1
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Straub A, Grassmann S, Jarosch S, Richter L, Hilgendorf P, Hammel M, Wagner KI, Buchholz VR, Schober K, Busch DH. Recruitment of epitope-specific T cell clones with a low-avidity threshold supports efficacy against mutational escape upon re-infection. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00179-6. [PMID: 37164014 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive pathogen exposure leads to the dominant outgrowth of T cell clones with high T cell receptor (TCR) affinity to the relevant pathogen-associated antigens. However, low-affinity clones are also known to expand and form immunological memory. While these low-affinity clones contribute less immunity to the original pathogen, their role in protection against pathogens harboring immune escape mutations remains unclear. Based on identification of the TCR repertoire and functionality landscape of naive epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we reconstructed defined repertoires that could be followed as polyclonal populations during immune responses in vivo. We found that selective clonal expansion is governed by clear TCR avidity thresholds. Simultaneously, initial recruitment of broad TCR repertoires provided a polyclonal niche from which flexible secondary responses to mutant epitopes could be recalled. Elucidating how T cell responses develop "from scratch" is informative for the development of enhanced immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Straub
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; The Joseph Sun Lab, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Richter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Hilgendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Partner site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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2
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Fearon DT. Immune-Suppressing Cellular Elements of the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T. Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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3
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Martin MD, Hartwig SM, Legge KL, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Antigen Exposure History Defines CD8 T Cell Dynamics and Protection during Localized Pulmonary Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:40. [PMID: 28191007 PMCID: PMC5269565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike systemic infections, little is known about the role of repeated localized infections on (re)shaping pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses. Here, we used primary (1°) and secondary (2°) intranasal influenza virus infections of mice as a model to study intrinsic memory CD8 T cell properties. We show that secondary antigen exposure, relative to a single infection, generates memory CD8 T cell responses of superior magnitude in multiple tissue compartments including blood, spleen, draining lymph nodes, and lung. Unexpectedly, regardless of the significantly higher number of 2° memory CD8 T cells, similar degree of protection against pulmonary challenge was observed in both groups of mice containing 1° or 2° memory CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, using pertussis toxin-induced migration block, we showed that superior antigen-driven proliferation and ability to relocate to the site of infection allowed 1° memory CD8 T cells to accumulate in the infected lung during the first few days after challenge, compensating for the initially lower cell numbers. Taken together, the history of antigen exposures to localized pulmonary infections, through altering basic cell biology, dictates dynamic properties of protective memory CD8 T cell responses. This knowledge has important implications for a design of novel and an improvement of existing vaccines and immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Stacey M Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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4
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Wang Z, Kedzierski L, Nuessing S, Chua BYL, Quiñones-Parra SM, Huber VC, Jackson DC, Thomas PG, Kedzierska K. Establishment of memory CD8+ T cells with live attenuated influenza virus across different vaccination doses. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3205-3214. [PMID: 27902386 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FluMist has been used in children and adults for more than 10 years. As pre-existing CD8+ T cell memory pools can provide heterologous immunity against distinct influenza viruses, it is important to understand influenza-specific CD8+ T cell responses elicited by different live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) regimens. In this study, we immunized mice intranasally with two different doses of live-attenuated PR8 virus (PR8 ts, H1N1), low and high, and then assessed protective efficacy by challenging animals with heterosubtypic X31-H3N2 virus at 6 weeks post-vaccination. Different LAIV doses elicited influenza-specific CD8+ T cell responses in lungs and spleen, but unexpectedly not in bronchoalveolar lavage. Interestingly, the immunodominance hierarchy at the acute phase after immunization varied depending on the LAIV dose; however, these differences disappeared at 6 weeks post-vaccination, resulting in generation of comparable CD8+ T cell memory pools. After vaccination with either dose, sufficient numbers of specific CD8+ T cells were generated for recall and protection of mice against heterosubtypic H1N1→H3N2 challenge. As a result, immunized mice displayed reduced weight loss, diminished inflammatory responses and lower viral titres in lungs, when compared to unvaccinated animals. Interestingly, the higher dose led to enhanced viral clearance on day 5 post-challenge, though this was not associated with increased CD8+ T cell responses, but with higher levels of non-neutralizing antibodies against the priming virus. Our study suggests that, while different LAIV doses result in distinct immune profiles, even a low dose produces sufficient protective CD8+ T cell memory against challenge infection, though the high dose results in more rapid viral clearance and reduced inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simone Nuessing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brendon Yew Loong Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sergio M Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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5
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Wang Z, Loh L, Kedzierski L, Kedzierska K. Avian Influenza Viruses, Inflammation, and CD8(+) T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:60. [PMID: 26973644 PMCID: PMC4771736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate naturally in wild aquatic birds, infect domestic poultry, and are capable of causing sporadic bird-to-human transmissions. AIVs capable of infecting humans include a highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, first detected in humans in 1997, and a low pathogenic AIV H7N9, reported in humans in 2013. Both H5N1 and H7N9 cause severe influenza disease in humans, manifested by acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and high mortality rates of 60% and 35%, respectively. Ongoing circulation of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses in wild birds and poultry, and their ability to infect humans emphasizes their epidemic and pandemic potential and poses a public health threat. It is, thus, imperative to understand the host immune responses to the AIVs so we can control severe influenza disease caused by H5N1 or H7N9 and rationally design new immunotherapies and vaccines. This review summarizes our current knowledge on AIV epidemiology, disease symptoms, inflammatory processes underlying the AIV infection in humans, and recent studies on universal pre-existing CD8(+) T cell immunity to AIVs. Immune responses driving the host recovery from AIV infection in patients hospitalized with severe influenza disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Carpenter SM, Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Way SS, Behar SM. A Higher Activation Threshold of Memory CD8+ T Cells Has a Fitness Cost That Is Modified by TCR Affinity during Tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005380. [PMID: 26745507 PMCID: PMC4706326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and other pathogens are based on the principle that memory T cells rapidly generate effector responses upon challenge, leading to pathogen clearance. Despite eliciting a robust memory CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant Mtb antigen TB10.4 (EsxH), we find the increased frequency of TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells conferred by vaccination to be short-lived after Mtb challenge. To compare memory and naïve CD8+ T cell function during their response to Mtb, we track their expansions using TB10.4-specific retrogenic CD8+ T cells. We find that the primary (naïve) response outnumbers the secondary (memory) response during Mtb challenge, an effect moderated by increased TCR affinity. To determine whether the expansion of polyclonal memory T cells is restrained following Mtb challenge, we used TCRβ deep sequencing to track TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells after vaccination and subsequent challenge in intact mice. Successful memory T cells, defined by their clonal expansion after Mtb challenge, express similar CDR3β sequences suggesting TCR selection by antigen. Thus, both TCR-dependent and -independent factors affect the fitness of memory CD8+ responses. The impaired expansion of the majority of memory T cell clonotypes may explain why some TB vaccines have not provided better protection. CD8+ T cells are important for enforcing latency of tuberculosis, and for Mtb control in patients with HIV and low CD4 counts. While vaccines that primarily elicit CD4+ T cell responses have had difficulty preventing active pulmonary TB, a TB vaccine that elicits a potent memory CD8+ T cells is a logical alternative strategy. Memory T cells are thought to respond more rapidly than the primary (naïve) response. However, by directly comparing naïve and memory TCR retrogenic CD8+ T cells specific for the TB10.4 antigen during infection, we observe memory-derived T cells to be less fit than naïve-derived T cells. We relate the reduced fitness of memory CD8+ T cells to their lower sensitivity to antigen and show that fitness can be improved by increasing TCR affinity. Using a novel method for tracking CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccination during the response to Mtb aerosol challenge in intact mice, we observe the robust expansion of a new primary response as well as clonal selection of the secondary response, likely driven by TCR affinity. We propose that generating memory T cells with high affinities should be a goal of vaccination against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Matthew G. Booty
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMC); (SMB)
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7
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Lee PHY, Bird N, MacKenzie-Kludas C, Mansell A, Kedzierska K, Brown L, McAuley J. Induction of memory cytotoxic T cells to influenza A virus and subsequent viral clearance is not modulated by PB1-F2-dependent inflammasome activation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:439-46. [PMID: 26667784 PMCID: PMC4890051 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the viral virulence protein PB1-F2 during infection has been linked to NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation in macrophages and induction of early inflammatory events enhancing immunopathology during influenza disease. We sought to determine whether PB1-F2-specific NLRP3 inflammasome activation influenced the magnitude and/or robustness of the CD8+ T-cell responses specific for conserved viral antigens and subsequent virus elimination. Using murine heterosubtypic viral infection models, we showed that mice infected with virus unable to produce PB1-F2 protein showed no deficit in the overall magnitude and functional memory responses of CD8+ T cells established during the effector phase compared with those infected with wild-type PB1-F2-expressing virus and were equally capable of mounting robust recall responses. These data indicate that while expression of PB1-F2 protein can induce inflammatory events, the capacity to generate memory CD8+ T cells specific for immunodominant viral epitopes remains uncompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hoi Yee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charley MacKenzie-Kludas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation Group, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Crauste F, Terry E, Mercier IL, Mafille J, Djebali S, Andrieu T, Mercier B, Kaneko G, Arpin C, Marvel J, Gandrillon O. Predicting pathogen-specific CD8 T cell immune responses from a modeling approach. J Theor Biol 2015; 374:66-82. [PMID: 25846273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary CD8 T cell immune response constitutes a major mechanism to fight an infection by intra-cellular pathogens. We aim at assessing whether pathogen-specific dynamical parameters of the CD8 T cell response can be identified, based on measurements of CD8 T cell counts, using a modeling approach. We generated experimental data consisting in CD8 T cell counts kinetics during the response to three different live intra-cellular pathogens: two viruses (influenza, vaccinia) injected intranasally, and one bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) injected intravenously. All pathogens harbor the same antigen (NP68), but differ in their interaction with the host. In parallel, we developed a mathematical model describing the evolution of CD8 T cell counts and pathogen amount during an immune response. This model is characterized by 9 parameters and includes relevant feedback controls. The model outputs were compared with the three data series and an exhaustive estimation of the parameter values was performed. By focusing on the ability of the model to fit experimental data and to produce a CD8 T cell population mainly composed of memory cells at the end of the response, critical parameters were identified. We show that a small number of parameters (2-4) define the main features of the CD8 T cell immune response and are characteristic of a given pathogen. Among these parameters, two are related to the effector CD8 T cell mediated control of cell and pathogen death. The parameter associated with memory cell death is shown to play no relevant role during the main phases of the CD8 T cell response, yet it becomes essential when looking at the predictions of the model several months after the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Crauste
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France.
| | - E Terry
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France.
| | - I Le Mercier
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - J Mafille
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - S Djebali
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - T Andrieu
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - B Mercier
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - G Kaneko
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France; Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRIA, Laboratoire d׳InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d׳information (LIRIS), CNRS UMR5205, F-69621 Lyon, France.
| | - C Arpin
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - J Marvel
- CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308; Université Lyon 1, UMS3444/US8; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - O Gandrillon
- Inria Team Dracula, Inria Center Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, F-69622 Villeurbanne-Cedex, France.
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9
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Bolton KJ, McCaw JM, Brown L, Jackson D, Kedzierska K, McVernon J. Prior population immunity reduces the expected impact of CTL-inducing vaccines for pandemic influenza control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120138. [PMID: 25811654 PMCID: PMC4374977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that trigger an influenza-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response may aid pandemic control by limiting the transmission of novel influenza A viruses (IAV). We consider interventions with hypothetical CTL-inducing vaccines in a range of epidemiologically plausible pandemic scenarios. We estimate the achievable reduction in the attack rate, and, by adopting a model linking epidemic progression to the emergence of IAV variants, the opportunity for antigenic drift. We demonstrate that CTL-inducing vaccines have limited utility for modifying population-level outcomes if influenza-specific T cells found widely in adults already suppress transmission and prove difficult to enhance. Administration of CTL-inducing vaccines that are efficacious in "influenza-experienced" and "influenza-naive" hosts can likely slow transmission sufficiently to mitigate a moderate IAV pandemic. However if neutralising cross-reactive antibody to an emerging IAV are common in influenza-experienced hosts, as for the swine-variant H3N2v, boosting CTL immunity may be ineffective at reducing population spread, indicating that CTL-inducing vaccines are best used against novel subtypes such as H7N9. Unless vaccines cannot readily suppress transmission from infected hosts with naive T cell pools, targeting influenza-naive hosts is preferable. Such strategies are of enhanced benefit if naive hosts are typically intensively mixing children and when a subset of experienced hosts have pre-existing neutralising cross-reactive antibody. We show that CTL-inducing vaccination campaigns may have greater power to suppress antigenic drift than previously suggested, and targeting adults may be the optimal strategy to achieve this when the vaccination campaign does not have the power to curtail the attack rate. Our results highlight the need to design interventions based on pre-existing cellular immunity and knowledge of the host determinants of vaccine efficacy, and provide a framework for assessing the performance requirements of high-impact CTL-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J. Bolton
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James M. McCaw
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lorena Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Duan S, Meliopoulos VA, McClaren JL, Guo XZJ, Sanders CJ, Smallwood HS, Webby RJ, Schultz-Cherry SL, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Diverse heterologous primary infections radically alter immunodominance hierarchies and clinical outcomes following H7N9 influenza challenge in mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004642. [PMID: 25668410 PMCID: PMC4335497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) causing severe human infections in China raises concerns about a possible pandemic. The lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the broader population highlights the potential protective role of IAV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory specific for epitopes conserved between H7N9 and previously encountered IAVs. In the present study, the heterosubtypic immunity generated by prior H9N2 or H1N1 infections significantly, but variably, reduced morbidity and mortality, pulmonary virus load and time to clearance in mice challenged with the H7N9 virus. In all cases, the recall of established CTL memory was characterized by earlier, greater airway infiltration of effectors targeting the conserved or cross-reactive H7N9 IAV peptides; though, depending on the priming IAV, each case was accompanied by distinct CTL epitope immunodominance hierarchies for the prominent KbPB1703, DbPA224, and DbNP366 epitopes. While the presence of conserved, variable, or cross-reactive epitopes between the priming H9N2 and H1N1 and the challenge H7N9 IAVs clearly influenced any change in the immunodominance hierarchy, the changing patterns were not tied solely to epitope conservation. Furthermore, the total size of the IAV-specific memory CTL pool after priming was a better predictor of favorable outcomes than the extent of epitope conservation or secondary CTL expansion. Modifying the size of the memory CTL pool significantly altered its subsequent protective efficacy on disease severity or virus clearance, confirming the important role of heterologous priming. These findings establish that both the protective efficacy of heterosubtypic immunity and CTL immunodominance hierarchies are reflective of the immunological history of the host, a finding that has implications for understanding human CTL responses and the rational design of CTL-mediated vaccines. The emergence of human infections with a novel strain of avian-origin H7N9 virus in China raises a pandemic concern. The introduction of a new subtype in humans makes people at all ages susceptible due to the lack of population-wide neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-subtype protection from existing host immunity might provide important protection that can limit severe disease. Our study found that previous infection with non-H7N9 subtype viruses such as H9N2 viruses or H1N1 viruses could provide protection against lethal H7N9 challenge to varying degrees in mice. The virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells generated by the previous infection but targeting conserved or related portions of the internal proteins (epitopes) of the H7N9 viruses were selectively expanded and recruited at very early time points after H7N9 challenge, contributing to protective efficacy. The magnitude of the priming virus-generated memory CD8+ T cells was the best predictor of the protective efficacy of the heterosubtypic immunity against subsequent H7N9 challenge in these animals, when compared to the magnitude of the challenge response or the degree of epitope conservation between the priming and challenge strains. These results demonstrate the complexity of cross-reactive CD8+ T cell dynamics and suggest that significant protective immunity can be present even when few epitopes are conserved during heterosubtypic influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xi-Zhi J. Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Sanders
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Guo H, Baker SF, Martínez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ. Induction of CD8 T cell heterologous protection by a single dose of single-cycle infectious influenza virus. J Virol 2014; 88:12006-16. [PMID: 25100831 PMCID: PMC4178714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01847-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector functions of specific CD8 T cells are crucial in mediating influenza heterologous protection. However, new approaches for influenza vaccines that can trigger effective CD8 T cell responses have not been extensively explored. We report here the generation of single-cycle infectious influenza virus that lacks a functional hemagglutinin (HA) gene on an X31 genetic background and demonstrate its potential for triggering protective CD8 T cell immunity against heterologous influenza virus challenge. In vitro, X31-sciIV can infect MDCK cells, but infectious virions are not produced unless HA is transcomplemented. In vivo, intranasal immunization with X31-sciIV does not cause any clinical symptoms in mice but generates influenza-specific CD8 T cells in lymphoid (mediastinal lymph nodes and spleen) and nonlymphoid tissues, including lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as measured by H2-Db NP366 and PA224 tetramer staining. In addition, a significant proportion of X31-sciIV-induced antigen-specific respiratory CD8 T cells expressed VLA-1, a marker that is associated with heterologous influenza protection. Further, these influenza-specific CD8 T cells produce antiviral cytokines when stimulated with NP366 and PA224 peptides, indicating that CD8 T cells triggered by X31-sciIV are functional. When challenged with a lethal dose of heterologous PR8 virus, X31-sciIV-primed mice were fully protected from death. However, when CD8 T cells were depleted after priming or before priming, mice could not effectively control virus replication or survive the lethal challenge, indicating that X31-sciIV-induced memory CD8 T cells mediate the heterologous protection. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential for sciIV as a CD8 T cell-inducing vaccine. Importance: One of the challenges for influenza prevention is the existence of multiple influenza virus subtypes and variants and the fact that new strains can emerge yearly. Numerous studies have indicated that the effector functions of specific CD8 T cells are crucial in mediating influenza heterologous protection. However, influenza vaccines that can trigger effective CD8 T cell responses for heterologous protection have not been developed. We report here the generation of an X31 (H3N2) virus-derived single-cycle infectious influenza virus, X31-sciIV. A one-dose immunization with X31-sciIV is capable of inducing functional influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells that can be recruited into respiratory tissues and provide protection against lethal heterologous challenge. Without these cells, protection against lethal challenge was essentially lost. Our data indicate that an influenza vaccine that primarily relies on CD8 T cells for protection could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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12
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Thangavel RR, Bouvier NM. Animal models for influenza virus pathogenesis, transmission, and immunology. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:60-79. [PMID: 24709389 PMCID: PMC4163064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise. However, influenza can present along a broad spectrum of disease, ranging from sub-clinical or even asymptomatic infection to a severe primary viral pneumonia requiring advanced medical supportive care. Disease severity depends upon the virulence of the influenza virus strain and the immune competence and previous influenza exposures of the patient. Animal models are used in influenza research not only to elucidate the viral and host factors that affect influenza disease outcomes in and spread among susceptible hosts, but also to evaluate interventions designed to prevent or reduce influenza morbidity and mortality in man. This review will focus on the three animal models currently used most frequently in influenza virus research - mice, ferrets, and guinea pigs - and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagowthamee R Thangavel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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13
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Condotta SA, Cabrera-Perez J, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. T-cell-mediated immunity and the role of TRAIL in sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Crit Rev Immunol 2013; 33:23-40. [PMID: 23510024 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013006721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in most intensive care units, and the death of septic patients usually does not result from the initial septic event but rather from subsequent nosocomial infections. Patients who survive severe sepsis often display severely compromised immune function. Not only is there significant apoptosis of lymphoid and myeloid cells that depletes critical components of the immune system during sepsis, there is also decreased function of the remaining immune cells. Studies of animals and humans suggest the immune defects that occur during sepsis may be critical to pathogenesis and subsequent mortality. This review focuses on sepsis-induced alterations with the cluster differentiation (CD) 8 T-cell compartment that can affect the control of secondary heterologous infections. Understanding how a septic event directly influences CD8 T-cell populations through apoptotic death and homeostatic proliferation and indirectly by immune-mediated suppression will provide valuable starting points for developing new treatment options.
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14
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McAuley JL, Tate MD, MacKenzie-Kludas CJ, Pinar A, Zeng W, Stutz A, Latz E, Brown LE, Mansell A. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by IAV virulence protein PB1-F2 contributes to severe pathophysiology and disease. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003392. [PMID: 23737748 PMCID: PMC3667782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability for a host to recognize infection is critical for virus clearance and often begins with induction of inflammation. The PB1-F2 of pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) contributes to the pathophysiology of infection, although the mechanism for this is unclear. The NLRP3-inflammasome has been implicated in IAV pathogenesis, but whether IAV virulence proteins can be activators of the complex is unknown. We investigated whether PB1-F2-mediated activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome is a mechanism contributing to overt inflammatory responses to IAV infection. We show PB1-F2 induces secretion of pyrogenic cytokine IL-1β by activating the NLRP3-inflammasome, contributing to inflammation triggered by pathogenic IAV. Compared to infection with wild-type virus, mice infected with reverse engineered PB1-F2-deficient IAV resulted in decreased IL-1β secretion and cellular recruitment to the airways. Moreover, mice exposed to PB1-F2 peptide derived from pathogenic IAV had enhanced IL-1β secretion compared to mice exposed to peptide derived from seasonal IAV. Implicating the NLRP3-inflammasome complex specifically, we show PB1-F2 derived from pathogenic IAV induced IL-1β secretion was Caspase-1-dependent in human PBMCs and NLRP3-dependent in mice. Importantly, we demonstrate PB1-F2 is incorporated into the phagolysosomal compartment, and upon acidification, induces ASC speck formation. We also show that high molecular weight aggregated PB1-F2, rather than soluble PB1-F2, induces IL-1β secretion. Furthermore, NLRP3-deficient mice exposed to PB1-F2 peptide or infected with PB1-F2 expressing IAV were unable to efficiently induce the robust inflammatory response as observed in wild-type mice. In addition to viral pore forming toxins, ion channel proteins and RNA, we demonstrate inducers of NLRP3-inflammasome activation may include disordered viral proteins, as exemplified by PB1-F2, acting as host pathogen ‘danger’ signals. Elucidating immunostimulatory PB1-F2 mediation of NLRP3-inflammasome activation is a major step forward in our understanding of the aetiology of disease attributable to exuberant inflammatory responses to IAV infection. Influenza virus is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause pandemics, resulting in the deaths of millions worldwide. Previously we demonstrated that PB1-F2 protein produced by pathogenic influenza induces overwhelming inflammatory responses to infection, which enhances disease. The way in which PB1-F2 causes this overt inflammation is unclear. Recently, influenza virus was shown to be involved in activating the inflammasome, which plays a pivotal role during inflammatory responses to infection. However, whether virulence factors such as PB1-F2 produced by the virus can play a role in activation of the inflammasome is unknown. Here, we investigated whether PB1-F2 could have a role in activation of the inflammasome. Using detection of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β as a marker for inflammasome complex activation, we definitively show PB1-F2 from a pathogenic strain rapidly induces activation of the inflammasome in humans and mice. Using macrophages from mice lacking components of the inflammasome complex, induction of inflammation was shown to be Caspase-1 and NLRP3-dependent. Inflammation induced by PB1-F2 was abrogated in NLRP3-deficient mice. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the mechanism of PB1-F2-mediated inflammasome complex activation. Our work provides further understanding of the contribution of PB1-F2 to enhancing inflammation during influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLM); (AM)
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Anita Pinar
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Stutz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JLM); (AM)
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15
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Valkenburg SA, Gras S, Guillonneau C, Hatton LA, Bird NA, Twist KA, Halim H, Jackson DC, Purcell AW, Turner SJ, Doherty PC, Rossjohn J, Kedzierska K. Preemptive priming readily overcomes structure-based mechanisms of virus escape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5570-5. [PMID: 23493558 PMCID: PMC3619348 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302935110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reverse-genetics approach has been used to probe the mechanism underlying immune escape for influenza A virus-specific CD8(+) T cells responding to the immunodominant D(b)NP366 epitope. Engineered viruses with a substitution at a critical residue (position 6, P6M) all evaded recognition by WT D(b)NP366-specific CD8(+) T cells, but only the NPM6I and NPM6T mutants altered the topography of a key residue (His155) in the MHC class I binding site. Following infection with the engineered NPM6I and NPM6T influenza viruses, both mutations were associated with a substantial "hole" in the naïve T-cell receptor repertoire, characterized by very limited T-cell receptor diversity and minimal primary responses to the NPM6I and NPM6T epitopes. Surprisingly, following respiratory challenge with a serologically distinct influenza virus carrying the same mutation, preemptive immunization against these escape variants led to the generation of secondary CD8(+) T-cell responses that were comparable in magnitude to those found for the WT NP epitope. Consequently, it might be possible to generate broadly protective T-cell immunity against commonly occurring virus escape mutants. If this is generally true for RNA viruses (like HIV, hepatitis C virus, and influenza) that show high mutation rates, priming against predicted mutants before an initial encounter could function to prevent the emergence of escape variants in infected hosts. That process could be a step toward preserving immune control of particularly persistent RNA viruses and may be worth considering for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Lauren A. Hatton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicola A. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Twist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hanim Halim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David C. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678; and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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16
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Condotta SA, Rai D, James BR, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sustained and incomplete recovery of naive CD8+ T cell precursors after sepsis contributes to impaired CD8+ T cell responses to infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:1991-2000. [PMID: 23355736 PMCID: PMC3578009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients who survive severe sepsis often display compromised immune function with impairment in innate and adaptive immune responses. These septic patients are highly susceptible to "secondary" infections with intracellular pathogens that are usually controlled by CD8(+) T cells. It is not known when and if this observed immunoparalysis of CD8(+) T cell immunity recovers, and the long-term consequences of sepsis on the ability of naive CD8(+) T cells to respond to subsequent infections are poorly understood. In this study, using the cecal-ligation and puncture mouse model of sepsis, we show that sepsis induces a rapid loss of naive CD8(+) T cells. However, IL-15-dependent numerical recovery is observed a month after initial septic insult. Numerical recovery is accompanied by IL-15-dependent phenotypic changes where a substantial proportion of naive (Ag-inexperienced) CD8(+) T cells display a "memory-like" phenotype (CD44(hi)/CD11a(hi)). Importantly, the impairment of naive CD8(+) T cells to respond to viral and bacterial infection was sustained for month(s) after sepsis induction. Incomplete recovery of naive CD8(+) T cell precursors was observed in septic mice, suggesting that the availability of naive precursors contributes to the sustained impairment in primary CD8(+) T cell responses. Thus, sepsis can result in substantial and long-lasting changes in the available CD8(+) T cell repertoire affecting the capacity of the host to respond to new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R. James
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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17
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Multiple distinct forms of CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity and specificities revealed after 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus infection in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46166. [PMID: 23029425 PMCID: PMC3459832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza primed mice are protected against lethal infection with H1N1 A/CA/04/E3/09 virus, and T depletion and serum transfer studies suggest a T-dependent mechanism. We therefore set out to investigate the quality of the cross-reactive T cell response to CA/E3/09 in mice primed with H3N2 influenza A/Hong Kong/X31 virus. Sequences of the immunodominant nucleoprotein (NP) NP366–374 and acid polymerase (PA) PA224–233 CD8 epitopes from X31 each differ from the CA/E3/09 virus by one amino acid: an M371V substitution at position 6 of the NP peptide, and an S224P substitution at position 1 of the PA peptide, raising questions about the role of these epitopes in protection. PA224–233 peptides from either virus could elicit IFN-γ spot forming cells from mice infected with X31, indicating cross-reactivity of these two peptides. However, no T cell responses to either PA224–233 peptide were detectable after primary CA/E3/09 infection, suggesting it is cryptic in this virus. In contrast, primary responses to the NP366 peptides were detectable after infection with either virus, but did not cross-react in vitro. Similarly, H2-Db tetramers of each NP epitope stained CD8+ T cells from each respective virus infection, but did not obviously cross-react. Early after lethal CA/E3/09 challenge, X31 primed mice had enhanced IFN-γ responses toward both NP366 peptides, as well as recall responses to a set of subdominant NP and PA peptides not detectable after primary X31 infection alone. Furthermore, dual-tetramer staining revealed an expanded population of CD8 T cells reactive to both NP366 variant peptides also not seen after the priming infection alone. These observations demonstrate unusual CD8+ T cell cross-reactivity and specificity are elicited after primary and secondary CA/E3/09 influenza virus infections.
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18
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Valkenburg SA, Venturi V, Dang THY, Bird NL, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Davenport MP, Kedzierska K. Early priming minimizes the age-related immune compromise of CD8⁺ T cell diversity and function. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002544. [PMID: 22383879 PMCID: PMC3285595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The elderly are particularly susceptible to influenza A virus infections, with increased occurrence, disease severity and reduced vaccine efficacy attributed to declining immunity. Experimentally, the age-dependent decline in influenza-specific CD8+ T cell responsiveness reflects both functional compromise and the emergence of ‘repertoire holes’ arising from the loss of low frequency clonotypes. In this study, we asked whether early priming limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. Though primary responses in aged mice were compromised, animals vaccinated at 6 weeks then challenged >20 months later had T-cell responses that were normal in magnitude. Both functional quality and the persistence of ‘preferred’ TCR clonotypes that expand in a characteristic immunodominance hierarchy were maintained following early priming. Similar to the early priming, vaccination at 22 months followed by challenge retained a response magnitude equivalent to young mice. However, late priming resulted in reduced TCRβ diversity in comparison with vaccination earlier in life. Thus, early priming was critical to maintaining individual and population-wide TCRβ diversity. In summary, early exposure leads to the long-term maintenance of memory T cells and thus preserves optimal, influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responsiveness and protects against the age-related attrition of naïve T-cell precursors. Our study supports development of vaccines that prime CD8+ T-cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of CD8+ T-cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and TCR usage of responding populations. In addition, our study provides the most comprehensive analysis of the aged (primary, secondary primed-early and secondary primed-late) TCR repertoires published to date. The elderly population is particularly susceptible to novel infections, especially the annual, seasonal epidemics caused by influenza viruses. Established T cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza infection and promotes more rapid recovery, thus leading to better clinical outcomes. We asked whether priming early in life limits the time-related attrition of immune competence. We found that although influenza-specific T cell responses are compromised in the aged mice, vaccination with influenza early (but not late) in life ‘locks’ optimal T-cell responsiveness, maintains functional quality, persistence of preferred clones and a characteristic T cell hierarchy. Overall, our study supports development of vaccines that prime T cells early in life to elicit the broadest possible spectrum of pre-existing T cell memory and preserve the magnitude, functionality and clonal usage of responding populations for life-long immunity against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Thurston H. Y. Dang
- Computational Biology Group St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Bird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kohlmeier JE, Reiley WW, Perona-Wright G, Freeman ML, Yager EJ, Connor LM, Brincks EL, Cookenham T, Roberts AD, Burkum CE, Sell S, Winslow GM, Blackman MA, Mohrs M, Woodland DL. Inflammatory chemokine receptors regulate CD8(+) T cell contraction and memory generation following infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1621-34. [PMID: 21788409 PMCID: PMC3149221 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells lacking CXCR3 and CCR5 expression have impaired contraction and generate an increased number of memory cells after virus infection. The development of T cell memory from naive precursors is influenced by molecular cues received during T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we describe a novel role for the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 in regulating effector CD8+ T cell contraction and memory generation after influenza virus infection. We find that Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells show markedly decreased contraction after viral clearance, leading to the establishment of massive numbers of memory CD8+ T cells. Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells show reduced expression of CD69 in the lung during the peak of infection, which coincides with differential localization and the rapid appearance of memory precursor cells. Analysis of single chemokine receptor–deficient cells revealed that CXCR3 is primarily responsible for this phenotype, although there is also a role for CCR5 in the enhancement of T cell memory. The phenotype could be reversed by adding exogenous antigen, resulting in the activation and contraction of Ccr5−/− Cxcr3−/− cells. Similar results were observed during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Together, the data support a model of memory CD8+ T cell generation in which the chemokine-directed localization of T cells within infected tissues regulates antigen encounter and controls the extent of CD8+ T cell activation and differentiation, which ultimately regulates effector versus memory cell fate decisions.
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Venturi V, Davenport MP, Swan NG, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Consequences of suboptimal priming are apparent for low-avidity T-cell responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:216-23. [PMID: 21556018 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel reassortant A(H1N1)-2009 influenza virus highlighted the threat to the global population posed by an influenza pandemic. Pre-existing CD8(+) T-cell immunity targeting conserved epitopes provides immune protection against newly emerging strains of influenza virus, when minimal antibody immunity exists. However, the occurrence of mutations within T-cell antigenic peptides that enable the virus to evade T-cell recognition constitutes a substantial issue for virus control and vaccine design. Recent evidence suggests that it might be feasible to elicit CD8(+) T-cell memory pools to common virus mutants by pre-emptive vaccination. However, there is a need for a greater understanding of CD8(+) T-cell immunity towards commonly emerging mutants. The present analysis focuses on novel and immunodominant, although of low pMHC-I avidity, CD8(+) T-cell responses directed at the mutant influenza D(b)NP(366) epitope, D(b)NPM6A, following different routes of infection. We used a C57BL/6J model of influenza to dissect the effectiveness of the natural intranasal (i.n.) versus intraperitoneal (i.p.) priming for generating functional CD8(+) T cells towards the D(b)NPM6A epitope. In contrast to comparable CD8(+) T-cell responses directed at the wild-type epitopes, D(b)NP(366) and D(b)PA(224), we found that the priming route greatly affected the numbers, cytokine profiles and TCR repertoire of the responding CD8(+) T cells directed at the D(b)NPM6A viral mutant. As the magnitude, polyfunctionality, and T-cell repertoire diversity are potential determinants of the protective efficacy of CD8(+) T-cell responses, our data have implications for the development of vaccines to combat virus mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Venturi
- Computational Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Valkenburg SA, Rutigliano JA, Ellebedy AH, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Kedzierska K. Immunity to seasonal and pandemic influenza A viruses. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:489-501. [PMID: 21295153 PMCID: PMC3549300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of a new influenza strain into human circulation leads to rapid global spread. This review summarizes innate and adaptive immunity to influenza viruses, with an emphasis on T-cell responses that provide cross-protection between distinct subtypes and strains. We discuss antigenic variation within T-cell immunogenic peptides and our understanding of pre-existing immunity towards the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Valkenburg SA, Day EB, Swan NG, Croom HA, Carbone FR, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Kedzierska K. Fixing an irrelevant TCR alpha chain reveals the importance of TCR beta diversity for optimal TCR alpha beta pairing and function of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2470-81. [PMID: 20690181 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TCR repertoire diversity can influence the efficacy of CD8(+) T-cell populations, with greater breadth eliciting better protection. We analyzed TCR beta diversity and functional capacity for influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing a single TCR alpha chain. Mice (A7) transgenic for the H2K(b)OVA(257-264)-specific V alpha 2.7 TCR were challenged with influenza to determine how fixing this "irrelevant" TCR alpha affects the "public" and restricted D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) versus the "private" and diverse D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) responses. Though both D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) and D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) sets are generated in virus-primed A7 mice, the constrained D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) population lacked the characteristic, public TCRV beta 8.3, and consequently was reduced in magnitude and pMHC-I avidity. For the more diverse D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) T cells, this particular forcing led to a narrowing and higher TCR beta conservation of the dominant V beta 7, though the responses were of comparable magnitude to C57BL/6J controls. Interestingly, although both the TCR beta diversity and the cytokine profiles were reduced for the D(b)NP(366) (+)CD8(+) and D(b)PA(224) (+)CD8(+) sets in spleen, the latter measure of polyfunctionality was comparable for T cells recovered from the infected lungs of A7 and control mice. Even "sub-optimal" TCR alpha beta pairs can operate effectively when exposed in a milieu of high virus load. Thus, TCR beta diversity is important for optimal TCR alpha beta pairing and function when TCR alpha is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
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23
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Cationic lipid/DNA complex-adjuvanted influenza A virus vaccination induces robust cross-protective immunity. J Virol 2010; 84:12691-702. [PMID: 20943978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00769-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a negative-strand segmented RNA virus in which antigenically distinct viral subtypes are defined by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) major viral surface proteins. An ideal inactivated vaccine for influenza A virus would induce not only highly robust strain-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses but also cross-protective immunity in which an immune response to antigens from a particular viral subtype (e.g., H3N2) would protect against other viral subtypes (e.g., H1N1). Cross-protective immunity would help limit outbreaks from newly emerging antigenically novel strains. Here, we show in mice that the addition of cationic lipid/noncoding DNA complexes (CLDC) as adjuvant to whole inactivated influenza A virus vaccine induces significantly more robust adaptive immune responses both in quantity and quality than aluminum hydroxide (alum), which is currently the most widely used adjuvant in clinical human vaccination. CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine induced higher total influenza virus-specific IgG, particularly for the IgG2a/c subclass. Higher levels of multicytokine-producing influenza virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were induced by CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine than with alum-adjuvanted vaccine. Importantly, CLDC-adjuvanted vaccine provided significant cross-protection from either a sublethal or lethal influenza A viral challenge with a different subtype than that used for vaccination. This superior cross-protection afforded by the CLDC adjuvant required CD8 T-cell recognition of viral peptides presented by classical major histocompatibility complex class I proteins. Together, these results suggest that CLDC has particular promise for vaccine strategies in which T cells play an important role and may offer new opportunities for more effective control of human influenza epidemics and pandemics by inactivated influenza virus vaccine.
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Tang XC, Lu HR, Ross TM. Hemagglutinin displayed baculovirus protects against highly pathogenic influenza. Vaccine 2010; 28:6821-31. [PMID: 20727393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus (BV) replicating in insect cells can express a foreign gene product as part of its genome. The influenza hemagglutinin (HA) can be expressed from BV and displayed on the surface of baculovirus (HA-DBV). In this study we first generated six recombinant baculoviruses that expressed chimeric HAs with segments of the BV glycoprotein (gp64). The signal peptide (SP) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) domains of gp64 can enhance the display of HA from A/PR8/34 on BV surface, while the transmembrane (TM) domain of gp64 impairs HA display. Different doses of either live or β-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated HA-DBV were administered to BALB/c mice. Live HA-DBV elicited higher hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers than BPL-inactivated HA-DBV, and provided sterilizing protection. A second generation recombinant BV simultaneously displaying four HAs derived from four subclades of H5N1 influenza viruses was constructed. This tetravalent H5N1 HA-DBV vaccine elicited HAI titers against all four homologous H5N1 viruses, significantly decreasing viral lung titers of challenged mice and providing 100% protection against lethal doses of homologous H5N1 viruses. Moreover, mice vaccinated with HA-DBV had high levels of IFNγ-secreting and HA-specific CD8+ T cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates that HA-DBV can stimulate strong humoral, as well as cellular immune responses, and is an effective vaccine candidate for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Chun Tang
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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25
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Valkenburg SA, Gras S, Guillonneau C, La Gruta NL, Thomas PG, Purcell AW, Rossjohn J, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Kedzierska K. Protective efficacy of cross-reactive CD8+ T cells recognising mutant viral epitopes depends on peptide-MHC-I structural interactions and T cell activation threshold. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001039. [PMID: 20711359 PMCID: PMC2920842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a new influenza strain leads to a rapid global spread of the virus due to minimal antibody immunity. Pre-existing CD8+ T-cell immunity directed towards conserved internal viral regions can greatly ameliorate the disease. However, mutational escape within the T cell epitopes is a substantial issue for virus control and vaccine design. Although mutations can result in a loss of T cell recognition, some variants generate cross-reactive T cell responses. In this study, we used reverse genetics to modify the influenza NP336–374 peptide at a partially-solvent exposed residue (N->A, NPN3A mutation) to assess the availability, effectiveness and mechanism underlying influenza-specific cross-reactive T cell responses. The engineered virus induced a diminished CD8+ T cell response and selected a narrowed T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire within two Vβ regions (Vβ8.3 and Vβ9). This can be partially explained by the H-2DbNPN3A structure that showed a loss of several contacts between the NPN3A peptide and H-2Db, including a contact with His155, a position known to play an important role in mediating TCR-pMHC-I interactions. Despite these differences, common cross-reactive TCRs were detected in both the naïve and immune NPN3A-specific TCR repertoires. However, while the NPN3A epitope primes memory T-cells that give an equivalent recall response to the mutant or wild-type (wt) virus, both are markedly lower than wt->wt challenge. Such decreased CD8+ responses elicited after heterologous challenge resulted in delayed viral clearance from the infected lung. Furthermore, mice first exposed to the wt virus give a poor, low avidity response following secondary infection with the mutant. Thus, the protective efficacy of cross-reactive CD8+ T cells recognising mutant viral epitopes depend on peptide-MHC-I structural interactions and functional avidity. Our study does not support vaccine strategies that include immunization against commonly selected cross-reactive variants with mutations at partially-solvent exposed residues that have characteristics comparable to NPN3A. Introduction of a new influenza strain into human circulation leads to a rapid global spread of the virus due to minimal antibody immunity. Established T-cell immunity towards conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza and promotes rapid recovery. However, influenza viruses mutate to escape the protective immunity. We found that established T cell immunity can recognise influenza mutants with variations at positions that are partially involved in T cell recognition. However, an initial priming with the mutated variant decreases recognition of the original parental virus. This finding results from a markedly lower functional quality and limited structural interactions of the mutant. In terms of possible vaccination strategies for rapidly changing viruses or tumours, it appears that priming with cross-reactive mutants that display such characteristics would be of no benefit as the same level of T cell immunity against such mutants can be elicited by exposure to the original virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicole L. La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Schaubert KL, Price DA, Salkowitz JR, Sewell AK, Sidney J, Asher TE, Blondelle SE, Adams S, Marincola FM, Joseph A, Sette A, Douek DC, Ayyavoo V, Storkus W, Leung MY, Ng HL, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Wilson DB, Kan-Mitchell J. Generation of robust CD8+ T-cell responses against subdominant epitopes in conserved regions of HIV-1 by repertoire mining with mimotopes. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1950-62. [PMID: 20432235 PMCID: PMC3086652 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A 0201-restricted virus-specific CD8(+) CTL do not appear to control HIV effectively in vivo. To enhance the immunogenicity of a highly conserved subdominant epitope, TV9 (TLNAWVKVV, p24 Gag(19-27)), mimotopes were designed by screening a large combinatorial nonapeptide library with TV9-specific CTL primed in vitro from healthy donors. A mimic peptide with a low binding affinity to HLA-A 0201, TV9p6 (KINAWIKVV), was studied further. Parallel cultures of in vitro-primed CTL showed that TV9p6 consistently activated cross-reactive and equally functional CTL as measured by cytotoxicity, cytokine production and suppression of HIV replication in vitro. Comparison of TCRB gene usage between CTL primed from the same donors with TV9 or TV9p6 revealed a degree of clonal overlap in some cases and an example of a conserved TCRB sequence encoded distinctly at the nucleotide level between individuals (a "public" TCR); however, in the main, distinct clonotypes were recruited by each peptide antigen. These findings indicate that mimotopes can mobilize functional cross-reactive clonotypes that are less readily recruited from the naïve T-cell pool by the corresponding WT epitope. Mimotope-induced repertoire diversification could potentially override subdominance under certain circumstances and enhance vaccine-induced responses to conserved but poorly immunogenic determinants within the HIV proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Janelle R. Salkowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tedi E. Asher
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sylvie E. Blondelle
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Sharon Adams
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Walter Storkus
- Departments of Immunology and Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ming-Ying Leung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Darcy B. Wilson
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121
- Mixture Sciences Incorporated, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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27
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Rai D, Pham NLL, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Tracking the total CD8 T cell response to infection reveals substantial discordance in magnitude and kinetics between inbred and outbred hosts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7672-81. [PMID: 19933864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Determining the magnitude and kinetics, together with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of responding CD8 T cells, is critical for understanding the regulation of adaptive immunity as well as in evaluating vaccine candidates. Recent technical advances have allowed tracking of some CD8 T cells responding to infection, and a body of information now exists describing phenotypic changes that occur in CD8 T cells of known Ag-specificity during their activation, expansion, and memory generation in inbred mice. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag but not inflammation-driven changes in expression of CD11a and CD8alpha can be used to distinguish naive from Ag-experienced (effector and memory) CD8 T cells after infection or vaccination. Interestingly and in contrast to inbred mice, tracking polyclonal CD8 T cell responses with this approach after bacterial and viral infections revealed substantial discordance in the magnitude and kinetics of CD8 T cell responses in outbred hosts. These data reveal limitations to the use of inbred mouse strains as preclinical models at vaccine development and suggest the same dose of infection or vaccination can lead to substantial differences in the magnitude and timing of Ag-specific CD8 expansion as well in differences in protective memory CD8 T cell numbers in outbred individuals. This concept has direct relevance to development of vaccines in outbred humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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28
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Persistence of transgene expression influences CD8+ T-cell expansion and maintenance following immunization with recombinant adenovirus. J Virol 2009; 83:12027-36. [PMID: 19759135 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies determined that the CD8(+) T-cell response elicited by recombinant adenovirus exhibited a protracted contraction phase that was associated with long-term presentation of antigen. To gain further insight into this process, a doxycycline-regulated adenovirus was constructed to enable controlled extinction of transgene expression in vivo. We investigated the impact of premature termination of transgene expression at various time points (day 3 to day 60) following immunization. When transgene expression was terminated before the maximum response had been attained, overall expansion was attenuated, yielding a small memory population. When transgene expression was terminated between day 13 and day 30, the memory population was not sustained, demonstrating that the early memory population was antigen dependent. Extinction of transgene expression at day 60 had no obvious impact on memory maintenance, indicating that maintenance of the memory population may ultimately become independent of transgene expression. Premature termination of antigen expression had significant but modest effects on the phenotype and cytokine profile of the memory population. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of memory CD8(+) T-cell maintenance following immunization with a recombinant adenovirus.
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30
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Cheong WS, Reiseger J, Turner SJ, Boyd R, Netter HJ. Chimeric virus-like particles for the delivery of an inserted conserved influenza A-specific CTL epitope. Antiviral Res 2009; 81:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kedzierska K, Venturi V, Valkenburg SA, Davenport MP, Turner SJ, Doherty PC. Homogenization of TCR repertoires within secondary CD62Lhigh and CD62Llow virus-specific CD8+ T cell populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7938-47. [PMID: 18523257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus-specific CD8(+) T cell clonotypes generated and maintained in C57BL/6J mice after respiratory challenge were found previously to distribute unequally between the CD62L(low) "effector" (T(EM)) and CD62L(high) "central" (T(CM)) memory subsets. Defined by the CDR3beta sequence, most of the prominent TCRs were represented in both the CD62L(high) and CD62L(low) subsets, but there was also a substantial number of diverse, but generally small, CD62L(high)-only clonotypes. The question asked here is how secondary challenge influences both the diversity and the continuity of TCR representation in the T(CM) and T(EM) subsets generated following primary exposure. The experiments use single-cell RT-PCR to correlate clonotypic composition with CD62L phenotype for secondary influenza-specific CD8(+) T cell responses directed at the prominent D(b)NP(366) and D(b)PA(224) epitopes. In both the acute and long-term memory phases of the recall responses to these epitopes, we found evidence of a convergence of TCR repertoire expression for the CD62L(low) and CD62L(high) populations. In fact, unlike the primary response, there were no significant differences in clonotypic diversity between the CD62L(low) and CD62L(high) subsets. This "TCR homogenization" for the CD62L(high) and CD62L(low) CD8(+) populations recalled after secondary challenge indicates common origin, most likely from the high prevalence populations in the CD62L(high) central memory set. Our study thus provides key insights into the TCR diversity spectrum for CD62L(high) and CD62L(low) T cells generated from a normal, unmanipulated T cell repertoire following secondary challenge. A better understanding of TCR selection and maintenance has implications for improved vaccine and immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Wahid R, Salerno-Gonçalves R, Tacket CO, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Generation of specific effector and memory T cells with gut- and secondary lymphoid tissue- homing potential by oral attenuated CVD 909 typhoid vaccine in humans. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:389-98. [PMID: 19079203 PMCID: PMC3215293 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of effective memory T cells is likely to be critical to the level and duration of protection elicited by novel live oral typhoid vaccines. Using cells from volunteers who ingested Salmonella Typhi vaccine strain CVD 909, we characterized the induction of interferon (IFN)-gamma-secreting central (T(CM), CD45RO(+)CD62L(+)) and effector (T(EM), CD45RO(+)CD62L(-)) memory T populations, and their gut-homing potential based on integrin alpha4/beta7 expression. Both CD4(+) T(EM) and T(CM) populations secreted IFN-gamma. However, although CD4(+) T(EM) expressed, or not, integrin alpha(4)/beta(7), CD4(+) T(CM) cells were predominantly integrin alpha(4)/beta(7)(+). In contrast, IFN-gamma-secreting CD8(+) cells were predominantly classical T(EM) and CD45RA(+) T(EM) (T(EMRA), CD45RO(-)CD62L(-)) subsets. However, although CD8(+) T(EM) expressed, or not, integrin alpha(4)/beta(7), CD8(+) T(EMRA) were predominantly integrin alpha(4)/beta(7)(+). This is the first demonstration that oral immunization of humans with S. Typhi elicits diverse IFN-gamma-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T(CM) and T(EM) subsets able to migrate to the gut and other lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wahid
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R Salerno-Gonçalves
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - CO Tacket
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - MM Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - MB Sztein
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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33
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Influencing the fates of CD4 T cells on the path to memory: lessons from influenza. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:343-52. [PMID: 18362946 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the face of emerging infectious diseases caused by rapidly evolving and highly virulent pathogens, such as influenza, we are challenged to develop innovative vaccine strategies that can induce lasting protection. Since CD4 T cells are needed to generate and maintain protective B-cell and CD8 T-cell immunity, and can also mediate additional protective mechanisms, vaccines should ideally elicit efficient CD4 T cell, in addition to CD8 T and B-cell responses. We outline here the process of CD4 T-cell differentiation from naïve to effector and from effector to memory with an emphasis on how exposure to microbial products and variables in antigen presentation can impact the functional quality and heterogeneity of activation-based CD4 T-cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the impact of different phases of antigen recognition, the inflammatory milieu, acute versus chronic antigen presentation, and the contribution of residual antigen depots on CD4 T-cell effector differentiation and the formation and maintenance of CD4 T-cell memory. We propose that novel vaccine strategies, which incorporate both microbial products and antigen targeting, may provide a flexible and long-lived memory CD4 T-cell pool.
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34
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Joshi NS, Kaech SM. Effector CD8 T cell development: a balancing act between memory cell potential and terminal differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1309-15. [PMID: 18209024 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to infection are optimally designed to generate large numbers of effector T cells while simultaneously minimizing the collateral damage of their potentially lethal actions and generating memory T cells to protect against subsequent encounter with pathogens. Much remains to be discovered about how these equally essential processes are balanced to enhance health and longevity and, more specifically, what factors control effector T cell expansion, differentiation, and memory cell formation. The innate immune system plays a prominent role in the delicate balance of these decisions. Insights into these questions from recent work in the area of effector CD8 T cell differentiation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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35
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Abstract
The ability to develop and sustain populations of memory T cells after infection or immunization is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response and a basis for protective vaccination against infectious disease. Technical advances that allow direct ex vivo identification and characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells at various stages of the response to infection or vaccination in mouse models have fuelled efforts to characterize the factors that control memory CD8+ T-cell generation. Here, we dissect the input signals that shape the characteristics of the memory CD8+ T-cell response and discuss how manipulation of these signals has the potential to reshape CD8+ T-cell memory and improve the efficacy of vaccination.
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36
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Burnet, chick embryos, viruses, clones and quantitative biology. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:119-23. [PMID: 18180799 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Carrio R, Rolle CE, Malek TR. Non-redundant role for IL-7R signaling for the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3078-88. [PMID: 17935075 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-7 and IL-15 are important cytokines for CD8 memory T cells. However, the extent that IL-7 is essential for CD8 T cell memory remains unclear because blocking IL-7 in vivo results in near complete inhibition of T cell development with the few mature T cells exhibiting functional abnormalities. To bypass this complication, CD8 memory development was examined utilizing a mouse model where transgenic IL-7Ralpha was selectively expressed in the thymus of IL-7Ralpha(-/-) mice. T cell development was corrected but the resulting peripheral T cells were essentially IL-7 non-responsive. Activation of IL-7R-defective OT-I CD8(+) T cells with OVA(257-264) and IL-2 readily yielded CTL. Upon further culture with IL-15, these CTL expressed phenotypic and functional properties of central memory-like cells. Thus, IL-7R-defective CD8(+) T cells do not exhibit intrinsic defects in effector or memory development. When IL-7R-defective OT-I CTL were adoptively transferred into normal or IL-15(-/-) recipient mice in a non-inflammatory setting, they converted into memory-like cells, but did not persist, which was even more striking in IL-15(-/-) recipients. This poor persistence was rescued after expression of transgenic Bcl-2 in IL-7R-defective OT-I T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-7 is non-redundantly required for the survival of CD8 memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carrio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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38
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CD4+ T cells specific for glycoprotein B from cytomegalovirus exhibit extreme conservation of T-cell receptor usage between different individuals. Blood 2007; 111:2053-61. [PMID: 17986665 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-079863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells often demonstrate extreme conservation of T-cell receptor (TCR) usage between different individuals, but similar characteristics have not been documented for CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells predominantly have a helper immune role, but a cytotoxic CD4(+) T-cell subset has been characterized, and we have studied the cytotoxic CD4(+) T-cell response to a peptide from human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B presented through HLA-DRB*0701. We show that this peptide elicits a cytotoxic CD4(+) T-cell response that averages 3.6% of the total CD4(+) T-cell repertoire of cytomegalovirus-seropositive donors. Moreover, CD4(+) cytotoxic T-cell clones isolated from different individuals exhibit extensive conservation of TCR usage, which indicates strong T-cell clonal selection for peptide recognition. Remarkably, this TCR sequence was recently reported in more than 50% of cases of CD4(+) T-cell large granular lymphocytosis. Immunodominance of cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells thus parallels that of CD8(+) subsets and suggests that cytotoxic effector function is critical to the development of T-cell clonal selection, possibly from immune competition secondary to lysis of antigen-presenting cells. In addition, these TCR sequences are highly homologous to those observed in HLA-DR7(+) patients with CD4(+) T-cell large granular lymphocytosis and implicate cytomegalovirus as a likely antigenic stimulus for this disorder.
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39
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Iancu EM, Speiser DE, Rufer N. Assessing ageing of individual T lymphocytes: mission impossible? Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 129:67-78. [PMID: 18048082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effector T lymphocytes are the progeny of a limited number of antigen-specific precursor cells and it has been estimated that clonotypic human T cells may expand million fold on their way reaching high cell numbers that are sufficient for immune protection. Moreover, memory T cell responses are characterized by repetitive expansion of antigen-specific T cell clonotypes, and limitations in the proliferative capacity could lead to immune senescence. Because telomeres progressively shorten as a function of cell division, telomere length is a powerful indicator of the replicative in vivo history of human T lymphocytes. In this review, we summarize observations made over the last decade on telomere length dynamics of well-defined T cell populations derived from healthy donors and patients with infectious disease or cancer. We focus on T cell differentiation, T cell ageing, and natural and vaccine induced immune responses. We also discuss the scientific evidence for in vivo replicative senescence of antigen-specific T cells, and evaluate the available methods for measuring telomere lengths and telomerase activity, and their potential and limitations to increase our understanding of T cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela M Iancu
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Multidisciplinary Oncology Center CePO, Avenue Pierre-Decker 4, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Yang TC, Millar JB, Grinshtein N, Bassett J, Finn J, Bramson JL. T-cell immunity generated by recombinant adenovirus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:347-56. [PMID: 17542750 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vaccines show great promise for generating protective immunity against infectious agents and tumors. Our studies have identified several interesting biological features of the adenovirus vector that influence the T-cell response. Notably, we have demonstrated that following immunization with adenovirus vaccines, the transgene antigen remains available to the system for a longer period than would be expected, resulting in a T-cell population with a sustained effector phenotype. The implications of these observations with regards to the utility of adenovirus vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Chih Yang
- Center for Gene Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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41
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He XH, Jia QT, Li FY, Saltis M, Liu Y, Xu LH, Zha QB. CD8(+) T cells specific for both persistent and non-persistent viruses display distinct differentiation phenotypes but have similar level of PD-1 expression in healthy Chinese individuals. Clin Immunol 2007; 126:222-34. [PMID: 17942371 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-viral CD8(+) T cell responses involve an initial expansion and effector phase, followed by contraction phase and formation of CD8(+) memory T cells. During this contraction phase, increased surface expression of the negative regulator PD-1 is associated with functional exhaustion of CD8(+) T cells. Although its role in T cell suppression has been established, the importance of PD-1 in the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells remains unclear. In this study, we examine PD-1 expression in relation to viral specificity of CD8(+) T cells against persistent or non-persistent viruses, and further define differentiation phenotypes of CD8(+) T cells by CD27 and CD28 expression. Surprisingly, the inhibitory receptor PD-1 was expressed by Flu-specific CD8(+) T cells in a level comparable to HCMV-and EBV-specific cells. Moreover, in virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, CD127(+)/CD127(-) and CD62L(+)/CD62L(-) cells expressed similar levels of PD-1 molecules. These results suggest that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may play a regulatory role in memory T cell subsets in addition to its association with T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hui He
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kedzierska K, La Gruta NL, Stambas J, Turner SJ, Doherty PC. Tracking phenotypically and functionally distinct T cell subsets via T cell repertoire diversity. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:607-18. [PMID: 17719639 PMCID: PMC2237887 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) recognise complexes of immunogenic peptides (p) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins. Responding T cell populations show profiles of preferred usage (or bias) toward one or few TCRbeta chains. Such skewing is also observed, though less commonly, in TCRalpha chain usage. The extent and character of clonal diversity within individual, antigen-specific T cell sets can be established by sequence analysis of the TCRVbeta and/or TCRValpha CDR3 loops. The present review provides examples of such TCR repertoires in prominent responses to acute and persistent viruses. The determining role of structural constraints and antigen dose is discussed, as is the way that functionally and phenotypically distinct populations can be defined at the clonal level. In addition, clonal dissection of "high" versus "low" avidity, or "central" versus "effector" memory sets provides insights into how these antigen specific T cell responses are generated and maintained. As TCR diversity potentially influences both the protective capacity of CD8+ T cells and the subversion of immune control that leads to viral escape, analysing the spectrum of TCR selection and maintenance has implications for improving the functional efficacy of T cell responsiveness and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail:
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43
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Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Manipulating the rate of memory CD8+ T cell generation after acute infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:53-63. [PMID: 17579021 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Listeria monocytogenes elicits expansion in numbers of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, which then undergo programmed contraction. The remaining cells undergo further phenotypic and functional changes with time, eventually attaining the qualities of memory CD8+ T cells. In this study, we show that L. monocytogenes-specific CD8+ T cell populations primed in antibiotic-pretreated mice undergo brief effector phase, but rapidly develop phenotypic (CD127(high), CD43(low)) and functional (granzyme B(low), IL-2-producing) characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells. These early memory CD8+ T cells were capable of substantial secondary expansion in response to booster challenge at day 7 postinfection, resulting in significantly elevated numbers of secondary effector and memory CD8+ T cells and enhanced protective immunity compared with control-infected mice. Although early expansion in numbers is similar after L. monocytogenes infection of antibiotic-pretreated and control mice, the absence of sustained proliferation coupled with decreased killer cell lectin-like receptor G-1 up-regulation on responding CD8+ T cells may explain the rapid effector to memory CD8+ T cell transition. In addition, antibiotic treatment 2 days post-L. monocytogenes challenge accelerated the generation of CD8+ T cells with memory phenotype and function, and this accelerated memory generation was reversed in the presence of CpG-induced inflammation. Together, these data show that the rate at which Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations acquire memory characteristics after infection is not fixed, but rather can be manipulated by limiting inflammation that will in turn modulate the timing and extent to which CD8+ T cells proliferate and up-regulate killer cell lectin-like receptor G-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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44
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Cush SS, Anderson KM, Ravneberg DH, Weslow-Schmidt JL, Flaño E. Memory generation and maintenance of CD8+ T cell function during viral persistence. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:141-53. [PMID: 17579032 PMCID: PMC3110076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During infection with viruses that establish latency, the immune system needs to maintain lifelong control of the infectious agent in the presence of persistent Ag. By using a gamma-herpesvirus (gammaHV) infection model, we demonstrate that a small number of virus-specific central-memory CD8+ T cells develop early during infection, and that virus-specific CD8+T cells maintain functional and protective capacities during chronic infection despite low-level Ag persistence. During the primary immune response, we show generation of CD8+ memory T cell precursors expressing lymphoid homing molecules (CCR7, L-selectin) and homeostatic cytokine receptors (IL-7alpha, IL-2/IL-15beta). During long-term persistent infection, central-memory cells constitute 20-50% of the virus-specific CD8+ T cell population and maintain the expression of L-selectin, CCR7, and IL-7R molecules. Functional analyses demonstrate that during viral persistence: 1) CD8+ T cells maintain TCR affinity for peptide/MHC complexes, 2) the functional avidity of CD8+ T cells measured as the capacity to produce IFN-gamma is preserved intact, and 3) virus-specific CD8+ T cells have in vivo killing capacity. Next, we demonstrate that at 8 mo post-virus inoculation, long-term CD8+ T cells are capable of mediating a protective recall response against the establishment of gammaHV68 splenic latency. These observations provide evidence that functional CD8+ memory T cells can be generated and maintained during low-load gammaHV68 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Cush
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Kathleen M. Anderson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - David H. Ravneberg
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Janet L. Weslow-Schmidt
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Emilio Flaño
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Columbus Children’s Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Kedzierska K, Stambas J, Jenkins MR, Keating R, Turner SJ, Doherty PC. Location rather than CD62L phenotype is critical in the early establishment of influenza-specific CD8+ T cell memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9782-7. [PMID: 17522251 PMCID: PMC1887603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703699104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid recall of influenza virus-specific CD8(+) T cell effector function is protective, although our understanding of T cell memory remains incomplete. Recent debate has focused particularly on the CD62L lymph node homing receptor. The present analysis shows that although functional memory can be established from both CD62L(hi) and CD62L(lo) CD8(+) T cell subsets soon after initial encounter between naïve precursors and antigen, the optimal precursors are CD8(+)CD44(hi)CD25(lo) immune lymphocytes isolated from draining lymph nodes on day 3.5 after influenza virus infection. Analysis of primed T cells at different times after challenge indicates that the capacity to transfer memory is diminished at the peak of the primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, challenging speculations that the transition to memory first requires full differentiation to effector status. It seems that location rather than CD62Lhi/lo phenotype may be the more profitable focus for further dissection of the early establishment of T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; and
| | - John Stambas
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; and
| | - Misty R. Jenkins
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; and
| | - Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; and
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; and
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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Kedzierska K, Day EB, Pi J, Heard SB, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, Perlman S. Quantification of Repertoire Diversity of Influenza-Specific Epitopes with Predominant Public or Private TCR Usage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6705-12. [PMID: 17082583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The H-2Db-restricted CD8 T cell immune response to influenza A is directed at two well-described epitopes, nucleoprotein 366 (NP366) and acid polymerase 224 (PA224). The responses to the two epitopes are very different. The epitope NP366-specific response is dominated by TCR clonotypes that are public (shared by most mice), whereas the epitope PA224-specific response is private (unique within each infected animal). In addition to being public, the NP366-specific response is dominated by a few clonotypes, when T cell clonotypes expressing the Vbeta8.3 element are analyzed. Herein, we show that this response is similarly public when the NP366+Vbeta4+ CD8 T cell response is analyzed. Furthermore, to determine whether these features resulted in differences in total TCR diversity in the NP366+ and PA224+ responses, we quantified the number of different CD8 T clonotypes responding to each epitope. We calculated that 50-550 clonotypes recognized each epitope in individual mice. Thus, although the character of the response to the two epitopes appeared to be different (private and diverse vs public and dominated by a few clonotypes), similar numbers of precursor cells responded to both epitopes and this number was of similar magnitude to that previously reported for other viral CD8 T cell epitopes. Therefore, even in CD8 T cell responses that appear to be oligoclonotypic, the total response is highly diverse.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Dogs
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkeville, Victoria, Australia
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