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Franco FF, Amaral DT, Bonatelli IAS, Meek JB, Moraes EM, Zappi DC, Taylor NP, Eaton DAR. A historical stepping-stone path for an island-colonizing cactus across a submerged "bridge" archipelago. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:296-308. [PMID: 38637723 PMCID: PMC11166651 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we use population genomic data (ddRAD-Seq) and ecological niche modeling to test biogeographic hypotheses for the divergence of the island-endemic cactus species Cereus insularis Hemsl. (Cereeae; Cactaceae) from its sister species C. fernambucensis Lem. The Cereus insularis grows in the Fernando de Noronha Islands (FNI), a Neotropical archipelago located 350 km off the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF) coast. Phylogeographic reconstructions support a northward expansion by the common ancestor of C. insularis and C. fernambucensis along the mainland BAF coast, with C. insularis diverging from the widespread mainland taxon C. fernambucensis after colonizing FNI in the late Pleistocene. The morphologically distinct C. insularis is monophyletic and nested within C. fernambucensis, as expected from a progenitor-derivative speciation model. We tested alternative biogeographic and demographic hypotheses for the colonization of the FNI using Approximate Bayesian Computation. We found the greatest support for a stepping-stone path that emerged during periods of decreased sea level (the "bridge" hypothesis), in congruence with historical ecological niche modeling that shows highly suitable habitats on stepping-stone islands during glacial periods. The outlier analyses reveal signatures of selection in C. insularis, suggesting a putative role of adaptation driving rapid anagenic differentiation of this species in FNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Faria Franco
- Departamento de Biologia. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Trabuco Amaral
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Comparada. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabel A S Bonatelli
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas. Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Jared B Meek
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Evandro Marsola Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cristina Zappi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, PO Box 04457, Brasília, DF, 70910970, Brazil
| | - Nigel Paul Taylor
- Departamento de Biologia. Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Deren A R Eaton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Wenzell KE, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Range‐wide floral trait variation reflects shifts in pollinator assemblages, consistent with pollinator‐mediated divergence despite generalized visitation. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Wenzell
- John Innes Centre Colney Lane Norwich UK
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Clemson Univ., Dept of Biological Sciences Clemson SC USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Northwestern Univ., Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Evanston IL USA
- Negaunee Inst. for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
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Species delimitation and mitonuclear discordance within a species complex of biting midges. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1730. [PMID: 35110675 PMCID: PMC8810881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to distinguish between species can be a serious problem in groups responsible for pathogen transmission. Culicoides biting midges transmit many pathogenic agents infecting wildlife and livestock. In North America, the C. variipennis species complex contains three currently recognized species, only one of which is a known vector, but limited species-specific characters have hindered vector surveillance. Here, genomic data were used to investigate population structure and genetic differentiation within this species complex. Single nucleotide polymorphism data were generated for 206 individuals originating from 17 locations throughout the United States and Canada. Clustering analyses suggest the occurrence of two additional cryptic species within this complex. All five species were significantly differentiated in both sympatry and allopatry. Evidence of hybridization was detected in three different species pairings indicating incomplete reproductive isolation. Additionally, COI sequences were used to identify the hybrid parentage of these individuals, which illuminated discordance between the divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets.
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White NJ, Beckerman AP, Snook RR, Brockhurst MA, Butlin RK, Eyres I. Experimental evolution of local adaptation under unidimensional and multidimensional selection. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1310-1318.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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White NJ, Butlin RK. Multidimensional divergent selection, local adaptation, and speciation. Evolution 2021; 75:2167-2178. [PMID: 34263939 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Divergent selection applied to one or more traits drives local adaptation and may lead to ecological speciation. Divergent selection on many traits might be termed "multidimensional" divergent selection. There is a commonly held view that multidimensional divergent selection is likely to promote local adaptation and speciation to a greater extent than unidimensional divergent selection. We disentangle the core concepts underlying dimensionality as a property of the environment, phenotypes, and genome. In particular, we identify a need to separate the overall strength of selection and the number of loci affected from dimensionality per se, and to distinguish divergence dimensionality from dimensionality of stabilizing selection. We then critically scrutinize this commonly held view that multidimensional selection promotes speciation, re-examining the evidence base from theory, experiments, and nature. We conclude that the evidence base is currently weak and generally suffers from confounding of possible causal effects. Finally, we propose several mechanisms by which multidimensional divergent selection and related processes might influence divergence, both as a driver and as a barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J White
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-40530, Sweden
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Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Contact Zones Between Chromosomal Races of House Mice, Mus musculus domesticus, on Madeira Island. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070748. [PMID: 32640559 PMCID: PMC7397221 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of contact zones between parapatric chromosomal races can help our understanding of chromosomal divergence and its influence on the speciation process. Monitoring the position and any movement of contact zones can allow particular insights. This study investigates the present (2012-2014) and past (1998-2002) distribution of two parapatric house mouse chromosomal races-PEDC (Estreito da Calheta) and PADC (Achadas da Cruz)-on Madeira Island, aiming to identify changes in the location and width of their contact. We also extended the 1998-2002 sampling area into the range of another chromosomal race-PLDB (Lugar de Baixo). Clinal analysis indicates no major geographic alterations in the distribution and chromosomal characteristics of the PEDC and PADC races but exhibited a significant shift in position of the Rb (7.15) fusion, resulting in the narrowing of the contact zone over a 10+ year period. We discuss how this long-lasting contact zone highlights the role of landscape on mouse movements, in turn influencing the chromosomal characteristics of populations. The expansion of the sampling area revealed new chromosomal features in the north and a new contact zone in the southern range involving the PEDC and PLDB races. We discuss how different interacting mechanisms (landscape resistance, behaviour, chromosomal incompatibilities, meiotic drive) may help to explain the pattern of chromosomal variation at these contacts between chromosomal races.
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Hora KH, Marec F, Roessingh P, Menken SBJ. Limited intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation despite chromosomal rearrangements between closely related sympatric species of small ermine moths (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In evolutionarily young species and sympatric host races of phytophagous insects, postzygotic incompatibility is often not yet fully developed, but reduced fitness of hybrids is thought to facilitate further divergence. However, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. To assess the role of reduced hybrid fitness, we studied meiosis and fertility in hybrids of two closely related small ermine moths, Yponomeuta padella and Yponomeuta cagnagella, and determined the extent of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation. We found extensive rearrangements between the karyotypes of the two species and irregularities in meiotic chromosome pairing in their hybrids. The fertility of reciprocal F1 and, surprisingly, also of backcrosses with both parental species was not significantly decreased compared with intraspecific offspring. The results indicate that intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation between these closely related species is limited. We conclude that the observed chromosomal rearrangements are probably not the result of an accumulation of postzygotic incompatibilities preventing hybridization. Alternative explanations, such as adaptation to new host plants, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina H Hora
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steph B J Menken
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gray LN, Barley AJ, Poe S, Thomson RC, Nieto‐Montes de Oca A, Wang IJ. Phylogeography of a widespread lizard complex reflects patterns of both geographic and ecological isolation. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:644-657. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi N. Gray
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Anthony J. Barley
- Department of Biology University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Steven Poe
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Robert C. Thomson
- Department of Biology University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Adrián Nieto‐Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México México
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California
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Liu Y, Dietrich CH, Wei C. Genetic divergence, population differentiation and phylogeography of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi based on molecular and acoustic data: an example of the early stage of speciation? BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:5. [PMID: 30621591 PMCID: PMC6323834 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geographical isolation combined with historical climatic fluctuations have been identified as two major factors that contribute to the formation of new species. On the other hand, biotic factors such as competition and predation are also able to drive the evolution and diversification of organisms. To determine whether geographical barriers contributed to population divergence or speciation in the rare endemic cicada Subpsaltria yangi the population differentiation, genetic structure and phylogeography of the species were investigated in the Loess Plateau and adjacent areas of northwestern China by analysing mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and comparing the calling song structure of 161 male individuals. Results The results reveal a low level of genetic differentiation and relatively simple phylogeographic structure for this species, but two independent clades corresponding to geographically isolated populations were recognised. Genetic and geographical distances were significantly correlated among lineages. Results of divergence-time estimation are consistent with a scenario of isolation due to glacial refugia and interglacial climate oscillation in northwestern China. Significant genetic divergence was found between the population occurring in the Helan Mountains and other populations, and recent population expansion has occurred in the Helan Mountains and/or adjacent areas. This population is also significantly different in calling song structure from other populations. Conclusions Geographical barriers (i.e., the deserts and semi-deserts surrounding the Helan Mountains), possibly coupled with related ecological differences, may have driven population divergence and allopatric speciation. This provides a possible example of incipient speciation in Cicadidae, improves understanding of population differentiation, acoustic signal diversification and phylogeographic relationships of this rare cicada species of conservation concern, and informs future studies on population differentiation, speciation and phylogeography of other insects with a high degree of endemism in the Helan Mountains and adjacent areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1317-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Abstract
Phylogeography and landscape genetics have arisen within the past 30 y. Phylogeography is said to be the bridge between population genetics and systematics, and landscape genetics the bridge between landscape ecology and population genetics. Both fields can be considered as simply the amalgamation of classic biogeography with genetics and genomics; however, they differ in the temporal, spatial, and organismal scales addressed and the methodology used. I begin by briefly summarizing the history and purview of each field and suggest that, even though landscape genetics is a younger field (coined in 2003) than phylogeography (coined in 1987), early studies by Dobzhansky on the "microgeographic races" of Linanthus parryae in the Mojave Desert of California and Drosophila pseudoobscura across the western United States presaged the fields by over 40 y. Recent advances in theory, models, and methods have allowed researchers to better synthesize ecological and evolutionary processes in their quest to answer some of the most basic questions in biology. I highlight a few of these novel studies and emphasize three major areas ripe for investigation using spatially explicit genomic-scale data: the biogeography of speciation, lineage divergence and species delimitation, and understanding adaptation through time and space. Examples of areas in need of study are highlighted, and I end by advocating a union of phylogeography and landscape genetics under the more general field: biogeography.
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Winger BM. Consequences of divergence and introgression for speciation in Andean cloud forest birds. Evolution 2017; 71:1815-1831. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Winger
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center The Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
- Current Addresses: Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan 1109 Geddes Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
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Stelbrink B, Shirokaya AA, Föller K, Wilke T, Albrecht C. Origin and diversification of Lake Ohrid's endemic acroloxid limpets: the role of geography and ecology. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:273. [PMID: 27978815 PMCID: PMC5159953 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ancient Lake Ohrid, located on the Albania-Macedonia border, is the most biodiverse freshwater lake in Europe. However, the processes that gave rise to its extraordinary endemic biodiversity, particularly in the species-rich gastropods, are still poorly understood. A suitable model taxon to study speciation processes in Lake Ohrid is the pulmonate snail genus Acroloxus, which comprises two morphologically distinct and ecologically (vertically) separated endemic species. Using a multilocus phylogenetic framework of Acroloxus limpets from the Euro-Mediterranean subregion, together with molecular-clock and phylogeographic analyses of Ohrid taxa, we aimed to infer their geographic origin and the timing of colonization as well as the role of geography and ecology in intra-lacustrine diversification. RESULTS In contrast to most other endemic invertebrate groups in Lake Ohrid, the phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Ohrid Acroloxus species indicate that the Balkan region probably did not serve as their ancestral area. The inferred monophyly and estimated divergence times further suggest that these freshwater limpets colonized the lake only once and that the onset of intra-lacustrine diversification coincides with the time when the lake reached deep-water conditions ca 1.3 Mya. However, the difference in vertical distribution of these two ecologically distinct species is not reflected in the phylogeographic pattern observed. Instead, western and eastern populations are genetically more distinct, suggesting a horizontal structure. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both geography and ecology have played a role in the intra-lacustrine speciation process. Given the distinct morphology (sculptured vs. smooth shell) and ecology (littoral vs. sublittoral), and the timing of intra-lacustrine diversification inferred, we propose that the onset of deep-water conditions initially triggered ecological speciation. Subsequent geographic processes then gave rise to the phylogeographic patterns observed today. However, the generally weak genetic differentiation observed suggests incipient speciation, which might be explained by the comparatively young age of the lake system and thus the relatively recent onset of intra-lacustrine diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Stelbrink
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alena A Shirokaya
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, P.O. Box 4199, 664033, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Kirstin Föller
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Ornelas JF, González C, Hernández-Baños BE, García-Moreno J. Molecular and iridescent feather reflectance data reveal recent genetic diversification and phenotypic differentiation in a cloud forest hummingbird. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1104-27. [PMID: 26811749 PMCID: PMC4722824 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present day distribution and spatial genetic diversity of Mesoamerican biota reflects a long history of responses to habitat change. The hummingbird Lampornis amethystinus is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling across the species range using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and nuclear microsatellites jointly analysed with phenotypic and climatic data, we (1) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (2) assess body size and plumage color differentiation of populations in geographic isolation, and (3) evaluate a set of divergence scenarios and demographic patterns of the hummingbird populations. Analysis of genetic variation revealed four main groups: blue‐throated populations (Sierra Madre del Sur); two groups of amethyst‐throated populations (Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental); and populations east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) with males showing an amethyst throat. The most basal split is estimated to have originated in the Pleistocene, 2.39–0.57 million years ago (MYA), and corresponded to groups of populations separated by the IT. However, the estimated recent divergence time between blue‐ and amethyst‐throated populations does not correspond to the 2‐MY needed to be in isolation for substantial plumage divergence, likely because structurally iridescent colors are more malleable than others. Results of species distribution modeling and Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis fit a model of lineage divergence west of the Isthmus after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and that the species’ suitable habitat was disjunct during past and current conditions. These results challenge the generality of the contraction/expansion glacial model to cloud forest‐interior species and urges management of cloud forest, a highly vulnerable ecosystem to climate change and currently facing destruction, to prevent further loss of genetic diversity or extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico
| | - Clementina González
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL) Xalapa Veracruz 91070 Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Morelia Michoacán Mexico
| | - Blanca E Hernández-Baños
- Museo de Zoología Departamento de Biología Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México DF 04510 Mexico
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Benham PM, Witt CC. The dual role of Andean topography in primary divergence: functional and neutral variation among populations of the hummingbird, Metallura tyrianthina. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:22. [PMID: 26801894 PMCID: PMC4724075 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ridges and valleys of the Andes create physical barriers that limit animal dispersal and cause deterministic local variation in rainfall. This has resulted in physical isolation of animal populations and variation in habitats, each of which has likely contributed to the evolution of high species diversity in the region. However, the relative influences of geographic isolation, ecoclimatic conditions, and their potential interactions remain poorly understood. To address this, we compared patterns of genetic and morphological diversity in Peruvian populations of the hummingbird Metallura tyrianthina. Results Phylogenetic and variation partitioning analyses showed that geographic isolation rather than climatic dissimilarity explained the greatest proportion of genetic variance. In contrast, bill length variation was explained by climatic seasonality, but not by genetic divergence. We found that mutation-scaled migration rate (m) between persistently humid and semi-humid environments was nearly 20 times higher when the habitats were contiguous (m = 39.9) than when separated by a barrier, the Cordillera de Vilcanota (m = 2.1). Moreover, the population experiencing more gene flow exhibited a lesser degree of bill length divergence despite similar differences in climate. Conclusions Geographic isolation is necessary for genetic divergence. Ecological differences, represented here by climate characteristics, are necessary for functional divergence. Gene flow appears to hinder the evolution of functional traits toward local adaptive optima. This suggests that functional diversification requires geographic isolation followed or accompanied by a shift in ecological conditions. Andean topography causes both isolation and climatic variation, underscoring its dual role in biotic diversification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0595-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phred M Benham
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA. .,Present address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr. HS104, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
| | - Christopher C Witt
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter Hall MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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15
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Rocha MDF, Pine MB, Oliveira EFADS, Loreto V, Gallo RB, da Silva CRM, de Domenico FC, da Rosa R. Spreading of heterochromatin and karyotype differentiation in two Tropidacris Scudder, 1869 species (Orthoptera, Romaleidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:435-450. [PMID: 26312132 PMCID: PMC4547036 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i3.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tropidacris Scudder, 1869 is a genus widely distributed throughout the Neotropical region where speciation was probably promoted by forest reduction during the glacial and interglacial periods. There are no cytogenetic studies of Tropidacris, and information allowing inference or confirmation of the evolutionary events involved in speciation within the group is insufficient. In this paper, we used cytogenetic markers in two species, Tropidacriscollaris (Stoll, 1813) and Tropidacriscristatagrandis (Thunberg, 1824), collected in different Brazilian biomes. Both species exhibited 2n=24,XX for females and 2n=23,X0 for males. All chromosomes were acrocentric. There were some differences in the karyotype macrostructure, e.g. in the chromosome size. A wide interspecific variation in the chromosome banding (C-banding and CMA3/DAPI staining) indicated strong differences in the distribution of repetitive DNA sequences. Specifically, Tropidacriscristatagrandis had a higher number of bands in relation to Tropidacriscollaris. FISH with 18S rDNA revealed two markings coinciding with the NORs in both species. However, two analyzed samples of Tropidacriscollaris revealed a heterozygous condition for the rDNA site of S10 pair. In Tropidacriscollaris, the histone H3 genes were distributed on three chromosome pairs, whereas in Tropidacriscristatagrandis, these genes were observed on 14 autosomes and on the X chromosome, always in terminal regions. Our results demonstrate that, although the chromosome number and morphology are conserved in the genus, Tropidacriscristatagrandis substantially differs from Tropidacriscollaris in terms of the distribution of repetitive sequences. The devastation and fragmentation of the Brazilian rainforest may have led to isolation between these species, and the spreading of these repetitive sequences could contribute to speciation within the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Bozina Pine
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vilma Loreto
- Departamento de Genética, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bozini Gallo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata da Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Winger BM, Bates JM. The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: Avian speciation across the Marañon Valley of Peru. Evolution 2015; 69:772-87. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Winger
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; The University of Chicago; Culver Hall 402 Chicago Illinois 60637
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center; The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - John M. Bates
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology; The University of Chicago; Culver Hall 402 Chicago Illinois 60637
- Life Sciences Section, Integrative Research Center; The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago Illinois 60605
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17
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González M, Peretti AV, Costa FG. Reproductive isolation between two populations ofAglaoctenus lagotis, a funnel-web wolf spider. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena González
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva; y Evolución Cátedra de Diversidad Animal I; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Vélez Sarsfield 299 CP: 5000 Córdoba Capital Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA); CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
- Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Clemente Estable Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Alfredo V. Peretti
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva; y Evolución Cátedra de Diversidad Animal I; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Vélez Sarsfield 299 CP: 5000 Córdoba Capital Argentina
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA); CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fernando G. Costa
- Laboratorio de Etología, Ecología y Evolución; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Clemente Estable Montevideo Uruguay
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Beheregaray LB, Cooke GM, Chao NL, Landguth EL. Ecological speciation in the tropics: insights from comparative genetic studies in Amazonia. Front Genet 2015; 5:477. [PMID: 25653668 PMCID: PMC4301025 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution creates and sustains biodiversity via adaptive changes in ecologically relevant traits. Ecologically mediated selection contributes to genetic divergence both in the presence or absence of geographic isolation between populations, and is considered an important driver of speciation. Indeed, the genetics of ecological speciation is becoming increasingly studied across a variety of taxa and environments. In this paper we review the literature of ecological speciation in the tropics. We report on low research productivity in tropical ecosystems and discuss reasons accounting for the rarity of studies. We argue for research programs that simultaneously address biogeographical and taxonomic questions in the tropics, while effectively assessing relationships between reproductive isolation and ecological divergence. To contribute toward this goal, we propose a new framework for ecological speciation that integrates information from phylogenetics, phylogeography, population genomics, and simulations in evolutionary landscape genetics (ELG). We introduce components of the framework, describe ELG simulations (a largely unexplored approach in ecological speciation), and discuss design and experimental feasibility within the context of tropical research. We then use published genetic datasets from populations of five codistributed Amazonian fish species to assess the performance of the framework in studies of tropical speciation. We suggest that these approaches can assist in distinguishing the relative contribution of natural selection from biogeographic history in the origin of biodiversity, even in complex ecosystems such as Amazonia. We also discuss on how to assess ecological speciation using ELG simulations that include selection. These integrative frameworks have considerable potential to enhance conservation management in biodiversity rich ecosystems and to complement historical biogeographic and evolutionary studies of tropical biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano B Beheregaray
- Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Georgina M Cooke
- The Australian Museum, The Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ning L Chao
- Departamento de Ciências Pesqueiras, Universidade Federal do Amazonas Manaus, Brazil ; National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium Pintung, Taiwan
| | - Erin L Landguth
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA
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Wellborn GA, Langerhans RB. Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:176-95. [PMID: 25628875 PMCID: PMC4298445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche-related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species-rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity - but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wellborn
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma, 73019
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
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20
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Marchiori AB, Fornel R, Santos S. Morphometric variation in allopatric populations of Aegla platensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura): possible evidence for cryptic speciation. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-014-0242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Cooke GM, Landguth EL, Beheregaray LB. Riverscape genetics identifies replicated ecological divergence across an Amazonian ecotone. Evolution 2014; 68:1947-60. [PMID: 24641091 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ecological speciation involves the evolution of reproductive isolation and niche divergence in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow. The process is one of the most controversial topics of the speciation debate, particularly in tropical regions. Here, we investigate ecologically based divergence across an Amazonian ecotone in the electric fish, Steatogenys elegans. We combine phylogenetics, genome scans, and population genetics with a recently developed individual-based evolutionary landscape genetics approach that incorporates selection. This framework is used to assess the relative contributions of geography and divergent natural selection between environments as biodiversity drivers. We report on two closely related and sympatric lineages that exemplify how divergent selection across a major Amazonian aquatic ecotone (i.e., between rivers with markedly different hydrochemical properties) may result in replicated ecologically mediated speciation. The results link selection across an ecological gradient with reproductive isolation and we propose that assortative mating based on water color may be driving the divergence. Divergence resulting from ecologically driven selection highlights the importance of considering environmental heterogeneity in studies of speciation in tropical regions. Furthermore, we show that framing ecological speciation in a spatially explicit evolutionary landscape genetics framework provides an important first step in exploring a wide range of the potential effects of spatial dependence in natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M Cooke
- Molecular Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; The Australian Museum, The Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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22
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Pucci MB, Barbosa P, Nogaroto V, Almeida MC, Artoni RF, Pansonato-Alves JC, Foresti F, Moreira-Filho O, Vicari MR. Population differentiation and speciation in the genusCharacidium(Characiformes: Crenuchidae): effects of reproductive and chromosomal barriers. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Baer Pucci
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Patrícia Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Viviane Nogaroto
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - Roberto Ferreira Artoni
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pansonato-Alves
- Departamento de Morfologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n Botucatu-SP 18618-970 Brazil
| | - Fausto Foresti
- Departamento de Morfologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n Botucatu-SP 18618-970 Brazil
| | - Orlando Moreira-Filho
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235 São Carlos-SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Ponta Grossa-PR 84030-900 Brazil
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23
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EVANS MELISSAL, PRAEBEL KIM, PERUZZI STEFANO, BERNATCHEZ LOUIS. Parallelism in the oxygen transport system of the lake whitefish: the role of physiological divergence in ecological speciation. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4038-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Nosil P, Gompert Z, Farkas TE, Comeault AA, Feder JL, Buerkle CA, Parchman TL. Genomic consequences of multiple speciation processes in a stick insect. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:5058-65. [PMID: 22696527 PMCID: PMC3497229 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse geographical modes and mechanisms of speciation are known, and individual speciation genes have now been identified. Despite this progress, genome-wide outcomes of different evolutionary processes during speciation are less understood. Here, we integrate ecological and spatial information, mating trials, transplantation data and analysis of 86 130 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight populations (28 pairwise comparisons) of Timema cristinae stick insects to test the effects of different factors on genomic divergence in a system undergoing ecological speciation. We find patterns consistent with effects of numerous factors, including geographical distance, gene flow, divergence in host plant use and climate, and selection against maladaptive hybridization (i.e. reinforcement). For example, the number of highly differentiated ‘outlier loci’, allele-frequency clines and the overall distribution of genomic differentiation were recognizably affected by these factors. Although host use has strong effects on phenotypic divergence and reproductive isolation, its effects on genomic divergence were subtler and other factors had pronounced effects. The results demonstrate how genomic data can provide new insights into speciation and how genomic divergence can be complex, yet predictable. Future work could adopt experimental, mapping and functional approaches to directly test which genetic regions are affected by selection and determine their physical location in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Nosil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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25
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Cooke GM, Chao NL, Beheregaray LB. Natural selection in the water: freshwater invasion and adaptation by water colour in the Amazonian pufferfish. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1305-20. [PMID: 22551113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection and ecological adaptation are ultimately responsible for much of the origin of biodiversity. Yet, the identification of divergent natural selection has been hindered by the spatial complexity of natural systems, the difficulty in identifying genes under selection and their relationship to environment, and the confounding genomic effects of time. Here, we employed genome scans, population genetics and sequence-based phylogeographic methods to identify divergent natural selection on population boundaries in a freshwater invader, the Amazonian pufferfish, Colomesus asellus. We sampled extensively across markedly different hydrochemical settings in the Amazon Basin and use 'water colour' to test for ecological isolation. We distinguish the relative contribution of natural selection across hydrochemical gradients from biogeographic history in the origin and maintenance of population boundaries within a single species and across a complex ecosystem. We show that spatially distinct population structure generated by multiple forces (i.e. water colour and vicariant biogeographic history) can be identified if the confounding effects of genetic drift have not accumulated between selective populations. Our findings have repercussions for studies aimed at identifying engines of biodiversity and assessing their temporal progression in understudied and ecologically complex tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Cooke
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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GALLIGAN TOBYH, DONNELLAN STEPHENC, SULLOWAY FRANKJ, FITCH ALISONJ, BERTOZZI TERRY, KLEINDORFER SONIA. Panmixia supports divergence with gene flow in Darwin’s small ground finch,Geospiza fuliginosa, on Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2106-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Synergy between Allopatry and Ecology in Population Differentiation and Speciation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/273413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The general diversity pattern of the Caribbean anole radiation has been described in detail; however, the actual mechanisms at the origin of their diversification remain controversial. In particular, the role of ecological speciation, and the relative importance of divergence in allopatry and in parapatry, is debated. We describe the genetic structure of anole populations across lineage contact zones and ecotones to investigate the effect of allopatric divergence, natural selection, and the combination of both factors on population differentiation. Allopatric divergence had no significant impact on differentiation across the lineage boundary, while a clear bimodality in genetic and morphological characters was observed across an ecotone within a single lineage. Critically, the strongest differentiation was observed when allopatry and ecology act together, leading to a sharp reduction in gene flow between two lineages inhabiting different habitats. We suggest that, for Caribbean anoles to reach full speciation, a synergistic combination of several historical and ecological factors may be requisite.
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28
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Bird CE. Morphological and behavioral evidence for adaptive diversification of sympatric Hawaiian limpets (Cellana spp.). Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:466-73. [PMID: 21700576 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemic Hawaiian limpets (Cellana exarata, Cellana sandwicensis, and Cellana talcosa), reside at different elevations on wave-exposed rocky shores and comprise a monophyletic lineage that diversified within Hawai'i. Here, I report phenotypic differences in shell, soft tissue, and behavioral characters among these limpets and discuss their potential utility in exploiting their respective niches. The high-shore limpet, C. exarata, is characterized by a tall round shell, short mantle tentacles, and long evasion distance when confronted by a predatory gastropod. The mid-shore limpet, C. sandwicensis, is characterized by a shorter oblong shell, long mantle tentacles, and a short evasion distance when confronted by a predatory snail. The low-shore, shallow-subtidal limpet, C. talcosa, is characterized by a flat shell that is thin in juveniles and disproportionately massive in large adults (relative to the other two species), and mantle tentacles of varying lengths (some individuals exhibit short tentacles, some long). These species-specific suites of characters are likely to confer specific fitness advantages on the high shore (C. exarata) where thermal and desiccation stress is severe, on the mid shore (C. sandwicensis) where hydrodynamic forces are severe, and on the low-shallow subtidal shore (C. talcosa) where pelagic predators have free access to the limpets. These data add to the growing body of evidence for adaptive diversification and speciation in the Hawaiian Cellana, and in marine species in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Bird
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, PO BOX 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
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BIRD CHRISTOPHERE, HOLLAND BRENDENS, BOWEN BRIANW, TOONEN ROBERTJ. Diversification of sympatric broadcast-spawning limpets (Cellana spp.) within the Hawaiian archipelago. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2128-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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McGlaughlin ME, Friar EA. Evolutionary diversification and geographical isolation in Dubautia laxa (Asteraceae), a widespread member of the Hawaiian silversword alliance. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:357-70. [PMID: 21193480 PMCID: PMC3043929 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) is one the best examples of a plant adaptive radiation, exhibiting extensive morphological and ecological diversity. No research within this group has addressed the role of geographical isolation, independent of ecological adaptation, in contributing to taxonomic diversity. The aims of this study were to examine genetic differentiation among subspecies of Dubautia laxa (Asteraceae) to determine if allopatric or sympatric populations and subspecies form distinct genetic clusters to understand better the role of geography in diversification within the alliance. METHODS Dubautia laxa is a widespread member of the Hawaiian silversword alliance, occurring on four of the five major islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, with four subspecies recognized on the basis of morphological, ecological and geographical variation. Nuclear microsatellites and plastid DNA sequence data were examined. Data were analysed using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methodologies to identify unique evolutionary lineages. KEY RESULTS Plastid DNA sequence data resolved two highly divergent lineages, recognized as the Laxa and Hirsuta groups, that are more similar to other members of the Hawaiian silversword alliance than they are to each other. The Laxa group is basal to the young island species of Dubautia, whereas the Hirsuta group forms a clade with the old island lineages of Dubautia and with Argyroxiphium. The divergence between the plastid groups is supported by Bayesian microsatellite clustering analyses, but the degree of nuclear differentiation is not as great. Clear genetic differentiation is only observed between allopatric populations, both within and among islands. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that geographical separation has aided diversification in D. laxa, whereas ecologically associated morphological differences are not associated with neutral genetic differentiation. This suggests that, despite the stunning ecological adaptation observed, geography has also played an important role in the Hawaiian silversword alliance plant adaptive radiation.
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31
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Gomez-Uchida D, Seeb JE, Smith MJ, Habicht C, Quinn TP, Seeb LW. Single nucleotide polymorphisms unravel hierarchical divergence and signatures of selection among Alaskan sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:48. [PMID: 21332997 PMCID: PMC3049142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disentangling the roles of geography and ecology driving population divergence and distinguishing adaptive from neutral evolution at the molecular level have been common goals among evolutionary and conservation biologists. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) multilocus genotypes for 31 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations from the Kvichak River, Alaska, we assessed the relative roles of geography (discrete boundaries or continuous distance) and ecology (spawning habitat and timing) driving genetic divergence in this species at varying spatial scales within the drainage. We also evaluated two outlier detection methods to characterize candidate SNPs responding to environmental selection, emphasizing which mechanism(s) may maintain the genetic variation of outlier loci. Results For the entire drainage, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of geographic distance on population divergence than differences in spawn timing when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Clustering and hierarchical analyses of molecular variance indicated that the largest genetic differentiation occurred between populations from distinct lakes or subdrainages. Within one population-rich lake, however, Mantel tests suggested a greater role of spawn timing than geographic distance on population divergence when each variable was correlated with pairwise genetic distances. Variable spawn timing among populations was linked to specific spawning habitats as revealed by principal coordinate analyses. We additionally identified two outlier SNPs located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II that appeared robust to violations of demographic assumptions from an initial pool of eight candidates for selection. Conclusions First, our results suggest that geography and ecology have influenced genetic divergence between Alaskan sockeye salmon populations in a hierarchical manner depending on the spatial scale. Second, we found consistent evidence for diversifying selection in two loci located in the MHC class II by means of outlier detection methods; yet, alternative scenarios for the evolution of these loci were also evaluated. Both conclusions argue that historical contingency and contemporary adaptation have likely driven differentiation between Kvichak River sockeye salmon populations, as revealed by a suite of SNPs. Our findings highlight the need for conservation of complex population structure, because it provides resilience in the face of environmental change, both natural and anthropogenic.
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32
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Downey MH, Nice CC. Experimental evidence of host race formation in Mitoura butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwartz AK, Weese DJ, Bentzen P, Kinnison MT, Hendry AP. Both geography and ecology contribute to mating isolation in guppies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15659. [PMID: 21179541 PMCID: PMC3002288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation to different environments can promote mating isolation--either as an incidental by-product of trait divergence, or as a result of selection to avoid maladaptive mating. Numerous recent empirical examples point to the common influence of divergent natural selection on speciation based largely on evidence of strong pre-mating isolation between populations from different habitat types. Accumulating evidence for natural selection's influence on speciation is therefore no longer a challenge. The difficulty, rather, is in determining the mechanisms involved in the progress of adaptive divergence to speciation once barriers to gene flow are already present. Here, we present results of both laboratory and field experiments with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from different environments, who do not show complete reproductive isolation despite adaptive divergence. We investigate patterns of mating isolation between populations that do and do not exchange migrants and show evidence for both by-product and reinforcement mechanisms depending on female ecology. Specifically, low-predation females discriminate against all high-predation males thus implying a by-product mechanism, whereas high-predation females only discriminate against low-predation males from further upstream in the same river, implying selection to avoid maladaptive mating. Our study thus confirms that mechanisms of adaptive speciation are not necessarily mutually exclusive and uncovers the complex ecology-geography interactions that underlie the evolution of mating isolation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Schwartz
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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34
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Rosenblum EB, Harmon LJ. "Same same but different": replicated ecological speciation at White Sands. Evolution 2010; 65:946-60. [PMID: 21073450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that promote or inhibit species formation remains a central focus in evolutionary biology. It has been difficult to make generalities about the process of ecological speciation in particular given that each example is somewhat idiosyncratic. Here we use a case study of replicated ecological speciation in the same selective environment to assess factors that account for similarities and differences across taxa in progress towards ecological speciation. We study three different species of lizards on the gypsum sand dunes of White Sands, New Mexico, and present evidence that all three fulfill the essential factors for ecological speciation. We use multilocus nuclear data to show that progress toward ecological speciation is unequal across the three species. We also use morphometric data to show that traits other than color are likely under selection and that selection at White Sands is both strong and multifarious. Finally, we implicate geographic context to explain difference in progress toward speciation in the three species. We suggest that evaluating cases from the natural world that are "same same but different" can reveal the mechanisms of ecological speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA.
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Apple JL, Grace T, Joern A, St Amand P, Wisely SM. Comparative genome scan detects host-related divergent selection in the grasshopper Hesperotettix viridis. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4012-28. [PMID: 20735740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Apple
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Price TD. The roles of time and ecology in the continental radiation of the Old World leaf warblers (Phylloscopus and Seicercus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1749-62. [PMID: 20439279 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many continental sister species are allopatric or parapatric, ecologically similar and long separated, of the order of millions of years. Sympatric, ecologically differentiated, species, are often even older. This raises the question of whether build-up of sympatric diversity generally follows a slow process of divergence in allopatry, initially without much ecological change. I review patterns of speciation among birds belonging to the continental Eurasian Old World leaf warblers (Phylloscopus and Seicercus). I consider speciation to be a three-stage process (range expansions, barriers to gene flow, reproductive isolation) and ask how ecological factors at each stage have contributed to speciation, both among allopatric/parapatric sister species and among those lineages that eventually led to currently sympatric species. I suggest that time is probably the critical factor that leads to reproductive isolation between sympatric species and that a strong connection between ecological divergence and reproductive isolation remains to be established. Besides reproductive isolation, ecological factors can affect range expansions (e.g. habitat tracking) and the formation of barriers (e.g. treeless areas are effective barriers for warblers). Ecological factors may often limit speciation on continents because range expansions are difficult in 'ecologically full' environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Antoniazza S, Burri R, Fumagalli L, Goudet J, Roulin A. Local adaptation maintains clinal variation in melanin-based coloration of European barn owls (Tyto alba). Evolution 2010; 64:1944-54. [PMID: 20148951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecological parameters vary in space, and the resulting heterogeneity of selective forces can drive adaptive population divergence. Clinal variation represents a classical model to study the interplay of gene flow and selection in the dynamics of this local adaptation process. Although geographic variation in phenotypic traits in discrete populations could be remainders of past adaptation, maintenance of adaptive clinal variation requires recurrent selection. Clinal variation in genetically determined traits is generally attributed to adaptation of different genotypes to local conditions along an environmental gradient, although it can as well arise from neutral processes. Here, we investigated whether selection accounts for the strong clinal variation observed in a highly heritable pheomelanin-based color trait in the European barn owl by comparing spatial differentiation of color and of neutral genes among populations. Barn owl's coloration varies continuously from white in southwestern Europe to reddish-brown in northeastern Europe. A very low differentiation at neutral genetic markers suggests that substantial gene flow occurs among populations. The persistence of pronounced color differentiation despite this strong gene flow is consistent with the hypothesis that selection is the primary force maintaining color variation among European populations. Therefore, the color cline is most likely the result of local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Antoniazza
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Sobel
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Nosil P. ADAPTIVE POPULATION DIVERGENCE IN CRYPTIC COLOR-PATTERN FOLLOWING A REDUCTION IN GENE FLOW. Evolution 2009; 63:1902-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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