1
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Klein SAW, Todd AR. Emotion expression salience and racially biased weapon identification: A diffusion modeling approach. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02526-z. [PMID: 38769269 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Racial stereotypes are commonly activated by informational cues that are detectable in people's faces. Here, we used a sequential priming task to examine whether and how the salience of emotion (angry/scowling vs. happy/smiling expressions) or apparent race (Black vs. White) information in male face primes shapes racially biased weapon identification (gun vs. tool) decisions. In two experiments (Ntotal = 546) using two different manipulations of facial information salience, racial bias in weapon identification was weaker when the salience of emotion expression versus race was heightened. Using diffusion decision modeling, we tested competing accounts of the cognitive mechanism by which the salience of facial information moderates this behavioral effect. Consistent support emerged for an initial bias account, whereby the decision process began closer to the "gun" response upon seeing faces of Black versus White men, and this racially biased shift in the starting position was weaker when emotion versus race information was salient. We discuss these results vis-à-vis prior empirical and theoretical work on how facial information salience moderates racial bias in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A W Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew R Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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2
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Wagner-Altendorf TA, van der Lugt AH, Kroeber A, Cirkel A, Heldmann M, Münte TF. Differences in Implicit Attitudes in West and East Germans as Measured by the Go/NoGo Association Task and Event-related EEG Potentials. Cogn Behav Neurol 2023; 36:145-158. [PMID: 36961321 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Implicit social cognition refers to attitudes and stereotypes that may reside outside conscious awareness and control but that still affect human behavior. In particular, the implicit favoritism of an ingroup, to which an individual belongs, as opposed to an outgroup, to which the individual does not belong, characterized as ingroup bias, is of interest and is investigated here. METHOD We used a Go/NoGo association task (GNAT) and behavioral and electroencephalographic (event-related EEG potential [ERP] analysis) measures to investigate the implicit bias toward cities in East Germany, West Germany, and Europe, in 16 individuals each from West and East Germany (mixed gender, M age = 24). The GNAT assesses an individual's Go and NoGo responses for a given association between a target category and either pole (positive or negative) of an evaluative dimension. RESULTS Behavioral measures revealed slightly faster reaction times to the combination of European city names and negative, as compared with positive, evaluative words in both groups. ERP analysis showed an increased negativity at 400-800 ms poststimulus in the incongruent conditions of East German city/positive word pairings (in West Germans) and West German city/positive word pairings (in East Germans). CONCLUSION An implicitly moderately negative evaluation of Europe by both groups was exhibited based on the behavioral data, and an increased level of conflict arising from the "incongruent" pairings (ie, as manifestation of an implicitly negative attitude toward East Germany in West Germans, and toward West Germany in East Germans) was exhibited based on the electrophysiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Wagner-Altendorf
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Arie H van der Lugt
- Section Teaching & Innovation of Learning, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Kroeber
- Department of Neuropsychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Cirkel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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3
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Manfredi M, Comfort WE, Marques LM, Rego GG, Egito JH, Romero RL, Boggio PS. Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 36973706 PMCID: PMC10045171 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on racial bias in social and cognitive psychology has focused on automatic cognitive processes such as categorisation or stereotyping. Neuroimaging has revealed differences in the neural circuit when processing social information about one's own or another's ethnicity. This review investigates the influence of racial bias on human behaviour by reviewing studies that examined changes in neural circuitry (i.e. ERP responses) during automatic and controlled processes elicited by specific tasks. This systematic analysis of specific ERP components across different studies provides a greater understanding of how social contexts are perceived and become associated with specific stereotypes and behavioural predictions. Therefore, investigating these related cognitive and neurobiological functions can further our understanding of how racial bias affects our cognition more generally and guide more effective programs and policies aimed at its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Manfredi
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - William E Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Rego
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia H Egito
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth L Romero
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Rösler IK, Amodio DM. Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1200-1208. [PMID: 36402739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social prejudices, based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other identities, pervade how we perceive, think about, and act toward others. Research on the neural basis of prejudice seeks to illuminate its effects by investigating the neurocognitive processes through which prejudice is formed, represented in the mind, expressed in behavior, and potentially reduced. In this article, we review current knowledge about the social neuroscience of prejudice regarding its influence on rapid social perception, representation in memory, emotional expression and relation to empathy, and regulation, and we discuss implications of this work for prejudice reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K Rösler
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.
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5
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Petzel ZW, Noel JG, Casad BJ. Discrimination Without Intoxication: The Role of Controlled Processes in the Promotion of Racial Bias After Viewing Alcohol-Related Cues. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.5.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing alcohol-related cues (e.g., advertisements) is known to promote expressions of racial bias and aggression through the temporary promotion of reflexive or impulsive responding. However, this increased automaticity may be inhibited by thoughtful control of behavior. We examined the role of controlled processes in the suppression of racial bias following alcohol cue exposure across two experiments. Experiment 1 (N = 125) indicated reduced control of behavior promoted greater expressions of racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. Experiment 2 (N = 71) replicated these effects, suggesting individuals with lower neural indices of control, indexed by reduced amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN), similarly express greater racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. These findings replicate previous work suggesting alcohol-related cues promote impulsivity and application of negative racial stereotypes. Yet, whether this automaticity manifests into behavioral expressions of racial bias depends on the availability to engage self-control to inhibit these socially undesirable responses.
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6
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Leeuwis N, van Bommel T, Alimardani M. A framework for application of consumer neuroscience in pro-environmental behavior change interventions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:886600. [PMID: 36188183 PMCID: PMC9520489 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.886600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most consumers are aware that climate change is a growing problem and admit that action is needed. However, research shows that consumers' behavior often does not conform to their value and orientations. This value-behavior gap is due to contextual factors such as price, product design, and social norms as well as individual factors such as personal and hedonic values, environmental beliefs, and the workload capacity an individual can handle. Because of this conflict of interest, consumers have a hard time identifying the true drivers of their behavior, as they are either unaware of or unwilling to acknowledge the processes at play. Therefore, consumer neuroscience methods might provide a valuable tool to uncover the implicit measurements of pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Several studies have already defined neurophysiological differences between green and non-green individuals; however, a behavior change intervention must be developed to motivate PEB among consumers. Motivating behavior with reward or punishment will most likely get users engaged in climate change action via brain structures related to the reward system, such as the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and (pre)frontal cortex, where the reward information and subsequent affective responses are encoded. The intensity of the reward experience can be increased when the consumer is consciously considering the action to achieve it. This makes goal-directed behavior the potential aim of behavior change interventions. This article provides an extensive review of the neuroscientific evidence for consumer attitude, behavior, and decision-making processes in the light of sustainability incentives for behavior change interventions. Based on this review, we aim to unite the current theories and provide future research directions to exploit the power of affective conditioning and neuroscience methods for promoting PEB engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Leeuwis
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Unravel Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maryam Alimardani
- Department of Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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7
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Agnihotri A, Bhattacharya S. Customer incivil behavior and employee retaliation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUALITY AND SERVICE SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-09-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine a moderated mediation relationship between customer incivility and employee retaliation.
Design/methodology/approach
This study tested the hypotheses using data from 459 hospitality industry employee responses. Data was collected by using Amazon’s MTurk.
Findings
The study results suggest that employee anger mediates the customer incivility and employee retaliation relationship. Further, the employee’s regulatory focus (namely, promotion and preventive regulatory focus) moderates this mediated relationship. Specifically, employee promotion regulatory focus positively moderates the relationship between customer incivility and employee anger, whereas prevention regulatory focus negatively moderates the relationship.
Originality/value
Extant study has not explored customer incivility and employee retaliation relationship under moderated mediation influence of regulatory focus and employee anger, respectively.
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8
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Kubota JT, Dang TP, Mattan BD, Barth DM, Handley G, Cloutier J. Social justice neuroscience, a valuable and complex endeavor: Authors' reply to commentaries on "Perceiving social injustice during arrests of Black and White civilians by White police officers: An fMRI investigation". Neuroimage 2022; 255:119155. [PMID: 35354094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In commentaries about our article, "Perceiving social injustice during arrests of Black and White civilians by White police officers: An fMRI investigation" (Dang et al., 2022), Harris (2022), Niv and Kardosh (2022), and Purdie-Greenway and Spagna (2022) made suggestions to increase the generalizability of future research on this topic and cautioned about misinterpretation of the obtained findings. We agree with their assessments, noting that this emerging program of research should be extended to different populations and stimuli. We conclude with a general discussion of the benefits and challenges associated with multidisciplinary research and share our thoughts about engaging in social justice neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Kubota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Tzipporah P Dang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Denise M Barth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Grace Handley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jasmin Cloutier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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9
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Norman JB, Chen JM. Grappling with Social Complexity When Defining and Assessing Implicit Bias. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2022.2106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine B. Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline M. Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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10
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Abstract
There is a critical disconnect between scientific knowledge about the
nature of bias and how this knowledge gets translated into
organizational debiasing efforts. Conceptual confusion around what
implicit bias is contributes to misunderstanding. Bridging these gaps
is the key to understanding when and why antibias interventions will
succeed or fail. Notably, there are multiple distinct pathways to
biased behavior, each of which requires different types of
interventions. To bridge the gap between public understanding and
psychological research, we introduce a visual typology of bias that
summarizes the process by which group-relevant cognitions are
expressed as biased behavior. Our typology spotlights cognitive,
motivational, and situational variables that affect the expression and
inhibition of biases while aiming to reduce the ambiguity of what
constitutes implicit bias. We also address how norms modulate how
biases unfold and are perceived by targets. Using this typology as a
framework, we identify theoretically distinct entry points for
antibias interventions. A key insight is that changing associations,
increasing motivation, raising awareness, and changing norms are
distinct goals that require different types of interventions targeting
individual, interpersonal, and institutional structures. We close with
recommendations for antibias training grounded in the science of
prejudice and stereotyping.
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11
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Anzures G, Mildort M, Fennell E, Bell C, Soethe E. Race and early face-sensitive event-related potentials in children and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 214:105287. [PMID: 34507182 PMCID: PMC8691419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining children's face perception have revealed developmental changes in early and face-sensitive event-related potential (ERP) components. Children also tend to show racial biases in their face perception and evaluation of others. The current study examined how early face-sensitive ERPs are influenced by face race in children and adults. A second objective examined face recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias in relation to ERP responses to own- and other-race faces. Electroencephalographic responses were recorded while Caucasian children and adults viewed Caucasian and East Asian faces. Participants also completed recognition tasks and an IAT with Caucasian and East Asian faces. Other-race faces elicited larger P100 amplitudes than own-race faces. Furthermore, adults with better other-race recognition proficiency showed larger P100 amplitude responses to other-race faces compared with adults with worse other-race recognition proficiency. In addition, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with larger P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for other-race faces in adults. In contrast, larger implicit biases favoring own-race individuals were associated with smaller P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for both own- and other-race faces in 8- to 10-year-olds. There was also an age-related decrease in P100 to N170 peak-to-peak amplitudes for own-race faces among 5- to 10-year-olds with better own-race recognition proficiency. The age-related decrease in N170 latency for other-race faces was also more pronounced in 5- to 10-year-olds with better other-race recognition proficiency. Thus, recognition proficiency and implicit racial bias are associated with early ERP responses in adults and children, but in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizelle Anzures
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA,FAU Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA,Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Melissa Mildort
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Eli Fennell
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Cassandra Bell
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Elizabeth Soethe
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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12
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Sebold M, Chen H, Önal A, Kuitunen-Paul S, Mojtahedzadeh N, Garbusow M, Nebe S, Wittchen HU, Huys QJM, Schlagenhauf F, Rapp MA, Smolka MN, Heinz A. Stronger Prejudices Are Associated With Decreased Model-Based Control. Front Psychol 2022; 12:767022. [PMID: 35069341 PMCID: PMC8767058 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prejudices against minorities can be understood as habitually negative evaluations that are kept in spite of evidence to the contrary. Therefore, individuals with strong prejudices might be dominated by habitual or "automatic" reactions at the expense of more controlled reactions. Computational theories suggest individual differences in the balance between habitual/model-free and deliberative/model-based decision-making. Methods: 127 subjects performed the two Step task and completed the blatant and subtle prejudice scale. Results: By using analyses of choices and reaction times in combination with computational modeling, subjects with stronger blatant prejudices showed a shift away from model-based control. There was no association between these decision-making processes and subtle prejudices. Conclusion: These results support the idea that blatant prejudices toward minorities are related to a relative dominance of habitual decision-making. This finding has important implications for developing interventions that target to change prejudices across societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleyna Önal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Negin Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Nebe
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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13
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CHEN L, SHI XK, LI WN, HU Y. Influence of cognitive control based on different conflict levels on the expression of gender stereotypes. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Rivera-Rodriguez A, Sherwood M, Fitzroy AB, Sanders LD, Dasgupta N. Anger, race, and the neurocognition of threat: attention, inhibition, and error processing during a weapon identification task. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:74. [PMID: 34800191 PMCID: PMC8605958 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to test competing hypotheses regarding the effects of anger and race on early visual processing (N1, P2, and N2) and error recognition (ERN and Pe) during a sequentially primed weapon identification task. The first hypothesis was that anger would impair weapon identification in a biased manner by increasing attention and vigilance to, and decreasing recognition and inhibition of weapon identification errors following, task-irrelevant Black (compared to White) faces. Our competing hypothesis was that anger would facilitate weapon identification by directing attention toward task-relevant stimuli (i.e., objects) and away from task-irrelevant stimuli (i.e., race), and increasing recognition and inhibition of biased errors. Results partially supported the second hypothesis, in that anger increased early attention to faces but minimized attentional processing of race, and did not affect error recognition. Specifically, angry (vs. neutral) participants showed increased N1 to both Black and White faces, ablated P2 race effects, and topographically restricted N2 race effects. Additionally, ERN amplitude was unaffected by emotion, race, or object type. However, Pe amplitude was affected by object type (but not emotion or race), such that Pe amplitude was larger after the misidentification of harmless objects as weapons. Finally, anger slowed overall task performance, especially the correct identification of harmless objects, but did not impact task accuracy. Task performance speed and accuracy were unaffected by the race of the face prime. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rivera-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Maxwell Sherwood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ahren B Fitzroy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA, 01075, USA
| | - Lisa D Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nilanjana Dasgupta
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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15
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Ben-Ami Bartal I, Breton JM, Sheng H, Long KL, Chen S, Halliday A, Kenney JW, Wheeler AL, Frankland P, Shilyansky C, Deisseroth K, Keltner D, Kaufer D. Neural correlates of ingroup bias for prosociality in rats. eLife 2021; 10:65582. [PMID: 34253289 PMCID: PMC8277352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior, in particular helping others in need, occurs preferentially in response to distress of one’s own group members. In order to explore the neural mechanisms promoting mammalian helping behavior, a discovery-based approach was used here to identify brain-wide activity correlated with helping behavior in rats. Demonstrating social selectivity, rats helped others of their strain (‘ingroup’), but not rats of an unfamiliar strain (‘outgroup’), by releasing them from a restrainer. Analysis of brain-wide neural activity via quantification of the early-immediate gene c-Fos identified a shared network, including frontal and insular cortices, that was active in the helping test irrespective of group membership. In contrast, the striatum was selectively active for ingroup members, and activity in the nucleus accumbens, a central network hub, correlated with helping. In vivo calcium imaging showed accumbens activity when rats approached a trapped ingroup member, and retrograde tracing identified a subpopulation of accumbens-projecting cells that was correlated with helping. These findings demonstrate that motivation and reward networks are associated with helping an ingroup member and provide the first description of neural correlates of ingroup bias in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jocelyn M Breton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Huanjie Sheng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kimberly Lp Long
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Stella Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Aline Halliday
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Justin W Kenney
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne L Wheeler
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada.,Physiology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Frankland
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Toronto, Canada.,Physiology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carrie Shilyansky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Pfabigan DM, Rütgen M, Kroll SL, Riečanský I, Lamm C. The administration of the opioid buprenorphine decreases motivational error signals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 128:105199. [PMID: 33933894 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While opioid addiction has reached pandemic proportions, we still lack a good understanding of how the administration of opioids interacts with cognitive functions. Error processing - the ability to detect erroneous actions and correct one's behaviour afterwards - is one such cognitive function that might be susceptible to opioidergic influences. Errors are hypothesised to induce aversive negative arousal, while opioids have been suggested to reduce aversive arousal induced by unpleasant and stressful stimuli. Thus, this study investigated whether the acute administration of an opioid would affect error processing. In a double-blind between-subject study, 42 male volunteers were recruited and received either 0.2 mg buprenorphine (a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-opioid receptor antagonist) or a placebo pill before they performed a stimulus-response task provoking errors. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded while participants performed the task. We observed no group differences in terms of reaction times, error rates, and affective state ratings during the task between buprenorphine and control participants. Additional measures of adaptive control, however, showed interfering effects of buprenorphine administration. On the neural level, decreased Pe (Error Positivity) amplitudes were found in buprenorphine compared to control participants following error commission. Further, frontal delta oscillations were decreased in the buprenorphine group after all responses. Our neural results jointly demonstrate a general reduction in error processing in those participants who received an opioid before task completion, thereby suggesting that opioids might have indeed the potential to dampen motivational error signals. Importantly, the effects of the opioid were evident in more elaborate error processing stages, thereby impacting on processes of conscious error appraisal and evidence accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pfabigan
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Rütgen
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| | - S L Kroll
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Psychiatry Building, Entrance 27, Floor 9, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - I Riečanský
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, Bratislava 81371, Slovakia.
| | - C Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Sherman JW, Klein SAW. The Four Deadly Sins of Implicit Attitude Research. Front Psychol 2021; 11:604340. [PMID: 33536976 PMCID: PMC7849589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe four theoretical and methodological problems that have impeded implicit attitude research and the popular understanding of its findings. The problems all revolve around assumptions made about the relationships among measures (indirect vs. versus direct), constructs (implicit vs. explicit attitudes), cognitive processes (e.g., associative vs. propositional), and features of processing (automatic vs. controlled). These assumptions have confused our understandings of exactly what we are measuring, the processes that produce implicit evaluations, the meaning of differences in implicit evaluations across people and contexts, the meaning of changes in implicit evaluations in response to intervention, and how implicit evaluations predict behavior. We describe formal modeling as one means to address these problems, and provide illustrative examples. Clarifying these issues has important implications for our understanding of who has particular implicit evaluations and why, when those evaluations are likely to be particularly problematic, how we might best try to change them, and what interventions are best suited to minimize the effects of implicit evaluations on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Sherman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samuel A W Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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18
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Yang Y, White KRG, Fan X, Xu Q, Chen QW. Differences in Explicit Stereotype Activation among Social Groups Based on the Stereotype Content Model: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence in Chinese Sample. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1001. [PMID: 33348655 PMCID: PMC7767265 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick and Xu, 2002) identifies four basic categories of stereotyped social groups: high warmth-high competence (HW-HC), high warmth-low competence (HW-LC), low warmth-high competence (LW-HC), and low warmth-low competence (LW-LC). However, many of these groups have not been directly examined in stereotype activation research. The purpose of the present research was to extend stereotype activation research to groups that more fully represent those identified under the SCM. Employing explicit sequential priming task, participants responded to prime-target stimulus pairs that were either congruent or incongruent with stereotypes of social groups from all four SCM quadrants in two studies in the current investigation. Study 1 was to determine the behavioral pattern of explicit stereotype activation among four quadrants (the sample included 60 Chinese undergraduate students, 51%-female). Study 2 further employed event-related brain potentials (ERPs) technique to track the time course and electrophysiological underpinnings of explicit stereotype activation (the sample included 22 right-handed Chinese undergraduate students, 76%-female). In Study 1, participants responded more quickly and accurately on stereotype congruent trials than incongruent trials for all social groups except LW-LC groups. This reverse priming effect on LW-LC social groups in RTs was also replicated in Study 2. ERPs findings further showed that incongruent targets elicited larger N400 amplitudes than congruent targets for all four SCM quadrants. Moreover, congruent targets elicited larger P2 than incongruent targets, but only found for the LW-LC social groups. In addition, congruent targets elicited larger amplitudes of late positive component than incongruent targets for the low warmth (LW-LC and LW-HC) groups. Together, these results highlight the unique processing that LW-LC groups receive throughout the cognitive stream, ultimately manifesting in distinctive behavioral responses. Unconscious activation of egalitarian goals, disgust, and distrust accounts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Katherine R. G. White
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Xinfang Fan
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.Y.); (X.F.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qing-Wei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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19
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Descorbeth O, Zhang X, Noah JA, Hirsch J. Neural processes for live pro-social dialogue between dyads with socioeconomic disparity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:875-887. [PMID: 32879986 PMCID: PMC7543936 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging theoretical framework suggests that neural functions associated with stereotyping and prejudice are associated with frontal lobe networks. Using a novel neuroimaging technique, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), during a face-to-face live communication paradigm, we explore an extension of this model to include live dynamic interactions. Neural activations were compared for dyads of similar and dissimilar socioeconomic backgrounds. The socioeconomic status of each participant was based on education and income levels. Both groups of dyads engaged in pro-social dialectic discourse during acquisition of hemodynamic signals. Post-scan questionnaires confirmed increased anxiety and effort for high-disparity dyads. Consistent with the frontal lobe hypothesis, left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC), frontopolar area and pars triangularis were more active during speech dialogue in high than in low-disparity groups. Further, frontal lobe signals were more synchronous across brains for high- than low-disparity dyads. Convergence of these behavioral, neuroimaging and neural coupling findings associate left frontal lobe processes with natural pro-social dialogue under 'out-group' conditions and advance both theoretical and technical approaches for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Descorbeth
- Undergraduates of Yale College (Descorbeth), New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - J Adam Noah
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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Abstract
The social neuroscience approach to prejudice investigates the psychology of intergroup bias by integrating models and methods of neuroscience with the social psychology of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. Here, we review major contemporary lines of inquiry, including current accounts of group-based categorization; formation and updating of prejudice and stereotypes; effects of prejudice on perception, emotion, and decision making; and the self-regulation of prejudice. In each section, we discuss key social neuroscience findings, consider interpretational challenges and connections with the behavioral literature, and highlight how they advance psychological theories of prejudice. We conclude by discussing the next-generation questions that will continue to guide the social neuroscience approach toward addressing major societal issues of prejudice and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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21
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Individual differences in social and non-social cognitive control. Cognition 2020; 202:104317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Wu DJ, Park J, Dasgupta N. The influence of male faces on stereotype activation among women in STEM: An ERP investigation. Biol Psychol 2020; 156:107948. [PMID: 32860841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of stereotyped groups are vigilant to situational cues signaling threats to their social identity. In one psychophysiological experiment, we examined whether mere exposure to a watching male face would increase attentional vigilance among female STEM students due to the activation of math-gender stereotypes. Male and female students performed an alleged math intelligence task while being primed with male faces or control images. Automatic responses to errors were captured with error-related negativity (ERN), a neural index of error vigilance. Women showed larger ERN upon making errors when primed with male faces compared to control images, whereas no such priming effect occurred among men. Moreover, this face priming effect was pronounced only among women highly invested in pursuing STEM careers. These findings suggest that minimalistic social cues may activate negative stereotypes early in informational processing, thereby selectively shunting attention on errors in stereotype-relevant tasks among individuals invested in the performance domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, United States.
| | - Nilanjana Dasgupta
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
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23
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Todorova L, Neville DA. Associative and Identity Words Promote the Speed of Visual Categorization: A Hierarchical Drift Diffusion Account. Front Psychol 2020; 11:955. [PMID: 32793015 PMCID: PMC7390986 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Words can either boost or hinder the processing of visual information, which can lead to facilitation or interference of the behavioral response. We investigated the stage (response execution or target processing) of verbal interference/facilitation in the response priming paradigm with a gender categorization task. Participants in our study were asked to judge whether the presented stimulus was a female or male face that was briefly preceded by a gender word either congruent (prime: "man," target: "man"), incongruent (prime: "woman," target: "man") or neutral (prime: "day," target: "man") with respect to the face stimulus. We investigated whether related word-picture pairs resulted in faster reaction times in comparison to the neutral word-picture pairs (facilitation) and whether unrelated word-picture pairs resulted in slower reaction times in comparison to neutral word-picture pairs (interference). We further examined whether these effects (if any) map onto response conflict or aspects of target processing. In addition, identity ("man," "woman") and associative ("tie," "dress") primes were introduced to investigate the cognitive mechanisms of semantic and Stroop-like effects in response priming (introduced respectively by associations and identity words). We analyzed responses and reaction times using the drift diffusion model to examine the effect of facilitation and/or interference as a function of the prime type. We found that regardless of prime type words introduce a facilitatory effect, which maps to the processes of visual attention and response execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Todorova
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David A Neville
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Maxfield CM, Thorpe MP, Desser TS, Heitkamp D, Hull NC, Johnson KS, Koontz NA, Mlady GW, Welch TJ, Grimm LJ. Awareness of implicit bias mitigates discrimination in radiology resident selection. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 54:637-642. [PMID: 32119145 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Implicit bias is common and is thought to drive discriminatory behaviour. Having previously demonstrated discrimination against specific applicant demographics by academic radiology departments in a simulated resident selection process, the authors sought to better understand the relationship between implicit bias and discrimination, as well as the potential and mechanisms for their mitigation. METHODS A total of 51 faculty reviewers at three academic radiology departments, who had participated in a 2017 audit study in which they were shown to treat applicants differently based on race or ethnicity and physical appearance, were invited to complete testing for implicit racial and weight bias using the Implicit Association Test in 2019. Respondents were also surveyed regarding awareness of their own personal racial and weight biases, as well as any prior participation in formal diversity training. Comparisons were made between implicit bias scores and applicant ratings, as well as between diversity training and self-awareness of bias. RESULTS A total of 31 out of 51 faculty reviewers (61%) completed and submitted results of race and weight Implicit Association Tests. A total of 74% (23/31) reported implicit anti-obese bias, concordant with discrimination demonstrated in the resident selection simulation, in which obese applicants were rated 0.40 standard deviations (SDs) lower than non-obese applicants (P < .001). A total of 71% (22/31) reported implicit anti-Black bias, discordant with application ratings, which were 0.47 SDs higher for Black than for White applicants (P < .001). A total of 84% (26/31) of participants reported feeling self-aware of potential racial bias at the time of application review, significantly higher than the 23% (7/31) reporting self-awareness of potential anti-obese bias (P < .001). Participation in formal diversity training was not associated with implicit anti-Black or anti-fat bias, nor with self-reported awareness of potential racial or weight-based bias (all P > .2). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that implicit bias, as measured by the Implicit Association Test, does not inevitably lead to discrimination, and that personal awareness of implicit biases may allow their mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Maxfield
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Terry S Desser
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Nathan C Hull
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karen S Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas A Koontz
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gary W Mlady
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Timothy J Welch
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Yu W, Sun Z, He Z, Ye C, Ma Q. Symbolic Product Superiority in the Neural Salience of Compensatory Consumption Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:838. [PMID: 32457682 PMCID: PMC7225264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with self-threat being induced by personal setbacks in daily life, compensatory consumption, especially on symbolic product, has been found to do valuable help to resolve discrepancies between ideal and actual self-concept. Conforming to symbolic self-completion theory, the current study adopted event-related potentials to explore the objective information processing stages in self-concept-impaired status (the defeat group) on a neural level. The behavioral results replicated previous findings that the defeat group gained stronger purchase intention for symbolic products than utilitarian products. The electrophysiological data demonstrated that perceptual difficulties for products in preliminary stage (N1) were steady among conditions, and after that, information processing separation emerged. In contrast to the individuals with a draw experience, those with a defeat experience raised highly focused attention (P2) and eager expectation (N2) for products, especially for symbolic ones. Meanwhile, symbolic (vs. utilitarian) products also evoked a higher emotional arousal level and slowed the diminishment of involved attentional resource (late positive potential) at late cognitive processing stage. Taken together, the sequential integration of multiple neural indicators contributes to elucidating the processing stages of compensatory consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhongqiang Sun
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhihui He
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuyuan Ye
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Skewes J, Amodio DM, Seibt J. Social robotics and the modulation of social perception and bias. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180037. [PMID: 30853001 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of social robotics offers an unprecedented opportunity to probe the process of impression formation and the effects of identity-based stereotypes (e.g. about gender or race) on social judgements and interactions. We present the concept of fair proxy communication-a form of robot-mediated communication that proceeds in the absence of potentially biasing identity cues-and describe how this application of social robotics may be used to illuminate implicit bias in social cognition and inform novel interventions to reduce bias. We discuss key questions and challenges for the use of robots in research on the social cognition of bias and offer some practical recommendations. We conclude by discussing boundary conditions of this new form of interaction and by raising some ethical concerns about the inclusion of social robots in psychological research and interventions. This article is part of the theme issue 'From social brains to social robots: applying neurocognitive insights to human-robot interaction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Skewes
- 1 Department for Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, and Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University , Denmark
| | - David M Amodio
- 3 Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University , New York, NY , USA.,4 Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Seibt
- 2 Research Unit for Robophilosophy, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University , Denmark
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27
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Pfabigan DM, Mielacher C, Dutheil F, Lamm C. ERP evidence suggests that confrontation with deterministic statements aligns subsequent other‐ and self‐relevant error processing. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13556. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Pfabigan
- Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine Institute for Basic Medical Science Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Clemens Mielacher
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Division of Medical Psychology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont–Ferrand, CHU Clermont–Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit Clermont–Ferrand France
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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28
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Hunsinger M, Christopher M, Schmidt AM. Mindfulness Training, Implicit Bias, and Force Response Decision-making. Mindfulness (N Y) 2019; 10:2555-2566. [PMID: 34413908 PMCID: PMC8372824 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-019-01213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess the preliminary efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based Training (Mindfulness-based Resilience Training; MBRT) in improving weapon identification among Law Enforcement Officers (LEOs). METHODS Participants (N = 61) were randomly assigned to either MBRT or a no-intervention control group (NIC). A self-report questionnaire assessing mindfulness and a computerized measure assessing implicit stereotype reliance were administered at baseline, post-training, and three months following intervention completion. We also collected information about meditation practice outside of the training for LEOs in the MBRT group. RESULTS Inferential analyses yielded improvements in mindfulness in the MBRT group compared to NIC. Analyses did not provide evidence for implicit stereotype reliance at baseline and therefore did not yield a significant impact of MBRT versus NIC on implicit stereotype reliance, ps > .05; however, participants across both conditions exerted more control when responding to Black male targets compared to White male targets, F(1,74) = 3.98, p = .05, 95% CI [-.05, -.01], d = .36. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not provide evidence for the impact of MBRT on weapon identification, but do suggest that LEOs exerted more effort when responding to images of Black males compared to White males. We discuss recommendations for future clinical trials assessing implicit stereotype reliance, viz., that researchers utilize measures more sensitive to a wider range of LEO samples and with higher ecological validity, and we discuss potential reasons why our results do not align with past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hunsinger
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | | | - Andi M. Schmidt
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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29
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Mendoza SA, Parks-Stamm EJ. Embodying the Police: The Effects of Enclothed Cognition on Shooting Decisions. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:2353-2371. [PMID: 31272294 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119860261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The theory of enclothed cognition proposes that wearing physical articles of clothing can trigger psychological processes and behavioral tendencies connected to their symbolic meaning. Furthermore, past research has found that increases in power are associated with greater approach orientation and action tendencies. In this study, we integrate these two literatures to examine how embodying the role of a police officer through wearing a uniform would affect responses on a reaction-time measure known as the Shooter Task. This first-person video game simulation requires participants to shoot or not shoot targets holding guns or objects. The task typically elicits a stereotypical pattern of responses, such that unarmed Black versus White targets are more likely to be mistakenly shot and armed Black versus White targets are more likely to be correctly shot. Based on the relationship between power and action, we hypothesized that participants who were randomly assigned to wear a police uniform would show more shooting errors, particularly false alarms, than control participants. Consistent with our hypotheses, participants in uniform were more likely to shoot unarmed targets, regardless of their race. Moreover, this pattern was partially moderated by attitudes about the police and their abuse of power. Specifically, uniformed participants who justified police use of power were more likely to shoot innocent targets than those who were wary of it. We discuss implications for police perceptions and the theory of enclothed cognition more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth J Parks-Stamm
- University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA and Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Mosso CO, Tamietto M. Toward an integrative science of social vision in intergroup bias. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Thiem KC, Neel R, Simpson AJ, Todd AR. Are Black Women and Girls Associated With Danger? Implicit Racial Bias at the Intersection of Target Age and Gender. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 45:1427-1439. [PMID: 30895905 DOI: 10.1177/0146167219829182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether stereotypes linking Black men and Black boys with violence and criminality generalize to Black women and Black girls. In Experiments 1 and 2, non-Black participants completed sequential-priming tasks wherein they saw faces varying in race, age, and gender before categorizing danger-related objects or words. Experiment 3 compared task performance across non-Black and Black participants. Results revealed that (a) implicit stereotyping of Blacks as more dangerous than Whites emerged across target age, target gender, and perceiver race, with (b) a similar magnitude of racial bias across adult and child targets and (c) a smaller magnitude for female than male targets. Evidence for age bias and gender bias also emerged whereby (d) across race, adult targets were more strongly associated with danger than were child targets, and (e) within Black (but not White) targets, male targets were more strongly associated with danger than were female targets.
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The Emerging Empirical Science of Wisdom: Definition, Measurement, Neurobiology, Longevity, and Interventions. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 27:127-140. [PMID: 31082991 PMCID: PMC6519134 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Assess the empirical literature on wisdom• Evaluate a proposed model of wisdom development ABSTRACT: This article seeks to provide an overview of the empirical literature on wisdom in terms of its definitions and measurements, possible neurobiological basis, and evolutionary value, as well as changes with aging and potential clinical interventions to enhance components of wisdom. Wisdom may be defined as a complex human trait with several specific components: social decision making, emotion regulation, prosocial behaviors, self-reflection, acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality. These components appear to be localized primarily to the prefrontal cortex and limbic striatum. Emerging research suggests that wisdom is linked to better overall health, well-being, happiness, life satisfaction, and resilience. Wisdom likely increases with age, facilitating a possible evolutionary role of wise grandparents in promoting the fitness of the species. Despite the loss of their own fertility and physical health, older adults help enhance their children's well-being, health, longevity, and fertility-the "Grandma Hypothesis" of wisdom. We propose a model of wisdom development that incorporates genetic, environmental, and evolutionary aspects. Wisdom has important implications at both individual and societal levels, and warrants further research as a major contributor to human thriving. There is a need for a greater emphasis on promoting wisdom through our educational systems from elementary to professional schools.
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33
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Social Cognition 2.0: An Interactive Memory Systems Account. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Levsen MP, Bartholow BD. Neural and behavioral effects of regulating emotional responses to errors during an implicit racial bias task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1283-1297. [PMID: 30225599 PMCID: PMC6257995 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Affect regulation plays a key role in several theories of racial bias reduction. Here, we tested whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies while performing an implicit racial bias task (Weapons Identification Task; WIT) would alter neural and behavioral manifestations of bias. Participants either suppressed or reappraised in a positive light the distress associated with making errors during the WIT, while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. We hypothesized that engaging in emotion regulation strategies would reduce the distress associated with making errors indicative of bias, resulting in smaller error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude during errors and increased expression of racial bias. Results of within-subjects comparisons (Experiment 1) generally supported these predictions. However, when emotion regulation strategies were manipulated between subjects (Experiment 2) there was no effect of suppression or reappraisal on bias expression. Across both experiments, engaging in emotion regulation led to larger ERNs for errors occurring on Black- relative to White-primed trials. In addition, a number of significant order effects were observed, indicating important differences in the effects of engaging in emotion regulation strategies when those strategies are attempted in participants' first versus second block of trials. No such order effects were evident when a second trial block was completed with no emotion regulation instructions. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for greater specificity in experimental tests of emotion regulation on error processing and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith P Levsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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35
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The social neuroscience of race-based and status-based prejudice. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Chong LJ, Meyer A. Understanding the Link between Anxiety and a Neural Marker of Anxiety (The Error-Related Negativity) in 5 to 7 Year-Old Children. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 44:71-87. [PMID: 30407088 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1528264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence that an elevated error-related negativity (ERN) is a risk marker for anxiety, it is unclear what psychological construct underlies this association. To address this gap, we devised a 9-item self-report scale for assessing error sensitivity (i.e. the fear of making mistakes) in children. The Child Error Sensitivity Index was administered to 97 children ages 5-7 years old and demonstrated good internal reliability and convergent validity. The Child Error Sensitivity Index related to the ERN, and the relationship between the ERN and child anxiety symptoms was mediated by scores on the Child Error Sensitivity Index.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandria Meyer
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
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37
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Hackel LM, Amodio DM. Computational neuroscience approaches to social cognition. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24:92-97. [PMID: 30388495 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
How do we form impressions of people and groups and use these representations to guide our actions? From its inception, social neuroscience has sought to illuminate such complex forms of social cognition, and recently these efforts have been invigorated by the use of computational modeling. Computational modeling provides a framework for delineating specific processes underlying social cognition and relating them to neural activity and behavior. We provide a primer on the computational modeling approach and describe how it has been used to elucidate psychological and neural mechanisms of impression formation, social learning, moral decision making, and intergroup bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor M Hackel
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David M Amodio
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, REC G, 1001 NK Amsterdam, NL.
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38
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Rotello CM, Kelly LJ, Heit E. The Shape of ROC Curves in Shooter Tasks: Implications for Best Practices in Analysis. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four experiments addressed the widely studied issue of the association between racial groups and guns, namely shooter bias, as measured in the first-person shooter task or the weapon identification task, in which participants judge whether a suspect has a weapon or some other item such as a phone (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002; Payne, 2001). Previous studies have employed various analyses that make conflicting, and indeed untested, assumptions about the underlying nature of the data: Analyses of variance and model-based analyses assume linear receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) and signal detection (SDT) analyses assume curved ROCs. The present experiments directly investigated the shape of the ROCs for the weapon identification task, demonstrating that they are curved, and that the majority of previous studies are at risk for inclusion of inappropriate analyses, because they assume linear rather than curved ROCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evan Heit
- University of California, Merced, US
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39
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Rauchbauer B, Pfabigan DM, Lamm C. Event-related potentials of automatic imitation are modulated by ethnicity during stimulus processing, but not during motor execution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12760. [PMID: 30143671 PMCID: PMC6109053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated neural processes underlying automatic imitation and its modulation by ethnically diverse hand stimuli (Black, White) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Automatic imitation relies on motor stimulus-response compatibility (SRC), i.e., response conflict caused by motoric (in)congruency between task-irrelevant hand stimuli and the required response. Our novel task aimed to separate two distinct neuro-cognitive processing stages of automatic imitation and its modulation by ethnicity: the stage of stimulus processing (i.e. perception), comprising presentation of stimulus ethnicity and SRC, and the stage of response execution (i.e. action). Effects of ethnicity were observed in ERPs of different stages of stimulus processing - during presentation of ethnicity (LPP) and SRC (N190, P3). ERPs at response execution, Pre-Motion Positivity (PMP) and Reafferent Potential (RAP), were only sensitive to congruency. The N190 results may index visual self-other distinction, while the neural timecourse of P3 and PMP variation could reflect a dynamical decision process linking perception to action, with motor initiation reflected in the PMP component. The PMP might further index motor-related self-other distinction regardless of ethnicity. Importantly, overt motor execution was not influenced by ethnically diverse stimuli, which suggests generalizability of the automatic imitation effect across ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Rauchbauer
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria.,Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitive - UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, Marseille, 13331, France.,Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone - UMR 7289, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Daniela M Pfabigan
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 52 Haidian Road, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010, Vienna, Austria. .,Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Lundberg GJW, Neel R, Lassetter B, Todd AR. Racial bias in implicit danger associations generalizes to older male targets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197398. [PMID: 29874255 PMCID: PMC5991338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Across two experiments, we examined whether implicit stereotypes linking younger (~28-year-old) Black versus White men with violence and criminality extend to older (~68-year-old) Black versus White men. In Experiment 1, participants completed a sequential priming task wherein they categorized objects as guns or tools after seeing briefly-presented facial images of men who varied in age (younger versus older) and race (Black versus White). In Experiment 2, we used different face primes of younger and older Black and White men, and participants categorized words as ‘threatening’ or ‘safe.’ Results consistently revealed robust racial biases in object and word identification: Dangerous objects and words were identified more easily (faster response times, lower error rates), and non-dangerous objects and words were identified less easily, after seeing Black face primes than after seeing White face primes. Process dissociation procedure analyses, which aim to isolate the unique contributions of automatic and controlled processes to task performance, further indicated that these effects were driven entirely by racial biases in automatic processing. In neither experiment did prime age moderate racial bias, suggesting that the implicit danger associations commonly evoked by younger Black versus White men appear to generalize to older Black versus White men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J. W. Lundberg
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Neel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Bethany Lassetter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Krendl AC. Reduced cognitive capacity impairs the malleability of older adults' negative attitudes to stigmatized individuals. Exp Aging Res 2018; 44:271-283. [PMID: 29781770 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2018.1475152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although engaging explicit regulatory strategies may reduce negative bias toward outgroup members, these strategies are cognitively demanding and thus may not be effective for older adults (OA) who have reduced cognitive resources. The current study therefore examines whether individual differences in cognitive capacity disrupt OA' ability to explicitly regulate their bias to stigmatized individuals. METHODS Young and OA were instructed to explicitly regulate their negative bias toward stigmatized individuals by using an explicit reappraisal strategy. Regulatory success was assessed as a function of age and individual differences in cognitive capacity (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the role of executive function in implementing cognitive reappraisal strategies was examined by using a divided attention manipulation. RESULTS Results from Experiment 1 revealed that individual differences in OA' cognitive capacity disrupted their ability to regulate their negative emotional response to stigma. In Experiment 2, it was found that dividing attention in young adults (YA) significantly reduced their regulatory success as compared to YA' regulatory capacity in the full attention condition. As expected, dividing YA' attention made their performance similar to OA with relatively preserved cognitive capacity. CONCLUSION Together, the results from this study demonstrated that individual differences in cognitive capacity predicted OA' ability to explicitly regulate their negative bias to a range of stigmatized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Krendl
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
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42
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Kleiman T, Enisman M. The conflict mindset: How internal conflicts affect self-regulation. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Bertrand P, Guegan J, Robieux L, McCall CA, Zenasni F. Learning Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Multiple Strategies for Training Empathy-Related Abilities Using Body Ownership Illusions in Embodied Virtual Reality. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:26. [PMID: 33500913 PMCID: PMC7805971 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several disciplines have investigated the interconnected empathic abilities behind the proverb "to walk a mile in someone else's shoes" to determine how the presence, and absence, of empathy-related phenomena affect prosocial behavior and intergroup relations. Empathy enables us to learn from others' pain and to know when to offer support. Similarly, virtual reality (VR) appears to allow individuals to step into someone else's shoes, through a perceptual illusion called embodiment, or the body ownership illusion. Considering these perspectives, we propose a theoretical analysis of different mechanisms of empathic practices in order to define a possible framework for the design of empathic training in VR. This is not intended to be an extensive review of all types of practices, but an exploration of empathy and empathy-related phenomena. Empathy-related training practices are analyzed and categorized. We also identify different variables used by pioneer studies in VR to promote empathy-related responses. Finally, we propose strategies for using embodied VR technology to train specific empathy-related abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- Frontiers VR Laboratory (CRI Labs), Institut Innovant de Formation par la Recherche, USPC, Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
- BeAnotherLab Research, BeAnotherLab Association, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Guegan
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
| | - Léonore Robieux
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Zenasni
- Laboratoire Adaptations Travail-Individu, Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de psychologie, Paris, France
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Amodio
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey J. Berg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Terris ET, Beavin LE, Barraza JA, Schloss J, Zak PJ. Endogenous Oxytocin Release Eliminates In-Group Bias in Monetary Transfers With Perspective-Taking. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29556181 PMCID: PMC5845013 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) has been shown to facilitate trust, empathy and other prosocial behaviors. At the same time, there is evidence that exogenous OT infusion may not result in prosocial behaviors in all contexts, increasing in-group biases in a number of studies. The current investigation seeks to resolve this inconsistency by examining if endogenous OT release is associated with in-group bias. We studied a large group of participants (N = 399) in existing groups and randomly formed groups. Participants provided two blood samples to measure the change in OT after a group salience task and then made computer-mediated monetary transfer decisions to in-group and out-group members. Our results show that participants with an increase in endogenous OT showed no bias in monetary offers in the ultimatum game (UG) to out-group members compared to in-groups. There was also no bias in accepting UG offers, though in-group bias persisted for a unilateral monetary transfer. Our analysis shows that the strength of identification with one's group diminished the effects that an increase in OT had on reducing bias, but bias only recurred when group identification reached 87% of its maximum value. Our results indicate that the endogenous OT system appears to reduce in-group bias in some contexts, particularly those that require perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Terris
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Laura E. Beavin
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jorge A. Barraza
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Jeff Schloss
- Department of Biology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Zak
- Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States
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46
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Calanchini J, Rivers AM, Klauer KC, Sherman JW. Multinomial processing trees as theoretical bridges between cognitive and social psychology. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Jin J, Pei G, Ma Q. They Are What You Hear in Media Reports: The Racial Stereotypes toward Uyghurs Activated by Media. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:675. [PMID: 29270104 PMCID: PMC5723655 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypes from the major nationality toward minorities constitute a widely concerning problem in many countries. As reported by previous studies, stereotypes can be activated by media information that portrays the negative aspects of the target group. The current study focused on the neural basis of the modulation of negative media information on Han Chinese stereotypes toward Uyghurs by using event-related potentials. We employed the lexical decision task, in which participants were asked to categorize the presented word as positive or negative. Behavioral result showed that participants had a shorter reaction time to positive adjectives than to negative adjectives. The data of brain activity showed that compared with the Han condition, the Uyghurs condition elicited smaller N400 differences in the media priming group, whereas there was no significant N400 deflection difference between Han Chinese and Uyghurs in the control group. The current results suggested that the negative media information might influence their judgments toward other groups reflected in the deflection of N400 amplitude. Therefore, in order to mitigate or even eliminate stereotypes about national minorities, the effort of the media is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jin
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingguo Ma
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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48
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Kidder CK, White KR, Hinojos MR, Sandoval M, Crites SL. Sequential Stereotype Priming: A Meta-Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 22:199-227. [PMID: 28836887 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317723532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological interest in stereotype measurement has spanned nearly a century, with researchers adopting implicit measures in the 1980s to complement explicit measures. One of the most frequently used implicit measures of stereotypes is the sequential priming paradigm. The current meta-analysis examines stereotype priming, focusing specifically on this paradigm. To contribute to ongoing discussions regarding methodological rigor in social psychology, one primary goal was to identify methodological moderators of the stereotype priming effect-whether priming is due to a relation between the prime and target stimuli, the prime and target response, participant task, stereotype dimension, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and stimuli type. Data from 39 studies yielded 87 individual effect sizes from 5,497 participants. Analyses revealed that stereotype priming is significantly moderated by the presence of prime-response relations, participant task, stereotype dimension, target stimulus type, SOA, and prime repetition. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on stereotype priming.
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49
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Rivers AM. The Weapons Identification Task: Recommendations for adequately powered research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177857. [PMID: 28591143 PMCID: PMC5462366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article synthesizes the extant literature on the Weapons Identification Task (WIT), a sequential priming paradigm developed to investigate the impact of racial priming on identification of stereotype-congruent and stereotype-irrelevant objects. Given recent controversy over the replicability of and statistical power required to detect priming effects, the aim of this synthesis is to systematically assess the literature in order to develop recommendations for statistical power in future research with the WIT paradigm. To develop these recommendations, the present article first quantitatively ascertains the magnitude of publication bias in the extant literature. Next, expected effect sizes and power recommendations are generated from the extant literature. Finally, a close conceptual replication of the WIT paradigm is conducted to prospectively test these recommendations. Racial priming effects are detected in this prospective test providing increased confidence in the WIT priming effect and credibility to the proposed recommendations for power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Rivers
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Luber BM, Davis S, Bernhardt E, Neacsiu A, Kwapil L, Lisanby SH, Strauman TJ. Reprint of ‘‘Using neuroimaging to individualize TMS treatment for depression: Toward a new paradigm for imaging-guided intervention’’. Neuroimage 2017; 151:65-71. [PMID: 28476213 PMCID: PMC10072336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard clinical technique for using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with limited efficacy to date. Such limited efficacy may be due to reliance on scalp-based targeting rather than state-of-the-science methods which incorporate fMRI-guided neuronavigation based on a specific model of neurocircuit dysfunction. In this review, we examine such a specific model drawn from regulatory focus theory, which postulates two brain/behavior systems, the promotion and prevention systems, underlying goal pursuit. Individual differences in these systems have been shown to predict vulnerability to MDD as well as to comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Activation of an individual's promotion or prevention goals via priming leads to motivational and affective responses modulated by the individual's appraisal of their progress in attaining the goal. In addition, priming promotion vs. prevention goals induces discriminable patterns of brain activation that are sensitive to the effects of depression and anxiety: MDD is associated with promotion system failure, anhedonic/dysphoric symptoms, and hypoactivation in specific regions in left prefrontal cortex, whereas GAD is associated with prevention system failure, hypervigilant/agitated symptoms, and hyperactivation in right prefrontal cortex (PFC). These left and right PFC locations can be directly targeted in an individualized manner for TMS. Additionally, this individually targeted rTMS can be integrated with cognitive interventions designed to activate the neural circuitry associated with promotion vs. prevention, thus allowing the neuroplasticity induced by the rTMS to benefit the systems likely to be involved in remediating depression. Targeted engagement of cortical systems involved in emotion regulation using individualized fMRI guidance may help increase the efficacy of rTMS in depression.
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