1
|
Andrade-Santos J, Rosa RS, Ramos TPA. Spotting mistakes: Reappraisal of Spotted Drum Stellifer punctatissimus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1925) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) reveals species misidentification trends and suggests latitudinal sexual dimorphism. ZOOLOGY 2024; 165:126180. [PMID: 38850629 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2024.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
A major part of the described species is understudied, falling into the Linnean shortfall. This is a major concern for cryptic species, which require integrative approaches to better evaluate their diversity. We conducted morphological analyses using specimens of Stellifer punctatissimus, S. gomezi, and S. menezesi to reassess their taxonomical identity. We evaluated the allometric and sexual components of the morphology of the Stellifer punctatissimus species complex, and tested and discussed species hypotheses. The combined evidence of our work and previous studies agrees with the current morphological hypothesis of three species, as opposed to the two-lineage molecular hypothesis. However, as cryptic species, they overlap in most their traits, especially females and juveniles. Previously unaccounted variation of allometric and sexually dimorphic characters in this species complex revealed a confounding effect that might explain past and current taxonomic errors. Taxonomical practice of using body depth as a diagnostic character had led to juveniles and females being, respectively, described as a different species or wrongfully identified. Hence, taxonomical studies demand better assessment of allometric and sexual dimorphism components. Herein, we present new characters in a key to the Atlantic species of Stellifer, which disclose size and sexual variation unnoticed in previous studies. The contrasting growth patterns among these species could imply distinct habitat use. As a result, it could be suggested that such species are under different threats, which highlights the need of differential management and conservation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Andrade-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; Setor de Ictiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Vertebrados, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20940-040, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo S Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Telton P A Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; Instituto Peixes da Caatinga, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nève G, Lair X, Lebard T, Meunier JY, Teste LJ, Séguinel L. Hoverflies of the Timon-David collection (Diptera, Syrphidae). Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e117265. [PMID: 38501073 PMCID: PMC10946086 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e117265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hoverflies are among the most important insect pollinators and there is documented evidence of a recent decline in their populations. To trace the past distributions of hoverfly species, verified records of historical collections are essential. New information Here, we provide data on 1071 specimens of hoverflies collected or received by Jean Timon-David and hosted at the Marseille Natural History Museum, France. Most of the specimens were collected by Timon-David himself and come from south-eastern France, mainly from the Departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and Hautes-Alpes. Most of these specimens were checked for the accuracy of their identification according to the latest identification keys. This resulted in 85 additions to the known fauna of the French Departments, mostly for Var and Bouches-du-Rhône. The taxonomy of all specimens was checked against the latest available checklists and updated names added whenever necessary. Specimens received from entomologists working in other continents may also be valuable, as these are historic testimonies of the fauna of their own respective regions of origin and may, therefore, also be used as reference material. One paratype specimen from Australia is present in the collection. The holotype of Cheilosia vangaveri Timon-David, 1937 is absent from the collection and should be considered as lost. All but two of the specimens with locality labels had their geographical coordinates of origin added in the dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nève
- IMBE, Marseille, FranceIMBEMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- CNRS, Marseille, FranceCNRSMarseilleFrance
- IRD, Marseille, FranceIRDMarseilleFrance
- Avignon University, Avignon, FranceAvignon UniversityAvignonFrance
| | - Xavier Lair
- Independent Researcher, Sournia, FranceIndependent ResearcherSourniaFrance
| | - Thomas Lebard
- Independent Researcher, Breil-sur-Roya, FranceIndependent ResearcherBreil-sur-RoyaFrance
| | - Jean-Yves Meunier
- IMBE, Marseille, FranceIMBEMarseilleFrance
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille, FranceAix Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- CNRS, Marseille, FranceCNRSMarseilleFrance
- IRD, Marseille, FranceIRDMarseilleFrance
- Avignon University, Avignon, FranceAvignon UniversityAvignonFrance
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu Y, Ge LL, Cheng XF, Xiang XL, Wen XL, Wang YJ, Fu H, Ge YL, Xi YL. Temporal Distribution Patterns of Cryptic Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera) Species in Relation to Biogeographical Gradient Associated with Latitude. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:244. [PMID: 38254413 PMCID: PMC10812649 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sympatric distribution and temporal overlap of cryptic zooplankton species pose a challenge to the framework of the niche differentiation theory and the mechanisms allowing competitor coexistence. We applied the methods of phylogenetic analysis, DNA taxonomy, and statistical analysis to study the temporal distribution patterns of the cryptic B. calyciflorus species, an excellent model, in three lakes, and to explore the putative mechanisms for their seasonal succession and temporal overlap. The results showed that in the warm-temperate Lake Yunlong, B. fernandoi and B. calyciflorus s.s. underwent a seasonal succession, which was largely attributed to their differential adaptation to water temperature. In the subtropical Lake Jinghu, B. fernandoi, B. calyciflorus s.s., and B. dorcas exhibited both seasonal succession and temporal overlap. Seasonal successions were largely attributed to their differential adaptation to temperature, and temporal overlap resulted from their differential responses to algal food concentration. In the tropical Lake Jinniu, B. calyciflorus s.s. persisted throughout the year and overlapped with B. dorcas for 5 months. The temporal overlap resulted from their differential responses to copepod predation. These results indicated that the temporal distribution pattern of the cryptic B. calyciforus species and the mechanism that allows competitor coexistence vary with different climate zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Le-Le Ge
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xin-Feng Cheng
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xian-Ling Xiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Xin-Li Wen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yong-Jin Wang
- Management Committee of Scenic Attraction of Lake Yunlong, Xuzhou 221007, China;
| | - Hao Fu
- Reservoir Management Office of Lake Yunlong, Xuzhou 221007, China;
| | - Ya-Li Ge
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yi-Long Xi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; (Y.X.); (L.-L.G.); (X.-F.C.); (X.-L.X.); (X.-L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hertaeg C, Vorburger C, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Effects of genotype and host environment on the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Lysiphlebus parasitoids and aggression by aphid-tending ants. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231642. [PMID: 37848063 PMCID: PMC10581773 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids in the genus Lysiphlebus specialize on ant-tended aphids and have previously been reported to mimic the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of their aphid hosts to avoid detection by ants. However, the precise mechanisms that mediate reduced ant aggression toward Lysiphlebus spp. are not known, nor is it clear whether such mechanisms are broadly effective or specialized on particular aphid hosts. Here we explore the effects of wasp genotype and host environment on Lysiphlebus CHC profiles and ant aggression. Rearing asexual Lysiphlebus lines in different host aphid environments revealed effects of both wasp line and aphid host on wasp CHCs. However, variation in genotype and host affected different features of the CHC profile, with wasp genotype explaining most variation in linear and long-chain methyl alkanes, while aphid host environment primarily influenced short-chain methyl alkanes. Subsequent behavioural experiments revealed no effects of host environment on ant aggression, but strong evidence for genotypic effects. The influence of genotypic variation on experienced ant aggression and relevant chemical traits is particularly relevant in light of recent evidence for genetic divergence among Lysiphlebus parasitoids collected from different aphid hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Hertaeg
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo M. De Moraes
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C. Mescher
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srinivasulu B, Srinivasulu A. A new species of the Miniopterus australis species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Western Ghats, India. Zootaxa 2023; 5296:233-249. [PMID: 37518447 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The genus Miniopterus is highly diverse in cryptic species. Based on integrated approaches of morphometrics, echolocation call analysis, and molecular phylogenetics, we present evidence of a hitherto undescribed species, Srini's Bent-winged bat Miniopterus srinii sp. nov.. The new species, found in the Western Ghats of southern Karnataka, India, closely resembles the Small Bent-winged bat Miniopterus pusillus, found elsewhere in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, India. Although it shows external similarity with Miniopterus pusillus sensu stricto from the Nicobar Islands, the new species is relatively larger and distinct in craniodental measurements and echolocation call parameters, despite slight overlaps. Importantly, Miniopterus srinii exhibits morphological convergence with Miniopterus pusillus as despite similarities in morphologies, there is a significant genetic distance of 10.84 ± 0.22%. The new cryptic species shares distribution with Miniopterus phillipsi and Miniopterus pusillus in the Western Ghats, further highlighting the need to study both the genus' cryptic diversity, and the region's conservation importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Srinivasulu
- Department of Zoology; University College of Science; Osmania University; Hyderabad - 500007; Telangana State; India Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies; #F5; CFRD Building; Osmania University; Hyderabad - 500007; Telangana State; India.
| | - Aditya Srinivasulu
- Ecology and Conservation Lab; School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights; Reading; United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ador K, Gobilik J, Benedick S. Phylogenetic and Morphological Characteristics Reveal Cryptic Speciation in Stingless Bee, Tetragonula laeviceps s.l. Smith 1857 (Hymenoptera; Meliponinae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050438. [PMID: 37233066 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tetragonula laeviceps sensu lato (s.l.) Smith 1857 has the most complicated nomenclatural history among the Tetragonula genera. The objective of this study was to investigate whether T. laeviceps s.l. individuals with worker bees are grouped in the same or nearly the same morphological characteristics and have similar COI haplotype cluster groups. A total of 147 worker bees of T. laeviceps s.l. were collected from six sampling sites in Sabah (RDC, Tuaran, Kota Marudu, Putatan, Kinarut and Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture (FSA)), but only 36 were selected for further studies. These specimens were first classified according to the most obvious morphological characteristics, i.e., hind tibia color, hind basitarsus color and body size. Group identification was based on morphological characteristics important for distinguishing the four groups within T. laeviceps s.l. The four groups of T. laeviceps s.l. had significantly different body trait measurements for the TL (total length), HW (head width), HL (head length), CEL (compound eye length), CEW (compound eye width), FWLT (forewing length, including tegula), FWW (forewing width), FWL (forewing length), ML (mesoscutum length), MW (mesoscutum width), SW (mesoscutellum width), SL (mesoscutellum length), HTL = (hind tibia length), HTW (hind tibia width), HBL (hind basitarsus length) and HBW (hind basitarsus width) (p < 0.001). Body color included HC (head color), CC (clypeus color), ASC (antennae scape color), CFPP (Clypeus and frons plumose pubescence), HTC (hind tibia color), BSC (basitarsus color), SP (leg setae pubescence), SP (Thorax mesoscutellum pubescence), SPL (thorax mesoscutellum pubescence length) and TC (thorax color) (p < 0.05). The most distinctive features of the morphological and morphometric characteristics measured by PCA and LDA biplot that distinguish Group 1 (TL6-1, TL6-2 and TL6-3) from the other groups were the yellowish-brown ASC and the dark brown TC. Group 2 (haplotypes TL2-1, TL2-2 and TL2-3 and TL4-1, TL4-2 and TL4-3) had a dark brown ASC and a black TC, while Group 3 (haplotypes TL11-1, TL11-2 and TL11-3) had a blackish-brown ASC, a black TC and the largest TL, FWW and FWL. As for phylogenetic relationships, 12 out of 36 haplotypes showed clear separation with good bootstrap values (97-100%). The rest of the haplotypes did not show clear differentiation between subclades that belonged together, regardless of their morphology and morphometric characteristics. This suggests that the combination of DNA barcoding for species identification and phylogenetic analysis, as well as traditional methods based on morphological grouping by body size and body color, can be reliably used to determine intraspecific variations within T. laeviceps s.l.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ador
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Malaysia
| | - Januarius Gobilik
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Malaysia
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag No. 3, Sandakan 90509, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weinstein AM, Bohman B, Linde CC, Phillips RD. Conservation assessment of the Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae) ecotypes and an evaluation of methods for their identification. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1004177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologically cryptic taxa must be accounted for when quantifying biodiversity and implementing effective conservation measures. Some orchids pollinated by sexual deception of male insects contain morphologically cryptic ecotypes, such as the warty hammer orchid Drakaea livida (Orchidaceae). This species is comprised of three cryptic pollination ecotypes, which can be distinguished based on differences in pollinator species and floral volatiles. The present study aims were: (a) to investigate the geographic range of the three D. livida ecotypes, enabling assessment of their conservation status; and (b) to test the efficacy of different methods of identifying the D. livida ecotypes. Three methods of ecotype identification were assessed: morphometric analysis, genome size comparison, and analysis of chemical volatile composition of labellum extracts from pollinated flowers. MaxEnt species distribution models revealed that each ecotype has a different predicted geographic range, with small areas of overlap at the range margins. One ecotype is known from just ten populations over a limited geographic area, the majority of which has been cleared for agriculture, and urban development. While there was broad overlap between the ecotypes in individual morphological traits, multivariate analysis of morphological traits provided correct assignment to ecotype in 87% of individuals. Using the labellum of pollinated flowers, screening for volatile chemical compounds associated with particular ecotypes returned an even higher correct assignment rate, of 96.5%. As such, we advocate that the use of volatiles from the labellum of recently pollinated flowers is an effective way to determine the ecotype of unknown individuals of D. livida, with minimal impact on the flowering plant.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie YL, Mound LA, Lima ÉFB, He SQ, Zhang HR, Li YJ. Molecular Studies of Relationships and Identifications Among Insects of the Subfamily Panchaetothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6. [PMID: 36124863 PMCID: PMC9486593 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Panchaetothripinae comprises 42 genera and 146 species of leaf-feeding thrips, some of which are horticultural pests. We examined representatives of the 18 genera that include most of these pests. For species delimitation, we used DNA barcoding to produce171 sequences for 40 morphospecies. Most species were found to be monophyletic, although cryptic diversity was evident in 8 presumptive species. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic assessment was based on one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear loci (EF-1α, ITS2, and 28S) from 132 specimens (18 genera and 33 species), representing all genera and ~82% of species in China. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) confirmed monophyly of each genus with strong support. Monophyly of tribes Panchaetothripini and Monilothripini were refuted, but the well supported tribe Tryphactothripini was confirmed. Rhipiphorothrips was recovered as a sister to the remainder of the genera of Panchaetothripinae combined. Both analyses revealed two major clades. Clade A comprised the majority of the genera, including tribe Tryphactothripini. Clade B included only four genera of which two, Helionothrips and Caliothrips, are particularly species rich. The relationships of some genera remain unresolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan Xie
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Biotechnology and Engineering College, West Yunnan University, Xuefu Road 2, Linxiang District, Lincang 677000, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Laurence A Mound
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Élison Fabrício Bezerra Lima
- Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, Km 3.5, Meladão. Floriano, PI 64808-605, Brasil
| | - Shu Qi He
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Ya Jin Li
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (H RZ), (Y JL)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HUBER AUGUSTOFREDERICO, ARAUJO PAULABEATRIZ, RIBEIRO FELIPEBEZERRA. The hole is deeper: description of two new species within the Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) species complex with an integrative taxonomy approach. Zootaxa 2022; 5168:251-284. [DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we describe two new species of burrowing crayfish species complex Parastacus brasiliensis from forestry areas in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We used an integrative taxonomy approach with morphology and the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene and also evaluated their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Criteria. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected near the municipality of Pantano Grande and it differs from all other congeneric species in having an epistome anterolateral section with a large conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. It also differs from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the shape of the rostral surface, sub-orbital angle, postorbital carina straight, sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, the internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. was collected in the municipality of São Jerônimo, it differs from all analysed species for rostral spine absent, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal and mandible incisive process with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). It is also distinguished of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed on the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, areola narrow and pleon short. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed the distinct position of these new species to the already described species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) / area of occurrence (AOO) of P. guapo sp. nov and P. gomesae sp. nov. were estimated at 937 km² / 1,87 km², and 2.107 km² / 23,9 km² respectively. The main threats identified were continued decline in the quality of habitats, resulting from deforestation and forestry areas. However, as we know only one point of occurrence for each new species, we suggest that both be categorized as Data Deficient.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cruz DD, Arellano E. Molecular data confirm Triatoma pallidipennis Stål, 1872 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) as a novel cryptic species complex. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106382. [PMID: 35189124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma pallidipennis constitues one of the most important Chagas disease vector in Mexico. Previous studies based on molecular data suggest T. pallidipennis as a complex of cryptic species. For that reason, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of T. pallidipennis using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial ND4 gene and the ITS-2 gene. In addition, the divergence times were estimated, and possible new taxa were delimited with three species delimitation methods. Finally, genetic distances and possible connectivity routes based on shared haplotypes were obtained among the T. pallidipennis populations. Five haplogroups (possible cryptic species) were found, based on delimitation methods and genetic distances. Haplogroup divergence began about 3 Ma, in the Pleistocene. Moreover, none of the haplogroups showed potential connectivity routes between them, evidencing lack of gene flow. Our results suggest the existence of a new cryptic species complex within what is currently recognized as a T. pallidipennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl D Cruz
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Arellano
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Turnham KE, Wham DC, Sampayo E, LaJeunesse TC. Mutualistic microalgae co-diversify with reef corals that acquire symbionts during egg development. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3271-3285. [PMID: 34012104 PMCID: PMC8528872 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of molecular genetics has reinvigorated and improved how species are defined and investigated scientifically, especially for morphologically cryptic micro-organisms. Here we show how species recognition improves understanding of the ecology and evolution of mutualisms between reef-building corals and their mutualistic dinoflagellates (i.e. Symbiodiniaceae). A combination of genetic, ecological, and morphological evidence defines two sibling species of Cladocopium (formerly Symbiodinium Clade C), specific only to host corals in the common genus Pocillopora, which transmit their obligate symbionts during oogenesis. Cladocopium latusorum sp. nov. is symbiotic with P. grandis/meandrina while the smaller-celled C. pacificum sp. nov. associates with P. verrucosa. Both symbiont species form mutualisms with Pocillopora that brood their young. Populations of each species, like their hosts, are genetically well connected across the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean, indicating a capacity for long-range dispersal. A molecular clock approximates their speciation during the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene as Earth underwent cycles of precipitous cooling and warming; and corresponds to when their hosts were also diversifying. The long temporal and spatial maintenance of high host fidelity, as well as genetic connectivity across thousands of kilometers, indicates that distinct ecological attributes and close evolutionary histories will restrain the adaptive responses of corals and their specialized symbionts to rapid climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew C Wham
- Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Todd C LaJeunesse
- Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scarparo G, Rugman-Jones P, Gebiola M, Giulio AD, McFrederick QS. First screening of bacterial communities of Microdon myrmicae and its ant host: do microbes facilitate the invasion of ant colonies by social parasites? Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Eda M, Yamasaki T, Izumi H, Tomita N, Konno S, Konno M, Murakami H, Sato F. Cryptic species in a Vulnerable seabird: shorttailed albatross consists of two species. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of cryptic species within a threatened taxon is rare, but where they do occur, understanding species boundaries is essential for planning an effective conservation strategy. The short-tailed albatross Phoebastria albatrus is a Vulnerable seabird that mainly breeds on Torishima and the Senkaku Islands in the western North Pacific. Although it has been tacitly regarded as a single management unit with 2 breeding sites, the species is known to comprise 2 genetically separated populations (Senkaku-type and Torishima-type). However, morphological examination of birds from both populations has not been conducted owing to the difficulty in accessing the Senkaku Islands. In this study, we examined the morphological differences between immigrants from the Senkaku Islands to Torishima (Senkaku-type) and native birds on Torishima (Torishima-type) and found significant differences in morphological characteristics between the 2 bird types. In general, Torishima-type birds were larger than Senkaku-type birds, whereas Senkaku-type birds had relatively longer beaks. Based on the morphological differences found in this study as well as genetic and ecological differences revealed in previous studies, we believe that Senkaku- and Torishima-type birds should be classified as different cryptic species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cryptic species being identified in a threatened avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Eda
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - T Yamasaki
- Division of Natural History, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| | - H Izumi
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - N Tomita
- Division of Avian Conservation, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| | - S Konno
- Division of Avian Conservation, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| | - M Konno
- Division of Avian Conservation, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| | - H Murakami
- Division of Avian Conservation, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| | - F Sato
- Division of Avian Conservation, Yamashina Institute for Ornithology, Konoyama 115, Abiko 270-1145, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Myers TC, de Mello PLH, Glor RE. A morphometric assessment of species boundaries in a widespread anole lizard (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCryptic species – genetically distinct species that are morphologically difficult to distinguish – present challenges to systematists. Operationally, cryptic species are very difficult to identify and sole use of genetic data or morphological data can fail to recognize evolutionarily isolated lineages. We use morphometric data to test species boundaries hypothesized with genetic data in the North Caribbean bark anole (Anolis distichus), a suspected species complex. We use univariate and multivariate analyses to test if candidate species based on genetic data can be accurately diagnosed. We also test alternative species delimitation scenarios with a model fitting approach that evaluates normal mixture models capable of identifying morphological clusters. Our analyses reject the hypothesis that the candidate species are diagnosable. Neither uni- nor multivariate morphometric data distinguish candidate species. The best-supported model included two morphological clusters; however, these clusters were uneven and did not align with a plausible species divergence scenario. After removing two related traits driving this result, only one cluster was supported. Despite substantial differentiation revealed by genetic data, we recover no new evidence to delimit species and refrain from taxonomic revision. This study highlights the importance of considering other types of data along with molecular data when delimiting species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences & Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pietro L H de Mello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identifying Chagas disease vectors using elliptic Fourier descriptors of body contour: a case for the cryptic dimidiata complex. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:332. [PMID: 32611375 PMCID: PMC7329423 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatoma dimidiata (Reduviidae: Triatominae) is an important vector of Chagas disease in various countries in the Americas. Phylogenetic studies have defined three lineages in Mexico and part of Central America. While there is a marked genetic differentiation, methods for identifying them using morphometric analyses with landmarks have not yet been fully resolutive. Elliptical Fourier descriptors (EFDs), which mathematically describe the shape of any closed two-dimensional contours, could be a potentially useful alternative method. Our objective was to validate the use of EFDs for the identification of three lineages of this species complex. METHOD A total of 84 dorsal view images of individuals of the three lineages were used. Body contours were described with EFDs using between 5 and 30 harmonics. The number of obtained coefficients was reduced by a principal components analysis and the first axis scores were used as shape variables. A linear discriminant function analysis and an ordination plot of the discriminant analysis were performed using the shape variables. A confusion matrix of the ordination plot of the discriminant analysis was obtained to estimate the classification errors, the first five PC scores were statistically compared, and a neural network were then performed using the shape variables. RESULTS The first principal component explained 50% of the variability, regardless the number of harmonics used. The results of discriminant analysis get improved by increasing the number of harmonics and components considered. With 25 harmonics and 30 components, the identification of haplogroups was achieved with an overall efficiency greater than 97%. The ordering diagram showed the correct discrimination of haplogroups, with only one error of discrimination corroborated by the confusion matrix. When comparing the first five PC scores, significant differences were found among at least two haplogroups. The 30 multilayer perceptron neural networks were also efficient in identification, reaching 91% efficiency with the validation data. CONCLUSIONS The use of EFD is a simple and useful method for the identification of the main lineages of Triatoma dimidiata, with high values of correct identification.
Collapse
|
16
|
de Oliveira EA, da Silva LA, Silva EAP, Guimarães KLA, Penhacek M, Martínez JG, Rodrigues LRR, Santana DJ, Hernández-Ruz EJ. Four new species of Pristimantis Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 (Anura: Craugastoridae) in the eastern Amazon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229971. [PMID: 32187206 PMCID: PMC7080247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pristimantis genus (Anura: Craugastoridae) is the most diverse among all vertebrates with 531 described species. The highest diversity occurs in Ecuador (215 species), followed by Colombia (202), Peru (139), Venezuela (60), Brazil (30), Bolivia (17), Guyana (6) Suriname and French Guiana (5). The genus is divided into 11 species groups. Of these, the P. conspicillatus group (containing 34 species), distributed in extreme southeastern Costa Rica, Isla Taboga (Panama), northern South America (from Colombia to eastern Guyana), south Bolivia, and is the best represented in Brazil (16 species). The main characteristics of this group are the tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus distinct (except in P. johannesdei); dorsum smooth or shagreen; dorsal lateral fold present or absent; usually smooth belly, but may be weakly granular in some species; toe V slightly larger than the toe III. Most of the taxonomic inconsistencies in species of Pristimantis could be due to its much conserved morphology and the lack of comprehensive taxonomic evaluations. Thus, an ongoing challenge for taxonomists dealing with the Pristimantis genus is the ubiquitous abundance of cryptic species. In this context, accurate species delimitation should integrate evidences of morphological, molecular, bioacoustics and ecological data, among others. Based on an integrative taxonomy perspective, we utilize morphological, molecular (mtDNA) and bioacoustic evidence to describe four new species of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group from the eastern Amazon basin. Pristimantis giorgiisp. nov. is known from the Xingu/Tocantins interfluve and can be distinguished from the other Pristimantis species of the region by presenting discoidal fold, dorsolateral fold absent, vocalization composed of three to four notes and genetic distance of 7.7% (16S) and 14.8% (COI) from P. latro, the sister and sympatric species with respect P. giorgiisp. nov.. Pristimantis pictussp. nov. is known to the northern Mato Grosso state, Brazil, and can be distinguished from the other species of Pristimantis by presenting the posterior surface of the thigh with light yellow patches on a brown background, also extending to the inguinal region, vocalization consisting of four to five notes and a genetic distance of 11.6% (16S) and 19.7% (COI) from P. pluviansp. nov., which occurs in sympatry. Pristimantis pluviansp. nov. is known to the northern Mato Grosso state, Brazil, and may be distinguished from the other Pristimantis species by having a posterior surface of the thigh reddish and vocalization composed of two notes. Pristimantis moasp. nov. is known to the northern Tocantins state and southwestern Maranhão state. This species can be distinguished from the other Pristimantis species by possessing slightly perceptible canthal stripe, external thigh surface with dark yellow spots on brown background, vocalization consisting of three to five notes and genetic distance of 2.3–11.7 (16S) and 10.5–23.1 (COI) for the new Pristimantis species of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elciomar Araújo de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Leandro Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Elvis Almeida Pereira Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Mapinguari—Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Alemanha
| | - Karen Larissa Auzier Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Penhacek
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais e Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional–ABAM, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - José Gregório Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Diego José Santana
- Mapinguari—Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Répteis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Emil José Hernández-Ruz
- Laboratório de Zoologia Adriano Giorgi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira, Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cerca J, Meyer C, Purschke G, Struck TH. Delimitation of cryptic species drastically reduces the geographical ranges of marine interstitial ghost-worms (Stygocapitella; Annelida, Sedentaria). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 143:106663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Chemical Deception and Structural Adaptation in Microdon (Diptera, Syrphidae, Microdontinae), a Genus of Hoverflies Parasitic on Social Insects. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:959-971. [PMID: 31792663 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Various organisms, especially arthropods, are able to live as parasites in ant nests and to prey upon ant broods without eliciting any aggressive behaviour in the hosts. Understanding how these intruders are able to break the ants' communication codes in their favour represents a challenging and intriguing evolutionary question. We studied the chemical strategies of three European hoverfly species, Microdon mutabilis (parasitic on Formica cunicularia), M. analis (parasitic on Lasius emarginatus) and M. devius (parasitic on L. distinguendus). The peculiar slug-like larvae of these three species live inside ant nests feeding upon their broods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses show that: 1) these parasites mimic the host brood rather than the ant workers, although each differs distinctly in the extent of chemical mimicry; 2) isolation experiments indicate that after 14 days the responsible cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are not passively acquired but synthesized by the fly larvae. Additionally, Microdon larvae show an array of protective structural features, such as a thick and multi-layered cuticle, retractable head, dome-shaped tergum and a flat and strongly adhesive "foot" (sternum). This combination of protective chemical and structural features represents a successful key innovation by Microdon species, and one that may facilitate host switching. The results of a preliminary adoption analysis confirm that Microdon larvae of at least some species can readily be accepted by different species of ants.
Collapse
|
19
|
von Oheimb KCM, von Oheimb PV, Hirano T, Do TV, Ablett J, Luong HV, Pham SV, Naggs F. Cryptic diversity of limestone karst inhabiting land snails (Cyclophorus spp.) in northern Vietnam, their evolutionary history and the description of four new species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222163. [PMID: 31644567 PMCID: PMC6808330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limestone karsts can form terrestrial habitat islands for calcium-dependent organisms. In Vietnam, many karst habitats are threatened, while their rich biodiversity is still far from being thoroughly explored. Given that conservation of karst biota strongly relies on correct species identification, the presence of undetected cryptic species can pose severe problems. The present study focuses on cryptic diversity among karst-inhabiting land snails of the genus Cyclophorus in northern Vietnam, where specimens with a similar shell morphology have been reported from various regions. In order to examine the diversity and evolutionary history of this “widespread morphotype”, we generated a Bayesian phylogeny based on DNA sequence data. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and the Bayesian implementation of the Poisson tree processes model (bPTP) contributed to species delimitation and analyses of shell shape and size aided the morphological characterisation of individual species. We found that the examined specimens of the widespread morphotype did not form a single monophyletic group in the phylogeny but clustered into several different clades. We delimited nine different species that develop the widespread morphotype and described four of them as new. Processes of convergent evolution were probably involved in the origin of the delimited species, while their generally allopatric distribution could result from interspecific competition. Our findings indicate ongoing processes of speciation and a potential case of morphological character displacement. The high degree of morphological overlap found among the species underlines the importance of DNA sequence data for species delimitation and description in the genus Cyclophorus. Given the findings of the present study and the high potential that as yet undiscovered cryptic taxa have also evolved in other groups of karst-inhabiting organisms, we argue for a systematic and efficient detection and description of Vietnam’s karst biodiversity to provide a solid basis for future conservation planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. M. von Oheimb
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Parm Viktor von Oheimb
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom
- Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tu Van Do
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Ablett
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Van Luong
- Centre for Rescue and Conservation of Organisms, Hoang Lien National Park, Sa Pa, Vietnam
| | - Sang Van Pham
- Department of Specimen Preparation and Exhibitive Design, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Naggs
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, England, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An identity crisis in the Indo-Pacific: molecular exploration of the genus Koseiria (Digenea: Enenteridae). Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:945-961. [PMID: 31628939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We explore the growing issue of cryptic speciation in the Digenea through study of museum material and newly collected specimens consistent with the enenterid genus Koseiria from five species of the Kyphosidae and Chaetodontoplus meredithi Kuiter (Pomacanthidae) collected in the Indo-Pacific. We use an integrated approach, employing traditional morphometrics, principal components analysis (PCA), and molecular data (ITS2 and 28S rDNA). Our results support recombination of Koseiria allanwilliamsi Bray & Cribb, 2002 as Proenenterum allanwilliamsi (Bray & Cribb, 2002) n. comb. and transfer of Koseiria huxleyi Bray & Cribb, 2001 to a new genus as Enenterageitus huxleyi (Bray & Cribb, 2002) n. comb. Molecular data indicate the presence of four further species consistent with Koseiria, one from Western Australia (sequence data only) and three from eastern Australia. All three eastern Australian species are morphologically consistent with Koseiria xishaensis Gu & Shen, 1983, but distinct from all other previously described species. Although K. xishaensis has been reported from Australia, we conclude that the similarity of the present forms to the original description of K. xishaensis means records of this species from Japan, Palau and Australia are unreliable. Because the eastern Australian forms cannot be reliably ascribed to K. xishaensis, we describe Koseiria argalea n. sp., Koseiria laiphopharophora n. sp., and Koseiria pyknophora n. sp., following application of PCAs and iterative refinement of species concepts and type series. These analyses did not allow convincing identification hypotheses for all specimens examined. In this genus, both morphological and molecular data, together with reliable host identifications, are essential for species recognition, and thus we refrain from attempting to name samples lacking molecular data. The issues presented by these taxa encapsulate those of trematodes in the region as a whole. Many records require dramatically improved supporting data, leading to substantial uncertainly in the identification of this fauna.
Collapse
|
21
|
De Oliveira EA, Penhacek M, Guimarães KLA, do Nascimento GA, Rodrigues LRR, Hernández-Ruz EJ. Pristimantis in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon: DNA barcoding reveals underestimated diversity in a megadiverse genus. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2019; 30:731-738. [PMID: 31264503 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2019.1634696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Pristimantis has the highest species diversity among all terrestrial vertebrates, with most species observed in the Andean region and the Guiana Shield. Even with the recent description of a new species, only P. latro, P. dundeei and P. zimmermanae occur in the south of the Amazon River. The lack of taxonomists specialized in the field leads to the propagation of dubious terminologies (e.g. Pristimantis sp1, Pristimantis sp2, P. aff. Fenestratus and P. gr. conspicillatus) or even misidentification of species, resulting in erroneous species distributions. In this study, we applied the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) algorithm for the delimitation of candidate species and values of genetic distances using the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI), proposed in the barcode methodology, where values greater than 10% are considered as indicative of different species. We found large genetic distances between P. latro and Pristimantis sp1 Unconfirmed Candidate Species - UCS1 (21%), and between P. altamazonicus and Pristimantis sp2 UCS2 (14%). The ABGD method recognized UCS1 and UCS2 as distinct species. Pristimantis sp. UCS1 and UCS2 in the east of the Brazilian Amazon are indicated as candidate species. We suggest greater sampling of Pristimantis sp. UCS1 and UCS2, integrating morphology and bioacoustics to solve the taxonomic status in the east of the Brazilian Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elciomar Araújo De Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil
| | - Marcos Penhacek
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais e Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional - ABAM, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso , Sinop , Mato Grosso , Brazil
| | - Karen Larissa Auzier Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará , Santarém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Gessica Amorim do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará , Altamira , Pará , Brazil
| | - Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará , Santarém , Pará , Brazil.,Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará , Santarém , Pará , Brazil
| | - Emil José Hernández-Ruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará , Altamira , Pará , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Z, Chen G, Zhu T, Zeng Z, Lyu Z, Wang J, Messenger K, Greenberg AJ, Guo Z, Yang Z, Shi S, Wang Y. Prevalence of cryptic species in morphologically uniform taxa - Fast speciation and evolutionary radiation in Asian frogs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:723-731. [PMID: 29920336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diversity and distributions of cryptic species have long been a vexing issue. Identification of species boundaries is made difficult by the lack of obvious morphological differences. Here, we investigate the cryptic diversity and evolutionary history of an underappreciated group of Asian frog species (Megophrys) to explore the pattern and dynamic of amphibian cryptic species. We sequenced four mitochondrial genes and five nuclear genes and delineated species using multiple approaches, combining DNA and mating-call data. A Bayesian species tree was generated to estimate divergence times and to reconstruct ancestral ranges. Macroevolutionary analyses and hybridization tests were conducted to explore the evolutionary dynamics of this cryptic group. Our phylogenies support the current subgenera. We revealed 43 cryptic species, 158% higher than previously thought. The species-delimitation results were further confirmed by mating-call data and morphological divergence. We found that these Asian frogs entered China from the Sunda Shelf 48 Mya, followed by an ancient radiation event during middle Miocene. We confirmed the efficiency of the multispecies coalescent model for delimitation of species with low morphological diversity. Species diversity of Megophrys is severely underappreciated, and species distributions have been misestimated as a result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyao Liu
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoling Chen
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Random Complex Structures and Data Science, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhaochi Zeng
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitong Lyu
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kevin Messenger
- Department of Zoology, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Zixiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingyong Wang
- The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Singhal S, Hoskin CJ, Couper P, Potter S, Moritz C. A Framework for Resolving Cryptic Species: A Case Study from the Lizards of the Australian Wet Tropics. Syst Biol 2018; 67:1061-1075. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Singhal
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University—Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA
| | - Conrad J Hoskin
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Patrick Couper
- Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Sally Potter
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simó-Riudalbas M, Metallinou M, de Pous P, Els J, Jayasinghe S, Péntek-Zakar E, Wilms T, Al-Saadi S, Carranza S. Cryptic diversity in Ptyodactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from the northern Hajar Mountains of Oman and the United Arab Emirates uncovered by an integrative taxonomic approach. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180397. [PMID: 28767644 PMCID: PMC5540286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hajar Mountains of south-eastern Arabia form an isolated massif surrounded by the sea to the east and by a large desert to the west. As a result of their old geological origin, geographical isolation, complex topography and local climate, these mountains provide an important refuge for endemic and relict species of plants and animals. With 19 species restricted to the Hajar Mountains, reptiles are the vertebrate group with the highest level of endemicity, becoming an excellent model for understanding the patterns and processes that generate and shape diversity in this arid mountain range. The geckos of the Ptyodactylus hasselquistii species complex are the largest geckos in Arabia and are found widely distributed across the Arabian Mountains, constituting a very important component of the reptile mountain fauna. Preliminary analyses suggested that their diversity in the Hajar Mountains may be higher than expected and that their systematics should be revised. In order to tackle these questions, we inferred a nearly complete calibrated phylogeny of the genus Ptyodactylus to identify the origin of the Hajar Mountains lineages using information from two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes. Genetic variability within the Hajar Mountains was further investigated using 68 specimens of Ptyodactylus from 46 localities distributed across the entire mountain range and sequenced for the same genes as above. The molecular phylogenies and morphological analyses as well as niche comparisons indicate the presence of two very old sister cryptic species living in allopatry: one restricted to the extreme northern Hajar Mountains and described as a new species herein; the other distributed across the rest of the Hajar Mountains that can be confidently assigned to the species P. orlovi. Similar to recent findings in the geckos of the genus Asaccus, the results of the present study uncover more hidden diversity in the northern Hajar Mountains and stress once again the importance of this unique mountain range as a hot spot of biodiversity and a priority focal point for reptile conservation in Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Simó-Riudalbas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Metallinou
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip de Pous
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes Els
- Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Sithum Jayasinghe
- Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Erika Péntek-Zakar
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Thomas Wilms
- Allwetterzoo Münster, Sentruper Str. 315, Münster, Germany
| | - Saleh Al-Saadi
- Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Thaqafah Street, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salvador Carranza
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sheth BP, Thaker VS. DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy: an integrated approach for biodiversity conservation. Genome 2017; 60:618-628. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological diversity is depleting at an alarming rate. Additionally, a vast amount of biodiversity still remains undiscovered. Taxonomy has been serving the purpose of describing, naming, and classifying species for more than 250 years. DNA taxonomy and barcoding have accelerated the rate of this process, thereby providing a tool for conservation practice. DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy have their own inherent merits and demerits. The synergistic use of both methods, in the form of integrative taxonomy, has the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation in a pragmatic timeframe and overcome their individual drawbacks. In this review, we discuss the basics of both these methods of biological identification (traditional taxonomy and DNA barcoding), the technical advances in integrative taxonomy, and future trends. We also present a comprehensive compilation of published examples of integrative taxonomy that refer to nine topics within biodiversity conservation. Morphological and molecular species limits were observed to be congruent in ∼41% of the 58 source studies. The majority of the studies highlighted the description of cryptic diversity through the use of molecular data, whereas research areas like endemism, biological invasion, and threatened species were less discussed in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavisha P. Sheth
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Vrinda S. Thaker
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maia GF, Lima AP, Kaefer IL. Not just the river: genes, shapes, and sounds reveal population-structured diversification in the Amazonian frog Allobates tapajos (Dendrobatoidea). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
27
|
Sun S, Li Q, Kong L, Yu H, Zheng X, Yu R, Dai L, Sun Y, Chen J, Liu J, Ni L, Feng Y, Yu Z, Zou S, Lin J. DNA barcoding reveal patterns of species diversity among northwestern Pacific molluscs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33367. [PMID: 27640675 PMCID: PMC5027561 DOI: 10.1038/srep33367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study represents the first comprehensive molecular assessment of northwestern Pacific molluscs. In total, 2801 DNA barcodes belonging to 569 species from China, Japan and Korea were analyzed. An overlap between intra- and interspecific genetic distances was present in 71 species. We tested the efficacy of this library by simulating a sequence-based specimen identification scenario using Best Match (BM), Best Close Match (BCM) and All Species Barcode (ASB) criteria with three threshold values. BM approach returned 89.15% true identifications (95.27% when excluding singletons). The highest success rate of congruent identifications was obtained with BCM at 0.053 threshold. The analysis of our barcode library together with public data resulted in 582 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), 72.2% of which was found to be concordantly with morphology-based identifications. The discrepancies were divided in two groups: sequences from different species clustered in a single BIN and conspecific sequences divided in one more BINs. In Neighbour-Joining phenogram, 2,320 (83.0%) queries fromed 355 (62.4%) species-specific barcode clusters allowing their successful identification. 33 species showed paraphyletic and haplotype sharing. 62 cases are represented by deeply diverged lineages. This study suggest an increased species diversity in this region, highlighting taxonomic revision and conservation strategy for the cryptic complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao’e Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruihai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lina Dai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lehai Ni
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shanmei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phiri EE, Daniels SR. Multilocus coalescent species delimitation reveals widespread cryptic differentiation among Drakensberg mountain-living freshwater crabs (Decapoda : Potamonautes). INVERTEBR SYST 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/is15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic lineages present major challenges for evolutionary and conservation studies, particularly where these lineages remain undiscovered. Freshwater crabs are known to harbour cryptic diversity, in most cases with limited morphological differences. During the present study, we used a multilocus (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI, 28S rRNA, DecapANT and PEPCK) Bayesian species delimitation to examine cryptic diversity within a freshwater crab species complex (Potamonautes clarus/P. depressus). We sampled 25 highland rivers in the Tugela and uMkomazi River drainage systems of the Drakensberg Mountain range, in the KwaZulu–Natal province of South Africa. Our results showed there to be at least eight lineages: six novel potamonautid freshwater crabs, and two described taxa P. clarus and P. depressus. Divergence from the most recent common ancestor occurred between the mid- and late Miocene (12.1 Mya), while divergence within the species complex occurred ~10.3 Mya up until the Holocene (0.11 Mya). The discovery of six novel lineages of freshwater crabs from a seemingly restricted distribution range has conservation implications, but to date most conservation planning strategies have focussed on freshwater vertebrates. By conducting a fine-scale phylogenetic survey using invertebrates, this study provides a platform for the inclusion of freshwater invertebrates in future conservation assessments.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dias VS, Silva JG, Lima KM, Petitinga CSCD, Hernández-Ortiz V, Laumann RA, Paranhos BJ, Uramoto K, Zucchi RA, Joachim-Bravo IS. An integrative multidisciplinary approach to understanding cryptic divergence in Brazilian species of theAnastrepha fraterculuscomplex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Salvador Bahia Brazil
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Janisete G. Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; UESC; Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
| | - Katia M. Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; UESC; Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16 Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
| | | | - Vicente Hernández-Ortiz
- Instituto de Ecología; A.C. Red de Interacciones Multitróficas. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351; El Haya 91060 Xalapa Veracruz México
| | - Raúl A. Laumann
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Beatriz J. Paranhos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA-Semiárido); BR 428 Zona Rural Petrolina Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Keiko Uramoto
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; ESALQ/USP; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Roberto A. Zucchi
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; ESALQ/USP; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Iara S. Joachim-Bravo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal da Bahia; Salvador Bahia Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Niche overlap and host specificity in parasitic Maculinea butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) as a measure for potential extinction risks under climate change. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
31
|
Irwin NAT, Lynn DH. Molecular Phylogeny of Mobilid and Sessilid Ciliates Symbiotic in Eastern Pacific Limpets (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:543-52. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. T. Irwin
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Denis H. Lynn
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
- Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Costa WJ, Amorim PF. Integrative taxonomy and conservation of seasonal killifishes,Xenurolebias(Teleostei: Rivulidae), and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.918062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Schmid VS, Morales MN, Marinoni L, Kamke R, Steiner J, Zillikens A. Natural history and morphology of the hoverfly Pseudomicrodon biluminiferus and its parasitic relationship with ants nesting in bromeliads. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:38. [PMID: 25373185 PMCID: PMC5657375 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The syrphid subfamily Microdontinae is characterized by myrmecophily of their immature stages, i.e., they develop in ant nests. Data on natural history of microdontines are scarce, especially in the Neotropics. Based on fieldwork in southern Brazil, this study provided new data on development and ecology of the hoverfly Pseudomicrodon biluminiferus (Hull) (Diptera: Syrphidae) as well as the first morphological descriptions of male genitalia, larvae, and pupa. Immature specimens were specifically found in colonies of the ant species Crematogaster limata Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) found in rosettes of the bromeliad species Aechmea lindenii (E. Morren) Baker (Poales: Bromeliaceae) and A. nudicaulis (L.) Grisebach. Third instar larvae were observed preying on ant larvae, revealing the parasitic nature of P. biluminiferus. In this and several other aspects, the natural history of P. biluminiferus is similar to that of Holarctic microdontine species. Exceptions include: (i) indications that adults of P. biluminiferus outlast the winter months (in contrast to 3(rd)instar larvae in Holarctic species) and (ii) P. biluminiferus' relationship with bromeliads. The importance of bromeliads for this host-parasite system is evaluated in this paper. The single occurrence of another, unidentified microdontine species' pupae in a nest of the ant species Camponotus melanoticus Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker S Schmid
- Biologie I, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany Med.-Naturwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mírian N Morales
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Dept. de Zoologia, Pós-graduação em Entomologia, Cx. Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciane Marinoni
- Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Dept. de Zoologia, Pós-graduação em Entomologia, Cx. Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Kamke
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Abelhas Nativas (LANUFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josefina Steiner
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Abelhas Nativas (LANUFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Anne Zillikens
- Med.-Naturwissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Abelhas Nativas (LANUFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thomas JA, Elmes GW, Sielezniew M, Stankiewicz-Fiedurek A, Simcox DJ, Settele J, Schönrogge K. Mimetic host shifts in an endangered social parasite of ants. Proc Biol Sci 2013. [PMID: 23193127 PMCID: PMC3574407 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging problem in conservation is whether listed morpho-species with broad distributions, yet specialized lifestyles, consist of more than one cryptic species or functionally distinct forms that have different ecological requirements. We describe extreme regional divergence within an iconic endangered butterfly, whose socially parasitic young stages use non-visual, non-tactile cues to infiltrate and supplant the brood in ant societies. Although indistinguishable morphologically or when using current mitochondrial and nuclear sequence-, or microsatellite data, Maculinea rebeli from Spain and southeast Poland exploit different Myrmica ant species and experience 100 per cent mortality with each other's hosts. This reflects major differences in the hydrocarbons synthesized from each region by the larvae, which so closely mimic the recognition profiles of their respective hosts that nurse ants afford each parasite a social status above that of their own kin larvae. The two host ants occupy separate niches within grassland; thus, conservation management must differ in each region. Similar cryptic differentiation may be common, yet equally hard to detect, among the approximately 10 000 unstudied morpho-species of social parasite that are estimated to exist, many of which are Red Data Book listed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Thomas
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Madjdzadeh SM, Dawah HA, Bruford M. Morphometric differentiation ofTetramesa leucospaeZerova & Madjdzadeh, 2005, populations associated with two geographically isolated grass species in Iran. ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2011.10638482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Massoud Madjdzadeh
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman , Iran
| | - Hassan Ali Dawah
- b Jazan University, Research Centre and Ecological Studies , P.O. Box 2095 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mike Bruford
- c Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AX , Unuted Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rutishauser MD, Bontadina F, Braunisch V, Ashrafi S, Arlettaz R. The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species: disentangling the environmental niches of long-eared bats. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne D. Rutishauser
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Conservation Biology; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6; CH-3012; Bern; Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Arlettaz
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Conservation Biology; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6; CH-3012; Bern; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Costa WJEM, Amorim PF, Mattos JLO. Species delimitation in annual killifishes from the Brazilian Caatinga, theHypsolebias flavicaudatuscomplex (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): implications for taxonomy and conservation. SYST BIODIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2012.664177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
38
|
Skoracka A, Kuczyński L, Santos de Mendonça R, Dabert M, Szydło W, Knihinicki D, Truol G, Navia D. Cryptic species within the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella (Keifer) (Acari : Eriophyoidea), revealed by mitochondrial, nuclear and morphometric data. INVERTEBR SYST 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/is11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella (Keifer, 1969), is one of the primary pests of wheat and other cereals throughout the world. Traditional taxonomy recognises WCM as a single eriophyoid species; however, a recent study suggested that two genetic lineages of WCM in Australia might represent putative species. Here, we investigate WCM populations from different host plants in Australia, South America and Europe and test the hypothesis that WCM is, in fact, a complex of cryptic species. We used morphological data in combination with nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase subunitI (COI) and nuclear D2 region of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2) sequences. The molecular analyses did not support the monophyly of A. tosichella because the outgroup A. tulipae (Keifer, 1938) is grouped within WCM. The molecular datasets indicated the existence of distinct lineages within WCM, with the distances between lineages corresponding to interspecific divergence. Morphological analyses failed to clearly separate WCM populations and lineages, but completely separated A. tulipae from A. tosichella. The results suggest that what has been recognised historically as a single species is, in fact, a complex of several genetically isolated evolutionary lineages that demonstrate potential as cryptic species. Hence, their discrimination using solely morphological criteria may be misleading. These findings are particularly significant because of the economic importance of WCM as a direct pest and vector of plant viruses.
Collapse
|
39
|
CHAIANUNPORN T, HOVESTADT T. The role of mobility for the emergence of diversity in victim-exploiter systems. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2473-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Yurkov AM, Kemler M, Begerow D. Species accumulation curves and incidence-based species richness estimators to appraise the diversity of cultivable yeasts from beech forest soils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23671. [PMID: 21858201 PMCID: PMC3155558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yeast-like fungi inhabit soils throughout all climatic zones in a great abundance. While recent estimations predicted a plethora of prokaryotic taxa in one gram of soil, similar data are lacking for fungi, especially yeasts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We assessed the diversity of soil yeasts in different forests of central Germany using cultivation-based techniques with subsequent identification based on rDNA sequence data. Based on experiments using various pre-cultivation sample treatment and different cultivation media we obtained the highest number of yeasts by analysing mixed soil samples with a single nutrient-rich medium. Additionally, several species richness estimators were applied to incidence-based data of 165 samples. All of them predicted a similar range of yeast diversity, namely 14 to 16 species. Randomized species richness curves reached saturation in all applied estimators, thus indicating that the majority of species is detected after approximately 30 to 50 samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study we demonstrate that robust species identification as well as mathematical approaches are essential to reliably estimate the sampling effort needed to describe soil yeast communities. This approach has great potential for optimisation of cultivation techniques and allows high throughput analysis in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey M Yurkov
- Geobotany, Department of Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD. Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi. FUNGAL DIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
42
|
Abdelaziz M, Lorite J, Muñoz-Pajares AJ, Herrador MB, Perfectti F, Gómez JM. Using complementary techniques to distinguish cryptic species: a new Erysimum (Brassicaceae) species from North Africa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1049-1060. [PMID: 21613070 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Cryptic species are superficially morphologically indistinguishable and therefore erroneously classified under one single name. The identification and delimitation of these species is usually a difficult task. The main aim of this study is to provide an inclusive methodology that combines standard and new tools to allow accurate identification of cryptic species. We used Erysimum nervosum s.l. as a model system. METHODS Four populations belonging to E. nervosum s.l. were sampled at their two distribution ranges in Morocco (the Atlas Mountains and the Rif Mountains). Fifteen individuals per population were collected to assess standard taxonomic traits. Additionally, corolla color and shape were quantified in 30 individuals per population using spectrophotometry and geometric morphometrics, respectively. Finally, we collected tissue samples from each population per species to study the phylogenetic relationships among them. KEY RESULTS Using the standard taxonomic traits, we could not distinguish the four populations. Nonetheless, there were differences in corolla color and shape between plants from the two mountain ranges. The population differentiation based on quantitative morphological differences were confirmed and supported by the phylogenetic relationships obtained for these populations and the rest of the Moroccan Erysimum species. CONCLUSIONS The joint use of the results obtained from standard taxonomic traits, quantitative analyses of plant phenotype, and molecular data suggests the occurrence of two species within E. nervosum s.l. in Morocco, one located in the Atlas Mountains (E. nervosum s.s.) and the other in the Rif Mountains (E. riphaeanum sp. nov.). Consequently, we suggest that combining quantitative and molecular approaches with standard taxonomy greatly benefits the identification of cryptic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelaziz
- Departamento de Genética, Campus Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071 Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
PIGGOTT MAXINEP, CHAO NINGL, BEHEREGARAY LUCIANOB. Three fishes in one: cryptic species in an Amazonian floodplain forest specialist. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Langmore NE, Maurer G, Adcock GJ, Kilner RM. Socially acquired host-specific mimicry and the evolution of host races in Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis. Evolution 2008; 62:1689-1699. [PMID: 18419751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between parasites and their hosts typically leads to increasing specialization on host species by the parasite. Where multiple hosts are parasitized, specialization on each host can result in genetic divergence within the parasite population to create host races, and, ultimately, new species. We investigate how host-specific traits arise in Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo Chalcites basalis nestlings. Newly hatched cuckoos evict host young from the nest, yet in the absence of a model they accurately mimic the different begging calls of a primary host (superb fairy-wren, Malurus cyaneus) and a secondary host (buff-rumped thornbill, Acanthiza reguloides). Using cross-fostering experiments, we show that begging calls are modified after parasitism, through experience. Further, we demonstrate the mechanism by which mimetic calls are acquired. All cuckoo nestlings initially produced the call of their primary host. When cross-fostered as eggs to a secondary host, calls increased in variability and were rapidly modified to resemble those of the secondary host through shaping by host parents. We suggest that plasticity in the development of host-specific traits after parasitism is likely to reduce selection for host race formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Langmore
- School of Botany & Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Host recognition by the specialist hoverfly Microdon mutabilis, a social parasite of the ant Formica lemani. J Chem Ecol 2008; 34:168-78. [PMID: 18185959 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The larva of the hoverfly Microdon mutabilis is a specialist social parasite of the ant Formica lemani that is adapted to local groups of F. lemani colonies but mal-adapted to colonies of the same species situated only a few hundred meters away. At a study site in Ireland, F. lemani shares its habitat with four other ant species. All nest under stones, making the oviposition choice by M. mutabilis females crucial to offspring survival. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that, as an extreme specialist, M. mutabilis should respond to cues derived from its host rather than from its microenvironment, a phenomenon that has hitherto only been addressed in the context of herbivorous insects and their parasitoids. In behavioral assays, M. mutabilis females reacted to volatiles from F. lemani colonies by extending their ovipositors, presumably probing for an oviposition substrate. This behavior was not observed toward negative controls or volatiles from colonies of Myrmica scabrinodis, the host ant of the closely related Microdon myrmicae. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) that used antennal preparations of M. mutabilis located a single physiologically active compound within an extract of heads of F. lemani workers. Coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) tentatively identified the compound as a methylated methylsalicylate. GC co-injection of the extract with authentic samples showed that of the four possible isomers (methyl 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-methylsalicylate), only methyl 6-methylsalicylate co-eluted with the EAG-active peak. Furthermore, the response to methyl 6-methylsalicylate was four times higher than to those of the other isomers. Coupled GC-EAG and GC-MS also revealed physiological responses to two constituents, 3-octanone and 3-octanol, of the M. scabrinodis alarm pheromone. However, the behavioral trials did not reveal any behavior that could be attributed to these compounds. Results are discussed in the context of four phases of host location behavior, and of the characteristics, which volatile cues should provide to be useful for an extreme specialist such as M. mutabilis.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I. Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:148-55. [PMID: 17129636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1698] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bickford
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gardner MG, Schönrogge K, Elmes GW, Thomas JA. Increased genetic diversity as a defence against parasites is undermined by social parasites: Microdon mutabilis hoverflies infesting Formica lemani ant colonies. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:103-10. [PMID: 17035169 PMCID: PMC1679886 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity can benefit social insects by providing variability in immune defences against parasites and pathogens. However, social parasites of ants infest colonies and not individuals, and for them a different relationship between genetic diversity and resistance may exist. Here, we investigate the genetic variation, assessed using up to 12 microsatellite loci, of workers in 91 Formica lemani colonies in relation to their infestation by the specialist social parasite Microdon mutabilis. At the main study site, workers in infested colonies exhibited lower relatedness and higher estimated queen numbers, on average, than uninfested ones. Additionally, estimated queen numbers were negatively correlated with estimated average numbers of mates per queen within infested colonies. At another site, infested colonies also exhibited significantly lower worker relatedness, and estimated queen numbers were comparable in trend. In contrast, in two populations of F. lemani where M. mutabilis was absent, relatedness within colonies was high (40 and 90% with R>0.6). While high genetic variation can benefit social insects by increasing their resistance to pathogens, there may be a cost in the increased likelihood of infiltration by social parasites owing to greater variation in nestmate recognition cues. This study provides the first empirical test of this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Gardner
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), CEH Dorset, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Williams HC, Ormerod SJ, Bruford MW. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the cryptic species complex Baetis rhodani (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 40:370-82. [PMID: 16631388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have highlighted cryptic diversity in many well-known taxa including aquatic insects, with the general implication that there are more species than are currently recognised. Baetis rhodani Pictet are among the most widespread, abundant and ecologically important of all European mayflies (Ephemeroptera), and used widely as biological indicators of stream quality. Traditional taxonomy and systematics have never fully resolved differences among suspected cryptic species in the B. rhodani complex because morphological characters alone do not allow reliable distinction. This is particularly true among larvae, the life-stage used most widely in monitoring. Here, we assess the molecular diversity of this complex in one of the largest such studies of cryptic species in the order Ephemeroptera to date. Phylogenies were constructed using data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Two monophyletic groups were recovered consisting of one major haplogroup and a second clade of 6 smaller but distinct haplogroups. Haplogroup divergence ranged from 0.2-3% (within) to 8-19% (among) with the latter values surpassing maxima typically reported for other insects, and provides strong evidence for cryptic species in the B. rhodani complex. The taxonomic status of these seven haplogroups remains undefined. Their distributions across Western Europe reveal no obvious geographic pattern, suggesting widespread diffusion of genetic lineages since the last glacial maximum. The implications of these findings are far-reaching given the ecological and bioindicator significance of what now appears to be several taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Williams
- Biodiversity and Ecological Processes Group, Main Building, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Thomas JA. Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360:339-57. [PMID: 15814349 PMCID: PMC1569450 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2004.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservative estimates suggest that 50-90% of the existing insect species on Earth have still to be discovered, yet the named insects alone comprise more than half of all known species of organism. With such poor baseline knowledge, monitoring change in insect diversity poses a formidable challenge to scientists and most attempts to generalize involve large extrapolations from a few well-studied taxa. Butterflies are often the only group for which accurate measures of change can be obtained. Four schemes, used successfully to assess change in British butterflies, that are increasingly being applied across the world are described: Red Data Books (RDB) list the best judgements of experts of the conservation status of species in their field of expertise; mapping schemes plot the changing distributions of species at scales of 1-100 km2; transect monitoring schemes generate time series of changes in abundance in sample populations of species on fixed sites across the UK; and occasional surveys measure the number, boundaries and size of all populations of a (usually RDB) species at intervals of 10-30 years. All schemes describe consistent patterns of change, but if they are to be more generally useful, it is important to understand how well butterflies are representative of other taxa. Comparisons with similarly measured changes in native bird and plant species suggest that butterflies have declined more rapidly that these other groups in Britain; it should soon be possible to test whether this pattern exists elsewhere. It is also demonstrated that extinction rates in British butterflies are similar to those in a range of other insect groups over 100 years once recording bias is accounted for, although probably lower than in aquatic or parasitic taxa. It is concluded that butterflies represent adequate indicators of change for many terrestrial insect groups, but recommended that similar schemes be extended to other popular groups, especially dragonflies, bumblebees, hoverflies and ants. Given institutional backing, similar projects could be employed internationally and standardized. Finally, a range of schemes designed to monitor change in communities of aquatic macro-invertebrates is described. Although designed to use invertebrates as a bio-indicator of water quality for human use, these programmes could be extended to monitor the 2010 biodiversity targets of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Thomas
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Dorset Laboratory, Winfrith Technology Centre, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|