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Malczak I, Gajda A. Interactions of naturally occurring compounds with antimicrobials. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1452-1470. [PMID: 38223447 PMCID: PMC10785267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most often used medications in human healthcare and agriculture. Overusing these substances can lead to complications such as increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria or a toxic effect when administering large amounts. To solve these problems, new solutions in antibacterial therapy are needed. The use of natural products in medicine has been known for centuries. Some of them have antibacterial activity, hence the idea to combine their activity with commercial antibiotics to reduce the latter's use. This review presents collected information on natural compounds (terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sulfoxides, and mycotoxins), of which various drug interactions have been observed. Many of the indicated compounds show synergistic or additive interactions with antibiotics, which suggests their potential for use in antibacterial therapy, reducing the toxicity of the antibiotics used and the risk of further development of bacterial resistance. Unfortunately, there are also compounds which interact antagonistically, potentially hindering the therapy of bacterial infection. Depending on its mechanism of action, each compound can behave differently in combination with different antibiotics and when acting against various bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Malczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Poland
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2
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Abdallah EM, Alhatlani BY, de Paula Menezes R, Martins CHG. Back to Nature: Medicinal Plants as Promising Sources for Antibacterial Drugs in the Post-Antibiotic Era. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3077. [PMID: 37687324 PMCID: PMC10490416 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the advent of antibiotics in the 19th century had a substantial impact, increasing human life expectancy. However, a multitude of scientific investigations now indicate that we are currently experiencing a phase known as the post-antibiotic era. There is a genuine concern that we might regress to a time before antibiotics and confront widespread outbreaks of severe epidemic diseases, particularly those caused by bacterial infections. These investigations have demonstrated that epidemics thrive under environmental stressors such as climate change, the depletion of natural resources, and detrimental human activities such as wars, conflicts, antibiotic overuse, and pollution. Moreover, bacteria possess a remarkable ability to adapt and mutate. Unfortunately, the current development of antibiotics is insufficient, and the future appears grim unless we abandon our current approach of generating synthetic antibiotics that rapidly lose their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Despite their vital role in modern medicine, medicinal plants have served as the primary source of curative drugs since ancient times. Numerous scientific reports published over the past three decades suggest that medicinal plants could serve as a promising alternative to ineffective antibiotics in combating infectious diseases. Over the past few years, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids have exhibited noteworthy antibacterial potential, primarily through membrane-disruption mechanisms, protein binding, interference with intermediary metabolism, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-biofilm activity. However, to optimize their utilization as effective antibacterial drugs, further advancements in omics technologies and network pharmacology will be required in order to identify optimal combinations among these compounds or in conjunction with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Abdallah
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bader Y. Alhatlani
- Unit of Scientific Research, Applied College, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralciane de Paula Menezes
- Technical School of Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-732, MG, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, MG, Brazil;
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3
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Avakh A, Grant GD, Cheesman MJ, Kalkundri T, Hall S. The Art of War with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Targeting Mex Efflux Pumps Directly to Strategically Enhance Antipseudomonal Drug Efficacy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1304. [PMID: 37627724 PMCID: PMC10451789 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a grave clinical challenge due to its multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, leading to severe and life-threatening infections. This bacterium exhibits both intrinsic resistance to various antipseudomonal agents and acquired resistance against nearly all available antibiotics, contributing to its MDR phenotype. Multiple mechanisms, including enzyme production, loss of outer membrane proteins, target mutations, and multidrug efflux systems, contribute to its antimicrobial resistance. The clinical importance of addressing MDR in P. aeruginosa is paramount, and one pivotal determinant is the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of drug/proton antiporters, notably the Mex efflux pumps. These pumps function as crucial defenders, reinforcing the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) strains, which underscores the urgency of the situation. Overcoming this challenge necessitates the exploration and development of potent efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) to restore the efficacy of existing antipseudomonal drugs. By effectively countering or bypassing efflux activities, EPIs hold tremendous potential for restoring the antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative pathogens. This review focuses on concurrent MDR, highlighting the clinical significance of efflux pumps, particularly the Mex efflux pumps, in driving MDR. It explores promising EPIs and delves into the structural characteristics of the MexB subunit and its substrate binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Hall
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (A.A.); (G.D.G.); (M.J.C.); (T.K.)
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4
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Shor SM, Schweig SK. The Use of Natural Bioactive Nutraceuticals in the Management of Tick-Borne Illnesses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1759. [PMID: 37512931 PMCID: PMC10384908 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to provide an evidence-based update of the literature on the use of bioactive phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and micronutrients (dietary supplements that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value) in the management of persistent cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection (Lyme disease) and two other tick-borne pathogens, Babesia and Bartonella species. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of persistent infections. These advances have increasingly enabled clinicians and patients to utilize a wider set of options to manage these frequently disabling conditions. This broader toolkit holds the promise of simultaneously improving treatment outcomes and helping to decrease our reliance on the long-term use of pharmaceutical antimicrobials and antibiotics in the treatment of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia, and Bartonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Shor
- Internal Medicine of Northern Virginia, George Washington University Health Care Sciences, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Sunjya K Schweig
- California Center for Functional Medicine, Oakland, CA 94619, USA
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Wang Y, Su J, Zhou Z, Yang J, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Guo T, Li G. Baicalein Resensitizes Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens to Doxycycline. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0470222. [PMID: 37070985 PMCID: PMC10269726 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04702-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As multidrug-resistant pathogens emerge and spread rapidly, novel antibiotics urgently need to be discovered. With a dwindling antibiotic pipeline, antibiotic adjuvants might be used to revitalize existing antibiotics. In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine has occupied an essential position in adjuvants of antibiotics. This study found that baicalein potentiates doxycycline against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Mechanism studies have shown that baicalein causes membrane disruption by attaching to phospholipids on the Gram-negative bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane. This process facilitates the entry of doxycycline into bacteria. Through collaborative strategies, baicalein can also increase the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibit the activities of multidrug efflux pumps and biofilm formation to potentiate antibiotic efficacy. Additionally, baicalein attenuates the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in vitro. Finally, baicalein can significantly improve doxycycline efficacy in mouse lung infection models. The present study showed that baicalein might be considered a lead compound, and it should be further optimized and developed as an adjuvant that helps combat antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE Doxycycline is an important broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic used for treating multiple human infections, but its resistance rates are recently rising globally. Thus, new agents capable of boosting the effectiveness of doxycycline need to be discovered. In this study, it was found that baicalein potentiates doxycycline against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens in vitro and in vivo. Due to its low cytotoxicity and resistance, the combination of baicalein and doxycycline provides a valuable clinical reference for selecting more effective therapeutic strategies for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Su
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guocai Li
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Ashraf MV, Pant S, Khan MAH, Shah AA, Siddiqui S, Jeridi M, Alhamdi HWS, Ahmad S. Phytochemicals as Antimicrobials: Prospecting Himalayan Medicinal Plants as Source of Alternate Medicine to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:881. [PMID: 37375828 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all available antimicrobials, antibiotics hold a prime position in the treatment of infectious diseases. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has posed a serious threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and escalation in healthcare costs causing a global health crisis. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in global healthcare setups have accelerated the development and spread of AMR, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, which further limits treatment options. This creates a critical need to explore alternative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals have gained attention as a potential source of alternative medicine to address the challenge of AMR. Phytochemicals are structurally and functionally diverse and have multitarget antimicrobial effects, disrupting essential cellular activities. Given the promising results of plant-based antimicrobials, coupled with the slow discovery of novel antibiotics, it has become highly imperative to explore the vast repository of phytocompounds to overcome the looming catastrophe of AMR. This review summarizes the emergence of AMR towards existing antibiotics and potent phytochemicals having antimicrobial activities, along with a comprehensive overview of 123 Himalayan medicinal plants reported to possess antimicrobial phytocompounds, thus compiling the existing information that will help researchers in the exploration of phytochemicals to combat AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vikas Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Shreekar Pant
- Centre for Biodiversity Studies, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
| | - Sazada Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mouna Jeridi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shoeb Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185 234, India
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Buck CB. The mint versus Covid hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2023; 173:111047. [PMID: 37007799 PMCID: PMC10062428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent lines of evidence suggest the intriguing hypothesis that consuming common culinary herbs of the mint family might help prevent or treat Covid. Individual citizens could easily explore the hypothesis using ordinary kitchen materials. I offer a philosophical framework to account for the puzzling lack of public health messaging about this interesting idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263 USA
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Synergistic Antibiotic Activity of Ricini Semen Extract with Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020340. [PMID: 36830251 PMCID: PMC9952580 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant bacteria are emerging as a critical problem in the treatment of bacterial infections by neutralizing antibiotic activity. The development of new traditional mechanisms of antibiotics is not the optimal solution. A more reasonable approach may be to use relatively safe, plant-based compounds in combination with conventional antibiotics in an effort to increase their efficacy or restore their activity against resistant bacteria. We present our study of mixing Ricini Semen extract, or its constituent fatty acids, with oxacillin and testing the effects of each on the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Changes in the cell membrane fluidity of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were found to be a major component of the mechanism of synergistic antibiotic activity of Ricini Semen extract and its constituent fatty acids. In our model, changes in cellular membrane fluidity disrupted the normal function of bacterial signaling membrane proteins BlaR1 and MecR1, which are known to detect oxacillin, and resulted in the incomplete expression of penicillin-binding proteins 2a and β-lactamase. Utilizing the mechanism presented in this study presents the possibility of developing a method for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria using traditional antibiotics with plant-based compounds.
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Li X, Cai Y, Xia Q, Liao Y, Qin R. Antibacterial sensitizers from natural plants: A powerful weapon against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1118793. [PMID: 36909155 PMCID: PMC9998539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1118793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a drug-resistant bacterium that can cause a range of infections with high morbidity and mortality, including pneumonia, etc. Therefore, development of new drugs or therapeutic strategies against MRSA is urgently needed. Increasing evidence has shown that combining antibiotics with "antibacterial sensitizers" which itself has no effect on MRSA, is highly effective against MRSA. Many studies showed the development of antibacterial sensitizers from natural plants may be a promising strategy against MRSA because of their low side effects, low toxicity and multi-acting target. In our paper, we first reviewed the resistance mechanisms of MRSA including "Resistance to Beta-Lactams", "Resistance to Glycopeptide antibiotics", "Resistance to Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, and Oxazolidinones" etc. Moreover, we summarized the possible targets for antibacterial sensitizers against MRSA. Furthermore, we reviewed the synergy effects of active monomeric compounds from natural plants combined with antibiotics against MRSA and their corresponding mechanisms over the last two decades. This review provides a novel approach to overcome antibiotic resistance in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinchuan Xia
- Fuan Pharmaceutical Group Chongqing Bosen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqun Liao
- Fuan Pharmaceutical Group Chongqing Bosen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxin Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (The Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Limbach KE, Wen W, Xing Q, Yan J, Yim JH. Baicalein activates 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin, and exhibits antiproliferative effects in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in vitro and in vivo. Surgery 2023; 173:12-18. [PMID: 36207198 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition has been shown to prolong progression-free survival in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The natural compound baicalein indirectly inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin, but it is unknown if baicalein exhibits such effects at physiologically achievable concentrations or exhibits synergy. METHODS Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines were cultured with baicalein, everolimus, and/or a synthetic 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activating agent alone and in combination. Cell viability assays and immunoblotting were performed. Female severe combined immunodeficient-beige mice were injected with BON-1 cells and treated with baicalein and COH-SR4 solutions via oral gavage. Tumor volumes were compared at 30 days. RESULTS Immunoblotting revealed that treatment of baicalein induced 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Treatment with baicalein alone led to a significant decrease in the ratio of viable cells compared with controls at 72 hours at concentrations ≥5 μM (P = .021). The addition of COH-SR4 led to significantly greater effect on cell viability than with baicalein alone (P < .001, P < .001). The combination of baicalein with everolimus resulted in significantly lower cell viability than with everolimus alone (P = .005, P < .001). Tumor volume in vivo was significantly decreased with the combination of baicalein and COH-SR4 compared with controls (P = .003). CONCLUSION Baicalein exhibits antiproliferative effects against pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines at doses ≥5 μM and demonstrates synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Limbach
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Quanhua Xing
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - John H Yim
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.
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Xue P, Sang R, Li N, Du S, Kong X, Tai M, Jiang Z, Chen Y. A new approach to overcoming antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Traditional Chinese medicine therapy based on the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1119037. [PMID: 37091671 PMCID: PMC10117969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1119037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the irrational use of antibiotics and the increasing abuse of oral antibiotics, the drug resistance of gastrointestinal pathogens has become a prominent problem in clinical practice. Gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health, and the change of microbiota also affects the activity of pathogenic bacteria. Interfering with antibiotic resistant bacteria by affecting gut microbiota has also become an important regulatory signal. In clinical application, due to the unique advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in sterilization and drug resistance, it is possible for traditional Chinese medicine to improve the gut microbial microenvironment. This review discusses the strategies of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections by changing the gut microenvironment, unlocking the interaction between microbiota and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sang
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyuan Du
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuwen Kong
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingliang Tai
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Center for Basic Medical Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Chen,
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Ming X, Yin M, Liyan W. Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Chinese Medicinal Herbs: Lonicerae flos, Lonicerae japonicae flos, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Forsythia suspensa. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221136673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) represents a potent, safe, and efficacious reservoir of treatment options against an array of microbial infections and inflammatory diseases. It has a long history of positive clinical outcomes with minimal or no side effects while enhancing and bolstering the host's protection against infections. With its unique ability to prevent, treat, and manage a wide range of diseased conditions, CHM has been successfully practiced in China for thousands of years. In the modern medical era, where harsh therapeutic drugs and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a significant challenge, CHM warrants further exploration. The present review highlights and focuses on 4 major CHM-based herbs, that is, ( Lonicerae flos [ LF] , Lonicerae japonicae flos [ LJF] , Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [ SBG] , and Forsythia suspensa [ FS]) in terms of their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacies. A detailed literature survey was done by the team using a systematic electronic search from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, books, etc. This was followed by data collecting, pertinent data extraction, in-depth analysis, and composing the final review. Each herb has been discussed in detail describing its mechanism adopted and the bioactive components involved in alleviating bacterial infections and inflammatory damage. Further, proof of efficacy by detailing the major past studies and major findings has been discussed for each of the 4 herbs. This review will give the scientific community the opportunity to update their knowledge on the subject, which is crucial for heralding the process of bringing CHM-based medicines closer to clinical development given the area of alternative medicine's rapid advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ming
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ma Yin
- Pharmaceutical Department, Wang Jing Hospital of CACMS, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Liyan
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Arip M, Selvaraja M, R M, Tan LF, Leong MY, Tan PL, Yap VL, Chinnapan S, Tat NC, Abdullah M, K D, Jubair N. Review on Plant-Based Management in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance - Mechanistic Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879495. [PMID: 36249774 PMCID: PMC9557208 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes no longer respond to any pharmacological agents, rendering the conventional antimicrobial agents ineffective. AMR has been classified as one of the top 10 life-threatening global health problems needed multilevel attention and global cooperation to attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) according to the World Health Organization (WHO), making the discovery of a new and effective antimicrobial agent a priority. The recommended treatments for drug-resistant microbes are available but limited. Furthermore, the transformation of microbes over time increases the risk of developing drug resistance. Hence, plant metabolites such as terpenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are widely studied due to their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic effects. Plant-derived antimicrobials are preferred due to their desirable efficacy and safety profile. Plant metabolites work by targeting microbial cell membranes, interfering with the synthesis of microbial DNA/RNA/enzymes and disrupting quorum sensing and efflux pump expression. They also work synergistically with conventional antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial effects. Accordingly, this review aims to identify currently available pharmacological therapies against microbes and AMR, as well as to discuss the importance of plant and secondary metabolites as a possible solution for AMR together with their mechanisms of action. All the information was obtained from government databases, WHO websites, PubMed, Springer, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Based on the information obtained, AMR is regarded as a significant warning to global healthcare. Plant derivatives such as secondary metabolites may be considered as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate the non-ending AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masita Arip
- Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Malarvili Selvaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Malarvili Selvaraja, ; Mogana R,
| | - Mogana R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Malarvili Selvaraja, ; Mogana R,
| | - Lee Fang Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yee Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Puay Luan Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Vi Lien Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Sasikala Chinnapan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Ng Chin Tat
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Dharmendra K
- Narayan Institute of Pharmacy, Gopal Narayan Singh University, Jamuhar, India
| | - Najwan Jubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Malaysia
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14
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Sweet R, Kroon PA, Webber MA. Activity of antibacterial phytochemicals and their potential use as natural food preservatives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2076-2087. [PMID: 36121430 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2121255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The risk to human health from bacterial foodborne infection is presently controlled by the addition of antimicrobial preservatives to food. However, the use of chemical preservatives such as sodium nitrite poses a health risk in themselves with concerns around carcinogenic effects. This makes the development of improved preservatives a priority for the food industry. One promising source of novel antimicrobial compounds can be found in nature; phytochemicals, in particular polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants for numerous purposes including antimicrobial defence. There has been significant study of phytochemicals; including quantifying their antimicrobial activity, potential to synergise with current antibiotics and the feasibility of their application as natural food preservatives. However, there remains significant uncertainty about the relative antimicrobial efficacy of different phytochemicals, their mechanisms of action (MOA) and the potential for emergence of bacterial resistance to their effects. This review summarizes recent work relevant to the potential development of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sweet
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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15
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Drug Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Promising Approach to Counter Multidrug Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens by Targeting AcrB Protein from AcrAB-TolC Multidrug Efflux Pump from Escherichia coli. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091328. [PMID: 36138807 PMCID: PMC9495857 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different mechanisms that can confer multidrug resistance to bacteria, among these mechanisms are drug efflux pumps that play the main role in conferring multidrug resistance by recognizing then expelling a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics, and reducing their concentration to sub-toxic levels. Small molecule inhibitors that target drug efflux pumps especially the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, appear as a new promising and attractive approach that could increase the required accumulation of antimicrobials to eliminate bacteria as well as leading to reverse antibiotic resistance and prevent the development of resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and enhances the activity of antibiotics or prolong their effectiveness. Abstract Infections caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) of Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The main mechanism that confers MDR to bacteria is drug efflux pumps, as they expel a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics. Among the different types of drug efflux pumps, the resistance nodulation division (RND) superfamily confers MDR to various Gram-negative bacteria species. The AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, a member of RND, is the best-characterized example and an excellent model for understanding MDR because of an abundance of functional and structural data. Small molecule inhibitors that target the AcrAB-TolC drug efflux pump represent a new solution to reversing MDR in Gram-negative bacteria and restoring the efficacy of various used drugs that are clinically relevant to these pathogens, especially in the high shortage of drugs for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review will investigate solutions of MDR in Gram-negative bacteria by studying the inhibition of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump.
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16
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Uddin Mahamud AGMS, Nahar S, Ashrafudoulla M, Park SH, Ha SD. Insights into antibiofilm mechanisms of phytochemicals: Prospects in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1736-1763. [PMID: 36066482 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of microbial aggregation or biofilm in the food industry underpins the emerging antimicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens, exacerbating the phenomena of food spoilage, processing and safety management failure, and the prevalence of foodborne illnesses. The challenges of growing tolerance to current chemical and disinfectant-based antibiofilm strategies have driven the urgency in finding a less vulnerable to bacterial resistance, effective alternative antibiofilm agent. To address these issues, various novel strategies are suggested in current days to combat bacterial biofilm. Among the innovative approaches, phytochemicals have already demonstrated their excellent performance in preventing biofilm formation and bactericidal actions against resident bacteria within biofilms. However, the diverse group of phytochemicals and their different modes of action become a barrier to applying them against specific pathogenic biofilm-formers. This phenomenon mandates the need to elucidate the multi-mechanistic actions of phytochemicals to design an effective novel antibiofilm strategy. Therefore, this review critically illustrates the structure - activity relationship, functional sites of actions, and target molecules of diverse phytochemicals regarding multiple major antibiofilm mechanisms and reversal mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. The implementation of the in-depth knowledge will hopefully aid future studies for developing phytochemical-based next-generation antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G M Sofi Uddin Mahamud
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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17
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Li J, Feng S, Liu X, Jia X, Qiao F, Guo J, Deng S. Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine and its Active Ingredients on Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837907. [PMID: 35721131 PMCID: PMC9204478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing and widespread application of antibacterial drugs makes antibiotic resistance a prominent and growing concern in clinical practice. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria presents a global threat. However, the development and use of novel antibacterial agents involves time-consuming and costly challenges that may lead to yet further drug resistance. More recently, researchers have turned to traditional Chinese medicine to stem the rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Many studies have shown traditional Chinese medicines to have significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, with the advantage of low drug resistance. Some of which when combined with antibiotics, have also demonstrated antibacterial activity by synergistic effect. Traditional Chinese medicine has a variety of active components, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and quinones, which can inhibit the growth of drug-resistant bacteria and be used in combination with a variety of antibiotics to treat various drug-resistant bacterial infections. We reviewed the interaction between the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. At present, flavonoids and alkaloids are the active ingredients that have been most widely studied, with significant synergistic activity demonstrated when used in combination with antibiotics against drug-resistant bacteria. The reviewed studies show that traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients have antimicrobial activity on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may enhance the susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potentially reduce the required dosage of antibacterial agents and the rate of drug resistance. Our results provide direction for finding and developing alternative methods to counteract drug-resistant bacteria, offering a new therapeutic strategy for tackling antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengling Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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18
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Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Bacterial Efflux Pumps. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226904. [PMID: 34833994 PMCID: PMC8625893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely occurring secondary plant constituents, and are abundant in vegetable and fruit diets as well as herbal medicines. Therapeutic treatment options for bacterial infections are limited due to the spread of antimicrobial resistances. Hence, in a number of studies during the last few years, different classes of plant secondary metabolites as resistance-modifying agents have been carried out. In this review, we present the role of flavonoids as inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps. Active compounds could be identified in the subclasses of chalcones, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavonolignans and isoflavones; by far the majority of compounds were aglycones, although some glycosides like kaempferol glycosides with p-coumaroyl acylation showed remarkable results. Staphylococcus aureus NorA pump was the focus of many studies, followed by mycobacteria, whereas Gram-negative bacteria are still under-investigated.
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19
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Verma E, Kumar A, Devi Daimary U, Parama D, Girisa S, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of baicalein in the prevention and treatment of cancer: A scientometric analyses based review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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20
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Chen K, Wu W, Hou X, Yang Q, Li Z. A review: antimicrobial properties of several medicinal plants widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the dramatic increase in the use of antibiotics and growing health threat of bacterial resistance to many commonly used antibiotics, many studies have been directed at developing new and effective antibacterial compounds, among which many new, natural, and effective antibacterial compounds discovered from medicinal plants have drawn great interest and raised new hope for treating the challenges of antibiotic resistance. This review aimed to summarize the most important and widely used medicinal plants that were reported to have antibacterial activities. A general literature search from 2010 to 2020 was conducted using different databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed. According to the literature, three medicinal plants with outstanding antibacterial activities, Taraxacum officinale, Coptis Rhizome, and Scutellaria baicalensis, were screened and reviewed by prioritization. The extraction methods, antibacterial activities of different parts of plants or the plant-derived compounds, spectra of antibacterial activities, and toxicity were described, respectively. However, the antibacterial activities of the extracts or pure compounds as reported in the reviewed literature were mostly based on in vitro assays, and moreover, the deeper antibacterial mechanisms have not been elucidated clearly. Therefore, further studies are required in the fields of purification and identification of the antibacterial compounds, its mechanisms of action, and synergistic effects in combination with other antibacterial drugs, which may be helpful in the development of new antibacterial drugs.
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21
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Mohanty H, Pachpute S, Yadav RP. Mechanism of drug resistance in bacteria: efflux pump modulation for designing of new antibiotic enhancers. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:727-739. [PMID: 34431062 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance has now become a serious concern in the domain of microbial infection. Bacteria are becoming smarter by displaying a variety of mechanisms during drug resistance. It is not only helping bacteria to adapt nicely in adverse environment but it also makes a smart system for better availability of nutritional status for microorganisms. In this domain, pathogenic bacteria are extensively studied and their mechanism for drug resistance is well explored. The common modes in bacterial resistance include degradation of antibiotics by enzymes, antibiotic target modification or inactivation by enzymatic actions, complete replacement of antibiotic targets, quorum sensing (QS) mechanism, and efflux pump-based extrusion of antibiotics. In this review, various mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria have been highlighted with giving the importance of efflux pumps. This can be explored as a knowledge source for the management of a variety of bacterial infections, related disease and vibrant clue for next-generation drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Mohanty
- MGMIHS OMICS Research Center, MGM Central Research Laboratory, MGM Medical College and Hospital, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai-410209, Maharashtra, India.,Department of Molecular Biology, MGM School of Biomedical Sciences, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai-410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samir Pachpute
- Department of Medical Microbiology, MGM Medical College and Hospital, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai-410209, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raman P Yadav
- MGMIHS OMICS Research Center, MGM Central Research Laboratory, MGM Medical College and Hospital, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai-410209, Maharashtra, India. .,Department of Molecular Biology, MGM School of Biomedical Sciences, MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Sector 1, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai-410209, Maharashtra, India.
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22
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Jubair N, Rajagopal M, Chinnappan S, Abdullah NB, Fatima A. Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3663315. [PMID: 34447454 PMCID: PMC8384518 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3663315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial resistance has progressed rapidly and is becoming the leading cause of death globally. The spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has been a significant threat to the successful therapy against microbial infections. Scientists have become more concerned about the possibility of a return to the pre-antibiotic era. Thus, searching for alternatives to fight microorganisms has become a necessity. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics, while others acquire resistance mainly by the misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of new resistant variants through mutation. Since ancient times, plants represent the leading source of drugs and alternative medicine for fighting against diseases. Plants are rich sources of valuable secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, quinones, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Many studies focus on plant secondary metabolites as a potential source for antibiotic discovery. They have the required structural properties and can act by different mechanisms. This review analyses the antibiotic resistance strategies produced by multidrug-resistant bacteria and explores the phytochemicals from different classes with documented antimicrobial action against resistant bacteria, either alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwan Jubair
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sasikala Chinnappan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Ayesha Fatima
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Millar BC, Rao JR, Moore JE. Fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR): Chinese herbal medicine as a source of novel antimicrobials - an update. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:400-407. [PMID: 34219247 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has now emerged as a global public health crisis, requiring the discovery of new and novel antimicrobial compounds, that may be precursors of future therapeutic antibiotics. Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) comes with a rich pedigree of holistic and empirical usage in Asia for the last 5000 years. Extracts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Dianthus superbus L. Forsythiae fructus (Lian Qiao), Lonicerae flos (Jin Yin Hua), Naemorhedi cornu, Platycladus orientalis Franco, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum cuspidatum, Poria cocos (Schw.), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC, Rheum palmatum, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Scutellaria barbata, Scutellariae radix (Huang Qin) and Ursi fel (Xiong Dan) have shown to have antimicrobial properties against clinically significant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, as well as the mycobacteria (TB and non-tuberculous mycobacteria). Evidence is now beginning to emerge through systematic reviews of the outcomes of clinical studies employing CHM to treat infections. Of the 106 Cochrane systematic reviews on CHM, 16 (ca 15%) reviews examine CHM in the context of treating a specific infection disease or state. This update examines direct antimicrobial effect of CHM on bacterial pathogens, as well as synergistic effects of combining CHM with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Millar
- Laboratory for Disinfection and Pathogen Elimination Studies, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Nightingale (Belfast City) Hospital, Belfast, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - J R Rao
- Plant Pathology, AgriFood & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - J E Moore
- Laboratory for Disinfection and Pathogen Elimination Studies, Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Nightingale (Belfast City) Hospital, Belfast, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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24
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Monteiro KLC, de Aquino TM, Mendonça Junior FJB. An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2168-2185. [PMID: 32621719 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200704135837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens causing severe infectious diseases that pose real public health threats problems worldwide. In S. aureus, the most efficient multidrug-resistant system is the NorA efflux pump. For this reason, it is critical to identify efflux pump inhibitors. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we present an update of the new natural and synthetic compounds that act as modulators of antibiotic resistance through the inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. RESULTS Several classes of compounds capable of restoring the antibiotic activity have been identified against resistant-S. aureus strains, acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. The most promising classes of compounds were quinolines, indoles, pyridines, phenols, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. However, the substantial degree structural diversity of these compounds makes it difficult to establish good structure- activity correlations that allow the design of compounds with more promising activities and properties. CONCLUSION Despite substantial efforts put forth in the search for new antibiotic adjuvants that act as efflux pump inhibitors, and despite several promising results, there are currently no efflux pump inhibitors authorized for human or veterinary use, or in clinical trials. Unfortunately, it appears that infection control strategies have remained the same since the discovery of penicillin, and that most efforts remain focused on discovering new classes of antibiotics, rather than trying to prolong the life of available antibiotics, and simultaneously fighting mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
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25
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A comprehensive review on pharmacology of efflux pumps and their inhibitors in antibiotic resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174151. [PMID: 33964293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most severe threats to public health. It can be attributed to the relentless and unchecked use of antibiotics in healthcare sectors, cell culture, animal husbandry, and agriculture. Some classic examples of resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include developing antibiotic degrading enzymes, modifying target sites previously targeted by antibiotics, and developing efflux mechanisms. Studies have shown that while some efflux pumps selectively extrude certain antibiotics, others extrude a structurally diverse class of antibiotics. Such extrusion of a structurally diverse class of antibiotics gives rise to multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. These mechanisms are observed in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria alike. Therefore, efflux pumps find their place in the list of high-priority targets for the treatment of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria mediated by efflux. Studies showed a significant escalation in bacteria's susceptibility to a particular antibiotic drug when tested with an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) compared to when it was tested with the antibiotic drug alone. This review discusses the pharmacology, current status, and the future of EPIs in antibiotic resistance.
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26
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Sithisarn P, Rojsanga P, Sithisarn P. Flavone-Rich Fractions and Extracts from Oroxylum indicum and Their Antibacterial Activities against Clinically Isolated Zoonotic Bacteria and Free Radical Scavenging Effects. Molecules 2021; 26:1773. [PMID: 33809943 PMCID: PMC8004265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oroxylum indicum extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus suis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, β-hemolytic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The orange crystals and yellow precipitates were obtained from the preparation processes of the seed extracts. The orange-red crystals from the seeds collected from Lampang province exhibited strong in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (EC50 value = 25.99 ± 3.30 μg/mL) and antibacterial effects on S. intermedius and β-hemolytic E. coli while the yellow precipitate from the same source exhibited only antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in O. indicum samples by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques showed that they contained different amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid and three major flavones; baicalin, baicalein and chrysin contents. Young fruit extract, which contained low amounts of flavone contents, still promoted antibacterial effects against the tested bacteria with IC50 values lower than 1 mg/mL and MIC values between 4 to 10 mg/mL in S. intermedius, S. aureus and S suis while higher IC50 and MIC values against P. aeruginosa and β-hemolytic E. coli were found. From scanning electron microscopy, the extract of the young fruit of O. indicum promoted morphological changes in the bacterial cells by disrupting the bacterial cell walls, inducing leakage of the cellular content, and generating the abnormal accumulation of cells. The mechanism of action of the extract for this antibacterial effect may be the disruption of the cell membrane and abnormal cell aggregations. Regression analysis of the results suggests the correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Baicalin was found to have a high correlation with an inhibitory effect against β-hemolytic E. coli while three unidentified peaks, which could be flavones, showed high correlations with an inhibitory effect against S. intermedius, S. suis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchima Sithisarn
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Piyanuch Rojsanga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Pongtip Sithisarn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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27
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Zhou X, Fu L, Wang P, Yang L, Zhu X, Li CG. Drug-herb interactions between Scutellaria baicalensis and pharmaceutical drugs: Insights from experimental studies, mechanistic actions to clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111445. [PMID: 33711551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the popular use of herbal medicine globally, it poses challenges in managing potential drug-herb interaction. There are two folds of the drug-herb interaction, a beneficial interaction that may improve therapeutic outcome and minimise the toxicity of drug desirably; by contrast, negative interaction may evoke unwanted clinical consequences, especially with drugs of narrow therapeutic index. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is one of the most popular medicinal plants used in Asian countries. It has been widely used for treating various diseases and conditions such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Studies on its extract and bioactive compounds have shown pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with a wide range of pharmaceutical drugs as evidenced by plenty of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Notably, S. baicalensis and its bioactives including baicalein, baicalin and wogonin exhibited synergistic interactions with many pharmaceutical drugs to enhance their efficacy, reduce toxicity or overcome drug resistance to combat complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases. On the other hand, S. baicalensis and its bioactives also affected the pharmacokinetic profile of many drugs in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination via the regulatory actions of the efflux pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review provides comprehensive references of the observed pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions of Scutellaria baicalensis and its bioactives. We have elucidated the interaction with detailed mechanistic actions, identified the knowledge gaps for future research and potential clinical implications. Such knowledge is important for the practice of both conventional and complementary medicines, and it is essential to ensure the safe use of related herbal medicines. The review may be of great interest to practitioners, consumers, clinicians who require comprehensive information on the possible drug interactions with S. baicalensis and its bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Ling Fu
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Second Chinese Medicine Hospital), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengli Wang
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhu
- Chinese Medicine Centre, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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Bogacz A, Mikołajczak PŁ, Wolek M, Górska A, Szulc M, Ożarowski M, Kujawski R, Czerny B, Wolski H, Karpiński TM, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A. Combined Effects of Methyldopa and Flavonoids on the Expression of Selected Factors Related to Inflammatory Processes and Vascular Diseases in Human Placenta Cells-An In Vitro Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051259. [PMID: 33652665 PMCID: PMC7956652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate combined effects of flavonoids (apigenin, baicalein, chrysin, quercetin, and scutellarin) and methyldopa on the expression of selected proinflammatory and vascular factors in vitro for prediction of their action in pregnancy-induced hypertension. The research was conducted on a trophoblast-derived human choriocarcinoma cell line and a primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell line. Cytotoxicity of compounds in selected concentrations (20, 40, and 100 µmol) was measured using the MTT test and the concentration of 40 µmol was selected for further analysis. Subsequently, their effects with methyldopa on the expression of selected markers responsible for inflammation (TNF-α; IL-1β; IL-6) and vascular effects (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α—HIF-1α; placental growth factor—PIGF; transforming growth factor β—TGF-β; vascular endothelial growth factor—VEGF) at the mRNA and protein levels were assessed. It was found that every combined administration of a flavonoid and methyldopa in these cells induced a down-regulating effect on all tested factors, except PIGF, especially at the mRNA expression level. As hypertension generally raises TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, HIF-1α, TGF-β, and VEGF mRNA expression and/or protein levels, the results obtained in the studied model may provide a positive prognostic factor for such activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogacz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.B.); (P.Ł.M.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Przemysław Ł. Mikołajczak
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.B.); (P.Ł.M.); (A.S.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Marlena Wolek
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (M.W.); (A.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Górska
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (M.W.); (A.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Michał Szulc
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Marcin Ożarowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, WojskaPolskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Radosław Kujawski
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Bogusław Czerny
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (M.W.); (A.G.); (B.C.)
- Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Hubert Wolski
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Podhale Multidisciplinary Hospital, 34-400 NowyTarg, Poland;
- Division of Perinatology and Women’s Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Seremak-Mrozikiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland; (A.B.); (P.Ł.M.); (A.S.-M.)
- Division of Perinatology and Women’s Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-535 Poznań, Poland
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Ju J, Xie Y, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Synergistic interactions of plant essential oils with antimicrobial agents: a new antimicrobial therapy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1740-1751. [PMID: 33207954 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1846494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The problem of drug resistance of food borne pathogens is becoming more and more serious. Although traditional antimicrobial agents have good therapeutic effects on a variety of food borne pathogens, more effective antimicrobial agents are still needed to combat the development of drug-resistant food borne pathogens. Plant-based natural essential oils (EOs) are widely used because of their remarkable antimicrobial activity. A potential strategy to address food borne pathogens drug resistance is to use a combination of EOs and antimicrobial agents. Because EOs have multi-target inhibitory effects on microorganisms, combining them with drugs can enhance the activity of the drugs and avoid the emergence of food borne pathogens drug resistance. This paper introduces the main factors affecting the antibacterial activity of EOs and describes methods for evaluating their synergistic antibacterial effects. The possible mechanisms of action of EOs and the synergistic inhibitory effects on pathogens of EOs in combination with antimicrobial agents is described. In summary, the combined use of EOs and existing antimicrobial agents is a promising potential new antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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30
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Ambadiang MMM, Atontsa BCK, Tankeo SB, Nayim P, Wamba BEN, Bitchagno GTM, Mpetga JDS, Penlap VB, Kuete V. Bark extract of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae) displayed good antibacterial activity against MDR gram-negative phenotypes in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:342. [PMID: 33183278 PMCID: PMC7664092 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activities of crude methanol extract and constituents isolated by Column Chromatography (CC) from Cassia sieberiana bark (CSB) against ten MDR Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the mechanisms of action of the most active sample. METHODS The antibacterial activity of the tested samples (extract, the fractions and their compounds isolated by CC and the structures obtained by exploiting 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra) in the presence and absence of an efflux pumps inhibitor, phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), was evaluated using the micro-dilution method. The effects of the most active sample were evaluated on the cell growth kinetic and on the bacterial H+-ATPase proton pumps. RESULTS Phytochemical composition of the crude extract showed a rather selective distribution of secondary metabolites (presence of polyphenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and absence of anthocyanins, anthraquinones). The tested samples displayed different antibacterial activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 512 μg/mL. Crude extract (CS) and fraction CSc showed the highest inhibitory spectra, both inhibiting all of the studied bacteria except Enterobacter aerogenes EA27 strain. Fraction CSc exerted bactericidal effects on most bacteria meanwhile, crude extract (CS) and sub-fraction CSc2 exerted bacteriostatic effects. Compounds 1 (spectaline) and 2 (iso-6-cassine) inhibited the growth of 70% (Escherichia coli ATCC8739 and AG102, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC11296, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048 and EA27, Providencia stuartii ATCC29916, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01) and 60% (Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC11296 and KP55, Providencia stuartii ATCC29916, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 and PA124) of bacteria respectively with MICs ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL. In the presence of PAβN, the activities of crude extract CS, fraction CAc and sub-fraction CSc2 strongly increased on most bacteria strains as their MICs significantly decreased. Sub-fraction CSc2 inhibited the H+-ATPase proton pumps and altered growth kinetic of Escherichia coli ATCC8739. CONCLUSION The overall results justify the traditional use of C. sieberiana for the treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene M M Ambadiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Brice C K Atontsa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Simplice B Tankeo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Paul Nayim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Brice E N Wamba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gabin T M Bitchagno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James D S Mpetga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Veronique B Penlap
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde 1, P.O. Box 812, Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Efflux pumps as interventions to control infection caused by drug-resistance bacteria. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2307-2316. [PMID: 33011344 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a global concern for healthcare workers and physicians. Efflux pumps are one of the major mechanisms of resistance. Hence, we describe examples of natural efflux pump inhibitors used to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Biharee A, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jaitak V. Antimicrobial flavonoids as a potential substitute for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104720. [PMID: 32910994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death in 21st century due to antimicrobial resistance and scarcity of new molecules to undertake rising infections. There could be a multiple reasons behind antimicrobial resistance whether it is increased drug metabolism or bacterial endotoxins. The demand of effective medication is increasing day by day to treat microbial infections and combat antimicrobial resistance. In recent years most of the synthetic antimicrobials developed resistance so natural products could provide better options to fulfill this demand. There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids because various flavonoids were found to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article will be to explore antimicrobial activity of flavonoids with special focus on their possible mechanism of action. METHODS The article reviewed recent literature related to flavonoids with antimicrobial activity, which were isolated from various sources and the compounds showing fairly good activity against tested microbial species were discussed. RESULTS By throughout literature review it has been found that flavonoids show antimicrobial effect by inhibiting virulence factors, efflux pump, biofilm formation, membrane disruption, cell envelop synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and bacterial motility inhibition. CONCLUSION Most of the antimicrobial drugs available now a days are ineffective due to development of resistance to them. Flavonoids have the potential to overcome this emerging crisis as this class of natural products showed the antimicrobial activity by different mechanisms than those of conventional drugs, so flavonoid could be an effective treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadh Biharee
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India..
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33
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Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Encinar JA, Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Micol V. Antimicrobial Capacity of Plant Polyphenols against Gram-positive Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2576-2606. [PMID: 30295182 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-drug-resistant bacteria such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disseminate rapidly amongst patients in healthcare facilities and suppose an increasingly important cause of community-associated infections and associated mortality. The development of effective therapeutic options against resistant bacteria is a public health priority. Plant polyphenols are structurally diverse compounds that have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, including infections treatment and possess, not only antimicrobial activity, but also antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities among others. Based on the existing evidence on the polyphenols' antibacterial capacity, polyphenols may be postulated as an alternative or complementary therapy for infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the antimicrobial activity of plant polyphenols against Gram-positive bacteria, especially against S. aureus and its resistant strains. Determine the main bacterial molecular targets of polyphenols and their potential mechanism of action. METHODOLOGY The most relevant reports on plant polyphenols' antibacterial activity and their putative molecular targets were studied. We also performed virtual screening of thousand different polyphenols against proteins involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis to find potential valuable bioactive compounds. The bibliographic information used in this review was obtained from MEDLINE via PubMed. RESULTS Several polyphenols: phenolic acids, flavonoids (especially flavonols), tannins, lignans, stilbenes and combinations of these in botanical mixtures, have exhibited significant antibacterial activity against resistant and non-resistant Gram-positive bacteria at low μg/mL range MIC values. Their mechanism of action is quite diverse, targeting cell wall, lipid membrane, membrane receptors and ion channels, bacteria metabolites and biofilm formation. Synergic effects were also demonstrated for some combinations of polyphenols and antibiotics. CONCLUSION Plant polyphenols mean a promising source of antibacterial agents, either alone or in combination with existing antibiotics, for the development of new antibiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Álvarez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Díaz
- Microbiology Section, University General Hospital of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), Alicante 03010, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernandez; 03202 Elche, Spain.,CIBER, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB12/03/30038), Spain
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Is combined medication with natural medicine a promising therapy for bacterial biofilm infection? Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Nieto G. A Review on Applications and Uses of Thymus in the Food Industry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E961. [PMID: 32751488 PMCID: PMC7464319 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyme is one of the most important medicinal plants because of its ethnopharmacological relevance and high content of bioactive compounds. This review focuses particularly on thyme as an alternative natural antioxidant and antimicrobial with potential use in the food industry. This is in line with the preferences of the current consumer, who demands healthier and more natural products. Different studies have concluded that the use of thyme increases stability and reduces lipid oxidation during the shelf-life period of foods (meat, meat products, milk, fish or fish products), which makes thyme a promising source of natural additives. Despite these findings, the use of Thymus extracts or essential oils as natural additives in foods is reduced in comparison with other natural preservative extracts. This review provides an overview of the most important information on the positive effect of the bioactive compounds of thyme and its uses as a preservative in foods, taking into account its origin (from plants, plant extracts or essential oils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Nieto
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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36
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Dettweiler M, Melander RJ, Porras G, Risener C, Marquez L, Samarakoon T, Melander C, Quave CL. A Clerodane Diterpene from Callicarpa americana Resensitizes Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-Lactam Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1667-1673. [PMID: 32579326 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance presents a significant healthcare challenge and precludes the use of many otherwise valuable antibiotics. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibiotics in combination with resistance-modifying agents, compounds that act synergistically with existing antibiotics to resensitize previously resistant bacteria. In this study, 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide, a clerodane diterpene isolated from the medicinal plant Callicarpa americana, was found to synergize with oxacillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This synergy was confirmed by checkerboard (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.125) and time-kill assays, with a subinhibitory dose of 12(S),16ξ-dihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide causing the effective concentration of oxacillin to fall below the susceptibility breakpoint for S. aureus, a >32-fold decrease in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Dettweiler
- Emory University, Department of Dermatology, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Roberta J. Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Gina Porras
- Emory University, Center for the Study of Human Health, 1557 Dickey Drive, Anthropology 306, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Caitlin Risener
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tharanga Samarakoon
- Emory University Herbarium, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Emory University, Department of Dermatology, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory University, Center for the Study of Human Health, 1557 Dickey Drive, Anthropology 306, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Emory University, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Laws M, Shaaban A, Rahman KM. Antibiotic resistance breakers: current approaches and future directions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:490-516. [PMID: 31150547 PMCID: PMC6736374 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose an ever-increasing threat to mankind. The investigation of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis must be part of any global response to this problem if an untimely reversion to the pre-penicillin era of medicine is to be avoided. One such promising avenue of research involves so-called antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), capable of re-sensitising resistant bacteria to antibiotics. Although some ARBs have previously been employed in the clinical setting, such as the β-lactam inhibitors, we posit that the broader field of ARB research can yet yield a greater diversity of more effective therapeutic agents than have been previously achieved. This review introduces the area of ARB research, summarises the current state of ARB development with emphasis on the various major classes of ARBs currently being investigated and their modes of action, and offers a perspective on the future direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Ali Shaaban
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
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Ghosh A, Roymahapatra G, Paul D, Mandal SM. Theoretical analysis of bacterial efflux pumps inhibitors: Strategies in-search of competent molecules and develop next. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 87:107275. [PMID: 32438117 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria pose a significant threat to our ability to effectively treat infections due to the development of several antibiotic resistant mechanisms. A major component in the development of the MDR phenotype in MDR bacteria is over expression of different-type of efflux pumps, which actively pump out antibacterial agents and biocides from the periplasm to the outside of the cell. Consequently, bacterial efflux pumps are an important target for developing novel antibacterial treatments. Potent efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) could be used as adjunctive therapies that would increase the potency of existing antibiotics and decrease the emergence of MDR bacteria. Several potent inhibitors of efflux pumps have been reported which has been summarized here. All the natural and synthetic EPIs were optimized with Gaussian and Avogadro software. The optimized structures were docked with each class of efflux pumps and their bonding parameters were computed. The theoretical analyses were performed with density functional theory (DFT). Overall, computational study revealed a good trend of electrophilicity and ionization potential of the EPIs, the obtained average values are within in the range of 0.001414 AU ± 0.00032 and 0.208821 AU ± 0.015545, respectively. Interestingly, cathinone interacts with most of the efflux pumps among the tested inhibitors. The electrophilicity and ionization potential of cathinone are 0.00198 and 0.2388 AU, respectively. The study opens a new road for designing future-generation target-specific efflux pump inhibitors, as well as one molecule with multiple inhibition abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ghosh
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Debarati Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201311, India
| | - Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Ishfaq M, Chen C, Bao J, Zhang W, Wu Z, Wang J, Liu Y, Tian E, Hamid S, Li R, Ding L, Li J. Baicalin ameliorates oxidative stress and apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial dynamics in the spleen of chickens via the opposite modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway during Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6296-6310. [PMID: 31376349 PMCID: PMC8913776 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection produces a profound inflammatory response in the respiratory tract and evade birds' immune recognition to establish a chronic infection. Previous reports documented that the flavonoid baicalin possess potent anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, whether baicalin prevent immune dysfunction is largely unknown. In the present study, the preventive effects of baicalin were determined on oxidative stress generation and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens infected with MG. Histopathological examination showed abnormal morphological changes including cell hyperplasia, lymphocytes depletion, and the red and white pulp of spleen were not clearly visible in the model group. Oxidative stress-related parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the model group. However, baicalin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated oxidative stress and partially alleviated the abnormal morphological changes in the chicken spleen compared to model group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick endlabeling assay results, mRNA, and protein expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis-related genes showed that baicalin significantly attenuated apoptosis. Moreover, baicalin restored the mRNA expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes and maintain the balance between mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. Intriguingly, the protective effects of baicalin were associated with the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway and suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the spleen of chicken. In summary, these findings indicated that baicalin promoted mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and effectively prevents oxidative stress and apoptosis in the splenocytes of chickens infected with MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Bao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Erjie Tian
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Sattar Hamid
- Department of Animal health, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Rui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Liangjun Ding
- College of life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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Feng J, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Evaluation of Natural and Botanical Medicines for Activity Against Growing and Non-growing Forms of B. burgdorferi. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32154254 PMCID: PMC7050641 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the US and Europe. Although the current recommended Lyme antibiotic treatment is effective for the majority of Lyme disease patients, about 10-20% of patients continue to suffer from persisting symptoms. There have been various anecdotal reports on the use of herbal extracts for treating patients with persisting symptoms with varying degree of improvements. However, it is unclear whether the effect of the herb products is due to their direct antimicrobial activity or their effect on host immune system. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of 12 commonly used botanical medicines and three other natural antimicrobial agents for potential anti-Borrelia burgdorferi activity in vitro. Among them, 7 natural product extracts at 1% were found to have good activity against the stationary phase B. burgdorferi culture compared to the control antibiotics doxycycline and cefuroxime. These active botanicals include Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Juglans nigra (Black walnut), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), Artemisia annua (Sweet wormwood), Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's claw), Cistus incanus, and Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap). In contrast, Stevia rebaudiana, Andrographis paniculata, Grapefruit seed extract, colloidal silver, monolaurin, and antimicrobial peptide LL37 had little or no activity against stationary phase B. burgdorferi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Artemisia annua, Juglans nigra, and Uncaria tomentosa were quite high for growing B. burgdorferi, despite their strong activity against the non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi. On the other hand, the top two active herbs, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Polygonum cuspidatum, showed strong activity against both growing B. burgdorferi (MIC = 0.03-0.06% and 0.25-0.5%, respectively) and non-growing stationary phase B. burgdorferi. In subculture studies, only 1% Cryptolepis sanguinolenta extract caused complete eradication, while doxycycline and cefuroxime and other active herbs could not eradicate B. burgdorferi stationary phase cells as many spirochetes were visible after 21-day subculture. Further studies are needed to identify the active constituents of the effective botanicals and evaluate their combinations for more effective eradication of B. burgdorferi in vitro and in vivo. The implications of these findings for improving treatment of persistent Lyme disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacob Leone
- FOCUS Health Group, Naturopathic, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Sunjya Schweig
- California Center for Functional Medicine, Kensington, CA, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Mickymaray S. Efficacy and Mechanism of Traditional Medicinal Plants and Bioactive Compounds against Clinically Important Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040257. [PMID: 31835403 PMCID: PMC6963422 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants have been cultivated to treat various human illnesses and avert numerous infectious diseases. They display an extensive range of beneficial pharmacological and health effects for humans. These plants generally synthesize a diverse range of bioactive compounds which have been established to be potent antimicrobial agents against a wide range of pathogenic organisms. Various research studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of traditional plants scientifically or experimentally measured with reports on pathogenic microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants or their bioactive compounds arising from several functional activities may be capable of inhibiting virulence factors as well as targeting microbial cells. Some bioactive compounds derived from traditional plants manifest the ability to reverse antibiotic resistance and improve synergetic action with current antibiotic agents. Therefore, the advancement of bioactive-based pharmacological agents can be an auspicious method for treating antibiotic-resistant infections. This review considers the functional and molecular roles of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds, focusing typically on their antimicrobial activities against clinically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Mickymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi-, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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Sharma A, Gupta VK, Pathania R. Efflux pump inhibitors for bacterial pathogens: From bench to bedside. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:129-145. [PMID: 31219077 PMCID: PMC6563736 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2079_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of antibiotics, bacterial infections were supposed to be a thing of past. However, this instead led to the selection and evolution of bacteria with mechanisms to counter the action of antibiotics. Antibiotic efflux is one of the major mechanisms, whereby bacteria pump out the antibiotics from their cellular interior to the external environment using special transporter proteins called efflux pumps. Inhibiting these pumps seems to be an attractive strategy at a time when novel antibiotic supplies are dwindling. Molecules capable of inhibiting these pumps, known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), have been viewed as potential therapeutic agents that can rejuvenate the activity of antibiotics that are no longer effective against bacterial pathogens. EPIs follow some general mechanisms of efflux inhibition and are derived from various natural as well as synthetic sources. This review focuses on EPIs and identifies the challenges that have kept these futuristic therapeutics away from the commercial realm so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
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Plant-derived secondary metabolites as the main source of efflux pump inhibitors and methods for identification. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:277-290. [PMID: 32923005 PMCID: PMC7474127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The upsurge of multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure. The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance. A unique pump can make bacteria withstand a wide range of structurally diverse compounds. Therefore, their inhibition is a promising route to eliminate resistance phenomenon in bacteria. Phytochemicals are excellent alternatives as resistance-modifying agents. They can directly kill bacteria or interact with the crucial events of pathogenicity, thereby decreasing the ability of bacteria to develop resistance. Numerous botanicals display noteworthy efflux pumps inhibitory activities. Edible plants are of growing interest. Likewise, some plant families would be excellent sources of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) including Apocynaceae, Berberidaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and Zingiberaceae. Easily applicable methods for screening plant-derived EPIs include checkerboard synergy test, berberine uptake assay and ethidium bromide test. In silico high-throughput virtual detection can be evaluated as a criterion of excluding compounds with efflux substrate-like characteristics, thereby improving the selection process and extending the identification of EPIs. To ascertain the efflux activity inhibition, real-time PCR and quantitative mass spectrometry can be applied. This review emphasizes on efflux pumps and their roles in transmitting bacterial resistance and an update plant-derived EPIs and strategies for identification. Active efflux as the main resistance strategy in bacteria. Phytochemicals as promising alternatives against efflux pumps-mediated MDR. Herbals-based efflux pump inhibitors screening, the methods.
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Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Fazly Bazzaz BS. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:118. [PMID: 31346459 PMCID: PMC6636059 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to classical antibiotics and its rapid progression have raised serious concern in the treatment of infectious diseases. Recently, many studies have been directed towards finding promising solutions to overcome these problems. Phytochemicals have exerted potential antibacterial activities against sensitive and resistant pathogens via different mechanisms of action. In this review, we have summarized the main antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria and also discussed how phytochemicals belonging to different chemical classes could reverse the antibiotic resistance. Next to containing direct antimicrobial activities, some of them have exerted in vitro synergistic effects when being combined with conventional antibiotics. Considering these facts, it could be stated that phytochemicals represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Khameneh
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Soheili
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
- 3Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Chandar B, Bhattacharya D. Role of Natural Product in Modulation of Drug Transporters and New Delhi Metallo-β Lactamases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:874-885. [PMID: 30987566 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190415110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid growth in drug resistance has brought options for treating antimicrobial resistance to a halt. Bacteria have evolved to accumulate a multitude of genes that encode resistance for a single drug within a single cell. Alternations of drug transporters are one of the causes for the development of resistance in drug interactions. Conversely, the production of enzymes also inactivates most antibiotics. The discovery of newer classes of antibiotics and drugs from natural products is urgently needed. Alternative medicines play an integral role in countries across the globe but many require validation for treatment strategies. It is essential to explore this chemical diversity in order to find novel drugs with specific activities which can be used as alternative drug targets. This review describes the interaction of drugs with resistant pathogens with a special focus on natural product-derived efflux pump and carbapenemase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Chandar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
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Optimization of on-chip bacterial culture conditions using the Box-Behnken design response surface methodology for faster drug susceptibility screening. Talanta 2019; 194:627-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brown and Red Seaweeds Serve as Potential Efflux Pump Inhibitors for Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1836982. [PMID: 30713568 PMCID: PMC6332956 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1836982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens are a significant clinical problem. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) can restore the activities of existing antibiotics by interfering with drug efflux pumps located in bacterial cell membranes. Seaweeds are important sources of biologically active metabolites of natural origin; however, their potential as EPIs remains uninvestigated. Here, functional extracts from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica and Sargassum horneri and the red seaweeds Gracilaria sp. and Porphyra dentata were evaluated as potential EPIs against drug-resistant Escherichia coli. All these extracts were found to potentiate the activities of drugs in modulation tests, although not to the same extent. Synergistic effects of the extracts and the drug clarithromycin were observed from the onset of Time-kill assays, with no evidence of bacterial regrowth. Ethidium bromide accumulation studies revealed that the efflux decreased in the presence of each extract, as indicated by the presence of EPIs. Most identified EPIs that have been discovered to date have aromatic structures, and the seaweed extracts were found to contain various terpenes, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, indoles, pyrrole derivatives, alkaloids, and halogenated aromatic compounds. Our study highlights the potential of these compounds of the seaweeds as drug EPIs.
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Zhao Y, Li H, Wei S, Zhou X, Xiao X. Antimicrobial Effects of Chemical Compounds Isolated from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCHM) Against Drug-Resistant Bacteria: A Review Paper. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:125-137. [PMID: 30332952 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181017143141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria seriously threaten human lives. Although antibiotic therapy is effective in the treatment of bacterial infections, the overuse of antibiotics has led to an increased risk of antibiotic resistance, putting forward urgent requirements for novel antibacterial drugs. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) and its constituents are considered to be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents. Currently, a series of chemical compounds purified from TCHM have been reported to fight against infections by drug-resistant bacteria. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on TCHM-derived compounds treating drug-resistant bacterial infections. Further studies are still needed for the discovery of potential antibacterial components from TCHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, China
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Singla RK, Dubey AK. Molecules and Metabolites from Natural Products as Inhibitors of Biofilm in Candida spp. pathogens. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2567-2578. [PMID: 31654510 PMCID: PMC7403689 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025154834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm is a critical virulence factor associated with the strains of Candida spp. pathogens as it confers significant resistance to the pathogen against antifungal drugs. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was undertaken by focusing on natural products, which have been reported to inhibit biofilms produced by Candida spp. The databases explored were from PubMed and Google Scholar. The abstracts and full text of the manuscripts from the literature were analyzed and included if found significant. RESULTS Medicinal plants from the order Lamiales, Apiales, Asterales, Myrtales, Sapindales, Acorales, Poales and Laurales were reported to inhibit the biofilms formed by Candida spp. From the microbiological sources, lactobacilli, Streptomyces chrestomyceticus and Streptococcus thermophilus B had shown the strong biofilm inhibition potential. Further, the diverse nature of the compounds from classes like terpenoids, phenylpropanoid, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenol, naphthoquinone and saponin was found to be significant in inhibiting the biofilm of Candida spp. CONCLUSION Natural products from both plant and microbial origins have proven themselves as a goldmine for isolating the potential biofilm inhibitors with a specific or multi-locus mechanism of action. Structural and functional characterization of the bioactive molecules from active extracts should be the next line of approach along with the thorough exploration of the mechanism of action for the already identified bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok K. Dubey
- Address correspondence to this author at the Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi-110078, India; Emails: ;
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Fleeman RM, Debevec G, Antonen K, Adams JL, Santos RG, Welmaker GS, Houghten RA, Giulianotti MA, Shaw LN. Identification of a Novel Polyamine Scaffold With Potent Efflux Pump Inhibition Activity Toward Multi-Drug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1301. [PMID: 29963035 PMCID: PMC6010545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the use of combinatorial chemistry to identify broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Herein, we extend our analysis of this technology toward the discovery of anti-resistance molecules, focusing on efflux pump inhibitors. Using high-throughput screening against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we identified a polyamine scaffold that demonstrated strong efflux pump inhibition without possessing antibacterial effects. We determined that these molecules were most effective with an amine functionality at R1 and benzene functionalities at R2 and R3. From a library of 188 compounds, we studied the properties of 5 lead agents in detail, observing a fivefold to eightfold decrease in the 90% effective concentration of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and aztreonam toward P. aeruginosa isolates. Additionally, we determined that our molecules were not only active toward P. aeruginosa, but toward Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus as well. The specificity of our molecules to efflux pump inhibition was confirmed using ethidium bromide accumulation assays, and in studies with strains that displayed varying abilities in their efflux potential. When assessing off target effects we observed no disruption of bacterial membrane polarity, no general toxicity toward mammalian cells, and no inhibition of calcium channel activity in human kidney cells. Finally, combination treatment with our lead agents engendered a marked increase in the bactericidal capacity of tetracycline, and significantly decreased viability within P. aeruginosa biofilms. As such, we report a unique polyamine scaffold that has strong potential for the future development of novel and broadly active efflux pump inhibitors targeting multi-drug resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Fleeman
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ginamarie Debevec
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Kirsten Antonen
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jessie L. Adams
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Radleigh G. Santos
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Gregory S. Welmaker
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Richard A. Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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