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Mertaoja A, Mascher G, Nowakowska MB, Korkeala H, Henriques AO, Lindstrom M. Cellular and population strategies underpinning neurotoxin production and sporulation in Clostridium botulinum type E cultures. mBio 2023; 14:e0186623. [PMID: 37971252 PMCID: PMC10746260 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01866-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Toxin production and sporulation are key determinants of pathogenesis in Clostridia. Toxins cause the clinical manifestation of clostridial diseases, including diarrhea and colitis, tissue damage, and systemic effects on the nervous system. Spores ensure long-term survival and persistence in the environment, act as infectious agents, and initiate the host tissue colonization leading to infection. Understanding the interplay between toxin production and sporulation and their coordination in bacterial cells and cultures provides novel intervention points for controlling the public health and food safety risks caused by clostridial diseases. We demonstrate environmentally driven cellular heterogeneity in botulinum neurotoxin and spore production in Clostridium botulinum type E populations and discuss the biological rationale of toxin and spore production in the pathogenicity and ecology of C. botulinum. The results invite to reassess the epidemiology of botulism and may have important implications in the risk assessment and risk management strategies in food processing and human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mertaoja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald Mascher
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria B. Nowakowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adriano O. Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miia Lindstrom
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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González-Angulo M, Clauwers C, Harastani R, Tonello C, Jaime I, Rovira J, Michiels CW. Evaluation of factors influencing the growth of non-toxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E and Clostridium sp. in high-pressure processed and conditioned tender coconut water from Thailand. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109278. [PMID: 32517944 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial spores survive high pressure processing (HPP). Group II Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe spore-forming pathogen that can produce the botulinum neurotoxin under refrigeration. This study assessed nontoxigenic type E C. botulinum and Group II Clostridium sp. growth in raw and HPP (550 MPa, 3 min, 10 °C) Thai coconut water (CCW; pH 5.2). No spore germination or growth occurred in HPP CCW inoculated with 105 CFU/ml after 61 days regardless of oxygen concentration (<0.5 - 11 mg/l) or storage temperature (4 and 20 °C). Spore concentration decreased by 3.0 ± 0.1 log CFU/ml in a worst-case scenario consisting of non-HPP filter-sterilized CCW (pH 7.0) under anoxic incubation at 30 °C during 61 days, suggesting spore germination followed by cellular death. Supplementing filter-sterilized CCW (pH 7.0) with selected germinants and free amino acids did not support spore development, but the addition of nutrient-rich laboratory media (TPGY broth) at low concentrations (6.25%) promoted growth, suggesting that a lack of nutrients prevents C. botulinum development in CCW. Further risk assessment will require evaluating other CCW varieties and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario González-Angulo
- Hiperbaric, S.A., C/ Condado de Treviño, 6, 09001 Burgos, Spain; Universidad de Burgos, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Charlien Clauwers
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rania Harastani
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carole Tonello
- Hiperbaric, S.A., C/ Condado de Treviño, 6, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Isabel Jaime
- Universidad de Burgos, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Universidad de Burgos, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Chris W Michiels
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Alnoman M, Udompijitkul P, Banawas S, Sarker MR. Bicarbonate and amino acids are co-germinants for spores of Clostridium perfringens type A isolates carrying plasmid-borne enterotoxin gene. Food Microbiol 2017; 69:64-71. [PMID: 28941910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A isolates carrying a chromosomal enterotoxin (cpe) gene (C-cpe) are generally linked to food poisoning, while isolates carrying cpe on a plasmid (P-cpe) are associated with non-food-borne gastrointestinal diseases. Both C-cpe and P-cpe isolates can form metabolically dormant spores, which through germination process return to actively growing cells to cause diseases. In our previous study, we showed that only 3 out of 20 amino acids (aa) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) triggered germination of spores of P-cpe isolates (P-cpe spores). We now found that 14 out of 20 individual aa tested induced germination of P-cpe spores in the presence of bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0). However, no significant spore germination was observed with bicarbonate (pH 7.0) alone, indicating that aa and bicarbonate are co-germinants for P-cpe spores. P-cpe strain F4969 gerKC spores did not germinate, and gerAA spores germinated extremely poorly as compared to wild-type and gerKA spores with aa-bicarbonate (pH 7.0) co-germinants. The germination defects in gerKC and gerAA spores were partially restored by complementing gerKC or gerAA spores with wild-type gerKC or gerAA, respectively. Collectively, this study identified aa-bicarbonate as a novel nutrient germinant for P-cpe spores and provided evidence that GerKC and GerAA play major roles in aa-bicarbonate induced germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alnoman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biology, College of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pathima Udompijitkul
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahfuzur R Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Brunt J, van Vliet AHM, van den Bos F, Carter AT, Peck MW. Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1702. [PMID: 27840626 PMCID: PMC5083711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is a highly dangerous pathogen that forms very resistant endospores that are ubiquitous in the environment, and which, under favorable conditions germinate to produce vegetative cells that multiply and form the exceptionally potent botulinum neurotoxin. To improve the control of botulinum neurotoxin-forming clostridia, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in spore germination. Here we present models for spore germination in C. botulinum based on comparative genomics analyses, with C. botulinum Groups I and III sharing similar pathways, which differ from those proposed for C. botulinum Groups II and IV. All spores germinate in response to amino acids interacting with a germinant receptor, with four types of germinant receptor identified [encoded by various combinations of gerA, gerB, and gerC genes (gerX)]. There are three gene clusters with an ABC-like configuration; ABC [gerX1], ABABCB [gerX2] and ACxBBB [gerX4], and a single CA-B [gerX3] gene cluster. Subtypes have been identified for most germinant receptor types, and the individual GerX subunits of each cluster show similar grouping in phylogenetic trees. C. botulinum Group I contained the largest variety of gerX subtypes, with three gerX1, three gerX2, and one gerX3 subtypes, while C. botulinum Group III contained two gerX1 types and one gerX4. C. botulinum Groups II and IV contained a single germinant receptor, gerX3 and gerX1, respectively. It is likely that all four C. botulinum Groups include a SpoVA channel involved in dipicolinic acid release. The cortex-lytic enzymes present in C. botulinum Groups I and III appear to be CwlJ and SleB, while in C. botulinum Groups II and IV, SleC appears to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brunt
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food ResearchNorwich, UK
| | - Arnoud H. M. van Vliet
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food ResearchNorwich, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | | | - Andrew T. Carter
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food ResearchNorwich, UK
| | - Michael W. Peck
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food ResearchNorwich, UK
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Characterization of germination of spores of Clostridium estertheticum, the primary causative agent of blown pack spoilage of vacuum packaged beef. Food Res Int 2016; 87:109-114. [PMID: 29606231 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various factors on the germination of Clostridium estertheticum endospores (spores) in relation to beef. The effect of heat on germination was determined by recovering C. estertheticum on Columbia agar from spore suspensions not heated or heated at 63, 70 or 80°C for various times. The effects of pH, temperature and oxygen were determined, by enumeration of remaining ungerminated spores during incubation in Meat Juice medium (MJM). Amino acids and lactate were tested for their ability to trigger germination of C. estertheticum spores by monitoring dipicolinic acid (DPA) release. Heat treatment of spores at 80°C for ≤20min significantly (p<0.05) increased the numbers of spores recovered on blood agar. Neither incubation temperature nor oxygen affected germination in MJM. The optimal pH for germination was 7.0 to 7.5. Incubation with leucine or aspartic acid caused a 1.3% release of DPA, the highest among all amino acids tested. Incubation with lactate resulted in a 4.1% release of DPA, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those from incubation with amino acids. The DPA release from incubation with lactate, lactate with amino acids, or MJM was similar (p>0.05).
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Spatial, Temporal, and Matrix Variability of Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin Gene Distribution at Great Lakes Beaches. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4306-15. [PMID: 25888178 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00098-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum type E toxin is responsible for extensive mortality of birds and fish in the Great Lakes. The C. botulinum bontE gene that produces the type E toxin was amplified with quantitative PCR from 150 sloughed algal samples (primarily Cladophora species) collected during summer 2012 from 10 Great Lakes beaches in five states; concurrently, 74 sediment and 37 water samples from four sites were also analyzed. The bontE gene concentration in algae was significantly higher than in water and sediment (P < 0.05), suggesting that algal mats provide a better microenvironment for C. botulinum. The bontE gene was detected most frequently in algae at Jeorse Park and Portage Lake Front beaches (Lake Michigan) and Bay City State Recreation Area beach on Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), where 77, 100, and 83% of these algal samples contained the bontE gene, respectively. The highest concentration of bontE was detected at Bay City (1.98 × 10(5) gene copies/ml of algae or 5.21 × 10(6) g [dry weight]). This study revealed that the bontE gene is abundant in the Great Lakes but that it has spatial, temporal, and matrix variability. Further, embayed beaches, low wave height, low wind velocity, and greater average water temperature enhance the bontE occurrence.
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Peck MW, Stringer SC, Carter AT. Clostridium botulinum in the post-genomic era. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:183-91. [PMID: 21315972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by consumption of botulinum neurotoxin formed by strains of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum and non-proteolytic C. botulinum during their growth in food. The botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent substance known, with as little as 30-100 ng potentially fatal, and consumption of just a few milligrams of neurotoxin-containing food is likely to be sufficient to cause illness and potentially death. In order to minimise the foodborne botulism hazard, it is necessary to extend understanding of the biology of these bacteria. This process has been recently advanced by genome sequencing and subsequent analysis. In addition to neurotoxin formation, endospore formation is also critical to the success of proteolytic C. botulinum and non-proteolytic C. botulinum as foodborne pathogens. The endospores are highly resistant, and enable survival of adverse treatments such as heating. To better control the botulinum neurotoxin-forming clostridia, it is important to understand spore resistance mechanisms, and the physiological processes involved in germination and lag phase during recovery from this dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Peck
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Contrasting effects of heat treatment and incubation temperature on germination and outgrowth of individual spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2712-9. [PMID: 19270146 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02572-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the effects of incubation temperature and prior heat treatment on the lag-phase kinetics of individual spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Eklund 17B. The times to germination (t(germ)), one mature cell (t(C1)), and two mature cells (t(C2)) were measured for individual unheated spores incubated at 8, 10, 15, or 22 degrees C and used to calculate the t(germ), the outgrowth time (t(C1) - t(germ)), and the first doubling time (t(C2) - t(C1)). Measurements were also made at 22 degrees C of spores that had previously been heated at 80 degrees C for 20 s. For unheated spores, outgrowth made a greater contribution to the duration and variability of the lag phase than germination. Decreasing incubation temperature affected germination less than outgrowth; thus, the proportion of lag associated with germination was less at lower incubation temperatures. Heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 20 s increased the median germination time of surviving spores 16-fold and greatly increased the variability of spore germination times. The shape of the lag-time (t(C1)) and outgrowth (t(C1) - t(germ)) distributions were the same for unheated spores, but heat treatment altered the shape of the lag-time distribution, so it was no longer homogeneous with the outgrowth distribution. Although heat treatment mainly extended germination, there is also evidence of damage to systems required for outgrowth. However, this damage was quickly repaired and was not evident by the time the cells started to double. The results presented here combined with previous findings show that the stage of lag most affected, and the extent of any effect in terms of duration or variability, differs with both historical treatment and the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Peck
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK
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Lindström M, Kiviniemi K, Korkeala H. Hazard and control of group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum in modern food processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:92-104. [PMID: 16480785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum poses a safety hazard in modern food processing, which consists of mild pasteurization treatments, anaerobic packaging, extended shelf lives and chilled storage. The high risk is reflected in the relatively large number of botulism cases due to group II C. botulinum in commercially produced foods during the past decades. Because of the high prevalence of group II C. botulinum in the environment, food raw materials may carry spores. Although group II spores are less heat-resistant than group I (proteolytic) spores, they can tolerate the heat treatments employed in the chilled food industry. Some food components may actually provide spores with protection from heat. Spore heat resistance should therefore be investigated for each food in order to determine the efficiency of industrial heat treatments. Group II strains are psychrotrophic and thus they are able to grow at refrigeration temperatures. Anaerobic packages and extended shelf lives provide C. botulinum with favourable conditions for growth and toxin formation. As the use of salt and other preservatives in these foods is limited, microbiological safety relies mainly on refrigerated storage. This sets great challenges on the production of chilled packaged foods. To ensure the safety of these foods, more than one factor should safeguard against botulinal growth and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Lindström
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Plowman J, Peck MW. Use of a novel method to characterize the response of spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types B, E and F to a wide range of germinants and conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:681-94. [PMID: 11966909 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Limited information is available on the germination triggers for spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum. An automated system was used to study the effect of a large number of potential germinants, of temperature and pH, and aerobic and anaerobic conditions, on germination of spores of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum types B, E and F. METHODS AND RESULTS A Bioscreen analyser was used to measure germination by decrease in optical density. Results were confirmed by phase-contrast light microscopy. Spores of strains producing type B, E and F toxin gave similar results. Optimum germination occurred in L-alanine/L-lactate, L-cysteine/L-lactate and L-serine/L-lactate (50 mmol l(-1) of each). A further 12 combinations of factors induced germination. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium thioglycollate and heat shock each enhanced germination, but were not essential. Germination was similar in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The optimum pH range was 5.5-8.0, germination occurred at 1-40 degrees C, but not at 50 degrees C, and was optimal at 20-25 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The automated system enabled a systematic study of germination requirements, and provided an insight into germination in spores of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results extend understanding of germination of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum spores, and provide a basis for improving detection of viable spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plowman
- Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich, UK
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A predictive model of growth from spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum in the presence of different CO2concentrations as influenced by chill temperature, pH and NaCl. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Elliott P, Schaffner D. Germination, Growth, and Toxin Production of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum as Affected by Multiple Barriers. J Food Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kimura B, Kawasaki S, Nakano H, Fujii T. Rapid, quantitative PCR monitoring of growth of Clostridium botulinum type E in modified-atmosphere-packaged fish. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:206-16. [PMID: 11133447 PMCID: PMC92548 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.1.206-216.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2000] [Accepted: 11/02/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, quantitative PCR assay (TaqMan assay) which quantifies Clostridium botulinum type E by amplifying a 280-bp sequence from the botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) gene is described. With this method, which uses the hydrolysis of an internal fluoregenic probe and monitors in real time the increase in the intensity of fluorescence during PCR by using the ABI Prism 7700 sequence detection system, it was possible to perform accurate and reproducible quantification of the C. botulinum type E toxin gene. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were verified by using 6 strains of C. botulinum type E and 18 genera of 42 non-C. botulinum type E strains, including strains of C. botulinum types A, B, C, D, F, and G. In both pure cultures and modified-atmosphere-packaged fish samples (jack mackerel), the increase in amounts of C. botulinum DNA could be monitored (the quantifiable range was 10(2) to 10(8) CFU/ml or g) much earlier than toxin could be detected by mouse assay. The method was applied to a variety of seafood samples with a DNA extraction protocol using guanidine isothiocyanate. Overall, an efficient recovery of C. botulinum cells was obtained from all of the samples tested. These results suggested that quantification of BoNT/E DNA by the rapid, quantitative PCR method was a good method for the sensitive assessment of botulinal risk in the seafood samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kimura
- Tokyo University of Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Lawlor KA, Pierson MD, Hackney CR, Claus JR, Marcy JE. Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum toxigenesis in cooked turkey stored under modified atmospheres. J Food Prot 2000; 63:1511-6. [PMID: 11079692 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.11.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B spores to grow and produce toxin in cooked, uncured turkey packaged under modified atmospheres was investigated at refrigeration and mild to moderate abuse temperatures. Cook-in-bag turkey breast was carved into small chunks, surface-inoculated with a mixture of nonproteolytic C. botulinum type B spores, packaged in O2-impermeable bags under two modified atmospheres (100% N2 and 30% CO2:70% N2), and stored at 4, 10, and 15 degrees C. Samples were analyzed for botulinal toxin and indigenous microorganisms, as well as subjected to sensory evaluation, on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 60. Given sufficient incubation time, nonproteolytic C. botulinum type B grew and produced toxin in all temperature and modified atmosphere treatment combinations. At moderate temperature abuse (15 degrees C), toxin was detected by day 7, independent of packaging atmosphere. At mild temperature abuse (10 degrees C), toxin was detected by day 14, also independent of packaging atmosphere. At refrigeration temperature (4 degrees C), toxin was detected by day 14 in product packaged under 100% N2 and by day 28 in product packaged under 30% CO2:70% N2. Reduced storage temperature significantly delayed toxin production and extended the period of sensory acceptability of cooked turkey, but even strict refrigeration did not prevent growth and toxigenesis by nonproteolytic C. botulinum. At all three storage temperatures, toxin detection preceded or coincided with development of sensory characteristics of spoilage, demonstrating the potential for consumption of toxic product when spoilage-signaling sensory cues are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Lawlor
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0418, USA.
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16
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Lund BM, Peck MW. Heat resistance and recovery of spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum in relation to refrigerated, processed foods with an extended shelf-life. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1994; 23:115S-128S. [PMID: 8047905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Lund
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Colney, UK
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17
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Lund BM. Quantification of factors affecting the probability of development of pathogenic bacteria, in particularClostridium botulinum, in foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01584183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Takeshi K, Fujii N, Kimura K, Yamakawa K, Nakamura S, Kumagai M, Oguma K. Characterization of neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strain by DNA hybridization test and by in vivo and in vitro germination tests of spores. Microbiol Immunol 1991; 35:1095-103. [PMID: 1808463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The germination of spores of a neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strain (BL 6340), which was isolated from infant botulism in Italy, and that of a nontoxigenic C. butyricum type strain (NCIB 7423) were studied. The spores of BL 6340 strain were killed at 80 C for 10 min, and required the mixture of L-alanine, L-lactate, glucose and bicarbonate for their optimal germination. These characteristics are the same as those of Clostridium botulinum type E strain, but different from those of NCIB 7423 strain. In a hybridization test, however, the labeled DNAs extracted from NCIB 7423 strain highly (98%) hybridized to the DNAs of the BL 6340 strain, but little (45%) to the DNAs of C. botulinum type E strain. The biochemical properties of the BL 6340 and NCIB 7423 strains were identical, but different from those of C. botulinum type E. These data confirmed that the BL 6340 strain belongs to C. butyricum species, but that only its characteristics of toxin production, its minimum requirements for germination, and the behavior of its spores to heat treatment are the same as those of C. botulinum type E. When conventionally raised suckling mice were injected with 5 x 10(7) spores of BL 6340 strain intra- or orogastrically, botulism was not observed. However, 8- to 13-day-old mice had type E botulinum toxin in the large intestine 3 days after introduction of its spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeshi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Japan
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Lund B, Knox M, Sims A. The effect of oxygen and redox potential on growth of Clostridium botulinum type E from a spore inoculum. Food Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-0020(84)90062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The effect of redox potential, and its interaction with sodium chloride concentration, on the probability of growth of Clostridium botulinum type E from spore inocula. Food Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-0020(84)90009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hachisuka Y, Suzuki I, Morikawa K, Maeda S. The effect of oxidation-reduction potential on spore germination, outgrowth, and vegetative growth of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus subtilis. Microbiol Immunol 1982; 26:803-11. [PMID: 6818433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spores of Clostridium tetani germinated in liver broth with +580 mV as the starting Eh value, and those of Clostridium butyricum germinated in liver broth with an initial Eh of +400 mV regardless of the presence or absence of a liquid paraffin covering. Spores of Bacillus subtilis germinated in liver broth with--100 mV as the starting Eh value. Also, it was found that there are two ranges of starting Eh values for germination and vegetative growth of Cl. tetani, Cl. butyricum, and B. subtilis. In the first range these spores germinated and grew, but in the second range they only germinated and then died without outgrowth.
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SMOOT LA, PIERSON MD. EFFECT OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL ON THE OUTGROWTH AND CHEMICAL INHIBITION OF Clostridium botulinum 10755A SPORES. J Food Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb08480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hobbs G. Clostridium botulinum and its importance in fishery products. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH 1976; 22:135-85. [PMID: 790905 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ando Y. The germination requirements of spores of Clostridium botulinum type E. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:515-25. [PMID: 4946422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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