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Gootjes C, Zwaginga JJ, Roep BO, Nikolic T. Defining Human Regulatory T Cells beyond FOXP3: The Need to Combine Phenotype with Function. Cells 2024; 13:941. [PMID: 38891073 PMCID: PMC11172350 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to maintain immune homeostasis by promoting self-tolerance. Reduced Treg numbers or functionality can lead to a loss of tolerance, increasing the risk of developing autoimmune diseases. An overwhelming variety of human Tregs has been described, based on either specific phenotype, tissue compartment, or pathological condition, yet the bulk of the literature only addresses CD25-positive and CD127-negative cells, coined by naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs), most of which express the transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). While the discovery of FOXP3 was seminal to understanding the origin and biology of nTregs, there is evidence in humans that not all T cells expressing FOXP3 are regulatory, and that not all Tregs express FOXP3. Namely, the activation of human T cells induces the transient expression of FOXP3, irrespective of whether they are regulatory or inflammatory effectors, while some induced T cells that may be broadly defined as Tregs (e.g., Tr1 cells) typically lack demethylation and do not express FOXP3. Furthermore, it is unknown whether and how many nTregs exist without FOXP3 expression. Several other candidate regulatory molecules, such as GITR, Lag-3, GARP, GPA33, Helios, and Neuropilin, have been identified but subsequently discarded as Treg-specific markers. Multiparametric analyses have uncovered a plethora of Treg phenotypes, and neither single markers nor combinations thereof can define all and only Tregs. To date, only the functional capacity to inhibit immune responses defines a Treg and distinguishes Tregs from inflammatory T cells (Teffs) in humans. This review revisits current knowledge of the Treg universe with respect to their heterogeneity in phenotype and function. We propose that it is unavoidable to characterize human Tregs by their phenotype in combination with their function, since phenotype alone does not unambiguously define Tregs. There is an unmet need to align the expression of specific markers or combinations thereof with a particular suppressive function to coin functional Treg entities and categorize Treg diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gootjes
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.J.Z.); (T.N.)
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Weng HP, Ke CH, Tung CW, Tani A, Wang CC, Yang WY, Wang YS, Han W, Liao CH, Tomiyasu H, Lin CS. Canine diffuse large b-cell lymphoma downregulates the activity of CD8 + T-cells through tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:252. [PMID: 37884996 PMCID: PMC10601183 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as the essential mediator between host immunity and cancer development. These EVs conduct cellular communication to facilitate tumor growth, enable invasion and metastasis, and shape the favorable tumor microenvironment. Lymphoma is one of the most common hematological malignancies in humans and dogs. Effective T-cell responses are required for the control of these malignancies. However, the immune crosstalk between CD8 + T-cells, which dominates anti-tumor responses, and canine lymphoma has rarely been described. METHODS This study investigates the immune manipulating effects of EVs, produced from the clinical cases and cell line of canine B cell lymphoma, on CD8 + T-cells isolated from canine donors. RESULTS Lymphoma-derived EVs lead to the apoptosis of CD8 + T-cells. Furthermore, EVs trigger the overexpression of CTLA-4 on CD8 + T-cells, which indicates that EV blockade could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for lymphoma patients. Notably, EVs transform the CD8 + T-cells into regulatory phenotypes by upregulating their PD-1, PD-L1, and FoxP3 mRNA expression. The regulatory CD8 + T-cells secret the panel of inhibitory cytokines and angiogenic factors and thus create a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. CONCLUSION In summary, the current study demonstrated that the EVs derived from canine B cell lymphoma impaired the anti-tumor activity of CD8 + T-cells and manipulated the possible induction of regulatory CD8 + T-cells to fail the activation of host cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pei Weng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35053, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Akiyoshi Tani
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Wen-Yuan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Wang
- Lab. 2612, Rekiin Biotech Inc, Taipei, 114737, Taiwan
| | - Winston Han
- Lab. 2612, Rekiin Biotech Inc, Taipei, 114737, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsun Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hirotaka Tomiyasu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4 Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC.
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Niu XJ, Sun YH, Wang LJ, Huang YY, Wang Y, Guo XQ, Xu BH, Wang C. Fox transcription factor AccGRF1 in response to glyphosate stress in Apis cerana cerana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105419. [PMID: 37105625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is an herbicide commonly used in agriculture, and its widespread use has adversely affected the survival of nontarget organisms. Among these organisms, bees in particular are important pollinators, and declining bee populations have severely affected crop yields around the world. However, the molecular mechanism by which glyphosate harms bees remains unclear. In our experiment, we screened and cloned a glyphosate-induced gene in Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) and named glyphosate response factor 1 (AccGRF1). Sequence analysis showed that AccGRF1 contains a winged-helix DNA binding domain, which suggests that it belongs to the Forkhead box (Fox) protein family. qRT-PCR and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and yeast showed that AccGRF1 can respond to glyphosate and oxidative stress. After AccGRF1 knockdown by means of RNA interference (RNAi), the resistance of A. c. cerana to glyphosate stress improved. The results suggested that AccGRF1 is involved in A. c. cerana glyphosate stress tolerance. This study reveals the functions of Fox transcription factors in response to glyphosate stress and provides molecular insights into the regulation of glyphosate responses in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xing-Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Bao-Hua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China.
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4
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Prospect of ULK1 modulators in targeting regulatory T cells. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106141. [PMID: 36137312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an instrumental role in coordinating immune homeostasis via potent inhibitory effects. Defects in Treg cells lead to autoimmunity, but an overwhelming proportion of Treg cells encourages cancer progression. Hence, targeting Treg cells has emerged as a promising approach for mitigating disease severity. Recent studies have revealed that kinases are a critical component for tuning the fate of Treg cells, but the entire network of Treg-modulating kinases is still unclear. Here, we propose that the autophagy-activating UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a candidate for Treg cell modulation. While accumulating evidence has highlighted the role of autophagy-related kinases in Treg cells, the ULK1-Treg cell axis is yet to be examined. In this review, we predicted the potential role of ULK1 in Treg cell modulation. Furthermore, we summarized current ULK1 activators and inhibitors that can be investigated as Treg-targeting strategies, which might have beneficial outcomes in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Khan YW, Williams KW. Inborn Errors of Immunity Associated with Elevated IgE. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 129:552-561. [PMID: 35872242 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the characteristic clinical and laboratory features of inborn errors of immunity that are associated with elevated IgE levels DATA SOURCE: Primary peer-reviewed literature. STUDY SELECTION Original research articles reviewed include interventional studies, retrospective studies, case-control studies, cohort studies and review articles related to the subject matter. RESULTS An extensive literature review was completed to allow for comprehensive evaluation of several monogenic inborn errors of immunity. This review includes a description of the classic clinical features, common infections, characteristic laboratory findings, specific diagnostic methods (when applicable), and genetic basis of disease of each syndrome. A comprehensive flow diagram was created to assist them in the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with elevated IgE levels who may require evaluation for an IEI. CONCLUSION IEI should be considered in patients with elevated IgE levels, especially if they have recurrent infections, eczematous dermatitis, malignancy, lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, and/or connective tissue abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin W Khan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelli W Williams
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina, USA.
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Nelson RW, Geha RS, McDonald DR. Inborn Errors of the Immune System Associated With Atopy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860821. [PMID: 35572516 PMCID: PMC9094424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, food and environmental allergies, and asthma, are increasingly prevalent diseases. Atopic disorders are often associated with eosinophilia, driven by T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses, and triggered by disrupted barrier function leading to abnormal immune priming in a susceptible host. Immune deficiencies, in contrast, occur with a significantly lower incidence, but are associated with greater morbidity and mortality. A subset of atopic disorders with eosinophilia and elevated IgE are associated with monogenic inborn errors of immunity (IEI). In this review, we discuss current knowledge of IEI that are associated with atopy and the lessons these immunologic disorders provide regarding the fundamental mechanisms that regulate type 2 immunity in humans. We also discuss further mechanistic insights provided by animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Nelson
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas R McDonald
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in COVID-19 and Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of Signaling Pathways. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2021:2728757. [PMID: 35002537 PMCID: PMC8710042 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2728757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is acutely infectious pneumonia. Currently, the specific causes and treatment targets of COVID-19 are still unclear. Herein, comprehensive bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze the hub genes in COVID-19 and tried to reveal its potential mechanisms. First of all, 34 groups of COVID-19 lung tissues and 17 other diseases' lung tissues were selected from the GSE151764 gene expression profile for research. According to the analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in the samples using the limma software package, 84 upregulated DEGs and 46 downregulated DEGs were obtained. Later, by the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), they were enriched in the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. It was found that the upregulated DEGs were enriched in the type I interferon signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, coronavirus disease, etc. Downregulated DEGs were in cellular response to cytokine stimulus, IL-17 signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. Then, based on GSEA, the enrichment of the gene set in the sample was analyzed in the GO terms, and the gene set was enriched in the positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response, programmed necrotic cell death, translesion synthesis, necroptotic process, and condensed nuclear chromosome. Finally, with the help of STRING tools, the PPI (protein-protein interaction) network diagrams of DEGs were constructed. With degree ≥13 as the cutoff degree, 3 upregulated hub genes (ISG15, FN1, and HLA-G) and 4 downregulated hub genes (FOXP3, CXCR4, MMP9, and CD69) were screened out for high degree. All these findings will help us to understand the potential molecular mechanisms of COVID-19, which is also of great significance for its diagnosis and prevention.
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Zhang YY, Feng BS, Zhang H, Yang G, Jin QR, Luo XQ, Ma N, Huang QM, Yang LT, Zhang GH, Liu DB, Yu Y, Liu ZG, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Modulating oxidative stress counteracts specific antigen-induced regulatory T-cell apoptosis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1748-1761. [PMID: 33811758 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-β to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-β precursor to its mature form, TGF-β. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Sui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhang
- Department of Allergy Medicine, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qian Luo
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Miao Huang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Li-Teng Yang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Liu
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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Role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the development of atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20237. [PMID: 33214595 PMCID: PMC7678864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent anti-inflammatory drugs, the secretion of which is mediated and controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, they are also secreted de novo by peripheral tissues for local use. Several tissues express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1), including the skin. The inactive GC cortisone is converted by 11β-HSD1 to active GC cortisol, which is responsible for delayed wound healing during a systemic excess of GC. However, the role of 11β-HSD1 in inflammation is unclear. We assessed whether 11β-HSD1 affects the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. The expression of 11β-HSD1 in the epidermis of AD lesions was higher than that in the epidermis of healthy controls. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 in human epidermal keratinocytes increased the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In an oxazolone-induced mouse model of AD, localized inhibition of 11β-HSD1 aggravated the development of AD and increased serum cytokine levels associated with AD. Mice with whole-body knockout (KO) of 11β-HSD1 developed significantly worse AD upon induction by oxazolone. We propose that 11β-HSD1 is a major factor affecting AD pathophysiology via suppression of atopic inflammation due to the modulation of active GC in the skin.
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Hou J, Sun Y. Role of Regulatory T Cells in Disturbed Immune Homeostasis in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32411140 PMCID: PMC7198877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease in which T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation has been shown to play a key role. Accumulating evidence shows that COPD has many of the characteristics of an autoimmune response. An adaptive immune response directed against lung self-antigens, which are released during the initial innate inflammatory response and are triggered by constant exposure to cigarette smoke and epithelial injury, drives the persistent inflammatory response found in smokers. The development and severity of adaptive inflammation depend on the level of tolerance to self-antigens. For these reasons, the effect of regulatory T (Treg) cells on adaptive immunity in COPD patients is of particular interest and could be targeted therapeutically. The disturbance in immune homeostasis caused by changes in the number or function of Treg cells, which is related to cigarette smoke exposure, may be of importance in understanding the development and progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Yang H, Yao Z, Zhou X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang F. Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors: Insights into immunological dysregulation. Clin Immunol 2020; 213:108377. [PMID: 32135278 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting against programmed cell death-1(PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) have shown efficacy in cancer treatment. However, a spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have raised concerns about their clinical application. IrAEs are distinct from traditional chemo- and radiotherapy-induced toxicities, as they are related in particular to the dysregulation of immune system and autoimmunity. The underlying pathogenesis of irAEs remains elusive. Understanding of the potential underlying mechanism is of great importance for the management of irAEs and the development of new ICIs with insignificant irAEs. In this review, we summarize the current evidence to provide insights into the biological basis of irAEs and provide a potential explanation for their pathogenesis, with focus on the relationship between checkpoint molecules and immune cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoran Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
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12
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Stebegg M, Kumar SD, Silva-Cayetano A, Fonseca VR, Linterman MA, Graca L. Regulation of the Germinal Center Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2469. [PMID: 30410492 PMCID: PMC6209676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection. Within the GC, B cells undergo somatic mutation of the genes encoding their B cell receptors which, following successful selection, can lead to the emergence of B cell clones that bind antigen with high affinity. However, this mutation process can also be dangerous, as it can create autoreactive clones that can cause autoimmunity. Because of this, regulation of GC reactions is critical to ensure high affinity antibody production and to enforce self-tolerance by avoiding emergence of autoreactive B cell clones. A productive GC response requires the collaboration of multiple cell types. The stromal cell network orchestrates GC cell dynamics by controlling antigen delivery and cell trafficking. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide specialized help to GC B cells through cognate T-B cell interactions while Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are key mediators of GC regulation. However, regulation of GC responses is not a simple outcome of Tfh/Tfr balance, but also involves the contribution of other cell types to modulate the GC microenvironment and to avoid autoimmunity. Thus, the regulation of the GC is complex, and occurs at multiple levels. In this review we outline recent developments in the biology of cell subsets involved in the regulation of GC reactions, in both secondary lymphoid tissues, and Peyer's patches (PPs). We discuss the mechanisms which enable the generation of potent protective humoral immunity whilst GC-derived autoimmunity is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya D Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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Cao T, Zhang X, Chen D, Zhang P, Li Q, Muhammad A. The epigenetic modification during the induction of Foxp3 with sodium butyrate. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:309-318. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1480631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengli Cao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingding Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abbas Muhammad
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Yu Y, Ma X, Gong R, Zhu J, Wei L, Yao J. Recent advances in CD8 + regulatory T cell research. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8187-8194. [PMID: 29805553 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Various subgroups of CD8+ T lymphocytes do not only demonstrate cytotoxic effects, but also serve important regulatory roles in the body's immune response. In particular, CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs), which possess important immunosuppressive functions, are able to effectively block the overreacting immune response and maintain the body's immune homeostasis. In recent years, studies have identified a small set of special CD8+ Tregs that can recognize major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules, more specifically Qa-1 in mice and HLA-E in humans, and target the self-reactive CD4+ T ce lls. These findings have generated broad implications in the scientific community and attracted general interest to CD8+ Tregs. The present study reviews the recent research progress on CD8+ Tregs, including their origin, functional classification, molecular markers and underlying mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yu
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xinbo Ma
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Rufei Gong
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jianmeng Zhu
- Department of Chunan First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Wei
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Department of Medical School, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545005, P.R. China
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Adurthi S, Kumar MM, Vinodkumar HS, Mukherjee G, Krishnamurthy H, Acharya KK, Bafna UD, Uma DK, Abhishekh B, Krishna S, Parchure A, Alka M, Jayshree RS. Oestrogen Receptor-α binds the FOXP3 promoter and modulates regulatory T-cell function in human cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17289. [PMID: 29229929 PMCID: PMC5725534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen controls Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cells (Treg cells) via a mechanism thought to involve oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), but the molecular basis and functional impact of ERα signalling in Treg cells remain unclear. We report that ERα ligand oestradiol (E2) is significantly increased in human cervical cancer (CxCa) tissues and tumour-infiltrating Treg cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127low), whereas blocking ERα with the antagonist ICI 182,780 abolishes FOXP3 expression and impairs the function of CxCa infiltrating Treg cells. Using a novel approach of co-immunoprecipitation with antibodies to E2 for capture, we identified binding of E2:ERα complexes to FOXP3 protein in CxCa-derived Treg cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses of male blood Treg cells revealed ERα occupancy at the FOXP3 promoter and conserved non-coding DNA elements 2 and 3. Accordingly, computational analyses of the enriched regions uncovered eight putative oestrogen response elements predicted to form a loop that can activate the FOXP3 promoter. Together, these data suggest that E2-mediated ERα signalling is critical for the sustenance of FOXP3 expression and Treg cell function in human CxCa via direct interaction of ERα with FOXP3 promoter. Overall, our work gives a molecular insight into ERα signalling and highlights a fundamental role of E2 in controlling human Treg cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Adurthi
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Mahesh M Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - H S Vinodkumar
- Shodhaka Life Sciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
- Structural Biology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Geetashree Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
- Department of Histopathology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - H Krishnamurthy
- National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - K Kshitish Acharya
- Shodhaka Life Sciences Private Limited, Bangalore, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics And Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - U D Bafna
- Department of Gynecology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Devi K Uma
- Department of Gynecology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - B Abhishekh
- Department of Immunohematology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | - A Parchure
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Murali Alka
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - R S Jayshree
- Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India.
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Lv J, Xiong W, Lei T, Wang H, Sun M, Hao E, Wang Z, Huang X, Deng S, Deng J, Wang Y. Amygdalin ameliorates the progression of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor‑deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8171-8179. [PMID: 28983592 PMCID: PMC5779902 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are pivotal in the regulation of T cell-mediated immune responses in atherosclerosis, a chronic autoimmune-like disease. In the authors' previous studies, it was demonstrated that amygdalin ameliorated atherosclerosis by the regulation of Tregs in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of amygdalin on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient (LDLR−/−) mice, and to examine its immune regulatory function by the stimulation of Tregs. To establish an atherosclerosis mouse model, the LDLR−/− mice were fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet then the total plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and chemokines levels were measured by an ELISA. Following sacrificing the mice, the upper sections of the aorta were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and Oil red O to assess the plaque area. Then western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions were performed to analysis the expression levels of cluster of differentiation 68, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). To further confirm the activation of FOXP3 by amygdalin, lentiviruses carrying Foxp3 shRNA were injected into the mice, and the serum cytokines levels were measured by ELISA. Following feeding of the mice with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, the LDLR−/− mice demonstrated comparatively higher levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL, compared with levels in the amygdalin-treated mice. By comparing the vessel area, lumen area, plaque area, and percentage aortic plaque coverage, the effects of amygdalin on pre-existing lesions were assessed. In addition, the levels of CD68, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were analyzed, and analysis of the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α indicated that the mice treated with amygdalin had decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 were also quantified, and the mice treated with amygdalin demonstrated an increased number of Tregs. The knockdown of Foxp3mRNA resulted in the increased secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Therefore, the data indicated that amygdalin regulated the formation of atherosclerosis and stabilized the plaque by suppressing inflammatory responses and promoting the immune-modulation function of Tregs. Taken together, the results demonstrated the therapeutic effect of amygdalin on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Lv
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Minghan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Kumar P, Alharshawi K, Bhattacharya P, Marinelarena A, Haddad C, Sun Z, Chiba S, Epstein AL, Prabhakar BS. Soluble OX40L and JAG1 Induce Selective Proliferation of Functional Regulatory T-Cells Independent of canonical TCR signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39751. [PMID: 28045060 PMCID: PMC5206631 DOI: 10.1038/srep39751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. Increasing Treg numbers/functions has been shown to ameliorate autoimmune diseases. However, common Treg expansion approaches use T-Cell Receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation which also causes proliferation of effector T-cells (Teff). To overcome this limitation, purified patient-specific Tregs are expanded ex vivo and transfused. Although promising, this approach is not suitable for routine clinical use. Therefore, an alternative approach to selectively expand functional Tregs in vivo is highly desired. We report a novel TCR-independent strategy for the selective proliferation of Foxp3+Tregs (without Teff proliferation), by co-culturing CD4+ T-cells with OX40 L+Jagged(JAG)-1+ bone marrow-derived DCs differentiated with GM-CSF or treating them with soluble OX40 L and JAG1 in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Tregs expanded using soluble OX40 L and JAG1 were of suppressive phenotype and delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Ligation of OX40 L and JAG1 with their cognate-receptors OX40 and Notch3, preferentially expressed on Tregs but not on Teff cells, was required for selective Treg proliferation. Soluble OX40L-JAG1-induced NF-κB activation as well as IL-2-induced STAT5 activation were essential for the proliferation of Tregs with sustained Foxp3 expression. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the utility of soluble OX40 L and JAG1 to induce TCR-independent Treg proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine Haddad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zuoming Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shigeru Chiba
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Alan L Epstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Lee N, Shin JU, Jin S, Yun KN, Kim JY, Park CO, Kim SH, Noh JY, Lee KH. Upregulation of CD47 in Regulatory T Cells in Atopic Dermatitis. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1435-45. [PMID: 27593872 PMCID: PMC5011276 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.6.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Regulatory T (Treg) cells are key modulators in the immune system. Recent studies have shown that atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have higher numbers of Treg cells; however, little is known about the specific phenotype and function of Treg cells in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS To identify differentially expressed proteins in peripheral induced Treg cells in AD and naturally derived Treg cells in normal controls, CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg cells were isolated from thymus tissue of normal mice and the spleens of AD mice. Membrane proteins were extracted, and quantitative proteomics labeling with Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) was performed, followed by one-dimensional liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Using TMT labeling, we identified 510 proteins, including 63 membrane proteins and 16 plasma membrane proteins. CD47 was one of the upregulated proteins in Treg cells in AD spleens. Although CD47 was expressed in all CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, a significantly higher expression of CD47 was observed in the Treg cells of AD mice and AD patients than in those of normal mice and healthy controls. Furthermore, Treg cells from the spleen showed a significantly higher expression of CD47 than those from the thymus. CONCLUSION We found that CD47 is highly expressed in the Treg cells of AD mice, particularly in the spleen. Based on our results, we propose that CD47(high) Treg cells are likely induced Treg cells and that upregulated CD47 in the Treg cells of AD patients may play a role in the increased population of Treg cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung U Shin
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Ki Na Yun
- Biomedical Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Biomedical Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hyeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Noh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Ma OKF, Chan KH. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells: Interplay between mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory lymphocytes. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:268-78. [PMID: 27679683 PMCID: PMC5031888 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i9.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties, which confer enormous potential for clinical application. Considerable evidence revealed their efficacy on various animal models of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and uveitis. MSCs elicit their immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting lymphocyte activation and proliferation, forbidding the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, limiting the function of antigen presenting cells, and inducing regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells. The induction of Treg and Breg cells is of particular interest since Treg and Breg cells have significant roles in maintaining immune tolerance. Several mechanisms have been proposed regarding to the MSCs-mediated induction of Treg and Breg cells. Accordingly, MSCs induce regulatory lymphocytes through secretion of multiple pleiotropic cytokines, cell-to-cell contact with target cells and modulation of antigen-presenting cells. Here, we summarized how MSCs induce Treg and Breg cells to provoke immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Ka-Fai Ma
- Oscar Ka-Fai Ma, Koon Ho Chan, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Koon Ho Chan
- Oscar Ka-Fai Ma, Koon Ho Chan, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Honda T, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Novel insights into cutaneous immune systems revealed by in vivo imaging. Allergol Int 2016; 65:228-34. [PMID: 27021658 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is a novel experimental approach for biological research. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM), a type of fluorescence microscopy, is a new tool for in vivo imaging analysis. MPM allows observation of both tissue structures and cell behaviors or cell-cell interactions in living animals in real time. Skin is an ideal tissue for MPM analysis as it is directly accessible to the microscope. In the skin, immune cells cooperate to maintain skin homeostasis or to exert immune responses against foreign antigens. In vivo imaging by MPM analysis provides precise information on cell dynamics in the skin, and has significantly expanded our knowledge of the cutaneous immune system. In this review, we will discuss recent insights related to the mechanisms of allergic skin inflammation that have been revealed by MPM analysis.
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Williams KW, Milner JD, Freeman AF. Eosinophilia Associated with Disorders of Immune Deficiency or Immune Dysregulation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016. [PMID: 26209898 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased serum eosinophil levels have been associated with multiple disorders of immune deficiency or immune dysregulation. Although primary immunodeficiency diseases are rare, it is important to consider these in the differential diagnosis of patients with eosinophilia. In this review, the clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and genetic basis of disease of several disorders of immune deficiency or dysregulation are discussed. The article includes autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome, DOCK8 deficiency, phosphoglucomutase 3 deficiency, ADA-SCID, Omenn syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, Comel-Netherton syndrome, and severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli W Williams
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Building 33, Room 2W10A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10/CRC, Room 5-3950, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10/CRC, Room 12C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Liesz A, Kleinschnitz C. Regulatory T Cells in Post-stroke Immune Homeostasis. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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The potential role for regulatory T-cell therapy in vascularized composite allograft transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 19:558-65. [PMID: 25333829 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vascularized composite allograft (VCA) transplantation restores defects to a degree not possible by conventional techniques. However, it is limited by the need for long-term immunosuppression and high rates of acute rejection directed against skin. There is therefore a need for a therapy that may shift the risk-benefit ratio in favour of VCA transplantation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells with potent immunoregulatory properties and the potential to promote immunosuppression-free allograft survival. In this review, we consider the evidence for Treg therapy in VCA transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 Tregs are the best-studied immunoregulatory cell type, and a large amount of experimental and clinical data is emerging to endorse their use in VCA transplantation. Data from animal and humanized models are particularly encouraging and demonstrate the potent efficacy of Treg at preventing skin allograft rejection. Moreover, central tolerance induction techniques in VCA transplantation models are demonstrating a dependence on Tregs for graft survival. SUMMARY An improvement in outcomes after VCA transplantation has the potential to revolutionize the field. Several effective therapeutic strategies have demonstrated great promise experimentally, and there is now a need to assess their safety and efficacy in a clinical setting.
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Park E, Chang HJ, Shin JI, Lim BJ, Jeong HJ, Lee KB, Moon KC, Kang HG, Ha IS, Cheong HI. Familial IPEX syndrome: different glomerulopathy in two siblings. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:e59-61. [PMID: 25712815 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome (OMIM 304790) is a rare hereditary disorder of the immune regulatory system caused by FOXP3 mutations. The clinical features of this syndrome include a wide spectrum of severe autoimmune diseases and renal involvement, mostly due to tubulointerstitial diseases, in some patients. Glomerulopathy of membranous nephropathy (MN) and minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), however, have also been reported. We encountered two children with IPEX syndrome from the same family. Interestingly, they had different glomerular lesions: one had MN and the other had MCNS. Herein we describe the cases of these siblings and review the possible mechanisms for the development of two different renal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eujin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Liesz A, Hu X, Kleinschnitz C, Offner H. Functional role of regulatory lymphocytes in stroke: facts and controversies. Stroke 2015; 46:1422-30. [PMID: 25791715 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Liesz
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.).
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
| | - Halina Offner
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
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Shekarian T, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Caux C, Marabelle A. Paradigm shift in oncology: targeting the immune system rather than cancer cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:205-11. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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27
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Shan Y, Qi C, Zhao J, Liu Y, Gao H, Zhao D, Ding F, Wang J, Jiang Y. Higher frequency of peripheral blood follicular regulatory T cells in patients with new onset ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:154-61. [PMID: 25345823 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Changlin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jixue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ding Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Fupeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; Yangzhou China
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Seidel MG, Hirschmugl T, Gamez-Diaz L, Schwinger W, Serwas N, Deutschmann A, Gorkiewicz G, Zenz W, Windpassinger C, Grimbacher B, Urban C, Boztug K. Long-term remission after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:1384-90.e1-8. [PMID: 25539626 PMCID: PMC4429722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus G Seidel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Tatjana Hirschmugl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Gamez-Diaz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schwinger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Serwas
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Deutschmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Werner Zenz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Urban
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Schubert D, Bode C, Kenefeck R, Hou TZ, Wing JB, Kennedy A, Bulashevska A, Petersen BS, Schäffer AA, Grüning BA, Unger S, Frede N, Baumann U, Witte T, Schmidt RE, Dueckers G, Niehues T, Seneviratne S, Kanariou M, Speckmann C, Ehl S, Rensing-Ehl A, Warnatz K, Rakhmanov M, Thimme R, Hasselblatt P, Emmerich F, Cathomen T, Backofen R, Fisch P, Seidl M, May A, Schmitt-Graeff A, Ikemizu S, Salzer U, Franke A, Sakaguchi S, Walker LS, Sansom DM, Grimbacher B. Autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome in humans with CTLA4 mutations. Nat Med 2014; 20:1410-1416. [PMID: 25329329 PMCID: PMC4668597 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of immune responses, and its loss causes fatal autoimmunity in mice. We studied a large family in which five individuals presented with a complex, autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections and multiple autoimmune clinical features. We identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 1 of CTLA4. Screening of 71 unrelated patients with comparable clinical phenotypes identified five additional families (nine individuals) with previously undescribed splice site and missense mutations in CTLA4. Clinical penetrance was incomplete (eight adults of a total of 19 genetically proven CTLA4 mutation carriers were considered unaffected). However, CTLA-4 protein expression was decreased in regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in both patients and carriers with CTLA4 mutations. Whereas Treg cells were generally present at elevated numbers in these individuals, their suppressive function, CTLA-4 ligand binding and transendocytosis of CD80 were impaired. Mutations in CTLA4 were also associated with decreased circulating B cell numbers. Taken together, mutations in CTLA4 resulting in CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency or impaired ligand binding result in disrupted T and B cell homeostasis and a complex immune dysregulation syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Agammaglobulinemia/genetics
- Agammaglobulinemia/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/immunology
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Child
- Codon, Nonsense
- Endocytosis/genetics
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Exons
- Female
- Granuloma/genetics
- Granuloma/immunology
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Immune System Diseases/genetics
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/genetics
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/genetics
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/genetics
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Recurrence
- Respiratory Tract Infections/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Syndrome
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Schubert
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine and Faculty of Biology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bode
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Kenefeck
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Alan Kennedy
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britt-Sabina Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Björn A. Grüning
- Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Frede
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold E. Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maria Kanariou
- Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rensing-Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirzokhid Rakhmanov
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Clinic for Internal Medicine 2, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hasselblatt
- Clinic for Internal Medicine 2, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette May
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Shinji Ikemizu
- Division of structural biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lucy S.K. Walker
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - David M. Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Zheng Y, Zhou H, He Y, Chen Z, He B, He M. The immune pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:1197-202. [PMID: 25131160 PMCID: PMC4250954 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the immunological pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A total of 238 patients with AIDS who received initial HAART were included in this prospective cohort study. Blood samples were collected immediately, at baseline, at week 12, and at week 24 after initial HAART and at the onset of IRIS. Lymphocyte subsets, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and interleukin (IL)-7 levels were measured by flow cytometry or ELISA. Among the 238 patients with AIDS who received HAART, 47 patients developed IRIS. The percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive, memory, and activated cells exhibited no significant differences between AIDS patients with and without IRIS 24 weeks after initial HAART. The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells was lower in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients before HAART, 12 weeks after HAART, 24 weeks after HAART, and at the onset of IRIS. IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were significantly higher at week 4 and at the onset of IRIS in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly lower at week 4 and at the onset of IRIS in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients. Plasma IL-7 decreased gradually with the progression of HAART. The level of IL-7 was higher in IRIS patients than in non-IRIS patients at all follow-up time points. An imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines, a consistently low CD(+)CD25(+)Fox3(+) percentage, and a high IL-7 level may be crucial in the pathogenesis of IRIS in AIDS patients who had received HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuang Zheng
- AIDS Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University , Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Drescher KM, von Herrath M, Tracy S. Enteroviruses, hygiene and type 1 diabetes: toward a preventive vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2014; 25:19-32. [PMID: 25430610 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses and humans have long co-existed. Although recognized in ancient times, poliomyelitis and type 1 diabetes (T1D) were exceptionally rare and not epidemic, due in large part to poor sanitation and personal hygiene which resulted in repeated exposure to fecal-oral transmitted viruses and other infectious agents and viruses and the generation of a broad protective immunity. As a function of a growing acceptance of the benefits of hygienic practices and microbiologically clean(er) water supplies, the likelihood of exposure to diverse infectious agents and viruses declined. The effort to vaccinate against poliomyelitis demonstrated that enteroviral diseases are preventable by vaccination and led to understanding how to successfully attenuate enteroviruses. Type 1 diabetes onset has been convincingly linked to infection by numerous enteroviruses including the group B coxsackieviruses (CVB), while studies of CVB infections in NOD mice have demonstrated not only a clear link between disease onset but an ability to reduce the incidence of T1D as well: CVB infections can suppress naturally occurring autoimmune T1D. We propose here that if we can harness and develop the capacity to use attenuated enteroviral strains to induce regulatory T cell populations in the host through vaccination, then a vaccine could be considered that should function to protect against both autoimmune as well as virus-triggered T1D. Such a vaccine would not only specifically protect from certain enterovirus types but more importantly, also reset the organism's regulatory rheostat making the further development of pathogenic autoimmunity less likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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32
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Locke BA, Dasu T, Verbsky JW. Laboratory diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 46:154-68. [PMID: 24569953 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary immune deficiency disorders represent a highly heterogeneous group of disorders with an increased propensity to infections and other immune complications. A careful history to delineate the pattern of infectious organisms and other complications is important to guide the workup of these patients, but a focused laboratory evaluation is essential to the diagnosis of an underlying primary immunodeficiency. Initial workup of suspected immune deficiencies should include complete blood counts and serologic tests of immunoglobulin levels, vaccine titers, and complement levels, but these tests are often insufficient to make a diagnosis. Recent advancements in the understanding of the immune system have led to the development of novel immunologic assays to aid in the diagnosis of these disorders. Classically utilized to enumerate lymphocyte subsets, flow cytometric-based assays are increasingly utilized to test immune cell function (e.g., neutrophil oxidative burst, NK cytotoxicity), intracellular cytokine production (e.g., TH17 production), cellular signaling pathways (e.g., phosphor-STAT analysis), and protein expression (e.g., BTK, Foxp3). Genetic testing has similarly expanded greatly as more primary immune deficiencies are defined, and the use of mass sequencing technologies is leading to the identification of novel disorders. In order to utilize these complex assays in clinical care, one must have a firm understanding of the immunologic assay, how the results are interpreted, pitfalls in the assays, and how the test affects treatment decisions. This article will provide a systematic approach of the evaluation of a suspected primary immunodeficiency, as well as provide a comprehensive list of testing options and their results in the context of various disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Locke
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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33
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Bin Dhuban K, Kornete M, S Mason E, Piccirillo CA. Functional dynamics of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in mice and humans. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:140-58. [PMID: 24712464 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for the establishment of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis and for the control of pathology in various inflammatory responses. While Foxp3(+) Treg cells often control immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, they must also traffic to and persist within non-lymphoid tissues, where they integrate various environmental cues to coordinate and adapt their effector acitvities in these sites. In recent years, our group has made use of several mouse models, including the non-obese diabetic model of type 1 diabetes, to characterize the factors, which impact the homeostasis, function, and reprogramming potential of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in situ. In addition, our recent work shows that Foxp3(+) Treg cells possess distinct post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, namely mRNA translation, to modulate tissue-specific inflammatory responses. In humans, there is a pressing need for reliable markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cells and their related function in blood and tissue. Experimental progress in our group has enabled us to discover novel markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cell (dys)function and unique gene signatures that discriminate effector and Treg cells, as well as functional and dysfunctional FOXP3(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bin Dhuban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, FOCIS Center of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical contributors to the establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas and the destruction of β cells, resulting in the development of chronic hyperglycemia at diagnosis. The application of strong agonistic T-cell receptor ligands provided under subimmunogenic conditions functions as a critical means for the efficient de novo conversion of naive CD4⁺ T cells into Foxp3⁺ Treg cells. The specific induction of Treg cells upon supply of strong-agonistic variants of certain self-antigens could therefore function as a critical instrument in order to achieve safe and specific prevention of autoimmunity such as T1D via the restoration of self-tolerance. Such immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed, and in the case of T1D aim to restrict autoimmunity and β-cell destruction. In this review, we discuss the requirements and opportunities for Treg-based tolerance approaches with the goal of interfering with autoimmune T1D.
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35
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Li R, Kou X, Tian J, Meng Z, Cai Z, Cheng F, Dong C. Effect of sulfur dioxide on inflammatory and immune regulation in asthmatic rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:296-304. [PMID: 25048919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2) increases asthma risk. Inflammatory and immune responses are typical in asthma disease. The exact effect of SO2 on modulation of the inflammatory and immune responses in asthmatic rats remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Here we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and the Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthmatic rats exposed to SO2. METHODS Male Wistar rats were challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) or SO2 alone or together, and then mRNA and protein levels of some inflammatory and immune genes were measured. NF-κB nuclear translocation was analyzed. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), inflammatory cell counts and histopathologic examination were performed. RESULTS (1) OVA plus SO2 induced abnormal pathological changes and inflammatory responses in lung relative to exposure to OVA alone; (2) showing NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation through up-regulating IKKβ mRNA and protein expression and down-regulating IκBα expression in the presence of OVA or OVA plus SO2; (3) OVA plus SO2 significantly raised TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BALF compared with the OVA group; (4) SO2 markedly elevated IL-4 levels and decreased IFN-γ levels in BALF in the asthmatic rats, stimulating IgE generation which was closely related to inhibiting the expression of Foxp3, a specific marker of regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS SO2 affects the airway inflammatory and immune responses of the asthmatic rats and enhances the susceptibility to OVA by aggravating inflammatory responses in lungs, up-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and causing the Th1/Th2 imbalance, which might contribute to the increased risk of asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Kou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Meng
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Fangqin Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Coal Waste Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
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Autoimmune and other cytopenias in primary immunodeficiencies: pathomechanisms, novel differential diagnoses, and treatment. Blood 2014; 124:2337-44. [PMID: 25163701 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity and immune dysregulation may lead to cytopenia and represent key features of many primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Especially when cytopenia is the initial symptom of a PID, the order and depth of diagnostic steps have to be performed in accordance with both an immunologic and a hematologic approach and will help exclude disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes, hemophagocytic disorders, lymphoproliferative diseases, and novel differential diagnoses such as MonoMac syndrome (GATA2 deficiency), CD27 deficiency, lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) deficiency, activated PI3KD syndrome (APDS), X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect (MAGT1 deficiency), and others. Immunosuppressive treatment often needs to be initiated urgently, which impedes further relevant immunologic laboratory analyses aimed at defining the underlying PID. Awareness of potentially involved disease spectra ranging from hematologic to rheumatologic and immunologic disorders is crucial for identifying a certain proportion of PID phenotypes and genotypes among descriptive diagnoses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, chronic immune thrombocytopenia, Evans syndrome, severe aplastic anemia/refractory cytopenia, and others. A synopsis of pathomechanisms, novel differential diagnoses, and advances in treatment options for cytopenias in PID is provided to facilitate multidisciplinary management and to bridge different approaches.
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37
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Okamoto N, Noma T, Ishihara Y, Miyauchi Y, Takabatake W, Oomizu S, Yamaoka G, Ishizawa M, Namba T, Murakami K, Iwado Y, Ohmori K, Kohno M. Prognostic value of circulating regulatory T cells for worsening heart failure in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Int Heart J 2014; 55:271-7. [PMID: 24814327 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.13-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in the negative regulation of immune responses. Recent studies suggest that Tregs are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocarditis. Here, we investigated the involvement of Tregs on worsening heart failure (HF) in patients with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF). The study population consisted of 32 HF-REF patients who were hospitalized for worsening HF, and 18 control subjects. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. A single venous blood sample was collected before discharge. Circulating T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Tregs were defined as CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)T cells, and the correlations between the frequency of Tregs and CRP, IL-6 and several echoparameters were analysed. Furthermore, all HF-REF patients were followed up to 12 months from discharge to examine the predictors of recurrent hospitalization.In HF-REF patients, Tregs were significantly decreased (5.9 ± 1.4 versus 8.0 ± 2.2%, P < 0.01), while CD4(+)HLADR(+)T cells were increased (10.1 ± 5.4 versus 7.3 ± 3.1%, P < 0.05), compared with controls. Tregs were negatively correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and levels of CRP and IL-6. Eleven of 32 HF-REF patients were rehospitalized for worsening HF within 12 months. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CD4/CD8 and frequency of Tregs were independent predictors for recurrent hospitalization. Furthermore, HF-REF patients expressing under 6% Treg/CD4(+)T cells showed a significantly higher incidence of recurrent hospitalization for worsening HF within 12 months.Our data suggest that Tregs might be involved in the pathogenesis of decompensated HF, and may be a novel predictor of poor prognosis in HF-REF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Okamoto
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University
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38
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Anil N, Singh M. CD4(+)CD25(high) FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells correlate with FEV1 in North Indian children with cystic fibrosis. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:535-43. [PMID: 24661230 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.888447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory response in the airways. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells play a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis. However their role in the disease pathogenesis of CF remains unexplored. AIM To determine the percentage of circulating CD4(+)CD25(high), FoxP3(+) T cell expression in children with CF and controls. Furthermore to evaluate the relationship between CD4(+)CD25(high), FOXP3 T cell % and the clinical status of the disease (lung function). METHODS CD4(+)CD25(+), intracellular FoxP3 expression in peripheral blood were estimated using flowcytometry in 20 children with CF and 10 healthy controls. Spirometry was carried out according to the standard guidelines. RESULTS We observed a significant difference in CD4(+)CD25(+)T cell% in children with CF (5.2 ± 1.2) versus controls (6.8 ± 1.4, p < 0.05), CD4(+)CD25(high)T cell% in CF (1.72 ± 0.36) versus controls (2.59 + 0.42, p < 0.003). Similarly a significant difference was observed in FoxP3 T cell% CF: (60.7 ± 6.19) versus controls (76.8 ± 5.16), p < 0.001. A significant positive correlation between FoxP3 T cell% and FEV1 in children with CF(r = 0.822, p < 0.01) was observed.CD4(+)CD25(high) T cell% correlated positively with FEV1 (r = 0.742, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings report the first evidence of a decreased expression of circulating CD4(+)CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T cells in children with CF. Furthermore circulating CD4+ CD25(high), FOXP3(+) T cell percentage correlated with FEV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Anil
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , 160012, Chandigarh , India
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IŞIK N, YILDIZ MANUKYAN N, AYDIN CANTÜRK İ, CANDAN F, ÜNSAL ÇAKMAK A, SARU HAN DİRESKENELİ G. Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of FOXP3 Gene Polymorphism. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:69-73. [PMID: 28360598 PMCID: PMC5370262 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y7098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is well recognized that both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Immune pathogenesis of MS focuses on pathogenic CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have suppressive function in this cell group. FOXP3 (forkhead boxP3) transcription factor is a key structure in the development and function of regulatory cells. Functional alterations in FOXP3 gene expression have been observed in various autoimmune diseases. METHODS We screened a non-synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphism (exon +2710 C/T) (rs2232369) of human FOXP3 gene in 148 MS patients (118 with Relapsing Remitting MS, 30 with Secondary Progressive MS) and 102 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The association of polymorphisms with susceptibility, and course of the disease was evaluated. RESULTS We could not detect any single nucleotide polymorphism in MS patients, however, polymorphic allele was detected in 3% of the control group. Consequently, a genetic association between the FOXP3 gene polymorphism and MS was not revealed. CONCLUSION The distribution of this polymorphism has not been screened in any other MS populations before. Although we could not succeed to find any association between susceptibility to MS and screened FOXP3 gene polymorphisms, we suggest that this particular polymorphism is not appropriate for these kind of studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal IŞIK
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nüket YILDIZ MANUKYAN
- Clinic of Neurology, Ministry Health Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur AYDIN CANTÜRK
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma CANDAN
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşen ÜNSAL ÇAKMAK
- Clinic of Neurology, Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Havari E, Turner MJ, Campos-Rivera J, Shankara S, Nguyen TH, Roberts B, Siders W, Kaplan JM. Impact of alemtuzumab treatment on the survival and function of human regulatory T cells in vitro. Immunology 2014; 141:123-31. [PMID: 24116901 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the CD52 protein present at high levels on the surface of B and T lymphocytes. In clinical trials, alemtuzumab has shown a clinical benefit superior to that of interferon-β in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Treatment with alemtuzumab leads to the depletion of circulating lymphocytes followed by a repopulation process characterized by alterations in the number, proportions and properties of lymphocyte subsets. Of particular interest, an increase in the percentage of T cells with a regulatory phenotype (Treg cells) has been observed in multiple sclerosis patients after alemtuzumab. Since Treg cells play an important role in the control of autoimmune responses, the effect of alemtuzumab on Treg cells was further studied in vitro. Alemtuzumab effectively mediated complement-dependent cytolysis of human T lymphocytes and the remaining population was enriched in T cells with a regulatory phenotype. The alemtuzumab-exposed T cells displayed functional regulatory characteristics including anergy to stimulation with allogeneic dendritic cells and ability to suppress the allogeneic response of autologous T cells. Consistent with the observed increase in Treg cell frequency, the CD25(hi) T-cell population was necessary for the suppressive activity of alemtuzumab-exposed T cells. The mechanism of this suppression was found to be dependent on both cell-cell contact and interleukin-2 consumption. These findings suggest that an alemtuzumab-mediated increase in the proportion of Treg cells may play a role in promoting the long-term efficacy of alemtuzumab in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evis Havari
- Neuroimmunology Research, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, MA, USA
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Xue M, Jackson CJ. Activated protein C and its potential applications in prevention of islet β-cell damage and diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:323-63. [PMID: 24559924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is derived from its precursor, protein C (PC). Originally thought to be synthesized exclusively by the liver, recent reports have shown that PC is also produced by many other cells including pancreatic islet β cells. APC functions as a physiological anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and barrier-stabilizing properties. APC exerts its protective effects via an intriguing mechanism requiring combinations of endothelial PC receptor, protease-activated receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, Tie2 or CD11b, depending on cell types. Diabetes is a chronic condition resulted from the body's inability to produce and/or properly use insulin. The prevalence of diabetes has risen dramatically and has become one of the major causes of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide. Diabetes prevention is an ideal approach to reduce this burden. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the major forms of diabetes mellitus, and both are characterized by an autoimmune response, intraislet inflammation, β-cell apoptosis, and progressive β-cell loss. Protecting β-cell from damage is critical in both prevention and treatment of diabetes. Recent in vitro and animal studies show that APC's strong anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties are beneficial in preventing β-cell destruction and diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Future preventive and therapeutic uses of APC in diabetes look very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Qiao YQ, Huang ML, Xu AT, Zhao D, Ran ZH, Shen J. LncRNA DQ786243 affects Treg related CREB and Foxp3 expression in Crohn's disease. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:87. [PMID: 24289115 PMCID: PMC4174896 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have different functions in cells. They work as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds. Altered lncRNA levels can affect the expression of gene products. There are seldom studies on the role of lncRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR showed that DQ786243 was significantly overexpressed in clinical active CD patients compared with clinical inactive CD patients (P = 0.0118) or healthy controls (P = 0.002). CREB was also more highly expressed in active CD than in inactive CD (P = 0.0034) or controls (P = 0.0241). Foxp3 was interestingly lower in inactive CD than in active CD (P = 0.0317) or controls (P = 0.0103), but there were no apparent differences between active CD and controls. CRP was well correlated with DQ786243 (r = 0.489, P = 0.034), CREB (r = 0.500, P = 0.029) and Foxp3 (r = 0.546, P = 0.016). At 48 hours after DQ786243 transfection, qRT-PCR showed both CREB (P = 0.017) and Foxp3 (P = 0.046) had an increased mRNA expression in Jurkat cells. Western blot showed the same pattern. After DQ786243 transfection, CREB phosphorylation ratio (p-CREB/t-CREB) was increased (P = 0.0043). CONCLUSION DQ786243 can be related with severity of CD. It can affect the expression of CREB and Foxp3 through which regulates the function of Treg. CREB itself seems not the mediator of DQ786243 to up-regulate Foxp3. The phosphorylation of CREB might play a more important role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi Qiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mei Lan Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - An Tao Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhi Hua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Therapeutic opportunities for manipulating T(Reg) cells in autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:51-63. [PMID: 23274471 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-expressing regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells have a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. These cells have emerged as attractive targets for strategies that allow the steering of immune responses in desired directions - arming the immune system to destroy infected cells and cancer cells or downregulating it to limit tissue destruction in autoimmunity. Efforts to understand the generation, activation and function of T(Reg) cells should permit the development of therapeutics for reprogramming the immune system. In this Review, we discuss insights into the generation of T(Reg) cells, their involvement in disease and the molecular basis of the dominant tolerance exerted by FOXP3(+) T(Reg) cells that could permit their safe and specific manipulation in humans.
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Sahin M, Sahin E, Koksoy S. Regulatory T cells in cancer: an overview and perspectives on cyclooxygenase-2 and Foxp3 DNA methylation. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1061-8. [PMID: 23756166 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics has been gaining great attention as a therapeutic target in cancer. The cancer genome usually contains both hyper- and hypo-methylated genes to increase invasion, proliferation and metastasis. These cells not only operate their own growth, but also develop various strategies to escape from immune surveillance, and for this aim, regulatory T (Treg) cells support the cancer-mediated immune suppression. The fate of Treg cells is mainly controlled by DNA methylation within the promoter and intronic regions of Foxp3 gene. Foxp3 transcription factor is involved in the development, differentiation and function of Treg cells. COX-2 is also an epigenetically controlled gene in these processes. This enzyme and its product PGE2 plays essential roles in Treg functionality in cancer. Here, we discuss the effects of DNA methylation on cancer and nTreg cells. We also summarize the mechanisms related with COX-2/PGE2 and Foxp3 on inhibitory function of Treg cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Health Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: Interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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He F, Chen H, Probst-Kepper M, Geffers R, Eifes S, Del Sol A, Schughart K, Zeng AP, Balling R. PLAU inferred from a correlation network is critical for suppressor function of regulatory T cells. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 8:624. [PMID: 23169000 PMCID: PMC3531908 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human FOXP3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Several genes are known to be important for murine Tregs, but for human Tregs the genes and underlying molecular networks controlling the suppressor function still largely remain unclear. Here, we describe a strategy to identify the key genes directly from an undirected correlation network which we reconstruct from a very high time-resolution (HTR) transcriptome during the activation of human Tregs/CD4(+) T-effector cells. We show that a predicted top-ranked new key gene PLAU (the plasminogen activator urokinase) is important for the suppressor function of both human and murine Tregs. Further analysis unveils that PLAU is particularly important for memory Tregs and that PLAU mediates Treg suppressor function via STAT5 and ERK signaling pathways. Our study demonstrates the potential for identifying novel key genes for complex dynamic biological processes using a network strategy based on HTR data, and reveals a critical role for PLAU in Treg suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kabashima K. Pathomechanism of atopic dermatitis in the perspective of T cell subsets and skin barrier functions – “Which comes first, the chicken or the egg?”. DERMATOL SIN 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Cabrera SM, Rigby MR, Mirmira RG. Targeting regulatory T cells in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:1261-72. [PMID: 22709273 PMCID: PMC3709459 DOI: 10.2174/156652412803833634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease resulting in islet β cell destruction, hypoinsulinemia, and severely altered glucose homeostasis. T1DM has classically been attributed to the pathogenic actions of auto-reactive effector T cells(Teffs) on the β cell. Recent literature now suggests that a failure of a second T cell subtype, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), plays a critical role in the development of T1DM. During immune homeostasis, Tregs counterbalance the actions of autoreactive Teff cells, thereby participating in peripheral tolerance. An imbalance in the activity between Teff and Tregs may be crucial in the breakdown of peripheral tolerance, leading to the development of T1DM. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of Treg function in health and in T1DM, and examine the effect of experimental therapies for T1DM on Treg cell number and function in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Cabrera
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark R. Rigby
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, the destruction of β-cells, and finally the development of chronic hyperglycemia at diagnosis of T1D. Its incidence and prevalence are rising dramatically, highlighting the need for immunotherapeutic strategies able to prevent or treat the disease in a safe and specific manner. Immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed, and aim to restore immunological self-tolerance, thereby limiting unwanted immunity and β-cell destruction. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells exert essential functions to maintain and restore immunological self-tolerance. The identification of the transcription factor Foxp3 as the specification factor for the Treg cell lineage facilitated our understanding in the biology of Treg generation and function. This review highlights the current understanding of immunotherapeutic approaches as preventative and curative measures for autoimmune T1D. It includes an overview on early immunointervention studies, which made use of general immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A, followed by a discussion on newly emerging clinical trials. Besides non-antigen-specific therapies, particular attention is given to antigen-specific generation of Foxp3+ Treg cells and their potential use to limit autoimmunity such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Weigmann
- Research Campus of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Medical Clinic I, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Weigmann B, Daniel C. Treg vaccination with a strong-agonistic insulin mimetope. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:463-70. [PMID: 22763731 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells serve as a vital mechanism of negative regulation to maintain immunological self-tolerance thereby suppressing immune-mediated inflammation. The identification of the transcription factor Foxp3 as the specification factor for the Treg cell lineage facilitated our understanding in the biology of Treg generation and function. In the past, we carefully studied the extrathymic conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) expressing Treg cells and found that this process is most efficient upon subimmunogenic supply of strong-agonistic T cell receptor (TCR) ligands avoiding activation of antigen-presenting and T cells. In contrast, weak-agonistic antigens fail to efficiently induce stable Foxp3(+) Treg cells irrespective of the applied dose. Here, we discuss the specific requirements for the establishment of Treg vaccination protocols to interfere with autoimmunity such as Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Weigmann
- Research Campus of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Medical Clinic I, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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