova
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - José C Segovia
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
- Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Angel Ramirez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.
- Cell and Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universitary Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
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5
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Colomer C, Marruecos L, Vert A, Bigas A, Espinosa L. NF-κB Members Left Home: NF-κB-Independent Roles in Cancer. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5020026. [PMID: 28587092 PMCID: PMC5489812 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been long considered a master regulator of inflammation and immune responses. Additionally, aberrant NF-κB signaling has been linked with carcinogenesis in many types of cancer. In recent years, the study of NF-κB members in NF-κB unrelated pathways provided novel attractive targets for cancer therapy, specifically linked to particular pathologic responses. Here we review specific functions of IκB kinase complexes (IKKs) and IκBs, which have distinctly tumor promoting or suppressing activities in cancer. Understanding how these proteins are regulated in a tumor-related context will provide new opportunities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Colomer
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, CIBERONC. Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Marruecos
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, CIBERONC. Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Vert
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, CIBERONC. Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Bigas
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, CIBERONC. Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lluis Espinosa
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, CIBERONC. Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Espinosa L, Bigas A, Mulero MC. Novel functions of chromatin-bound IκBα in oncogenic transformation. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1688-92. [PMID: 25233399 PMCID: PMC4453743 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway participates in a multitude of biological processes, which imply the requirement of a complex and precise regulation. IκB (for Inhibitor of kappaB) proteins, which bind and retain NF-κB dimers in the cytoplasm, are the main contributors to negative regulation of NF-κB under non-stimulation conditions. Nevertheless, increasing evidences indicate that IκB proteins exert specific nuclear roles that directly contribute to the control of gene transcription. In particular, hypophosphorylated IκBβ can bind the promoter region of TNFα leading to persistent gene transcription in macrophages and contributing to the regulation of the inflammatory response. Recently, we demonstrated that phosphorylated and SUMOylated IκBα reside in the nucleus of the cells where it binds to chromatin leading to specific transcriptional repression. Mechanistically, IκBα associates and regulates Polycomb Repressor Complex activity, a function that is evolutionary conserved from flies to mammals, as indicate the homeotic phenotype of Drosophila mutants. Here we discuss the implications of chromatin-bound IκBα function in the context of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Espinosa
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - A Bigas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - M C Mulero
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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7
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Candel S, de Oliveira S, López-Muñoz A, García-Moreno D, Espín-Palazón R, Tyrkalska SD, Cayuela ML, Renshaw SA, Corbalán-Vélez R, Vidal-Abarca I, Tsai HJ, Meseguer J, Sepulcre MP, Mulero V. Tnfa signaling through tnfr2 protects skin against oxidative stress-induced inflammation. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001855. [PMID: 24802997 PMCID: PMC4011677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new zebrafish model of skin inflammatory disease explains new-onset and worsening psoriasis and lichen planus in patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy. TNFα overexpression has been associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, lichen planus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Paradoxically, numerous studies have reported new-onset psoriasis and lichen planus following TNFα antagonist therapy. Here, we show that genetic inhibition of Tnfa and Tnfr2 in zebrafish results in the mobilization of neutrophils to the skin. Using combinations of fluorescent reporter transgenes, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, we identified the local production of dual oxidase 1 (Duox1)-derived H2O2 by Tnfa- and Tnfr2-deficient keratinocytes as a trigger for the activation of the master inflammation transcription factor NF-κB, which then promotes the induction of genes encoding pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of Duox1 completely abrogated skin inflammation, placing Duox1-derived H2O2 upstream of this positive feedback inflammatory loop. Strikingly, DUOX1 was drastically induced in the skin lesions of psoriasis and lichen planus patients. These results reveal a crucial role for TNFα/TNFR2 axis in the protection of the skin against DUOX1-mediated oxidative stress and could establish new therapeutic targets for skin inflammatory disorders. Psoriasis and lichen planus are chronic, debilitating skin diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. TNFα is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates acute and chronic inflammation. While TNFα antagonist therapy is used for autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), numerous studies have reported new-onset psoriasis and lichen planus following such therapy. We have used the unique advantages of the zebrafish embryo to identify a novel phenotype that mirrors this unexplained and paradoxical onset of psoriasis and lichen planus. We found that depletion of Tnfa or its receptor Tnfr2 caused skin inflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes through the activation of a Duox1/H2O2/NF-κB positive feedback inflammatory loop. Strikingly, DUOX1 was drastically induced in the skin lesions of psoriasis and lichen planus patients, and pharmacological inhibition of Duox1 abrogated skin inflammation, placing Duox1-derived H2O2 upstream of this inflammatory loop. Our results suggest that therapies targeting DUOX1 and H2O2 could provide innovative approaches to the management of skin inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Candel
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sofía de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- Carlota Saldanha Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Azucena López-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Espín-Palazón
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sylwia D. Tyrkalska
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - María L. Cayuela
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de Telómeros, Envejecimiento y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación, Departamento de Cirugía, CIBERehd. Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Arrixaca,” Murcia, Spain
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Corbalán-Vélez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Arrixaca,” Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Vidal-Abarca
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario “Virgen de la Arrixaca,” Murcia, Spain
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - José Meseguer
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María P. Sepulcre
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Jewett A, Man YG, Cacalano N, Kos J, Tseng HC. Natural killer cells as effectors of selection and differentiation of stem cells: role in resolution of inflammation. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 11:297-307. [PMID: 24575813 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.877104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has previously been demonstrated for the role of NK cells in specific elimination of healthy stem cells (e.g. hMSC, hDPSC, hESC, hiPSC) as well as cancer stem cells, but not their differentiated counterparts. There is also a stage-wise susceptibility to NK cell-mediated cyto-toxicity in tumors, in which case the poorly-differentiated tumors are lysed much more than moderately-differentiated tumors. Well-differentiated tumors were lysed the least compared to either moderately- or poorly-differentiated tumors. It has also been reported that inhibition of differentiation or reversion of cells to a less-differentiated stage by blocking NF-κB or by gene deletion of COX2 significantly augmented NK cell cytotoxicity against both transformed and healthy cells. Additionally, the cytotoxic function of NK cells was severely inhibited against stem cells when they were cultured in the presence of monocytes. Therefore, it is proposed that CD16(+)CD56(dim)CD69(-) NK cells were important for the selection of stem cells, whereas the CD16(dim/-)CD56(dim/+)CD69(+) anergized NK cells were important for differentiation and eventual regeneration of the tissues and the resolution of inflammation, thus potentially serving as regulatory NK (NK(reg)) cells. The concept of 'split anergy' in NK cells and the generation of NK(reg) cells with regard to contributions to cell differentiation, tissue repair and regeneration and in tumor resistance are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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9
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Poligone B, Hayden MS, Chen L, Pentland AP, Jimi E, Ghosh S. A role for NF-κB activity in skin hyperplasia and the development of keratoacanthomata in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71887. [PMID: 23977171 PMCID: PMC3747062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated NF-κB signaling in both cutaneous development and oncogenesis. However, these studies have been limited in part by the lethality that results from extreme over- or under-expression of NF-κB in available mouse models. Even cre-driven tissue specific expression of transgenes, or targeted deletion of NF-κB can cause cell death. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate a novel mouse model of enhanced NF-κB activity in the skin. METHODS A knock-in homologous recombination technique was utilized to develop a mouse model (referred to as PD mice) with increased NF-κB activity. RESULTS The data show that increased NF-κB activity leads to hyperproliferation and dysplasia of the mouse epidermis. Chemical carcinogenesis in the context of enhanced NF-κB activity promotes the development of keratoacanthomata. CONCLUSION Our findings support an important role for NF-κB in keratinocyte dysplasia. We have found that enhanced NF-κB activity renders keratinocytes susceptible to hyperproliferation and keratoacanthoma (KA) development but is not sufficient for transformation and SCC development. We therefore propose that NF-κB activation in the absence of additional oncogenic events can promote TNF-dependent, actinic keratosis-like dysplasia and TNF-independent, KAs upon chemical carcinogensis. These studies suggest that resolution of KA cannot occur when NF-κB activation is constitutively enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Poligone
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew S. Hayden
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luojing Chen
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alice P. Pentland
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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10
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Mulero MC, Ferres-Marco D, Islam A, Margalef P, Pecoraro M, Toll A, Drechsel N, Charneco C, Davis S, Bellora N, Gallardo F, López-Arribillaga E, Asensio-Juan E, Rodilla V, González J, Iglesias M, Shih V, Albà MM, Di Croce L, Hoffmann A, Miyamoto S, Villà-Freixa J, López-Bigas N, Keyes WM, Domínguez M, Bigas A, Espinosa L. Chromatin-bound IκBα regulates a subset of polycomb target genes in differentiation and cancer. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:151-66. [PMID: 23850221 PMCID: PMC3962677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IκB proteins are the primary inhibitors of NF-κB. Here, we demonstrate that sumoylated and phosphorylated IκBα accumulates in the nucleus of keratinocytes and interacts with histones H2A and H4 at the regulatory region of HOX and IRX genes. Chromatin-bound IκBα modulates Polycomb recruitment and imparts their competence to be activated by TNFα. Mutations in the Drosophila IκBα gene cactus enhance the homeotic phenotype of Polycomb mutants, which is not counteracted by mutations in dorsal/NF-κB. Oncogenic transformation of keratinocytes results in cytoplasmic IκBα translocation associated with a massive activation of Hox. Accumulation of cytoplasmic IκBα was found in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with IKK activation and HOX upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Mulero
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Dolors Ferres-Marco
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Abul Islam
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Pol Margalef
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Matteo Pecoraro
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Dermatology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Nils Drechsel
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina Charneco
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Shelly Davis
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Erika López-Arribillaga
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Elena Asensio-Juan
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Verónica Rodilla
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jessica González
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Vincent Shih
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0375, USA
| | - M. Mar Albà
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jordi Villà-Freixa
- Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, IMIM-Hospital del Mar and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Escola Politècnica Superior (EPS), Universitat de Vic, Barcelona 08500, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Bigas
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - William M. Keyes
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - María Domínguez
- Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Anna Bigas
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Lluís Espinosa
- Program in Cancer Research, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Correspondence:
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11
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Jewett A, Man YG, Tseng HC. Dual functions of natural killer cells in selection and differentiation of stem cells; role in regulation of inflammation and regeneration of tissues. J Cancer 2012; 4:12-24. [PMID: 23386901 PMCID: PMC3564243 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence from our laboratory indicates that conditioned or anergized NK cells have the ability to induce resistance of healthy stem cells and transformed cancer stem cells through both secreted factors and direct cell-cell contact by inducing differentiation. Cytotoxic function of NK cells is suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by a number of distinct effectors and their secreted factors. Furthermore, decreased peripheral blood NK cell function has been documented in many cancer patients. We have previously shown that NK cells mediate significant cytotoxicity against primary oral squamous carcinoma stem cells (OSCSCs) as compared to their more differentiated oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCCs). In addition, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and induced human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were all significantly more susceptible to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity than their differentiated counterparts or parental cells from which they were derived. We have also reported that inhibition of differentiation or reversion of cells to a less-differentiated phenotype by blocking NFκB or gene deletion of COX2 significantly augmented NK cell function. Furthermore, the induction of resistance of the stem cells to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity and their subsequent differentiation is amplified when either the stem cells or the NK cells were cultured in the presence of monocytes. Therefore, we propose that the two stages of NK cell maturation namely CD16+CD56dimCD69- NK cells are important for the lysis of stem cells or poorly differentiated cells whereas the CD16dim/-CD56dim/+CD69+NK cells are important for differentiation and eventual regeneration of the tissues and the resolution of inflammation, thus functionally serving as regulatory NK cells (NK(reg)). CD16 receptor on the NK cells were found to be the receptor with significant potential to induce NK cell anergy, however, our recent data indicated that NKp46 but not NKp30 or NKp44 were also able to induce significant anergy in NK cells, although the levels were less when compared to CD16 receptor triggering. The concept of split anergy in NK cells and generation of NK(reg) and its contribution to cell differentiation, tissue repair and regeneration and in tumor resistance will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- 1. The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- 2. The Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Han-Ching Tseng
- 1. The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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12
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Jewett A, Tseng HC. Potential rescue, survival and differentiation of cancer stem cells and primary non-transformed stem cells by monocyte-induced split anergy in natural killer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:265-274. [PMID: 22116348 PMCID: PMC11029795 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic function of NK cells is largely suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by a number of distinct effectors and their secreted factors. The aims of this review are to provide a rationale and a potential mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer and to demonstrate the significance of such immunosuppression in cellular differentiation and progression of cancer. We have recently shown that NK cells mediate significant cytotoxicity against primary oral squamous carcinoma stem cells (OSCSCs) as compared to their more differentiated oral squamous carcinoma cells. In addition, human embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells were all significantly more susceptible to NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity than their differentiated counterparts or parental cells from which they were derived. We have also reported that inhibition of differentiation or reversion of cells to a less-differentiated phenotype by blocking NFκB significantly augmented NK-cell function. Total population of monocytes and those depleted of CD16+ subsets were able to substantially suppress NK-cell-mediated lysis of OSCSCs, hMSCs and hDPSCs. Overall, our results suggest that stem cells but not their differentiated counterparts are significant targets of the NK-cell cytotoxicity. The concept of split anergy in NK cells and its contribution to cell differentiation, tissue repair and regeneration and in tumor resistance and progression will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
| | - Han-Ching Tseng
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
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13
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Jewett A, Tseng HC. Tumor induced inactivation of natural killer cell cytotoxic function; implication in growth, expansion and differentiation of cancer stem cells. J Cancer 2011; 2:443-57. [PMID: 21850212 PMCID: PMC3157021 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that cytotoxic function of immune effectors is largely suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by a number of distinct effectors and their secreted factors. The aims of this review are to provide a rationale and a potential mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer and to demonstrate the significance of such immunosuppression in cellular differentiation and progression of cancer. To that end, we have recently shown that NK cells mediate significant cytotoxicity against primary oral squamous carcinoma stem cells (OSCSCs) as compared to their more differentiated oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCCs). In addition, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs), dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were all significantly more susceptible to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity than their differentiated counterparts or parental cells from which they were derived. We have also reported that inhibition of differentiation or reversion of cells to a less-differentiated phenotype by blocking NFκB or targeted knock down of COX2 in primary monocytes in vivo significantly augmented NK cell function. Total population of monocytes and those depleted of CD16(+) subsets were able to substantially prevent NK cell mediated lysis of OSCSCs, MSCs and DPSCs. Taken together, our results suggest that stem cells are significant targets of the NK cell cytotoxicity. The concept of split anergy in NK cells and its contribution to tissue repair and regeneration and in tumor resistance and progression will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Matova N, Anderson KV. Drosophila Rel proteins are central regulators of a robust, multi-organ immune network. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:627-33. [PMID: 20145002 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of all animals depends on effective protection against infection. In Drosophila, opportunistic infection kills larvae if they lack the Rel/NF-kappaB proteins Dorsal and Dif. We have used tissue-specific expression of Dif and Dorsal to reveal that these Rel proteins act in three different tissues to defend larvae from infection. Dif and Dorsal act in circulating blood cells, where they are required autonomously to promote blood-cell survival and phagocytosis of microorganisms. We show that a major transcriptional target of Dorsal and Dif in blood cells is Drosophila IAP1, a gene protecting these cells from death. We find that in addition to their autonomous role in blood-cell survival, Dif and Dorsal also act in the fat body to produce factors that promote blood-cell viability. These Rel proteins act in the epidermis to prevent infection by maintaining a barrier to microbial entry. Dorsal or Dif in any one of the three tissues is sufficient to defend the animal from opportunistic infection. Thus Drosophila has a multi-pronged system of defense and each branch of this network requires Rel proteins. Based on similarities between Drosophila and mammals, we propose that a Rel-dependent network is an ancient and robust framework of animal immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matova
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Boyd S, Virolainen S, Pärssinen J, Skoog T, van Hogerlinden M, Latonen L, Kyllönen L, Toftgard R, Saarialho-Kere U. MMP-10 (Stromelysin-2) and MMP-21 in human and murine squamous cell cancer. Exp Dermatol 2010; 18:1044-52. [PMID: 19601983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The squamous cell cancers (SCC) of renal transplant recipients are more aggressive and metastasize earlier than those of the non-immunocompromised population. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a central role in tumor initiation, invasion and metastasis. Our aim was to compare the expression of MMPs-10, -12 and -21 in SCCs from immunosuppressed (IS) and control patients and the contribution of MMPs-10 and -21 to SCC development in the FVB/N-Tg(KRT5-Nfkbia)3Rto mouse line. Immunohistochemical analysis of 25 matched pairs of SCCs, nine of Bowen's disease and timed back skin biopsies of mice with selective inhibition of Rel/NF-kappaB signalling were performed. Semiquantitatively assessed stromal MMP-10 expression was higher (P = 0.009) in the control group when compared with IS patients. Tumor cell-derived MMP-10, -12 and -21 expression did not differ between the groups but stromal fibroblasts of the control SCCs tended to express MMP-21 more abundantly. MMP-10 expression was observed already in Bowen's disease while MMP-21 was absent. MMP-10 and -21 were present in inflammatory or stromal cells in ageing mice while dysplastic keratinocytes and invasive cancer were negative. Our results suggest that MMP-10 may be important in the initial stages of SCC progression and induced in the stroma relating to the general host-response reaction to skin cancer. MMP-21 does not associate with invasion of SCC but may be involved in keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Kovalenko A, Kim JC, Kang TB, Rajput A, Bogdanov K, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Kracht M, Brenner O, Wallach D. Caspase-8 deficiency in epidermal keratinocytes triggers an inflammatory skin disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2161-77. [PMID: 19720838 PMCID: PMC2757876 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Expression of enzymatically inactive caspase-8, or deletion of caspase-8 from basal epidermal keratinocytes, triggers chronic skin inflammation in mice. Unlike similar inflammation resulting from arrest of nuclear factor kappaB activation in the epidermal cells, the effect induced by caspase-8 deficiency did not depend on TNF, IL-1, dermal macrophage function, or expression of the toll-like receptor adapter proteins MyD88 or TRIF. Both interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and TANK-binding kinase were constitutively phosphorylated in the caspase-8-deficient epidermis, and knockdown of IRF3 in the epidermis-derived cells from these mice abolished the expression of up-regulated genes. Temporal and spatial analyses of the alterations in gene expression that result from caspase-8 deficiency reveal that the changes are initiated before birth, around the time that cornification develops, and occur mainly in the suprabasal layer. Finally, we found that caspase-8-deficient keratinocytes display an enhanced response to gene activation by transfected DNA. Our findings suggest that an enhanced response to endogenous activators of IRF3 in the epidermis, presumably generated in association with keratinocyte differentiation, contributes to the skin inflammatory process triggered by caspase-8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kovalenko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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17
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Ulvmar MH, Sur I, Mémet S, Toftgård R. Timed NF-kappaB inhibition in skin reveals dual independent effects on development of HED/EDA and chronic inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2584-93. [PMID: 19516260 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that inhibiting NF-kappaB activity in murine basal keratinocytes leads to hyperproliferation, inflammation, and cancer in a tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent manner. We report here the outcomes of NF-kappaB abrogation at different stages of epidermal morphogenesis using a conditional IkappaBalpha transgenic mouse model. We find that blocking NF-kappaB during embryogenesis mimics the epidermal and glandular defects seen in the human disease hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED/EDA), independently of the inflammatory phenotype and TNFR1. The onset of transgene expression after birth correlates with nuclear exclusion of the NF-kappaB p50 subunit, hyperplasia, and development of a chronic inflammation initiated and dominated by macrophages. In this model, macrophages are important producers of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), whose inhibition attenuates the excessive angiogenesis otherwise observed. The inflammatory reaction requires the continuous suppression of NF-kappaB in keratinocytes, indicating that an immune cell attractant(s) is directly induced in response to NF-kappaB inhibition. As TNFalpha upregulation is a late event in this model, good candidates for such chemoattraction are the monocyte chemotactic proteins 1, 2, and 3 (MCP-1-2-3), which are upregulated in the epidermal compartment concomitantly with the onset of NF-kappaB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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18
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UVB and proinflammatory cytokines synergistically activate TNF-alpha production in keratinocytes through enhanced gene transcription. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:994-1001. [PMID: 19005488 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UVB irradiation potently induces cytokines in the skin, including IL-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The mechanism for TNF-alpha induction in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes is not clear. In this study, we explored the effects of UVB and cytokines, alone or in combination in human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were sham- or UVB-irradiated with 30 mJ cm(-2), and then incubated in the absence or presence of IFN-alpha2b, TNF-alpha, or IL-1alpha. UVB and IL-1alpha treatment synergistically enhanced TNF-alpha secretion and mRNA levels in human keratinocytes, similar to the findings reported previously in human fibroblasts. Exogenous recombinant TNF-alpha up-regulates its own mRNA level. However, addition of IFN-alpha2b did not show any additive effect on TNF-alpha mRNA induction. To understand the regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA by UVB, with or without IL-1alpha, we examined the transcription rate and half-life of TNF-alpha mRNA. Treatment of keratinocytes with IL-1alpha or UVB alone increased TNF-alpha gene transcription 4- to 5-fold over sham treatment, and TNF-alpha gene transcription increased 11-fold in cells treated with UVB plus IL-1alpha over sham. UVB with IL-1alpha did not enhance the half-life of TNF-alpha mRNA over that seen with UVB alone. In conclusion, TNF-alpha expression in primary keratinocytes is upregulated transcriptionally by UVB and IL-1alpha.
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19
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Jamnadas B, Agarwal R, Caddy C. A rare case of SCC in a young patient with incontinentia pigmenti. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61:973-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Schön M, Wienrich BG, Kneitz S, Sennefelder H, Amschler K, Vöhringer V, Weber O, Stiewe T, Ziegelbauer K, Schön MP. KINK-1, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of IKKβ, and the Susceptibility of Melanoma Cells to Antitumoral Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 100:862-75. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Pfefferle R, Marcuzzi GP, Akgül B, Kasper HU, Schulze F, Haase I, Wickenhauser C, Pfister H. The human papillomavirus type 8 E2 protein induces skin tumors in transgenic mice. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2310-5. [PMID: 18401427 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing early genes of the cutaneous human papillomavirus 8 (HPV8) spontaneously develop skin papillomas, epidermal dysplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma (6%). As the HPV8 protein E2 revealed transforming capacity in vitro, we generated three epidermal specific HPV8-E2-transgenic FVB/N mouse lines to dissect its role in tumor development. The rate of tumor formation in the three lines correlated with the different E2-mRNA levels. More than 60% of heterozygous line 2 mice, but none of the HPV8-negative littermates, spontaneously developed ulcerous lesions of the skin over an observation period of up to 144 weeks, beginning on average 74+/-22 weeks after birth. Most lesions presented infundibular hyperplasia and acanthosis combined with low-grade dysplasia. Severe dysplasia of the epidermis occurred in 6%. Two carcinomas revealed a sharply demarcated spindle-cell component. Only 3 weeks after a single UV irradiation, 87% of heterozygous line 2 and 36% of line 35 mice developed skin tumors. A rapidly growing invasive tumor composed of spindle cells arose 10 weeks after irradiation of a line-35 animal. The histology of skin cancers in HPV8-E2 mice is reminiscent of a subset of highly aggressive squamous cell carcinoma in immunosuppressed transplant recipients with a massive spindle-cell component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Pfefferle
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Romero-Reyes M, Head C, Cacalano NA, Jewett A. Potent induction of TNF-alpha during interaction of immune effectors with oral tumors as a potential mechanism for the loss of NK cell viability and function. Apoptosis 2007; 12:2063-75. [PMID: 17713857 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory role of TNF-alpha on survival of naïve and IL-2 treated NK cells has been demonstrated in the past. However, its effect on the function of these cells against tumor cells, in particular against oral tumors has not been established. We investigated the significance of secreted TNF-alpha in death and functional loss of splenocytes and NK cells in ex-vivo cultures with oral tumors. Oral tumors trigger potent secretion of TNF-alpha by human and murine immune effectors. Absence of TNF-alpha increases the cytotoxic activity and secretion of IFN-gamma by IL-2 treated splenocytes and NK cells in co-cultures with MOK L2D1+/p53-/- oral tumor cells. IL-2 treated splenocytes and NK cells from TNF-alpha -/- mice survive and proliferate more when compared to cells from TNF-alpha +/+ mice. Cell death induced by F. nucleatum, an oral bacteria, in TNF-alpha -/- splenocytes are considerably lower than that induced in TNF-alpha +/+ splenocytes where potent release of TNF-alpha is reproducibly observed. Addition of exogenous rTNF-alpha to IL-2 treated splenocytes and NK cells decreased survival and function of splenocytes and NK cells obtained from TNF-alpha -/- mice against oral tumors. These findings suggest that potent induction of TNF-alpha during interaction of immune effectors with oral tumors and/or oral bacteria is an important factor in decreasing the function and survival of cytotoxic immune effectors. Strategies to neutralize TNF-alpha may be beneficial in the treatment of oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Romero-Reyes
- UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of California, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), Dental Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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23
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Abstract
Mounting effective anti-tumor immune responses against tumors by both the innate and adaptive immune effectors is important for the clearance of tumors. However, accumulated evidence indicates that immune responses that should otherwise suppress or eliminate transformed cells are themselves suppressed by the function of tumor cells in a variety of cancer patients, including those with oral cancers. Signaling abnormalities, spontaneous apoptosis, and reduced proliferation and function of circulating natural killer cells (NK), T-cells, dendritic cells (DC), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been documented previously in oral cancer patients. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the functional deficiencies of tumor-associated immune cells in oral cancer patients. Both soluble factors and contact-mediated immunosuppression by the tumor cells have been implicated in the inhibition of immune cell function and the progression of tumors. More recently, elevated levels and function of key transcription factors in tumor cells, particularly NFkappaB and STAT3, have been shown to mediate immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on these emerging mechanisms of immunosuppression in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine 90095-1688, USA.
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Proweller A, Tu L, Lepore JJ, Cheng L, Lu MM, Seykora J, Millar SE, Pear WS, Parmacek MS. Impaired notch signaling promotes de novo squamous cell carcinoma formation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7438-44. [PMID: 16885339 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through Notch receptors in the skin has been implicated in the differentiation, proliferation, and survival of keratinocytes, as well as in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). To determine the composite function of Notch receptor-mediated signaling in the skin and overcome potential redundancies between receptors, conditional transgenic mice were generated that express the pan-Notch inhibitor, dominant-negative Mastermind Like 1 (DNMAML1), to repress all canonical [CBF-1/Suppressor of hairless/LAG-1 (CSL)-dependent] Notch signaling exclusively in the epidermis. Here, we report that DNMAML1 mice display hyperplastic epidermis and spontaneously develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as dysplastic precursor lesions, actinic keratoses. Mice expressing epidermal DNMAML1 display enhanced accumulation of nuclear beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in suprabasilar keratinocytes and in lesional cells from SCCs, which was also observed in human cutaneous SCC. These results suggest a model wherein CSL-dependent Notch signaling confers protection against cutaneous SCC. The demonstration that inhibition of canonical Notch signaling in mice leads to spontaneous formation of SCC and recapitulates the disease in humans yields fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of SCC and provides a unique in vivo animal model to examine the pathobiology of cutaneous SCC and for evaluating novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Proweller
- Cardiovascular Institute, and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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25
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Jewett A, Cacalano NA, Teruel A, Romero M, Rashedi M, Wang M, Nakamura H. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activity in oral tumor cells prevents depletion of NK cells and increases their functional activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1052-63. [PMID: 16328384 PMCID: PMC11030165 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify candidate factors which may be responsible for the functional inactivation and depletion of NK cells by tumor cells. Inhibition of NFkappaB activity by an IkappaB super-repressor in HEp2 cells, a cell line commonly used as an oral tumor model, blocked tumor-induced NK cell death, and increased the function of NK cells significantly. Increased expression of CD69 early activation antigen on NK cells as well as augmented proliferation and secretion of IFN-gamma by NK cells were observed when these cells were co-incubated with IkappaB super-repressor transfected HEp2 cells (HEp2-IkappaB((S32AS36A))). More importantly, the secretion of IL-6 was significantly inhibited when NK cells were co-cultured with HEp2-IkappaB((S32AS36A)) cells. In addition, the survival and function of cytotoxic effector cells remained significantly elevated in the presence of IFN-gamma-treated HEp2-IkappaB((S32AS36A)) cells when compared to either untreated or IFN-gamma-treated vector-alone transfected HEp2 cells. Similar findings to those obtained using purified peripheral blood NK cells were also observed when non-fractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used in the co-cultures of immune effectors with HEp2 cell transfectants. Addition of recombinant human IL-6 to the co-cultures of immune effectors with the NFkappaB knockdown HEp2 tumor cells substantially decreased the levels of secreted IFN-gamma. Thus, the results presented in this paper suggest that the inhibition of NFkappaB function in oral tumors may serve to activate and expand the function and numbers of NK cells. Moreover, NFkappaB-mediated increase in IL-6 secretion by oral tumors may in part be responsible for the observed inactivation and death of the immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub center for reconstructive biotechnology, The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Omori E, Matsumoto K, Sanjo H, Sato S, Akira S, Smart RC, Ninomiya-Tsuji J. TAK1 is a master regulator of epidermal homeostasis involving skin inflammation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19610-7. [PMID: 16675448 PMCID: PMC1797070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603384200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) functions downstream of inflammatory cytokines to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as NF-kappaB in several cell types. However, the functional role of TAK1 in an in vivo setting has not been determined. Here we have demonstrated that TAK1 is the major regulator of skin inflammation as well as keratinocyte death in vivo. Epidermal-specific deletion of TAK1 causes a severe inflammatory skin condition by postnatal day 6-8. The mutant skin also exhibits massive keratinocyte death. Analysis of keratinocytes isolated from the mutant skin revealed that TAK1 deficiency results in a striking increase in apoptosis in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TAK1-deficient keratinocytes cannot activate NF-kappaB or JNK upon TNF treatment. These results suggest that TNF induces TAK1-deficient keratinocyte death because of the lack of NF-kappaB (and possibly JNK)-mediated cell survival signaling. Finally, we have shown that deletion of the TNF receptor can largely rescue keratinocyte death as well as inflammatory skin condition in epidermal-specific TAK1-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that TAK1 is a master regulator of TNF signaling in skin and regulates skin inflammation and keratinocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Omori
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, JAPAN
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, JAPAN
- SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, JAPAN
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, JAPAN
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Host Defence, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defence, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
- SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, JAPAN
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Pikarsky E, Ben-Neriah Y. NF-κB inhibition: A double-edged sword in cancer? Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:779-84. [PMID: 16530406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies of mouse models of cancer have provided direct genetic evidence for the critical role of NF-kappaB in carcinogenesis. While it has long been known that NF-kappaB is a key mediator of chemotherapy resistance, it is now clear that the transcription factor also has a major role in tumour development, particularly at its earlier phases. However, the role of NF-kappaB in tumourigenesis is more complex than anticipated, as in some models NF-kappaB inhibition blocks, whereas in others it facilitates, tumour development. In this paper we review current knowledge and suggest a general hypothesis that attempts to resolve this apparent paradox. Further cancer model studies should help to clarify this issue, complementing the intensive drug development effort of the pharmaceutical industry around NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Pathology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem Campus, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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28
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Stratis A, Pasparakis M, Markur D, Knaup R, Pofahl R, Metzger D, Chambon P, Krieg T, Haase I. Localized inflammatory skin disease following inducible ablation of I kappa B kinase 2 in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:614-20. [PMID: 16397523 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skin inflammation is a complex process that involves interactions between various cell types residing in different skin compartments. Using mice with conditionally targeted I kappa B kinase 2 (IKK2) alleles, we have previously shown that epidermal keratinocytes can play a dominant role in the initiation of an inflammatory reaction. In order to investigate long-term consequences of IKK2 deletion in adult skin, we have generated mice with floxed IKK2 alleles in which expression of a Tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase construct is targeted to epidermal keratinocytes (K14-Cre-ER(T2)IKK2(fl/fl) mice). K14-Cre-ER(T2)IKK2(fl/fl) mice are born normally and do not show signs of a skin disease until the age of 6 months. Deletion of IKK2 can be observed after Tamoxifen application to the back skin or spontaneously, without Tamoxifen application, in mice older than 6 months. This deletion is accompanied by dramatic, localized skin changes that are characterized by invasion of inflammatory cells, hair follicle disruption, and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the epidermis, but not by tumor formation. The hyperplastic epithelium shows increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, typical features of psoriatic epidermis. Our results identify a primary role for IKK2 in the development of skin inflammation and confirm its requirement for the maintenance of skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Stratis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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29
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Nenci A, Huth M, Funteh A, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bloch W, Metzger D, Chambon P, Rajewsky K, Krieg T, Haase I, Pasparakis M. Skin lesion development in a mouse model of incontinentia pigmenti is triggered by NEMO deficiency in epidermal keratinocytes and requires TNF signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:531-42. [PMID: 16399796 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO), the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase, is essential for NF-kappaB activation. Mutations disrupting the X-linked NEMO gene cause incontinentia pigmenti (IP), a human genetic disease characterized by male embryonic lethality and by a complex pathology affecting primarily the skin in heterozygous females. The cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to skin lesion pathogenesis in IP patients remain elusive. Here we used epidermis-specific deletion of NEMO in mice to investigate the mechanisms causing the skin pathology in IP. NEMO deletion completely inhibited NF-kappaB activation and sensitized keratinocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced death but did not affect epidermal development. Keratinocyte-restricted NEMO deletion, either constitutive or induced in adult skin, caused inflammatory skin lesions, identifying the NEMO-deficient keratinocyte as the initiating cell type that triggers the skin pathology in IP. Furthermore, genetic ablation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFRI) rescued the skin phenotype demonstrating that TNF signaling is essential for skin lesion pathogenesis in IP. These results identify the NEMO-deficient keratinocyte as a potent initiator of skin inflammation and provide novel insights into the mechanism leading to the pathogenesis of IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Nenci
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, via Ramarini 32, 00016 Monterotondo-Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Cataisson C, Pearson AJ, Torgerson S, Nedospasov SA, Yuspa SH. Protein Kinase Cα-Mediated Chemotaxis of Neutrophils Requires NF-κB Activity but Is Independent of TNFα Signaling in Mouse Skin In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1686-92. [PMID: 15661932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are major regulators of cutaneous homeostasis and mediate inflammation in response to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We have previously reported that transgenic mice overexpressing PKCalpha in the skin exhibit severe intraepidermal neutrophilic inflammation and keratinocyte apoptosis when treated topically with TPA. Activation of PKCalpha increases the production of TNFalpha and the transcription of chemotactic factors (MIP-2, KC, S100A8/A9), vascular endothelial growth factor, and GM-CSF in K5-PKCalpha keratinocytes. In response to PKCalpha activation, NF-kappaB translocates to the nucleus and this is associated with IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation. Preventing IkappaB degradation reduces both the expression of inflammation-associated genes and chemoattractant release. To determine whether TNFalpha mediated NF-kappaB translocation and subsequent expression of proinflammatory factors, K5-PKCalpha mice were treated systemically with a dimeric soluble form of p75 TNFR (etanercept) or crossed with mice deficient for both TNFR isoforms, and keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of TNFalpha-neutralizing Abs. The in vivo treatment and TNFR deficiency did not prevent inflammation, and the in vitro treatment did not prevent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation after TPA. Together these results implicate PKCalpha as a regulator of a subset of cutaneous cytokines and chemokines responsible for intraepidermal inflammation independent of TNFalpha. PKCalpha inhibition may have therapeutic benefit in some human inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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