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Meneses CG, Pitogo KME, Supsup CE, Brown RM. Philippine herpetology (Amphibia, Reptilia), 20 years on: two decades of progress towards an increasingly collaborative, equitable, and inclusive approach to the study of the archipelago's amphibians and reptiles. Zookeys 2024; 1190:213-257. [PMID: 38327266 PMCID: PMC10848817 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1190.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A first review of the history, status, and prospects for Philippine herpetology conducted more than two decades ago (2002) summarized the diverse topics studied and highlighted the development and achievements in research up to the year 2000. This study revisits and re-assesses what Philippine herpetology has accomplished, both as a discipline and a community, during the last two decades (2002-2022). A total of 423 herpetological publications was collated, revealing a substantial increase in annual publications, rising from approximately four per year during 2002-2008 to around 28 per year in 2009-2022. Half of the published studies focused on squamate reptiles (lizards 30.5%, snakes 21%) and 28.4% on amphibians, 5.9% on turtles, and 2.6% on crocodiles. The remaining 11.6% of studies focused simultaneously on multiple taxa (i.e., faunal inventories). Diversity and distribution (35.2%) and ecological (26.5%) studies remained popular, while studies on taxonomy (14.9%), phylogenetics and biogeography (11.8%), and conservation (11.6%) all increased. However, geographical gaps persist urging immediate surveys in many understudied regions of the country. Finally, we found a balanced representation between Filipino and foreign first authors (1.0:1.1), yet a substantial gender gap exists between male and female first authors (7.1:1.0). Nonetheless, the steep increase in publications and the diversity of people engaged in Philippine herpetology is a remarkable positive finding compared to the 20 years preceding the last review (1980-2000). Our hope is that the next decades will bring increasingly equitable, internationally collaborative, and broadly inclusive engagement in the study of amphibians and reptiles in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G. Meneses
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USAUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States of America
| | - Kier Mitchel E. Pitogo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USAUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States of America
| | - Christian E. Supsup
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USAUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States of America
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USAUniversity of KansasLawrenceUnited States of America
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Badli-Sham BH, Syafiq MF, Aziz MSA, Mohd Jalil NR, Awang MT, Othman MNA, Abdul Aziz AA, Dzu K, Abdol Wahab NA, Jamil NL, Ismail MA, Wan Azman WAA, Xin Wei O, Jamaha NAN, Aqmal-Naser M, Fahmi-Ahmad M, Shahirah-Ibrahim N, Rizal SA, Belabut DM, Kin Onn C, Quah ESH, Grismer LL, Ahmad AB. A decade of amphibian studies (Animalia, Amphibia) at Sekayu lowland forest, Hulu Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Zookeys 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1157.95873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians of Sekayu lowland forest have been studied more than a decade, with discoveries of new records of species showing no sign of abating between the years 2003 to 2020, indicating the remarkably rich diversity of anurans in this forest. Despite ceaseless anthropogenic activities in this area, this study successfully recorded 52 species of amphibians from 32 genera in the lowland forest of Sekayu. The species composition consisted of a single species from the family Ichthyophiidae and 51 species of anurans of 31 genera and six families. The number of species recorded has steadily increased especially during more recent surveys from 2015 to 2020. This study augments the total number of amphibian species recorded from Hulu Terengganu by ten additional species, increasing the total to 70 species for the district.
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Abstract
Phylogenetic models have long assumed that lineages diverge independently. Processes of diversification that are of interest in biogeography, epidemiology, and genome evolution violate this assumption by affecting multiple evolutionary lineages. To relax the assumption of independent divergences and infer patterns of divergences predicted by such processes, we introduce a way of conceptualizing, modeling, and inferring phylogenetic trees. We apply the approach to genomic data from geckos distributed across the Philippines and find support for patterns of shared divergences predicted by repeated fragmentation of the archipelago by interglacial rises in sea level. Many processes of biological diversification can simultaneously affect multiple evolutionary lineages. Examples include multiple members of a gene family diverging when a region of a chromosome is duplicated, multiple viral strains diverging at a “super-spreading” event, and a geological event fragmenting whole communities of species. It is difficult to test for patterns of shared divergences predicted by such processes because all phylogenetic methods assume that lineages diverge independently. We introduce a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to relax the assumption of independent, bifurcating divergences by expanding the space of topologies to include trees with shared and multifurcating divergences. This allows us to jointly infer phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and patterns of divergences predicted by processes of diversification that affect multiple evolutionary lineages simultaneously or lead to more than two descendant lineages. Using simulations, we find that the method accurately infers shared and multifurcating divergence events when they occur and performs as well as current phylogenetic methods when divergences are independent and bifurcating. We apply our approach to genomic data from two genera of geckos from across the Philippines to test if past changes to the islands’ landscape caused bursts of speciation. Unlike previous analyses restricted to only pairs of gecko populations, we find evidence for patterns of shared divergences. By generalizing the space of phylogenetic trees in a way that is independent from the likelihood model, our approach opens many avenues for future research into processes of diversification across the life sciences.
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Eliades SJ, Brown RM, Huang WS, Siler CD. Taxonomic Revision of Scaly-toed Geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae: Lepidodactylus) in the Northern Philippines, with Descriptions of Four New Species. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-19-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Eliades
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072–7029, USA
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045–7593, USA
| | - Wen-San Huang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072–7029, USA
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Abraham RK, Herr MW, Sterkhova VV, Otterholt R, Siler CD, Sanguila MB, Brown RM. Revisiting Linnaean and Wallacean Shortfalls in Mindanao Fanged Frogs: The Limnonectes magnus Complex Consists of Only Two Species. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-20-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kurian Abraham
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Mark William Herr
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Viktoria V. Sterkhova
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Rayanna Otterholt
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Marites Bonachita Sanguila
- Biodiversity Informatics and Research Center, Father Saturnino Urios University, San Francisco Street, Butuan City, 8600 Agusan del Norte, Philippines
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Antoine PO, Reyes MC, Amano N, Bautista AP, Chang CH, Claude J, De Vos J, Ingicco T. A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhinoceroses are among the most endangered mammalian species today. Their past diversity is well documented from the Eocene onward, although their evolutionary history is far from being fully understood. Here, we elucidate the systematic affinities of a Pleistocene rhinoceros species represented by a partial skeleton from 709 ± 68 kya archaeological deposits in Luzon Island, Philippines. We perform a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, including all living species and a wide array of extinct rhinocerotid species. We confirm the early split between Elasmotheriinae and Rhinocerotinae at c. 35.5 Mya and constrain the divergence between recent Asian and African rhinoceroses at c. 24 Mya, with contrasting phenotypic evolutionary rates in Diceroti and Rhinoceroti. Dental features reveal the existence of an unsuspected Asian Pleistocene clade, referred to as Nesorhinus gen. nov.. It includes the rhinoceros from the Philippines and another extinct species from Taiwan, N. hayasakai. Nesorhinus is the sister-group to a cluster comprising Dicerorhinus and Rhinoceros. Our phylogenetic results strongly suggest an island-hopping dispersal for Nesorhinus, from the Asian mainland towards Luzon via Taiwan by the Late Miocene or later, and Pleistocene dispersals for representatives of Rhinoceros. Nesorhinus philippinensis would be the first perissodactyl species supporting the island-rule hypothesis, with decreased body weight and limb-bone robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Antoine
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Marian C Reyes
- Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos Drive, Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines
| | - Noel Amano
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Angel P Bautista
- Cultural Properties Division, National Museum of the Philippines, P. Burgos Drive, Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - John De Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ingicco
- Histoire naturelle de l’Homme préhistorique, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7194), Institut de Paléontologie Humaine 1, rue René Panhard 75013 Paris, France
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Fukuyama I, Vogel G, Matsui M, Eto K, Munir M, Hossman MY, Hamidy A, Nishikawa K. Systematics of Calliophis intestinalis with the Resurrection of Calliophis nigrotaeniatus (Elapidae, Serpentes). Zoolog Sci 2021; 37:586-594. [PMID: 33269875 DOI: 10.2108/zs200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The red-bellied form of Calliophis intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768) sensu lato was originally reported from Pahang, west Malaysia. To determine the taxonomic status of this form, we examined the type specimens of Elaps sumatranus Lidth De Jeude, 1890, Calliophis intestinalis everetti (Boulenger, 1896), and Callophis furcatus var. nigrotaeniatus Peters, 1863. The results indicated that the red-bellied form of C. intestinalis should be named as Calliophis nigrotaeniatus comb. nov., whose valid species status was based on morphological and molecular analyses. We designate a lectotype and redescribe the species, which is genetically close to Calliophis bilineatus (Peters, 1881) from the Philippines, and is clearly distinguishable from other congeners by possessing a pair of gray or dark blue lateral stripes and by being bright red on the ventrum. Elaps sumatranus and C. i. everetti are relegated to subjective junior synonyms of C. nigrotaeniatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibuki Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan,
| | - Gernot Vogel
- Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology, Im Sand 3, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masafumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koshiro Eto
- Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History & Human History, Higashida 2-4-1, Yahatahigashi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 805-0071, Japan
| | - Misbahul Munir
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mohamad Yazid Hossman
- Research, Development and Innovation Division, Sarawak Forest Department, Kuching 93250, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Amir Hamidy
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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8
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Weinell JL, Paluh DJ, Siler CD, Brown RM. A New, Miniaturized Genus and Species of Snake (Cyclocoridae) from the Philippines. COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ch2020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Weinell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045; (JLW) . Send reprint requests to JLW
| | - Daniel J. Paluh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072-7029
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045; (JLW) . Send reprint requests to JLW
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9
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Chan KO, Hutter CR, Wood PL, Grismer LL, Das I, Brown RM. Gene flow creates a mirage of cryptic species in a Southeast Asian spotted stream frog complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3970-3987. [PMID: 32808335 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most new cryptic species are described using conventional tree- and distance-based species delimitation methods (SDMs), which rely on phylogenetic arrangements and measures of genetic divergence. However, although numerous factors such as population structure and gene flow are known to confound phylogenetic inference and species delimitation, the influence of these processes is not frequently evaluated. Using large numbers of exons, introns, and ultraconserved elements obtained using the FrogCap sequence-capture protocol, we compared conventional SDMs with more robust genomic analyses that assess population structure and gene flow to characterize species boundaries in a Southeast Asian frog complex (Pulchrana picturata). Our results showed that gene flow and introgression can produce phylogenetic patterns and levels of divergence that resemble distinct species (up to 10% divergence in mitochondrial DNA). Hybrid populations were inferred as independent (singleton) clades that were highly divergent from adjacent populations (7%-10%) and unusually similar (<3%) to allopatric populations. Such anomalous patterns are not uncommon in Southeast Asian amphibians, which brings into question whether the high levels of cryptic diversity observed in other amphibian groups reflect distinct cryptic species-or, instead, highly admixed and structured metapopulation lineages. Our results also provide an alternative explanation to the conundrum of divergent (sometimes nonsister) sympatric lineages-a pattern that has been celebrated as indicative of true cryptic speciation. Based on these findings, we recommend that species delimitation of continuously distributed "cryptic" groups should not rely solely on conventional SDMs, but should necessarily examine population structure and gene flow to avoid taxonomic inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin O Chan
- Lee Kong Chian National History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carl R Hutter
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Museum of Natural Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Perry L Wood
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - L L Grismer
- Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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10
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Supsup CE, Asis AA, Carestia Jr UV, Diesmos AC, Mallari NAD, Brown RM. Variation in species richness, composition and herpetological community structure across a tropical habitat gradient of Palawan Island, Philippines. HERPETOZOA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.33.e47293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on species richness and community structure is invaluable for guiding conservation and management of biodiversity, but is rarely available in the megadiverse biodiversity conservation hotspot of Philippines – particularly for amphibians and reptiles. This study provides the first report and characterisation of amphibians and reptile communities across primary habitat types of the Victoria-Anepahan Mountain Range on Palawan Island along the western edge of the archipelago. A total of 41 amphibian and reptile species were recorded throughout our sampling sites (n = 27 species) or in targeted habitat searches (14 species). A species richness estimator predicted that 35 species may be present in our sampling sites, suggesting that a significant proportion of secretive species may continue to be unrecorded, especially for reptiles. Higher species richness was found in secondary growth than in mixed-use agricultural areas or even pristine forest. The low species richness recorded from pristine forest types may be due to these forests now being restricted to higher elevations where species diversity has been documented to decrease. Our results also show that complex community structures (species assemblages) are to be equally expected in both secondary growth and pristine forests. Together, our results show how species richness and community assemblages may vary across habitats, highlighting that old growth forest does not always support higher species richness, particularly in high elevations.
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11
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A combined approach of mitochondrial DNA and anchored nuclear phylogenomics sheds light on unrecognized diversity, phylogeny, and historical biogeography of the torrent frogs, genus Amolops (Anura: Ranidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106789. [PMID: 32173414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Amolops ("torrent frogs") is one of the most species-rich genera in Ranidae, with 59 recognized species. This genus currently includes six species groups diagnosed mainly by morphology. Several recent molecular studies indicated that the classification of species groups within Amolops remains controversial, and key nodes in the phylogeny have been inadequately resolved. In addition, the diversity of Amolops remains poorly understood, especially for those from incompletely sampled regions. Herein, we investigate species-level diversity within the genus Amolops throughout southern China and Southeast Asia, and infer evolutionary relationships among the species using mtDNA data (16S, COI, and ND2). Molecular analyses indicate nine unnamed species, mostly distributed in the Himalayas. We then utilized anchored hybrid enrichment to generate a dataset representing the major mitochondrial lineages to resolve phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and pattern of species diversification. Our resulting phylogeny strongly supports the monophyly of four previously identified species groups (the A. ricketti, A. daiyunensis, A. hainanensis, and A. monticola groups), but paraphyly for the A. mantzorum and A. marmoratus groups, as previously defined. We erect one new species group, the A. viridimaculatus group, and recognize Dubois' (1992) subgenus Amo as the A. larutensis species group. Biogeographic analysis suggests that Amolops originated on the Indo-Burma/Thai-Malay Peninsula at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and dispersed outward, exemplifying a common pattern observed for the origin of Asian biodiversity. The early divergence within Amolops coincides with the Himalayan uplift and the lateral extrusion of Indochina at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Our results show that paleoclimatic and geomorphological events have profoundly influenced the patterns of lineage diversification within Amolops.
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12
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Multilocus phylogeny of Bornean Bent-Toed geckos (Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) reveals hidden diversity, taxonomic disarray, and novel biogeographic patterns. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 147:106785. [PMID: 32135306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus is a highly diverse group of lizards (280 + species), which covers an expansive geographic range. Although this genus has been the focus of many taxonomic and molecular systematic studies, species on the Southeast Asian island of Borneo have remained understudied, leading to an unclear evolutionary history with cascading effects on taxonomy and biogeographic inferences. We assembled the most comprehensive multilocus Bornean dataset (one mitochondrial and three nuclear loci) that included 129 novel sequences and representatives from each known Cyrtodactylus species on the island to validate taxonomic status, assess species diversity, and elucidate biogeographic patterns. Our results uncovered a high proportion of cryptic diversity and revealed numerous taxonomic complications, especially within the C. consobrinus, C. malayanus, and C. pubisulcus groups. Comparisons of pairwise genetic distances and a preliminary species delimitation analysis using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) method demonstrated that some wide-ranging species on Borneo likely comprise multiple distinct and deeply divergent lineages, each with more restricted distributional ranges. We also tested the prevailing biogeographic hypothesis of a single invasion from Borneo into the Philippines. Our analyses revealed that Philippine taxa were not monophyletic, but were likely derived from multiple separate invasions into the geopolitical areas comprising the Philippines. Although our investigation of Bornean Cyrtodactylus is the most comprehensive to-date, it highlights the need for expanded taxonomic sampling and suggests that our knowledge of the evolutionary history, systematics, and biogeography of Bornean Cyrtodactylus is far from complete.
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Oaks JR, Siler CD, Brown RM. The comparative biogeography of Philippine geckos challenges predictions from a paradigm of climate-driven vicariant diversification across an island archipelago. Evolution 2019; 73:1151-1167. [PMID: 31017301 PMCID: PMC6767427 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of biogeography is to understand how large-scale environmental processes, like climate change, affect diversification. One often-invoked but seldom tested process is the "species-pump" model, in which repeated bouts of cospeciation are driven by oscillating climate-induced habitat connectivity cycles. For example, over the past three million years, the landscape of the Philippine Islands has repeatedly coalesced and fragmented due to sea-level changes associated with glacial cycles. This repeated climate-driven vicariance has been proposed as a model of speciation across evolutionary lineages codistributed throughout the islands. This model predicts speciation times that are temporally clustered around the times when interglacial rises in sea level fragmented the islands. To test this prediction, we collected comparative genomic data from 16 pairs of insular gecko populations. We analyze these data in a full-likelihood, Bayesian model-choice framework to test for shared divergence times among the pairs. Our results provide support against the species-pump model prediction in favor of an alternative interpretation, namely that each pair of gecko populations diverged independently. These results suggest the repeated bouts of climate-driven landscape fragmentation have not been an important mechanism of speciation for gekkonid lizards across the Philippine Archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R. Oaks
- Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural HistoryAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama36849
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOklahoma73072
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas66045
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14
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Brown RM, Prue A, Onn CK, Gaulke M, Sanguila MB, Siler CD. Taxonomic Reappraisal of the Northeast Mindanao Stream Frog, Sanguirana albotuberculata(Inger 1954), Validation ofRana mearnsi, Stejneger 1905, and Description of a New Species from the Central Philippines. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2017. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-16-00009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
| | - Allyson Prue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
- Haskell Indian Nations University, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chan Kin Onn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
| | - Maren Gaulke
- GeoBio Center LMU, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Marites B. Sanguila
- Biodiversity Informatics and Research Center, Father Saturnino Urios University, San Francisco Street, 8600, Butuan City, Philippines
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Biology and Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072-7029, USA
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15
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Murray-Dickson G, Ghazali M, Ogden R, Brown R, Auliya M. Phylogeography of the reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus ssp.): Conservation implications for the worlds' most traded snake species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182049. [PMID: 28817588 PMCID: PMC5560690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important economic natural resource in Southeast Asia, reticulated pythons (Malayopython reticulatus ssp.) are primarily harvested from the wild for their skins-which are prized in the luxury leather goods industry. Trade dynamics of this CITES Appendix II listed species are complex and management approaches on the country or regional level appear obscure. Little is known about the actual geographic point-of-harvest of snakes, how genetic diversity is partitioned across the species range, how current harvest levels may affect the genetic viability of populations, and whether genetic structure could (or should) be accounted for when managing harvest quotas. As an initial survey, we use mitochondrial sequence data to define the broad-scale geographic structure of genetic diversity across a significant portion of the reticulated python's native range. Preliminary results reveal: (1) prominent phylogenetic structure across populations east and west of Huxley's modification of Wallace's line. Thirty-four haplotypes were apportioned across two geographically distinct groups, estimated to be moderately (5.2%); (2) Philippine, Bornean and Sulawesian populations appear to cluster distinctly; (3) individuals from Ambon Island suggest recent human introduction. Malayopython reticulatus is currently managed as a single taxonomic unit across Southeast Asia yet these initial results may justify special management considerations of the Philippine populations as a phylogenetically distinct unit, that warrants further examination. In Indonesia, genetic structure does not conform tightly to political boundaries and therefore we advocate the precautionary designation and use of Evolutionary Significant Units within Malayopython reticulatus, to inform and guide regional adaptive management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Murray-Dickson
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) WildGenes Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Ghazali
- Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) WildGenes Laboratory, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Ogden
- Trace Wildlife Forensics Network, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rafe Brown
- KU Biodiversity Institute, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Dyche, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Mark Auliya
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Siler CD, Davis DR, Watters JL, Freitas ES, Griffith OW, Binaday JWB, Lobos AHT, Amarga AKS, Brown RM. First Record of thePseudogekko brevipesComplex from the Northern Philippines, with Description of a New Species. HERPETOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Drew R. Davis
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Jessa L. Watters
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Elyse S. Freitas
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA
| | - Oliver W. Griffith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | | | | | - Ace Kevin S. Amarga
- Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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18
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Heitz BB, Diesmos AC, Freitas ES, Ellsworth ED, Grismer LL, Aowphol A, Brown RM, Siler CD. A New Supple Skink, GenusLygosoma(Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), from the Western Philippines. HERPETOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sanguila MB, Cobb KA, Siler CD, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC, Brown RM. The amphibians and reptiles of Mindanao Island, southern Philippines, II: the herpetofauna of northeast Mindanao and adjacent islands. Zookeys 2016; 624:1-132. [PMID: 27833422 PMCID: PMC5096358 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.624.9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize all available amphibian and reptile species distribution data from the northeast Mindanao faunal region, including small islands associated with this subcenter of endemic vertebrate biodiversity. Together with all publicly available historical information from biodiversity repositories, we present new data from several major herpetological surveys, including recently conducted inventories on four major mountains of northeast Mindanao, and adjacent islands of Camiguin Sur, Dinagat, and Siargao. We present species accounts for all taxa, comment on unresolved taxonomic problems, and provide revisions to outdated IUCN conservation status assessments in cases where our new data significantly alter earlier classification status summaries. Together, our comprehensive analysis of this fauna suggests that the greater Mindanao faunal region possesses distinct subcenters of amphibian and reptile species diversity, and that until this area is revisited and its fauna and actually studied, with on-the-ground field work including targeted surveys of species distributions coupled to the study their natural history, our understanding of the diversity and conservation status of southern Philippine herpetological fauna will remain incomplete. Nevertheless, the northeast Mindanao geographical area (Caraga Region) appears to have the highest herpetological species diversity (at least 126 species) of any comparably-sized Philippine faunal subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marites B. Sanguila
- Biodiversity Informatics and Research Center, Father Saturnino Urios University, San Francisco St., 8600 Butuan City, Philippines
| | - Kerry A. Cobb
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072-7029, USA
| | - Arvin C. Diesmos
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum, Rizal Park, Burgos St., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Angel C. Alcala
- Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, Silliman University, Dumaguete City 6200, Philippines
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
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Brown RM. A New Species of Stream Frog of the Genus Hylarana from the Mountains of Southern Mindanao Island, Philippines. HERPETOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-14-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafe M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Sánchez-González LA, Hosner PA, Moyle RG. Genetic Differentiation in Insular Lowland Rainforests: Insights from Historical Demographic Patterns in Philippine Birds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134284. [PMID: 26312748 PMCID: PMC4552387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic studies of Philippine birds support that deep genetic structure occurs across continuous lowland forests within islands, despite the lack of obvious contemporary isolation mechanisms. To examine the pattern and tempo of diversification within Philippine island forests, and test if common mechanisms are responsible for observed differentiation, we focused on three co-distributed lowland bird taxa endemic to Greater Luzon and Greater Negros-Panay: Blue-headed Fantail (Rhipidura cyaniceps), White-browed Shama (Copsychus luzoniensis), and Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler (Phylloscopus cebuensis). Each species has two described subspecies within Greater Luzon, and a single described subspecies on Greater Negros/Panay. Each of the three focal species showed a common geographic pattern of two monophyletic groups in Greater Luzon sister to a third monophyletic group found in Greater Negros-Panay, suggesting that common or similar biogeographic processes may have produced similar distributions. However, studied species displayed variable levels of mitochondrial DNA differentiation between clades, and genetic differentiation within Luzon was not necessarily concordant with described subspecies boundaries. Population genetic parameters for the three species suggested both rapid population growth from small numbers and geographic expansion across Luzon Island. Estimates of the timing of population expansion further supported that these events occurred asynchronously throughout the Pleistocene in the focal species, demanding particular explanations for differentiation, and support that co-distribution may be secondarily congruent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Sánchez-González
- Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7561, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter A. Hosner
- Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7561, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Moyle
- Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Institute, Dyche Hall, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7561, United States of America
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Oliver LA, Prendini E, Kraus F, Raxworthy CJ. Systematics and biogeography of the Hylarana frog (Anura: Ranidae) radiation across tropical Australasia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 90:176-92. [PMID: 25987527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We present an inclusive molecular phylogeny for Hylarana across its global distribution, utilizing two mitochondrial and four nuclear gene regions for 69 of the 97 currently described species. We use phylogenetic methods to test monophyly of Hylarana, determine relationships among ten putative subgenera, identify major clades, reconstruct biogeographic history, and estimate continental dispersal dates. Results support Hylarana as a monophyletic group originating approximately 26.9MYA and comprising eight clades that partly correspond to currently described subgenera plus two new groups. The African and Australasian species each form clades embedded within a paraphyletic Southeast Asian group. We estimate that Africa and Australasia were colonized by Hylarana s.l. from SE Asia approximately 18.7 and 10.8MYA, respectively. Biogeographic reconstructions also support three separate colonization events in India from Southeast Asia. Examination of museum specimens identified morphological characters useful for delineating subgenera and species. We herein elevate all supported subgenera to genus rank and formally describe two new genera to produce a revised taxonomy congruent with our new phylogenetic and biogeographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Oliver
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, United States; Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Prendini
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resource Conservation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Fred Kraus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Christopher J Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, United States
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23
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Hughes M, Rubite RR, Blanc P, Chung KF, Peng CI. The Miocene to Pleistocene colonization of the Philippine archipelago by Begonia sect. Baryandra (Begoniaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:695-706. [PMID: 26022484 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY One third of the species-rich Philippine flora is endemic, and most of the islands in the archipelago have never been connected to a continental region. We currently lack any well-sampled angiosperm phylogenies that span the archipelago, prohibiting the formation of informed hypotheses as to the evolution of this rich and highly endemic flora. METHODS We produced time-calibrated phylogenetic trees from both nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (ndhA intron, ndhF-rpl32 spacer, rpl32-trnL spacer, trnC-trnD spacer) regions of 41 species of Begonia sect. Baryandra, all except one endemic to the Philippines. Historical biogeography was reconstructed across the chloroplast phylogeny using a Bayesian binary method of character optimization. Comparison of phylogenies from the two genomes permitted insight into the prevalence of hybridization in the group. KEY RESULTS The Philippine archipelago was colonized by Begonia sect. Baryandra in the late Miocene, via long-distance dispersal from western Malesia and a point of entry likely to be in the northwestern region of the archipelago. Palawan, Luzon, and Panay all bear early-branching lineages from this initial colonization. There have been Plio-Pleistocene dispersals from these islands into Borneo and Mindanao. Hybridization was common between species as evidenced by haplotype sharing and phylogenetic incongruence. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenies show a high degree of geographic structure, which millions of years of exposure to typhoons have not blurred, showing long-term species and population stability. The recent dispersals to Mindanao are congruent with the geologically recent arrival of the island at its current latitude in the southern Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hughes
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, UK, EH3 5LR
| | - Rosario Rivera Rubite
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Padre Faura, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Kuo-Fang Chung
- National Taiwan University, School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, Daan, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Peng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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24
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Duryea MC, Zamudio KR, Brasileiro CA. Vicariance and marine migration in continental island populations of a frog endemic to the Atlantic Coastal forest. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:225-34. [PMID: 25920672 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of island biogeography is most often studied in the context of oceanic islands where all island inhabitants are descendants from founding events involving migration from mainland source populations. Far fewer studies have considered predictions of island biogeography in the case of continental islands, where island formation typically splits continuous populations and thus vicariance also contributes to the diversity of island populations. We examined one such case on continental islands in southeastern Brazil, to determine how classic island biogeography predictions and past vicariance explain the population genetic diversity of Thoropa taophora, a frog endemic to the Atlantic Coastal Forest. We used nuclear microsatellite markers to examine the genetic diversity of coastal and island populations of this species. We found that island isolation has a role in shaping the genetic diversity of continental island species, with island populations being significantly less diverse than coastal populations. However, area of the island and distance from coast had no significant effect on genetic diversity. We also found no significant differences between migration among coastal populations and migration to and from islands. We discuss how vicariance and the effects of continued migration between coastal and island populations interact to shape evolutionary patterns on continental islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Duryea
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - K R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C A Brasileiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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25
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Barley AJ, Monnahan PJ, Thomson RC, Grismer LL, Brown RM. Sun skink landscape genomics: assessing the roles of micro-evolutionary processes in shaping genetic and phenotypic diversity across a heterogeneous and fragmented landscape. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1696-712. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Barley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Patrick J. Monnahan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Robert C. Thomson
- Department of Biology; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - L. Lee Grismer
- Department of Biology; La Sierra University; Riverside CA 92515 USA
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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26
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Siler CD, Welton LJ, Davis DR, Watters JL, Davey CS, Diesmos AC, Diesmos ML, Brown RM. Taxonomic Revision of thePseudogekko compresicorpusComplex (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae), With Descriptions of Three New Species. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-14-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Evaluating the Diversity of Philippine Slender Skinks of theBrachymeles bonitaeComplex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae): Redescription ofB. tridactylusand Descriptions of Two New Species. J HERPETOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1670/13-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Chan KO, Brown RM, Lim KK, Ahmad N, Grismer L. A New Species of Frog (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) of theHylarana signataComplex from Peninsular Malaysia. HERPETOLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-13-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Diversification in a biodiversity hotspot – The evolution of Southeast Asian rhacophorid tree frogs on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:567-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Welton LJ, Siler CD, Oaks JR, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. Multilocus phylogeny and Bayesian estimates of species boundaries reveal hidden evolutionary relationships and cryptic diversity in Southeast Asian monitor lizards. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:3495-510. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Welton
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045-7561 USA
| | - C. D. Siler
- Department of Biology; University of South Dakota; Vermillion SD 57069 USA
| | - J. R. Oaks
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045-7561 USA
| | - A. C. Diesmos
- Herpetology Section; Zoology Division; Philippine National Museum; Rizal Park, Burgos Street Manila Philippines
| | - R. M. Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS 66045-7561 USA
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Fouquet A, Pineau K, Rodrigues MT, Mailles J, Schneider JB, Ernst R, Dewynter M. Endemic or exotic: the phylogenetic position of the Martinique Volcano FrogAllobates chalcopis(Anura: Dendrobatidae) sheds light on its origin and challenges current conservation strategies. SYST BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.764944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brown RM, Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Welton LJ, Rock A, Swab J, Weerd MV, van Beijnen J, Jose E, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos AC. The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Zookeys 2013; 266:1-120. [PMID: 23653519 PMCID: PMC3591760 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.266.3982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the first report on the herpetological biodiversity (amphibians and reptiles) of the northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range (Cagayan and Isabela provinces), northeast Luzon Island, Philippines. New data from extensive previously unpublished surveys in the Municipalities of Gonzaga, Gattaran, Lasam, Santa Ana, and Baggao (Cagayan Province), as well as fieldwork in the Municipalities of Cabagan, San Mariano, and Palanan (Isabela Province), combined with all available historical museum records, suggest this region is quite diverse. Our new data indicate that at least 101 species are present (29 amphibians, 30 lizards, 35 snakes, two freshwater turtles, three marine turtles, and two crocodilians) and now represented with well-documented records and/or voucher specimens, confirmed in institutional biodiversity repositories. A high percentage of Philippine endemic species constitute the local fauna (approximately 70%). The results of this and other recent studies signify that the herpetological diversity of the northern Philippines is far more diverse than previously imagined. Thirty-eight percent of our recorded species are associated with unresolved taxonomic issues (suspected new species or species complexes in need of taxonomic partitioning). This suggests that despite past and present efforts to comprehensively characterize the fauna, the herpetological biodiversity of the northern Philippines is still substantially underestimated and warranting of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
- Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Padre Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
- Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Padre Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - Carl. H Oliveros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
- Isla Biodiversity Conservation; 9 Bougainvillea Street, Manuela Subdivision, Las Piñas City 1741, Philippines
| | - Luke J. Welton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Ashley Rock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - John Swab
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Merlijn Van Weerd
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, PO Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
- Mabuwaya Foundation, Isabela State University Campus Garita, Cabagan, Isabela, Philippines
| | | | - Edgar Jose
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum, Rizal Park, Burgos St., Manila, Philippines
| | - Dominic Rodriguez
- Mabuwaya Foundation, Isabela State University Campus Garita, Cabagan, Isabela, Philippines
| | - Edmund Jose
- Mabuwaya Foundation, Isabela State University Campus Garita, Cabagan, Isabela, Philippines
| | - Arvin C. Diesmos
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum, Rizal Park, Burgos St., Manila, Philippines
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Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Santanen A, Brown RM. Multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian wolf snakes (genusLycodon). ZOOL SCR 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Biology; University of South Dakota; Vermillion; SD; 57069; USA
| | - Carl H. Oliveros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
| | - Anssi Santanen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Allen
- Centre for Biological Sciences; University of Southampton; Life Sciences Building 85; Southampton; SO17 1BJ; UK
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35
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Siler CD, Jones RM, Diesmos AC, Diesmos ML, Brown RM. Phylogeny-Based Species Delimitation In Philippine Slender Skinks (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) III: Taxonomic Revision of the Brachymeles Gracilis Complex, With Descriptions of Three New Species. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2012. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-11-00006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Rago A, While GM, Uller T. Introduction pathway and climate trump ecology and life history as predictors of establishment success in alien frogs and toads. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1437-45. [PMID: 22957152 PMCID: PMC3434934 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for ecology and evolution is to understand how abiotic and biotic factors shape patterns of biological diversity. Here, we show that variation in establishment success of nonnative frogs and toads is primarily explained by variation in introduction pathways and climatic similarity between the native range and introduction locality, with minor contributions from phylogeny, species ecology, and life history. This finding contrasts with recent evidence that particular species characteristics promote evolutionary range expansion and reduce the probability of extinction in native populations of amphibians, emphasizing how different mechanisms may shape species distributions on different temporal and spatial scales. We suggest that contemporary changes in the distribution of amphibians will be primarily determined by human-mediated extinctions and movement of species within climatic envelopes, and less by species-typical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rago
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford Oxford, OX13PS, United Kingdom
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37
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Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VI: The Herpetofauna of the Subic Bay Area. ASIAN HERPETOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1245.2012.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Esselstyn JA, Evans BJ, Sedlock JL, Anwarali Khan FA, Heaney LR. Single-locus species delimitation: a test of the mixed Yule-coalescent model, with an empirical application to Philippine round-leaf bats. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3678-86. [PMID: 22764163 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospects for a comprehensive inventory of global biodiversity would be greatly improved by automating methods of species delimitation. The general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) was recently proposed as a potential means of increasing the rate of biodiversity exploration. We tested this method with simulated data and applied it to a group of poorly known bats (Hipposideros) from the Philippines. We then used echolocation call characteristics to evaluate the plausibility of species boundaries suggested by GMYC. In our simulations, GMYC performed relatively well (errors in estimated species diversity less than 25%) when the product of the haploid effective population size (N(e)) and speciation rate (SR; per lineage per million years) was less than or equal to 10(5), while interspecific variation in N(e) was twofold or less. However, at higher but also biologically relevant values of N(e) × SR and when N(e) varied tenfold among species, performance was very poor. GMYC analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences from Philippine Hipposideros suggest actual diversity may be approximately twice the current estimate, and available echolocation call data are mostly consistent with GMYC delimitations. In conclusion, we consider the GMYC model useful under some conditions, but additional information on N(e), SR and/or corroboration from independent character data are needed to allow meaningful interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Esselstyn
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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39
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Matsui M, Mumpuni, Hamidy A. Description of a New Species ofHylaranafrom Sumatra (Amphibia, Anura). CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.31.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of caecilians from Southeast Asia (Amphibia, Gymnophiona, Ichthyophiidae), with special reference to high cryptic species diversity in Sundaland. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:714-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Schweizer M, Güntert M, Hertwig ST. Phylogeny and biogeography of the parrot genus
Prioniturus
(Aves: Psittaciformes). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schweizer
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Güntert
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan T. Hertwig
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse, Bern, Switzerland
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42
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Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island, V: The Herpetofauna of Angat Dam Watershed, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. ASIAN HERPETOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1245.2011.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Siler CD, Fuiten AM, Jones RM, Alcala AC, Brown RM. Phylogeny-Based Species Delimitation in Philippine Slender Skinks (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) II: Taxonomic Revision of Brachymeles samarensis and Description of Five New Species. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-10-00013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Brown RM, Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Diesmos AC, Alcala AC. A New Gekko from Sibuyan Island, Central Philippines. HERPETOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-11-00025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Linkem CW, Diesmos AC, Brown RM. Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships. Zool J Linn Soc 2011; 163:1217-1243. [PMID: 32336789 PMCID: PMC7165859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skinks of the genus Sphenomorphus are the most diverse clade of squamates in the Philippine Archipelago. Morphological examination of these species has defined six phenotypic groups that are commonly used in characterizations of taxonomic hypotheses. We used a molecular phylogeny based on four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes to assess the group's biogeographical history in the archipelago and examine the phylogenetic validity of the currently recognized Philippine species groups. We re‐examined traditional characters used to define species groups and used multivariate statistics to quantitatively evaluate group structure in morphometric space. Clustering analyses of phenotypic similarity indicate that some (but not all) members of previously defined species groups are phenotypically most similar to other members of the same group. However, when species group membership was mapped on our partitioned Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis, only one species group corresponds to a clade; all other species group arrangements are strongly rejected by our phylogeny. Our results demonstrate that (1) previously recognized species group relationships were misled by phenotypic convergence; (2) Sphenomorphus is widely paraphyletic; and (3) multiple lineages have independently invaded the Philippines. Based on this new perspective on the phylogenetic relationships of Philippine Sphenomorphus, we revise the archipelago's diverse assemblage of species at the generic level, and resurrect and/or expand four previously recognized genera, and describe two new genera to accommodate the diversity of Philippine skinks of the Sphenomorphus group. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163, 1217–1243.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Linkem
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
| | - Arvin C Diesmos
- National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Padre Burgos Ave. Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7561, USA
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46
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Sanguila MB, Siler CD, Diesmos AC, Nuñeza O, Brown RM. Phylogeography, geographic structure, genetic variation, and potential species boundaries in Philippine slender toads. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:333-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Hertwig ST, Das I, Schweizer M, Brown R, Haas A. Phylogenetic relationships of the Rhacophorus everetti-group and implications for the evolution of reproductive modes in Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae). ZOOL SCR 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Hamidy A, Matsui M, Shimada T, Nishikawa K, Yambun P, Sudin A, Kusrini MD, Kurniati H. Morphological and genetic discordance in two species of Bornean Leptobrachium (Amphibia, Anura, Megophryidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 61:904-13. [PMID: 21924369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies of Southeast Asian megophryid Leptobrachium, while clarifying (1) distinct specific status of three Philippine populations and (2) high genetic diversities within Bornean Leptobrachium montanum, posed two questions, (1) relationships and divergence histories of two Philippine species and Bornean Leptobrachium gunungense, and (2) possible discordance between phylogenetically and morphologically defined lineages. In order to solve these questions, and especially reviewing current taxonomy of Bornean species, we estimated the phylogenetic relationships of endemic Bornean species together with their putative relatives from Philippines and Sumatra, using 2451 bp sequences of the 12S rRNA, tRNA(val), and 16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA genes. With respect to Leptobrachium hasseltii and Leptobrachium chapaense, lineages from Borneo, Philippines, and Sumatra formed a monophyletic group with Leptobrachium lumadorum from Mindanao as the basal clade, while two other Philippine species from Palawan and Mindoro formed a clade and nested in Bornean lineages. Sister species relationship of the two Philippine species and L. gunungense is not supported, rejecting the hypothesis of Philippine origin of L. gunungense. Phylogeny does not conform to morphological variation, and the topotypic L. montanum and one lineage of Leptobrachium abbotti are genetically very close despite their clear difference in ventral color pattern. Furthermore, each of these species forms a paraphyletic group and contains several lineages, each of which is a candidate of good species. These results clearly indicate that current taxonomy of Bornean species based on several morphological characteristics requires complete revision. Detailed studies on adult and larval morphology, as well as acoustic characteristics, are necessary to evaluate the taxonomic status of all lineages recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hamidy
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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49
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Siler CD, Jones RM, Welton LJ, Brown RM. Redescription of Tetradactyl Philippine Slender Skinks (Genus Brachymeles). HERPETOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00071.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Esselstyn JA, Maher SP, Brown RM. Species interactions during diversification and community assembly in an island radiation of shrews. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21885. [PMID: 21760918 PMCID: PMC3131392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Closely related, ecologically similar species often have adjacent distributions, suggesting competitive exclusion may contribute to the structure of some natural communities. In systems such as island archipelagos, where speciation is often tightly associated with dispersal over oceanic barriers, competitive exclusion may prevent population establishment following inter-island dispersal and subsequent cladogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a combination of tools, we test the hypothesis that the distributions of shrew (Crocidura) species in the Philippines are the result of competitive exclusion preventing secondary invasion of occupied islands. We first compare ecological niche models between two widespread, allopatric species and find statistical support for their ecological similarity, implying that competition for habitat between these species is possible. We then examine dispersion patterns among sympatric species and find some signal for overdispersion of body size, but not for phylogenetic branch length. Finally, we simulate the process of inter-island colonization under a stochastic model of dispersal lacking ecological forces. Results are dependent on the geographic scope and colonization probability employed. However, some combinations suggest that the number of inter-island dispersal events necessary to populate the archipelago may be much higher than the minimum number of colonization events necessary to explain current estimates of species richness and phylogenetic relationships. If our model is appropriate, these results imply that alternative factors, such as competitive exclusion, may have influenced the process of inter-island colonization and subsequent cladogenesis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We interpret the combined results as providing tenuous evidence that similarity in body size may prevent co-occurrence in Philippine shrews and that competitive exclusion among ecologically similar species, rather than an inability to disperse among islands, may have limited diversification in this group, and, possibly other clades endemic to island archipelagos.
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