1
|
Zhang J, Gao L, Lin H, Liang Y, You M, Ding L, Feng F, Yang B, Liu Y. Discovery of Antibacterial Compounds against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from a Marine Fungus Aspergillus terreus SCSIO 41202 and the Mode of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12596-12606. [PMID: 38771666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is a severe citrus disease. Currently, copper-containing pesticides are widely used to manage this disease, posing high risks to the environment and human health. This study reports the discovery of naturally occurring anti-Xcc compounds from a deep-sea fungus, Aspergillus terreus SCSIO 41202, and the possible mode of action. The ethyl acetate extract of A. terreus was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation, resulting in the discovery of eight anti-Xcc compounds (1-8) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.078 to 0.625 mg/mL. The chemical structures of these eight metabolites were determined by integrative analysis of various spectroscopic data. Among these compounds, Asperporonin A (1) and Asperporonin B (2) were identified as novel compounds with a very unusual structural skeleton. The electronic circular dichroism was used to determine the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 through quantum chemical calculation. A bioconversion pathway involving pinacol rearrangement was proposed to produce the unusual compounds (1-2). Compound 6 exhibited an excellent anti-Xcc effect with a MIC value of 0.078 mg/mL, which was significantly more potent than the positive control CuSO4 (MIC = 0.3125 mg/mL). Compound 6 inhibited cell growth by disrupting biofilm formation, destroying the cell membrane, and inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In vivo tests indicated that compound 6 is highly effective in controlling citrus canker disease. These results indicate that compounds 1-8, especially 6, have the potential as lead compounds for the development of new, environmentally friendly, and efficient anti-Xcc pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liangliang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Huiting Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Mingnan You
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangjian Feng
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alexandrino AV, Barcelos MP, Federico LB, da Silva TG, Cavalca LB, de Moraes CHA, Ferreira H, Taft CA, Behlau F, de Paula Silva CHT, Novo-Mansur MTM. GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase is an efficient target in Xanthomonas citri for citrus canker control. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367323. [PMID: 38722158 PMCID: PMC11237706 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03673-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is a bacterium that causes citrus canker, an economically important disease that results in premature fruit drop and reduced yield of fresh fruit. In this study, we demonstrated the involvement of XanB, an enzyme with phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) and guanosine diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) activities, in Xcc pathogenicity. Additionally, we found that XanB inhibitors protect the host against Xcc infection. Besides being deficient in motility, biofilm production, and ultraviolet resistance, the xanB deletion mutant was unable to cause disease, whereas xanB complementation restored wild-type phenotypes. XanB homology modeling allowed in silico virtual screening of inhibitors from databases, three of them being suitable in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties, which inhibited GMP (but not PMI) activity of the Xcc recombinant XanB protein in more than 50%. Inhibitors reduced citrus canker severity up to 95%, similarly to copper-based treatment. xanB is essential for Xcc pathogenicity, and XanB inhibitors can be used for the citrus canker control. IMPORTANCE Xcc causes citrus canker, a threat to citrus production, which has been managed with copper, being required a more sustainable alternative for the disease control. XanB was previously found on the surface of Xcc, interacting with the host and displaying PMI and GMP activities. We demonstrated by xanB deletion and complementation that GMP activity plays a critical role in Xcc pathogenicity, particularly in biofilm formation. XanB homology modeling was performed, and in silico virtual screening led to carbohydrate-derived compounds able to inhibit XanB activity and reduce disease symptoms by 95%. XanB emerges as a promising target for drug design for control of citrus canker and other economically important diseases caused by Xanthomonas sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Vessoni Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada (LBBMA), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bruno Federico
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Garcia da Silva
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Bonci Cavalca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Alves de Moraes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada (LBBMA), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Franklin Behlau
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Teresa Marques Novo-Mansur
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada (LBBMA), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Evolutiva e Biologia Molecular (PPGGEv), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramamoorthy S, Pena M, Ghosh P, Liao YY, Paret M, Jones JB, Potnis N. Transcriptome profiling of type VI secretion system core gene tssM mutant of Xanthomonas perforans highlights regulators controlling diverse functions ranging from virulence to metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0285223. [PMID: 38018859 PMCID: PMC10782981 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02852-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE T6SS has received attention due to its significance in mediating interorganismal competition through contact-dependent release of effector molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Reverse-genetic studies have indicated the role of T6SS in virulence in a variety of plant pathogenic bacteria, including the one studied here, Xanthomonas. However, it is not clear whether such effect on virulence is merely due to a shift in the microbiome-mediated protection or if T6SS is involved in a complex virulence regulatory network. In this study, we conducted in vitro transcriptome profiling in minimal medium to decipher the signaling pathways regulated by tssM-i3* in X. perforans AL65. We show that TssM-i3* regulates the expression of a suite of genes associated with virulence and metabolism either directly or indirectly by altering the transcription of several regulators. These findings further expand our knowledge on the intricate molecular circuits regulated by T6SS in phytopathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Ramamoorthy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michelle Pena
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Palash Ghosh
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mathews Paret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, Sang Z, Chen Y, Wei S, Qiu K, Liu Z, Zhang J, Tan H. The chemical constituents of endophytic fungus Nigrospora chinensis of Gannan navel orange. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:530-538. [PMID: 36125431 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A new drimane sesquiterpene 11-methoxyl-danilol (1) was obtained from endophytic fungus Nigrospora chinensis of Gannan navel orange pulp. Its structure was established to possess a natural rarely-occurring tricyclic acetal fused ring system by means of spectroscopic data analyses. Meanwhile, five known compounds danilol (2), redoxcitrinin (3), euphorbol (4), ergosta-7,24(24')-dien-3β-ol (5), and ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (6) were also co-isolated in this fungus. The results of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity screenings showed that compound 5 displayed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) with MIC value of 50 μg/mL. [Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihuan Sang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaidi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao D, Wang J, Wang H, Zhu X, Han C, Liu A. The Transcription Regulator GntR/HutC Regulates Biofilm Formation, Motility and Stress Tolerance in Lysobacter capsici X2-3. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:281. [PMID: 37439829 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysobacter capsici X2-3, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), was isolated from wheat rhizosphere and has inhibitory effects against a wide range of pathogens. One important characteristic of L. capsici is its ability to produce diverse antibiotics and lytic enzymes. The GntR family of transcription factors is a common transcription factor superfamily in bacteria that has fundamental roles in bacterial metabolism regulation. However, the GntR family transcription factor in Lysobacter has not been identified. In this study, to obtain an understanding of the GntR/HutC gene function in L. capsici X2-3, a random Tn5-insertion mutant library of X2-3 was constructed to select genes showing pleiotropic effects on phenotype. We identified a Tn5 mutant with an insertion in LC4356 that showed reduced biofilm levels, and sequence analysis indicated that the inserted gene encodes a GntR/HutC family transcription regulator. Furthermore, the LC4356 mutant showed reduced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, diminished twitching motility and decreased survival under UV radiation and high-temperature. The RT‒qPCR results indicated that the pentose phosphate pathway-related genes G6PDH, 6PGL and PGDH were upregulated in the LC4356 mutant. Thus, since L. capsici is an efficient biocontrol agent for crop protection, our findings provide fundamental insights into GntR/HutC and will be worthwhile to improve PGPR biocontrol efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chao Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Aixin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Biełło KA, Cabello P, Rodríguez-Caballero G, Sáez LP, Luque-Almagro VM, Roldán MD, Olaya-Abril A, Moreno-Vivián C. Proteomic Analysis of Arsenic Resistance during Cyanide Assimilation by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT 5344. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087232. [PMID: 37108394 PMCID: PMC10138600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater from mining and other industries usually contains arsenic and cyanide, two highly toxic pollutants, thereby creating the need to develop bioremediation strategies. Here, molecular mechanisms triggered by the simultaneous presence of cyanide and arsenite were analyzed by quantitative proteomics, complemented with qRT-PCR analysis and determination of analytes in the cyanide-assimilating bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT 5344. Several proteins encoded by two ars gene clusters and other Ars-related proteins were up-regulated by arsenite, even during cyanide assimilation. Although some proteins encoded by the cio gene cluster responsible for cyanide-insensitive respiration decreased in the presence of arsenite, the nitrilase NitC required for cyanide assimilation was unaffected, thus allowing bacterial growth with cyanide and arsenic. Two complementary As-resistance mechanisms were developed in this bacterium, the extrusion of As(III) and its extracellular sequestration in biofilm, whose synthesis increased in the presence of arsenite, and the formation of organoarsenicals such as arseno-phosphoglycerate and methyl-As. Tetrahydrofolate metabolism was also stimulated by arsenite. In addition, the ArsH2 protein increased in the presence of arsenite or cyanide, suggesting its role in the protection from oxidative stress caused by both toxics. These results could be useful for the development of bioremediation strategies for industrial wastes co-contaminated with cyanide and arsenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A Biełło
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Purificación Cabello
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Rodríguez-Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lara P Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor M Luque-Almagro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Dolores Roldán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Olaya-Abril
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Conrado Moreno-Vivián
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang Y, Li H, Zhao G, Bai Q, Huang M, Luo D, Li X. Ethylicin Inhibition of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola In Vitro and In Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1405-1416. [PMID: 36644843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infestation of rice with the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes the serious disease bacterial leaf streak (BLS). We studied the effect of ethylicin, a broad-spectrum bactericide, on Xoc both in vivo and in vitro. Ethylicin increases the defensive enzyme activities and defensive genes expression of rice. Ethylicin also significantly inhibited Xoc activity in vitro compared with other commercial bactericides. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ethylicin was 2.12 μg/mL. It has been shown that ethylicin can inhibit Xoc quorum sensing through the production of extracellular polysaccharides and enzymes, which disrupt the Xoc cell membrane. We used proteomic analysis to identify two oxidative phosphorylation pathway proteins (ACU12_RS13405 and ACU12_RS13355) which affected the virulence of Xoc and validated them using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results indicate that ethylicin can increase the defense responses of rice and control Xoc proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Hongde Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Guili Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang550003, China
| | - Qian Bai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Illuminating the signalomics of microbial biofilm on plant surfaces. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Filamentous Pseudomonas Phage Pf4 in the Context of Therapy-Inducibility, Infectivity, Lysogenic Conversion, and Potential Application. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061261. [PMID: 35746731 PMCID: PMC9228429 DOI: 10.3390/v14061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 20% of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa are infected with Pf4-related filamentous phage and although their role in virulence of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 is well documented, its properties related to therapy are not elucidated in detail. The aim of this study was to determine how phage and antibiotic therapy induce Pf4, whether the released virions can infect other strains and how the phage influences the phenotype of new hosts. The subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and mitomycin C increased Pf4 production for more than 50% during the first and sixth hour of exposure, respectively, while mutants appearing after infection with obligatory lytic phage at low MOI produced Pf4 more than four times after 12–24 h of treatment. This indicates that production of Pf4 is enhanced during therapy with these agents. The released virions can infect new P. aeruginosa strains, as confirmed for models UCBPP-PA14 (PA14) and LESB58, existing both episomally and in a form of a prophage, as confirmed by PCR, RFLP, and sequencing. The differences in properties of Pf4-infected, and uninfected PA14 and LESB58 strains were obvious, as infection with Pf4 significantly decreased cell autoaggregation, pyoverdine, and pyocyanin production, while significantly increased swimming motility and biofilm production in both strains. In addition, in strain PA14, Pf4 increased cell surface hydrophobicity and small colony variants’ appearance, but also decreased twitching and swarming motility. This indicates that released Pf4 during therapy can infect new strains and cause lysogenic conversion. The infection with Pf4 increased LESB58 sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, tetracycline, and streptomycin, and PA14 to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. Moreover, the Pf4-infected LESB58 was re-sensitized to ceftazidime and tetracycline, with changes from resistant to intermediate resistant and sensitive, respectively. The obtained results open a new field in phage therapy—treatment with selected filamentous phages in order to re-sensitize pathogenic bacteria to certain antibiotics. However, this approach should be considered with precautions, taking into account potential lysogenic conversion.
Collapse
|
10
|
de Oliveira ACP, Ferreira RM, Ferro MIT, Ferro JA, Zamuner C, Ferreira H, Varani AM. XAC4296 Is a Multifunctional and Exclusive Xanthomonadaceae Gene Containing a Fusion of Lytic Transglycosylase and Epimerase Domains. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051008. [PMID: 35630451 PMCID: PMC9143381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have a limited and highly adaptable repertoire of genes capable of encoding proteins containing single or variable multidomains. The phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) (Xanthomonadaceae family), the etiological agent of Citrus Canker (CC), presents a collection of multidomain and multifunctional enzymes (MFEs) that remains to be explored. Recent studies have shown that multidomain enzymes that act on the metabolism of the peptidoglycan and bacterial cell wall, belonging to the Lytic Transglycosylases (LTs) superfamily, play an essential role in X. citri biology. One of these LTs, named XAC4296, apart from the Transglycosylase SLT_2 and Peptidoglycan binding-like domains, contains an unexpected aldose 1-epimerase domain linked to the central metabolism; therefore, resembling a canonical MFE. In this work, we experimentally characterized XAC4296 revealing its role as an MFE and demonstrating its probable gene fusion origin and evolutionary history. The XAC4296 is expressed during plant-pathogen interaction, and the Δ4296 mutant impacts CC progression. Moreover, Δ4296 exhibited chromosome segregation and cell division errors, and sensitivity to ampicillin, suggesting not only LT activity but also that the XAC4296 may also contribute to resistance to β-lactams. However, both Δ4296 phenotypes can be restored when the mutant is supplemented with sucrose or glutamic acid as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively; therefore, supporting the epimerase domain’s functional relationship with the central carbon and cell wall metabolism. Taken together, these results elucidate the role of XAC4296 as an MFE in X. citri, also bringing new insights into the evolution of multidomain proteins and antimicrobial resistance in the Xanthomonadaceae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. P. de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (R.M.F.); (M.I.T.F.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Rafael M. Ferreira
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (R.M.F.); (M.I.T.F.); (J.A.F.)
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês T. Ferro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (R.M.F.); (M.I.T.F.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jesus A. Ferro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (R.M.F.); (M.I.T.F.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Caio Zamuner
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (C.Z.); (H.F.)
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil; (C.Z.); (H.F.)
| | - Alessandro M. Varani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (R.M.F.); (M.I.T.F.); (J.A.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Long Y, Luo R, Xu Z, Cheng S, Li L, Ma H, Bao M, Li M, Ouyang Z, Wang N, Duan S. A Fluorescent Reporter-Based Evaluation Assay for Antibacterial Components Against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864963. [PMID: 35602035 PMCID: PMC9114712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the agent of citrus bacterial canker (CBC) disease, which has significantly reduced citrus quantity and quality in many producing areas worldwide. Copper-based bactericides are the primary products for CBC control and management, but the problems derived from copper-resistant and environmental contamination have become issues of anxiety. Thus, there is a need to find alternative antibacterial products instead of relying on a single type of agent. This study developed a method to evaluate the inhibition of antibacterial agents using the fluorescence-labeled recombinant Xcc strain (Xcc-eYFP). The optimization of timelines and parameters for the evaluation of antibacterial agents involved the use of a Spark™ multimode microplate reader. This evaluation and screening method can be applied to bactericides, cocktail-mixture formulations, antagonistic bacteria, and derived metabolites. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of commercial bactericides determined by fluorescence agrees with the MIC values determined by the conventional method. A screened cocktail-mixture bactericide presents more activity than the individual agents during the protective effects. Notably, this method has been further developed in the screening of Xcc-antagonistic bacterial strains. In summary, we provide a validated strategy for screening and evaluation of different antibacterial components for inhibition against Xcc for CBC control and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Long
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Luo
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Cheng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Haijie Ma
- College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minli Bao
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Shuo Duan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duan S, Long Y, Cheng S, Li J, Ouyang Z, Wang N. Rapid Evaluation of the Resistance of Citrus Germplasms Against Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:765-774. [PMID: 34495678 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0175-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker (CBC), one of the most devastating citrus diseases. Most commercial citrus varieties are susceptible to CBC. However, some citrus varieties and wild citrus germplasms are CBC resistant and are promising in genetic increases in citrus resistance against CBC. We aimed to evaluate citrus germplasms for resistance against CBC. First, we developed a rapid evaluation method based on enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP)-labeled Xcc. The results demonstrated that eYFP does not affect the growth and virulence of Xcc. Xcc-eYFP allows measurement of bacterial titers but is more efficient and rapid than the plate colony counting method. Next, we evaluated citrus germplasms collected in China. Based on symptoms and bacterial titers, we identified that two citrus germplasms ('Ichang' papeda and 'Huapi' kumquat) are resistant, whereas eight citrus germplasms ('Chongyi' wild mandarin, 'Mangshan' wild mandarin, 'Ledong' kumquat, 'Dali' citron, 'Yiliang' citron, 'Longyan' kumquat, 'Bawang' kumquat, and 'Daoxian' wild mandarin) are tolerant. In summary, we have developed a rapid evaluation method to test the resistance of citrus plants against CBC. This method was successfully used to identify two highly canker-resistant citrus germplasms and eight citrus germplasms with canker tolerance. These results could be leveraged in traditional breeding contexts or be used to identify canker resistance genes to increase the disease resistance of commercial citrus varieties via biotechnological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Duan
- Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Yunfei Long
- Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Shuyuan Cheng
- Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Zhigang Ouyang
- Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi Y, Yang X, Ye X, Feng J, Cheng T, Zhou X, Liu DX, Xu L, Wang J. The Methyltransferase HemK Regulates the Virulence and Nutrient Utilization of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073931. [PMID: 35409293 PMCID: PMC8999716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), seriously affects fruit quality and yield, leading to significant economic losses around the world. Understanding the mechanism of Xcc virulence is important for the effective control of Xcc infection. In this report, we investigate the role of a protein named HemK in the regulation of the virulence traits of Xcc. The hemK gene was deleted in the Xcc jx-6 background, and the ΔhemK mutant phenotypically displayed significantly decreased motility, biofilm formation, extracellular enzymes, and polysaccharides production, as well as increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and high temperatures. In accordance with the role of HemK in the regulation of a variety of virulence-associated phenotypes, the deletion of hemK resulted in reduced virulence on citrus plants as well as a compromised hypersensitive response on a non-host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicated that HemK is required for the virulence of Xcc. To characterize the regulatory effect of hemK deletion on gene expression, RNA sequencing analysis was conducted using the wild-type Xcc jx-6 strain and its isogenic ΔhemK mutant strain, grown in XVM2 medium. Comparative transcriptome analysis of these two strains revealed that hemK deletion specifically changed the expression of several virulence-related genes associated with the bacterial secretion system, chemotaxis, and quorum sensing, and the expression of various genes related to nutrient utilization including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. In conclusion, our results indicate that HemK plays an essential role in virulence, the regulation of virulence factor synthesis, and the nutrient utilization of Xcc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaobei Yang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaoxin Ye
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Jiaying Feng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Tianfang Cheng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linghui Xu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim SH, Ramos SC, Valencia RA, Cho YI, Lee SS. Heat Stress: Effects on Rumen Microbes and Host Physiology, and Strategies to Alleviate the Negative Impacts on Lactating Dairy Cows. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:804562. [PMID: 35295316 PMCID: PMC8919045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.804562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) in dairy cows causes considerable losses in the dairy industry worldwide due to reduced animal performance, increased cases of metabolic disorders, altered rumen microbiome, and other health problems. Cows subjected to HS showed decreased ruminal pH and acetate concentration and an increased concentration of ruminal lactate. Heat-stressed cows have an increased abundance of lactate-producing bacteria such as Streptococcus and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, and soluble carbohydrate utilizers such as Ruminobacter, Treponema, and unclassified Bacteroidaceae. Cellulolytic bacteria, especially Fibrobacteres, increase during HS due to a high heat resistance. Actinobacteria and Acetobacter, both acetate-producing bacteria, decreased under HS conditions. Rumen fermentation functions, blood parameters, and metabolites are also affected by the physiological responses of the animal during HS. Isoleucine, methionine, myo-inositol, lactate, tryptophan, tyrosine, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, 3-phenylpropionic acid, urea, and valine decreased under these conditions. These responses affect feed consumption and production efficiency in milk yield, growth rate, and reproduction. At the cellular level, activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) (located throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm) and increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the usual responses to cope with homeostasis. HSP70 is the most abundant HSP family responsible for the environmental stress response, while HSF1 is essential for increasing cell temperature. The expression of bovine lymphocyte antigen and histocompatibility complex class II (DRB3) is downregulated during HS, while HSP90 beta I and HSP70 1A are upregulated. HS increases the expression of the cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunits 1 and 2, phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and decreases the phosphorylation of Janus kinase-2 (a signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-5). These changes in physiology, metabolism, and microbiomes in heat-stressed dairy cows require urgent alleviation strategies. Establishing control measures to combat HS can be facilitated by elucidating mechanisms, including proper HS assessment, access to cooling facilities, special feeding and care, efficient water systems, and supplementation with vitamins, minerals, plant extracts, and probiotics. Understanding the relationship between HS and the rumen microbiome could contribute to the development of manipulation strategies to alleviate the influence of HS. This review comprehensively elaborates on the impact of HS in dairy cows and introduces different alleviation strategies to minimize HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ho Kim
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Sonny C. Ramos
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Raniel A. Valencia
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Philippines
| | - Yong Il Cho
- Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang Suk Lee
- Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Andrade MO, Wang W, Teper D, Romeo T, Wang N. Examination of the Global Regulon of CsrA in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Using Quantitative Proteomics and Other Approaches. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1236-1249. [PMID: 34282945 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein CsrA is a global posttranscriptional regulator and controls many physiological processes and virulence traits. Deletion of csrA caused loss of virulence, reduced motility and production of xanthan gum and substantial increase in glycogen accumulation, as well as enhanced bacterial aggregation and cell adhesion in Xanthomonas spp. How CsrA controls these traits is poorly understood. In this study, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis was conducted to compare the protein profile of wild-type strain Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and the isogenic ΔcsrA strain. A total of 2,374 proteins were identified, and 284 were considered to be differentially expressed proteins (DEPS), among which 151 proteins were up-regulated and 133 were down-regulated in the ΔcsrA strain with respect to the wild-type strain. Enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that CsrA regulates bacterial secretion systems, flagella, and xanthan gum biosynthesis. Several proteins encoded by the gumB operon were down-regulated, whereas proteins associated with flagellum assembly and the type IV secretion system were up-regulated in the ΔcsrA strain relative to the Xcc306 strain. These results were confirmed by β-glucuronidase assay or Western blot. RNA secondary structure prediction and a gel-shift assay indicated that CsrA binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of virB5. In addition, the iTRAQ analysis identified 248 DEPs that were not previously identified in transcriptome analyses. Among them, CsrA regulates levels of eight regulatory proteins (ColR, GacA, GlpR, KdgR, MoxR, PilH, RecX, and YgiX), seven TonB-dependent receptors, four outer membrane proteins, and two ferric enterobactin receptors. Taken together, this study greatly expands understanding of the regulatory network of CsrA in X. citri subsp. citri.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred FL 33850, U.S.A
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, 655011, China
| | - Maxuel O Andrade
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred FL 33850, U.S.A
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wenting Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred FL 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Tony Romeo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred FL 33850, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Soraggi Battagin T, Nicolas Caccalano M, Dilarri G, Felipe Cavicchia Zamuner C, Alleoni N, Leonardo Saldanha L, Bacci M, Ferreira H. Syzygium aromaticum
(clove) essential oil: An alternative for the sanitization of citrus fruit in packinghouses. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Soraggi Battagin
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Mario Nicolas Caccalano
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dilarri
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | | | - Natália Alleoni
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Maurício Bacci
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Department of General and Applied Biology Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Picchi SC, Granato LM, Franzini MJF, Andrade MO, Takita MA, Machado MA, de Souza AA. Modified Monosaccharides Content of Xanthan Gum Impairs Citrus Canker Disease by Affecting the Epiphytic Lifestyle of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061176. [PMID: 34072545 PMCID: PMC8229982 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) is a plant pathogenic bacterium causing citrus canker disease. The xanA gene encodes a phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase protein that is a key enzyme required for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides in Xanthomonads. In this work, firstly we isolated a xanA transposon mutant (xanA::Tn5) and analyzed its phenotypes as biofilm formation, xanthan gum production, and pathogenesis on the sweet orange host. Moreover, to confirm the xanA role in the impaired phenotypes we further produced a non-polar deletion mutant (ΔxanA) and performed the complementation of both xanA mutants. In addition, we analyzed the percentages of the xanthan gum monosaccharides produced by X. citri wild-type and xanA mutant. The mutant strain had higher ratios of mannose, galactose, and xylose and lower ratios of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and glucose than the wild-type strain. Such changes in the saccharide composition led to the reduction of xanthan yield in the xanA deficient strain, affecting also other important features in X. citri, such as biofilm formation and sliding motility. Moreover, we showed that xanA::Tn5 caused no symptoms on host leaves after spraying, a method that mimetics the natural infection condition. These results suggest that xanA plays an important role in the epiphytical stage on the leaves that is essential for the successful interaction with the host, including adaptive advantage for bacterial X. citri survival and host invasion, which culminates in pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Picchi
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Laís Moreira Granato
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.G.); (A.A.d.S.)
| | - Maria Júlia Festa Franzini
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maxuel Oliveira Andrade
- Bioscience National Lab, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083100, Brazil;
| | - Marco Aurélio Takita
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Alves de Souza
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.G.); (A.A.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park HJ, Seong HJ, Lee J, Heo L, Sul WJ, Han SW. Two DNA Methyltransferases for Site-Specific 6mA and 5mC DNA Modification in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:621466. [PMID: 33841456 PMCID: PMC8025778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.621466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) is a gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial spot disease in tomato/pepper leading to economic losses in plantations. DNA methyltransferases (MTases) are critical for the survival of prokaryotes; however, their functions in phytopathogenic bacteria remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the functions of two putative DNA MTases, XvDMT1 and XvDMT2, in Xe by generating XvDMT1- and XvDMT2-overexpressing strains, Xe(XvDMT1) and Xe(XvDMT2), respectively. Virulence of Xe(XvDMT2), but not Xe(XvDMT1), on tomato was dramatically reduced. To postulate the biological processes involving XvDMTs, we performed a label-free shotgun comparative proteomic analysis, and results suggest that XvDMT1 and XvDMT2 have distinct roles in Xe. We further characterized the functions of XvDMTs using diverse phenotypic assays. Notably, both Xe(XvDMT1) and Xe(XvDMT2) showed growth retardation in the presence of sucrose and fructose as the sole carbon source, with Xe(XvDMT2) being the most severely affected. In addition, biofilm formation and production of exopolysaccharides were declined in Xe(XvDMT2), but not Xe(XvDMT1). Xe(XvDMT2) was more tolerant to EtOH than Xe(XvDMT1), which had enhanced tolerance to sorbitol but decreased tolerance to polymyxin B. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing and methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, we successfully predicted putative motifs methylated by XvDMT1 and XvDMT2, which are previously uncharacterized 6mA and 5mC DNA MTases, respectively. This study provided new insights into the biological functions of DNA MTases in prokaryotic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jee Park
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
- R and D Innovation Center, Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hoon Je Seong
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Lynn Heo
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Wook Han
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Antar A, Lee MA, Yoo Y, Cho MH, Lee SW. PXO_RS20535, Encoding a Novel Response Regulator, Is Required for Chemotactic Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Tolerance to Oxidative Stress in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110956. [PMID: 33212951 PMCID: PMC7698356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, possesses two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) as an intracellular signaling pathway. In this study, we observed changes in virulence, biofilm formation, motility, chemotaxis, and tolerance against oxidative stress of a knockout mutant strain for the PXO_RS20535 gene, encoding an orphan response regulator (RR). The mutant strain lost virulence, produced significantly less biofilm, and showed remarkably reduced motility in swimming, swarming, and twitching. Furthermore, the mutant strain lost glucose-guided movement and showed clear diminution of growth and survival in the presence of H2O2. These results indicate that the RR protein encoded in the PXO_RS20535 gene (or a TCS mediated by the protein) is closely involved in regulation of biofilm formation, all types of motility, chemotaxis, and tolerance against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Xoo. Moreover we found that the expression of most genes required for a type six secretion system (T6SS) was decreased in the mutant, suggesting that lack of the RR gene most likely leads to defect of T6SS in Xoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahab Antar
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (A.A.); (M.-A.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (A.A.); (M.-A.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Youngchul Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (A.A.); (M.-A.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (A.A.); (M.-A.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (A.A.); (M.-A.L.); (Y.Y.); (M.-H.C.)
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An SQ, Potnis N, Dow M, Vorhölter FJ, He YQ, Becker A, Teper D, Li Y, Wang N, Bleris L, Tang JL. Mechanistic insights into host adaptation, virulence and epidemiology of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:1-32. [PMID: 31578554 PMCID: PMC8042644 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas is a well-studied genus of bacterial plant pathogens whose members cause a variety of diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Genomic and functional studies of these phytopathogens have provided significant understanding of microbial-host interactions, bacterial virulence and host adaptation mechanisms including microbial ecology and epidemiology. In addition, several strains of Xanthomonas are important as producers of the extracellular polysaccharide, xanthan, used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This polymer has also been implicated in several phases of the bacterial disease cycle. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the infection strategies and regulatory networks controlling virulence and adaptation mechanisms from Xanthomonas species and discuss the novel opportunities that this body of work has provided for disease control and plant health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi An
- National Biofilms Innovation Centre (NBIC), Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Rouse Life Science Building, Auburn University, Auburn AL36849, USA
| | - Max Dow
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Yong-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
| | - Leonidas Bleris
- Bioengineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 2851 Rutford Ave, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX75080, USA
| | - Ji-Liang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee C, Mannaa M, Kim N, Kim J, Choi Y, Kim SH, Jung B, Lee HH, Lee J, Seo YS. Stress Tolerance and Virulence-Related Roles of Lipopolysaccharide in Burkholderia glumae. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:445-458. [PMID: 31632220 PMCID: PMC6788416 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composed of lipid A, core, and O-antigen is the fundamental constituent of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of LPS in Burkholderia glumae, the phytopathogen causing bacterial panicle blight and seedling rot in rice. To study the roles of the core oligosaccharide (OS) and the O-antigen region, mutant strains targeting the waaC and the wbiFGHI genes were generated. The LPS profile was greatly affected by disruption of the waaC gene and slight reductions were observed in the O-antigen region following wbiFGHI deletions. The results indicated that disruption in the core OS biosynthesis-related gene, waaC, was associated with increased sensitivity to environmental stress conditions including acidic, osmotic, saline, and detergent stress, and to polymyxin B. Moreover, significant impairment in the swimming and swarming motility and attenuation of bacterial virulence to rice were also observed in the waaC-defective mutant. The motility and virulence of O-antigen mutants defective in any gene of the wbiFGHI operon, were not significantly different from the wild-type except in slight decrease in swimming and swarming motility with wbiH deletion. Altogether, the results of present study indicated that the LPS, particularly the core OS region, is required for tolerance to environmental stress and full virulence in B. glumae. To our knowledge, this is the first functional study of LPS in a plant pathogenic Burkholderia sp. and presents a step forward toward full understanding of B. glumae pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Namgyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Juyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Yeounju Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315,
Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Corresponding author.: Phone) +82-51-510-2267, FAX) +82-51-514-1778, E-mail)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The ecnA Antitoxin Is Important Not Only for Human Pathogens: Evidence of Its Role in the Plant Pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00796-18. [PMID: 31358614 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00796-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri causes citrus canker disease worldwide in most commercial varieties of citrus. Its transmission occurs mainly by wind-driven rain. Once X. citri reaches a leaf, it can epiphytically survive by forming a biofilm, which enhances the persistence of the bacteria under different environmental stresses and plays an important role in the early stages of host infection. Therefore, the study of genes involved in biofilm formation has been an important step toward understanding the bacterial strategy for survival in and infection of host plants. In this work, we show that the ecnAB toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, which was previously identified only in human bacterial pathogens, is conserved in many Xanthomonas spp. We further show that in X. citri, ecnA is involved in important processes, such as biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and motility. In addition, we show that ecnA plays a role in X. citri survival and virulence in host plants. Thus, this mechanism represents an important bacterial strategy for survival under stress conditions.IMPORTANCE Very little is known about TA systems in phytopathogenic bacteria. ecnAB, in particular, has only been studied in bacterial human pathogens. Here, we showed that it is present in a wide range of Xanthomonas sp. phytopathogens; moreover, this is the first work to investigate the functional role of this TA system in Xanthomonas citri biology, suggesting an important new role in adaptation and survival with implications for bacterial pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang D, Gao Q, Zhao Y, Li Y, Chen P, Zhou J, Xu R, Wu Z, Xu Y, Li H. Mg2+ reduces biofilm quantity in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans through inhibiting Type IV pili formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4835517. [PMID: 29408987 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioleaching is a promising process for 350 million tons of Jinchuan low-grade pentlandite. But high concentration of Mg2+ is harmful to bioleaching microorganisms. Interestingly, biofilm formation can improve leaching rate. Thus, it is actually necessary to investigate the effect of Mg2+ stress on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans biofilms formation. In this study, we found that 0.1 and 0.5 M Mg2+ stress significantly reduced the total biomass of biofilm in a dose-dependent manner. The observation results of extracellular polymeric substances and bacteria using confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the biofilm became thinner and looser under Mg2+ stress. Whereas 0.1 and 0.5 M Mg2+ stress had no remarkable effect on the bacterial viability, the attachment rate of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to pentlandite was reduced by Mg2+ stress. Furthermore, sliding motility, twitching motility and the gene expression level of pilV and pilW were inhibited under Mg2+ stress. These results suggested that Mg2+ reduced biofilm formation through inhibiting pilV and pilW gene expression, decreasing Type IV pili formation and then attenuating the ability of attachment, subduing the active expansion of biofilms mediated by twitching motility. This study provided more information about the effect of Mg2+ stress on biofilm formation and may be useful for increasing the leaching rate in low-grade pentlandit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deping Tang
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,The School of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, West Anning Road No. 88, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qiyu Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, South Dingxi Road No. 229, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ruixiang Xu
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Yuandong Xu
- Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,Institute for Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou 730020, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Barcarolo MV, Garavaglia BS, Thomas L, Marondedze C, Gehring C, Gottig N, Ottado J. Proteome changes and physiological adaptations of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri under salt stress and their implications for virulence. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5509571. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Barcarolo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Betiana S Garavaglia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- HM.Clause, rue Louis Saillant, 26801 Portes-lès-Valence, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR1417, CNRS UMR5168, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia,
06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu X, Yan Y, Wu H, Zhou C, Wang X. Biological and transcriptomic studies reveal hfq is required for swimming, biofilm formation and stress response in Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. citri. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:103. [PMID: 31113370 PMCID: PMC6530196 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hfq is a widely conserved bacterial RNA-binding protein which generally mediates the global regulatory activities involv ed in physiological process and virulence. The goal of this study was to characterize the biological function of hfq gene in Xanthomonas axonpodis pv. citri (Xac), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. RESULTS An hfq mutant in Xac was generated by plasmid integration. The loss of hfq resulted in attenuation of bacterial growth, motility and biofilm formation. In addition, the hfq mutation impaired Xac resistance to H2O2 and both high and low pH environments, but did not affect the virulence to citrus. RNA-Seq analyses indicated that Hfq played roles in regulating the expression of 746 genes. In hfq mutant, gene expression related to chemotaxis, secretion system, two-component system, quorum sensing and flagellar assembly were repressed, whereas expression of ribosomal genes were significantly up-regulated. The down-regulated expression of three bacterial chemotaxis related genes and seven flagella genes, which involved in cell growth and biofilm formation, were further validated by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that hfq was involved in multiple biological processes in Xac. The results could serve as initiate points for identifying regulatory sRNAs and genes controlled by Hfq-sRNA interactions in Xac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.,, Present address: Agriculture commission of Guangan district, Guangan, Sichuan, China
| | - Haodi Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teper D, Zhang Y, Wang N. TfmR, a novel TetR-family transcriptional regulator, modulates the virulence of Xanthomonas citri in response to fatty acids. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:701-715. [PMID: 30919570 PMCID: PMC6637906 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is required for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) virulence by translocating effectors into host cytoplasm to promote disease development. The T3SS is controlled by the master transcriptional regulators HrpG and HrpX. While the function of HrpG and HrpX are well characterized, their upstream regulation remains elusive. By using transposon mutagenesis, we identified XAC3052, a TetR-family transcriptional regulator, which regulates T3SS gene expression. Deletion of XAC3052 caused significant reduction in the expression of T3SS and effector genes in vitro and in planta; as well as reduction of virulence in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Overexpression of hrpG restored the virulence of ∆XAC3052, suggesting that the loss of virulence is caused by reduction of T3SS gene expression. XAC3052 directly binds to the promoter region and represses the transcription of fadE, mhpC and fadH genes. FadE, MhpC and FadH are not involved in T3SS regulation, but involved in fatty acid catabolism. ∆XAC3052 displays altered fatty acid composition and retarded growth in environments limited in fatty acids. Exogenously supplemented long-chain fatty acids activate the fadE/mhpC promoter and suppress T3SS promoters in wild-type Xac but not in ∆XAC3052. Moreover, the binding of XAC3052 to its target promoter was disrupted by long-chain fatty acids in vitro. Herein, XAC3052 is designated as TfmR (T3SS and Fatty acid Mechanism Regulator). This study identifies a novel regulator of fatty acid metabolism and suggests that fatty acids play an important role in the metabolic control of virulence in Xcc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doron Teper
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake Alfred33850USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake Alfred33850USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake Alfred33850USA
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory (A joint laboratory of The University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and Gannan Normal University), National Navel Orange Engineering Research CenterGannan Normal UniversityGanzhou341000JiangxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Park HJ, Jung B, Lee J, Han SW. Functional characterization of a putative DNA methyltransferase, EadM, in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines by proteomic and phenotypic analyses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2446. [PMID: 30792399 PMCID: PMC6385262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing bacterial pustule disease in soybean. Functions of DNA methyltransferases have been characterized in animal pathogenic bacteria, but are poorly understood in plant pathogens. Here, we report that functions of a putative DNA methyltransferase, EadM, in Xag. An EadM-overexpressing strain, Xag(EadM), was less virulent than the wild-type carrying an empty vector, Xag(EV). Interestingly, the viable cell numbers of Xag(EadM) were much lower (10-fold) than those of Xag(EV) at the same optical density. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that proteins involved in cell wall/membrane/envelope and iron-transport were more abundant. Based on proteomic analysis we carried out diverse phenotypic assays. Scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal bacterial envelopes in Xag(EadM). Additionally, Xag(EadM) showed decreased stress tolerance against ciprofloxacin and sorbitol, but enhanced resistance to desiccation. Exopolysaccharide production in Xag(EadM) was also decreased. Production of siderophores, which are iron-chelators, was much higher in Xag(EadM). As in Xag, Escherichia coli expressing EadM showed significantly reduced (1000-fold) viable cell numbers at the same optical density. Thus, EadM is associated with virulence, envelope biogenesis, stress tolerance, exopolysaccharide production, and siderophore production. Our results provide valuable and fundamental information regarding DNA methyltransferase functions and their related cellular mechanisms in plant pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jee Park
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oliveira ACP, Ferreira RM, Ferro MIT, Ferro JA, Chandler M, Varani AM. Transposons and pathogenicity in Xanthomonas: acquisition of murein lytic transglycosylases by Tn Xax1 enhances Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 306 virulence and fitness. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6111. [PMID: 30588403 PMCID: PMC6304161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 306 (XccA) is the causal agent of type A citrus canker (CC), one of the most significant citriculture diseases. Murein lytic transglycosylases (LT), potentially involved in XccA pathogenicity, are enzymes responsible for peptidoglycan structure assembly, remodeling and degradation. They directly impact cell wall expansion during bacterial growth, septum division allowing cell separation, cell wall remodeling allowing flagellar assembly, bacterial conjugation, muropeptide recycling, and secretion system assembly, in particular the Type 3 Secretion System involved in bacterial virulence, which play a fundamental role in XccA pathogenicity. Information about the XccA LT arsenal is patchy: little is known about family diversity, their exact role or their connection to virulence in this bacterium. Among the LTs with possible involvement in virulence, two paralogue open reading frames (ORFs) (one on the chromosome and one in plasmid pXAC64) are passenger genes of the Tn3 family transposon TnXax1, known to play a significant role in the evolution and emergence of pathogenicity in Xanthomonadales and to carry a variety of virulence determinants. This study addresses LT diversity in the XccA genome and examines the role of plasmid and chromosomal TnXax1 LT passenger genes using site-directed deletion mutagenesis and functional characterization. We identified 13 XccA LTs: 12 belong to families 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D (two copies), 1F, 1G, 3A, 3B (two copies), 5A, 6A and one which is non-categorized. The non-categorized LT is exclusive to the Xanthomonas genus and related to the 3B family but contains an additional domain linked to carbohydrate metabolism. The categorized LTs are probably involved in cell wall remodeling to allow insertion of type 3, 4 and 6 secretion systems, flagellum assembly, division and recycling of cell wall and degradation and control of peptidoglycan production. The TnXax1 passenger LT genes (3B family) are not essential to XccA or for CC development but are implicated in peptidoglycan metabolism, directly impacting bacterial fitness and CC symptom enhancement in susceptible hosts (e.g., Citrus sinensis). This underlines the role of TnXax1 as a virulence and pathogenicity-propagating agent in XccA and suggests that LT acquisition by horizontal gene transfer mediated by TnXax1 may improve bacterial fitness, conferring adaptive advantages to the plant-pathogen interaction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C P Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences-Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Graduation Program, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Ferreira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês T Ferro
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesus A Ferro
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mick Chandler
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro M Varani
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sorroche F, Bogino P, Russo DM, Zorreguieta A, Nievas F, Morales GM, Hirsch AM, Giordano W. Cell Autoaggregation, Biofilm Formation, and Plant Attachment in a Sinorhizobium meliloti lpsB Mutant. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1075-1082. [PMID: 30136892 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0004-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial surface molecules are crucial for the establishment of a successful rhizobia-legume symbiosis, and, in most bacteria, are also critical for adherence properties, surface colonization, and as a barrier for defense. Rhizobial mutants defective in the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), or capsular polysaccharides are usually affected in symbiosis with their plant hosts. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the combined effects of LPS and EPS II in cell-to-cell and cell-to-surface interactions in Sinorhizobium meliloti by studying planktonic cell autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and symbiosis with the host plant Medicago sativa. The lpsB mutant, which has a defective core portion of LPS, exhibited a reduction in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as well as altered biofilm architecture compared with the wild-type Rm8530 strain. Atomic force microscopy and confocal laser microscopy revealed an increase in polar cell-to-cell interactions in the lpsB mutant, which might account for the biofilm deficiency. However, a certain level of biofilm development was observed in the lpsB strain compared with the EPS II-defective mutant strains. Autoaggregation experiments carried out with LPS and EPS mutant strains showed that both polysaccharides have an impact on the cell-to-cell adhesive interactions of planktonic bacteria. Although the lpsB mutation and the loss of EPS II production strongly stimulated early attachment to alfalfa roots, the number of nodules induced in M. sativa was not increased. Taken together, this work demonstrates that S. meliloti interactions with biotic and abiotic surfaces depend on the interplay between LPS and EPS II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sorroche
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Bogino
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela M Russo
- 2 Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fiorela Nievas
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Morales
- 3 Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina; and
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- 4 Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, U.S.A
| | - Walter Giordano
- 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu YF, Liao CT, Chiang YC, Li CE, Hsiao YM. WxcX is involved in bacterial attachment and virulence in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:403-413. [PMID: 29504631 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers. Here, one EZ-Tn5 transposon mutant of Xcc, altered in bacterial attachment, was isolated. Further analysis revealed that the transposon was inserted in the wxcX gene (encodes a hypothetical protein) of the transposon mutant. Sequence analysis revealed that WxcX is highly conserved in Xanthomonas, but none has been characterized. In this study, it was indicated that mutation of wxcX resulted in enhanced bacterial attachment, reduced virulence on the host cabbage, and increased sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate. The affected phenotypes of the wxcX mutant could be complemented to wild-type levels by the intact wxcX gene. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that E408 and E411 are critical amino acid residues for WxcX function in bacterial attachment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the roles of wxcX in attachment, virulence, and tolerance to sodium dodecyl sulfate in Xanthomonas for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Tsai Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-En Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biofilms: Role in pathogenicity and potential impact for vaccination development. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 19:17-30. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625231700010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease that is responsible for major economic losses in the global pork industry. The disease may present itself as a chronic or an acute infection characterized by severe pathology, including hemorrhage, fibrinous and necrotic lung lesions, and, in the worst cases, rapid death. A. pleuropneumoniae is transmitted via aerosol route, direct contact with infected pigs, and by the farm environment. Many virulence factors associated with this bacterium are well characterized. However, much less is known about the role of biofilm, a sessile mode of growth that may have a critical impact on A. pleuropneumoniae pathogenicity. Here we review the current knowledge on A. pleuropneumoniae biofilm, factors associated with biofilm formation and dispersion, and the impact of biofilm on the pathogenesis A. pleuropneumoniae. We also provide an overview of current vaccination strategies against A. pleuropneumoniae and consider the possible role of biofilms vaccines for controlling the disease.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ficarra FA, Grandellis C, Galván EM, Ielpi L, Feil R, Lunn JE, Gottig N, Ottado J. Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri requires the outer membrane porin OprB for maximal virulence and biofilm formation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:720-733. [PMID: 27226289 PMCID: PMC6638224 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc) causes canker disease in citrus, and biofilm formation is critical for the disease cycle. OprB (Outer membrane protein B) has been shown previously to be more abundant in Xcc biofilms compared with the planktonic state. In this work, we showed that the loss of OprB in an oprB mutant abolishes bacterial biofilm formation and adherence to the host, and also compromises virulence and efficient epiphytic survival of the bacteria. Moreover, the oprB mutant is impaired in bacterial stress resistance. OprB belongs to a family of carbohydrate transport proteins, and the uptake of glucose is decreased in the mutant strain, indicating that OprB transports glucose. Loss of OprB leads to increased production of xanthan exopolysaccharide, and the carbohydrate intermediates of xanthan biosynthesis are also elevated in the mutant. The xanthan produced by the mutant has a higher viscosity and, unlike wild-type xanthan, completely lacks pyruvylation. Overall, these results suggest that Xcc reprogrammes its carbon metabolism when it senses a shortage of glucose input. The participation of OprB in the process of biofilm formation and virulence, as well as in metabolic changes to redirect the carbon flux, is discussed. Our results demonstrate the importance of environmental nutrient supply and glucose uptake via OprB for Xcc virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia A. Ficarra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Carolina Grandellis
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Estela M. Galván
- Laboratory of Bacterial GeneticsFundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA‐CONICET (C1405BWE)Ciudad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Luis Ielpi
- Laboratory of Bacterial GeneticsFundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA‐CONICET (C1405BWE)Ciudad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyWissenschaftspark Potsdam‐GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476 Potsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyWissenschaftspark Potsdam‐GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476 Potsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alencar VC, Jabes DL, Menegidio FB, Sassaki GL, de Souza LR, Puzer L, Meneghetti MCZ, Lima MA, Tersariol ILDS, de Oliveira RC, Nunes LR. Functional and Evolutionary Characterization of a UDP-Xylose Synthase Gene from the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, Involved in the Synthesis of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide. Biochemistry 2017; 56:779-792. [PMID: 28125217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant-infecting bacillus, responsible for many important crop diseases, such as Pierce's disease of vineyards, citrus variegated chlorosis, and coffee leaf scorch (CLS), among others. Recent genomic comparisons involving two CLS-related strains, belonging to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca, revealed that one of them carries a frameshift mutation that inactivates a gene encoding an oxidoreductase of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, which may play important roles in determining structural variations in bacterial glycans and glycoconjugates. However, the exact nature of this SDR has been a matter of controversy, as different annotations of X. fastidiosa genomes have implicated it in distinct reactions. To confirm the nature of this mutated SDR, a comparative analysis was initially performed, suggesting that it belongs to a subgroup of SDR decarboxylases, representing a UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs). Functional assays, using a recombinant derivative of this enzyme, confirmed its nature as XfUxs, and carbohydrate composition analyses, performed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules obtained from different strains, indicate that inactivation of the X. fastidiosa uxs gene affects the LPS structure among CLS-related X. fastidiosa strains. Finally, a comparative sequence analysis suggests that this mutation is likely to result in a morphological and evolutionary hallmark that differentiates two subgroups of CLS-related strains, which may influence interactions between these bacteria and their plant and/or insect hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria Campos Alencar
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leite Jabes
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Bezerra Menegidio
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Setor de Ciências Biológicas-Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Laboratório de Química de Carboidratos, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) , Rua Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Curitiba, Paraná CEP 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigo de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Luciano Puzer
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Zorél Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Ivarne Luis Dos Santos Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Rua Três de Maio, Vila Clementino, São Paulo CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Regina Costa de Oliveira
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) , Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP CEP 08780-911, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Nunes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) , Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Santo André, SP CEP 09210-170, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhou X, Yan Q, Wang N. Deciphering the regulon of a GntR family regulator via transcriptome and ChIP-exo analyses and its contribution to virulence in Xanthomonas citri. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:249-262. [PMID: 26972728 PMCID: PMC6638223 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas contains a large group of plant-associated species, many of which cause severe diseases on important crops worldwide. Six gluconate-operon repressor (GntR) family transcriptional regulators are predicted in Xanthomonas, one of which, belonging to the YtrA subfamily, plays a prominent role in bacterial virulence. However, the direct targets and comprehensive regulatory profile of YtrA remain unknown. Here, we performed microarray and high-resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) experiments to identify YtrA direct targets and its DNA binding motif in X. citri ssp. citri (Xac), the causal agent of citrus canker. Integrative microarray and ChIP-exo data analysis revealed that YtrA directly regulates three operons by binding to a palindromic motif GGTG-N16 -CACC at the promoter region. A similar palindromic motif and YtrA homologues were also identified in many other bacteria, including Stenotrophomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas and Frateuria, indicating a widespread phenomenon. Deletion of ytrA in Xac abolishes bacterial virulence and induction of the hypersensitive response (HR). We found that YtrA regulates the expression of hrp/hrc genes encoding the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) and controls multiple biological processes, including motility and adhesion, oxidative stress, extracellular enzyme production and iron uptake. YtrA represses the expression of its direct targets in artificial medium or in planta. Importantly, over-expression of yro3, one of the YtrA directly regulated operons which contains trmL and XAC0231, induced weaker canker symptoms and down-regulation of hrp/hrc gene expression, suggesting a negative regulation in Xac virulence and T3SS. Our study has significantly advanced the mechanistic understanding of YtrA regulation and its contribution to bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhou
- Citrus Research and Education CenterDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - Qing Yan
- Citrus Research and Education CenterDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education CenterDepartment of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida700 Experiment Station RoadLake AlfredFL33850USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Choi J, Park E, Lee SW, Hyun JW, Baek KH. Selection of Small Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptides Inhibiting Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Causing Citrus Canker. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:87-94. [PMID: 28167892 PMCID: PMC5291402 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.09.2015.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker disease decreases the fruit quality and yield significantly, furthermore, emerging of streptomycin-resistant pathogens threatens the citrus industry seriously because of a lack of proper control agents. Small synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could be a promising alternative. Fourteen hexapeptides were selected by using positional scanning of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Each hexapeptide showed different antimicrobial spectrum against Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, and Candida species. Intriguingly, BHC10 showed bactericidal activity exclusively on Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), while BHC7 was none-active exclusively against two Pseudomonas spp. at concentration of 100 μg/ml suggesting potential selectivity constrained in hexapeptide frame. Three hexapeptides, BHC02, 06 and 11, showed bactericidal activities against various Xcc strains at concentration of 10 μg/ml. When they were co-infiltrated with pathogens into citrus leaves the disease progress was suppressed significantly. Further study would be needed to confirm the actual disease control capacity of the selected hexapeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeahyuk Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyengsan 38541,
Korea
| | - Euiho Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyengsan 38541,
Korea
| | - Se-Weon Lee
- International Technology Cooperation Center, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875,
Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Hyun
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Seogwipo 63607,
Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyengsan 38541,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sena-Vélez M, Redondo C, Graham JH, Cubero J. Presence of Extracellular DNA during Biofilm Formation by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Strains with Different Host Range. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156695. [PMID: 27248687 PMCID: PMC4889101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) A strain causes citrus bacterial canker, a serious leaf, fruit and stem spotting disease of several Citrus species. X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis (Xac) is the cause of citrus bacterial spot, a minor disease of citrus nursery plants and X. campestris pv. campestris (Xc) is a systemic pathogen that causes black rot of cabbage. Xanthomonas spp. form biofilms in planta that facilitate the host infection process. Herein, the role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) was evaluated in the formation and stabilization of the biofilm matrix at different stages of biofilm development. Fluorescence and light microscopy, as well as DNAse treatments, were used to determine the presence of eDNA in biofilms and bacterial cultures. DNAse treatments of Xcc strains and Xac reduced biofilm formation at the initial stage of development, as well as disrupted preformed biofilm. By comparison, no significant effect of the DNAse was detected for biofilm formation by Xc. DNAse effects on biofilm formation or disruption varied among Xcc strains and Xanthomonas species which suggest different roles for eDNA. Variation in the structure of fibers containing eDNA in biofilms, bacterial cultures, and in twitching motility was also visualized by microscopy. The proposed roles for eDNA are as an adhesin in the early stages of biofilm formation, as an structural component of mature bacterial aggregates, and twitching motility structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sena-Vélez
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Redondo
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - James H. Graham
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC), University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jaime Cubero
- Department of Plant Protection, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nguyen MP, Park J, Cho MH, Lee SW. Role of DetR in defence is critical for virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:601-13. [PMID: 26315668 PMCID: PMC6638461 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Like other bacteria, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight disease in rice, possesses intracellular signalling systems, known as two-component regulatory systems (TCSs), which regulate pathogenesis and biological processes. Completion of the genome sequences of three Xoo strains has facilitated the functional study of genes, including those of TCSs, but the biological functions of most Xoo TCSs have not yet been uncovered. To identify TCSs involved in Xoo pathogenesis, we generated knockout strains lacking response regulators (RRs, a cytoplasmic signalling component of the TCS) and examined the virulence of the RR knockout strains. This study presents a knockout strain (detR(-) ) lacking the PXO_04659 gene which shows dramatically reduced virulence relative to the wild-type. Our studies to elucidate detR function in Xoo pathogenesis revealed a reduction in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), intolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deregulation of iron homeostasis in the detR(-) strain. Moreover, gene expression of regulatory factors, including other RRs and transcription factors (TFs), was altered in the absence of DetR protein, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or real-time quantitative RT-PCR analyses. All evidence leads to the conclusion that DetR is essential for Xoo virulence through the regulation of the Xoo defence system including EPS synthesis, ROS detoxification and iron homeostasis, solely or cooperatively with other regulatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Jongchan Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Granato LM, Picchi SC, Andrade MDO, Takita MA, de Souza AA, Wang N, Machado MA. The ATP-dependent RNA helicase HrpB plays an important role in motility and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 27005008 PMCID: PMC4804567 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA helicases are enzymes that catalyze the separation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) using the free energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis. DEAD/DEAH families participate in many different aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA synthesis, RNA folding, RNA-RNA interactions, RNA localization and RNA degradation. Several important bacterial DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases have been extensively studied. In this study, we characterize the ATP-dependent RNA helicase encoded by the hrpB (XAC0293) gene using deletion and genetic complementation assays. We provide insights into the function of the hrpB gene in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri by investigating the roles of hrpB in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and host leaves, cell motility, host virulence of the citrus canker bacterium and growth in planta. RESULTS The hrpB gene is highly conserved in the sequenced strains of Xanthomonas. Mutation of the hrpB gene (∆hrpB) resulted in a significant reduction in biofilms on abiotic surfaces and host leaves. ∆hrpB also exhibited increased cell dispersion on solid medium plates. ∆hrpB showed reduced adhesion on biotic and abiotic surfaces and delayed development in disease symptoms when sprayed on susceptible citrus leaves. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that deletion of hrpB reduced the expression of four type IV pili genes. The transcriptional start site of fimA (XAC3241) was determined using rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA Ends (5'RACE). Based on the results of fimA mRNA structure predictions, the fimA 5' UTR may contain three different loops. HrpB may be involved in alterations to the structure of fimA mRNA that promote the stability of fimA RNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that hrpB is involved in adherence of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri to different surfaces. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a DEAH RNA helicase has been implicated in the regulation of type IV pili in Xanthomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís Moreira Granato
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Picchi
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Citrus Research and Educational Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, IFAS, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Marco Aurélio Takita
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Alves de Souza
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Educational Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, IFAS, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis, SP, 13490-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tondo ML, Delprato ML, Kraiselburd I, Fernández Zenoff MV, Farías ME, Orellano EG. KatG, the Bifunctional Catalase of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Responds to Hydrogen Peroxide and Contributes to Epiphytic Survival on Citrus Leaves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151657. [PMID: 26990197 PMCID: PMC4807922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker. This bacterium is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) at different points during its life cycle, including those normally produced by aerobic respiration or upon exposition to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Moreover, ROS are key components of the host immune response. Among enzymatic ROS-detoxifying mechanisms, catalases eliminate H2O2, avoiding the potential damage caused by this specie. Xcc genome includes four catalase genes. In this work, we studied the physiological role of KatG, the only bifunctional catalase of Xcc, through the construction and characterization of a modified strain (XcckatG), carrying an insertional mutation in the katG gene. First, we evaluated the involvement of KatG in the bacterial adaptive response to H2O2. XcckatG cultures exhibited lower catalase activity than those of the wild-type strain, and this activity was not induced upon treatment with sub-lethal doses of H2O2. Moreover, the KatG-deficient mutant exhibited decreased tolerance to H2O2 toxicity compared to wild-type cells and accumulated high intracellular levels of peroxides upon exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of H2O2. To further study the role of KatG in Xcc physiology, we evaluated bacterial survival upon exposure to UV-A or UV-B radiation. In both conditions, XcckatG showed a high mortality in comparison to Xcc wild-type. Finally, we studied the development of bacterial biofilms. While structured biofilms were observed for the Xcc wild-type, the development of these structures was impaired for XcckatG. Based on these results, we demonstrated that KatG is responsible for Xcc adaptive response to H2O2 and a key component of the bacterial response to oxidative stress. Moreover, this enzyme plays an important role during Xcc epiphytic survival, being essential for biofilm formation and UV resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Tondo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Laura Delprato
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivana Kraiselburd
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Fernández Zenoff
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Farías
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Identification of an Extracellular Endoglucanase That Is Required for Full Virulence in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151017. [PMID: 26950296 PMCID: PMC4780785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri causes citrus canker disease, which is characterized by the formation of water-soaked lesions, white or yellow spongy pustules and brown corky canker. In this work, we report the contribution of extracellular endoglucanase to canker development during infection. The ectopic expression of nine putative cellulases in Escherichia coli indicated that two endoglucanases, BglC3 and EngXCA, show carboxymethyl cellulase activity. Both bglC3 and engXCA genes were transcribed in X. citri subsp. citri, however, only BglC3 protein was detected outside the cell in western blot analysis. The deletion of bglC3 gene resulted in complete loss of extracellular carboxymethyl cellulase activity and delayed the onset of canker symptoms in both infiltration- and wound-inoculation assays. When growing in plant tissue, the cell density of bglC3 mutant was lower than that of the wild type. Our data demonstrated that BglC3 is an extracellular endoglucanase required for the full virulence of X. citri subsp. citri.
Collapse
|
41
|
Mensi I, Daugrois JH, Pieretti I, Gargani D, Fleites LA, Noell J, Bonnot F, Gabriel DW, Rott P. Surface polysaccharides and quorum sensing are involved in the attachment and survival of Xanthomonas albilineans on sugarcane leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:236-246. [PMID: 25962850 PMCID: PMC6638434 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas albilineans, the causal agent of sugarcane leaf scald, is a bacterial plant pathogen that is mainly spread by infected cuttings and contaminated harvesting tools. However, some strains of this pathogen are known to be spread by aerial means and are able to colonize the phyllosphere of sugarcane before entering the host plant and causing disease. The objective of this study was to identify the molecular factors involved in the survival or growth of X. albilineans on sugarcane leaves. We developed a bioassay to test for the attachment of X. albilineans on sugarcane leaves using tissue-cultured plantlets grown in vitro. Six mutants of strain XaFL07-1 affected in surface polysaccharide production completely lost their capacity to survive on the sugarcane leaf surface. These mutants produced more biofilm in vitro and accumulated more cellular poly-β-hydroxybutyrate than the wild-type strain. A mutant affected in the production of small molecules (including potential biosurfactants) synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) attached to the sugarcane leaves as well as the wild-type strain. Surprisingly, the attachment of bacteria on sugarcane leaves varied among mutants of the rpf gene cluster involved in bacterial quorum sensing. Therefore, quorum sensing may affect polysaccharide production, or both polysaccharides and quorum sensing may be involved in the survival or growth of X. albilineans on sugarcane leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imene Mensi
- UMR BGPI, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Laura A Fleites
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Julie Noell
- UMR BGPI, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Dean W Gabriel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Philippe Rott
- UMR BGPI, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Surface Polysaccharide Mutants Reveal that Absence of O Antigen Reduces Biofilm Formation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infect Immun 2015; 84:127-37. [PMID: 26483403 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00912-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family and the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious lung disease causing important economic losses. Surface polysaccharides, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS), are implicated in the adhesion and virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae, but their role in biofilm formation is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the requirement for these surface polysaccharides in biofilm formation by A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Well-characterized mutants were used: an O-antigen LPS mutant, a truncated core LPS mutant with an intact O antigen, a capsule mutant, and a poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PGA) mutant. We compared the amount of biofilm produced by the parental strain and the isogenic mutants using static and dynamic systems. Compared to the findings for the biofilm of the parental or other strains, the biofilm of the O antigen and the PGA mutants was dramatically reduced, and it had less cell-associated PGA. Real-time PCR analyses revealed a significant reduction in the level of pgaA, cpxR, and cpxA mRNA in the biofilm cells of the O-antigen mutant compared to that in the biofilm cells of the parental strain. Specific binding between PGA and LPS was consistently detected by surface plasmon resonance, but the lack of O antigen did not abolish these interactions. In conclusion, the absence of the O antigen reduces the ability of A. pleuropneumoniae to form a biofilm, and this is associated with the reduced expression and production of PGA.
Collapse
|
43
|
Liang X, Yu X, Dong W, Guo S, Xu S, Wang J, Zhou M. Two thiadiazole compounds promote rice defence against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by suppressing the bacterium's production of extracellular polysaccharides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:882-92. [PMID: 25727092 PMCID: PMC6638481 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiazole, isothiazole, thiadiazole, and their derivatives are used to control various human, animal and plant diseases. In addition to having direct anti-microbial and anti-fungal properties, these compounds are thought to induce host defences, but the mechanism of defence induction remains poorly understood. This article reports that the thiadiazoles of zinc thiazole and bismerthiazol induce H2 O2 accumulation, up-regulation of defence-related genes, callose deposition and hypersensitive response-like cell death in rice leaves infected with Xanthomonas oryaze pv. oryzae (Xoo) strain ZJ173, but not in non-infected leaves. These defence responses in Xoo-infected leaves were suppressed by the exogenous application of catalase, which reduces H2 O2 accumulation. The application of extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) extracted from strain ZJ173 significantly compromised rice defence against ZJ173 with or without thiadiazole treatment. The EPS-deficient Xoo mutant ∆gumH triggered a stronger defence than its parent strain ZJ173. The thiadiazole treatments reduced EPS production by strain ZJ173, but not by the thiadiazole-resistant strain 2-1-1, which is thiadiazole resistant in vivo, but not in vitro; moreover, enhanced defence was not detected in thiadiazole-treated rice inoculated with 2-1-1. Based on these data, we infer that zinc thiazole and bismerthiazol promote rice defence against Xoo by inhibiting the production of bacterial EPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Wenxia Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Shijian Guo
- Zhejiang XinNong Chemical Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310000, China
| | - Shu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou X, Hu X, Li J, Wang N. A Novel Periplasmic Protein, VrpA, Contributes to Efficient Protein Secretion by the Type III Secretion System in Xanthomonas spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:143-153. [PMID: 25338144 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-14-0309-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient secretion of type III effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to host cell cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS) is crucial for virulence of plant-pathogenic bacterium. Our previous study revealed a conserved hypothetical protein, virulence-related periplasm protein A (VrpA), which was identified as a critical virulence factor for Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. In this study, we demonstrate that mutation of vrpA compromises X. citri subsp. citri virulence and hypersensitive response induction. This deficiency is also observed in the X. campestris pv. campestris strain, suggesting a functional conservation of VrpA in Xanthomonas spp. Our study indicates that VrpA is required for efficient protein secretion via T3SS, which is supported by multiple lines of evidence. A CyaA reporter assay shows that VrpA is involved in type III effector secretion; quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis suggests that the vrpA mutant fails to activate citrus-canker-susceptible gene CsLOB1, which is transcriptionally activated by transcription activator-like effector PthA4; in vitro secretion study reveals that VrpA plays an important role in secretion of T3SS pilus, translocon, and effector proteins. Our data also indicate that VrpA in X. citri subsp. citri localizes to bacterial periplasmic space and the periplasmic localization is required for full function of VrpA and X. citri subsp. citri virulence. Protein-protein interaction studies show that VrpA physically interacts with periplasmic T3SS components HrcJ and HrcC. However, the mutation of VrpA does not affect T3SS gene expression. Additionally, VrpA is involved in X. citri subsp. citri tolerance of oxidative stress. Our data contribute to the mechanical understanding of an important periplasmic protein VrpA in Xanthomonas spp.
Collapse
|
45
|
Lipopolysaccharide O-chain core region required for cellular cohesion and compaction of in vitro and root biofilms developed by Rhizobium leguminosarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1013-23. [PMID: 25416773 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03175-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilms is an important survival strategy allowing rhizobia to live on soil particles and plant roots. Within the microcolonies of the biofilm developed by Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizobial cells interact tightly through lateral and polar connections, forming organized and compact cell aggregates. These microcolonies are embedded in a biofilm matrix, whose main component is the acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS). Our work shows that the O-chain core region of the R. leguminosarum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (which stretches out of the cell surface) strongly influences bacterial adhesive properties and cell-cell cohesion. Mutants defective in the O chain or O-chain core moiety developed premature microcolonies in which lateral bacterial contacts were greatly reduced. Furthermore, cell-cell interactions within the microcolonies of the LPS mutants were mediated mostly through their poles, resulting in a biofilm with an altered three-dimensional structure and increased thickness. In addition, on the root epidermis and on root hairs, O-antigen core-defective strains showed altered biofilm patterns with the typical microcolony compaction impaired. Taken together, these results indicate that the surface-exposed moiety of the LPS is crucial for proper cell-to-cell interactions and for the formation of robust biofilms on different surfaces.
Collapse
|
46
|
Dunger G, Guzzo CR, Andrade MO, Jones JB, Farah CS. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri type IV Pilus is required for twitching motility, biofilm development, and adherence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1132-47. [PMID: 25180689 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0184-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type IV pili (T4P) are long, flexible surface filaments that consist of helical polymers of mostly pilin subunits. Cycles of polymerization, attachment, and depolymerization mediate several pilus-dependent bacterial behaviors, including twitching motility, surface adhesion, pathogenicity, natural transformation, escape from immune system defense mechanisms, and biofilm formation. The Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri strain 306 genome codes for a large set of genes involved in T4P biogenesis and regulation and includes several pilin homologs. We show that X. citri subsp. citri can exhibit twitching motility in a manner similar to that observed in other bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Xylella fastidiosa and that this motility is abolished in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri knockout strains in the genes coding for the major pilin subunit PilAXAC3241, the ATPases PilBXAC3239 and PilTXAC2924, and the T4P biogenesis regulators PilZXAC1133 and FimXXAC2398. Microscopy analyses were performed to compare patterns of bacterial migration in the wild-type and knockout strains and we observed that the formation of mushroom-like structures in X. citri subsp. citri biofilm requires a functional T4P. Finally, infection of X. citri subsp. citri cells by the bacteriophage (ΦXacm4-11 is T4P dependent. The results of this study improve our understanding of how T4P influence Xanthomonas motility, biofilm formation, and susceptibility to phage infection.
Collapse
|
47
|
Ahmad AA, Askora A, Kawasaki T, Fujie M, Yamada T. The filamentous phage XacF1 causes loss of virulence in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:321. [PMID: 25071734 PMCID: PMC4076744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, filamentous phage XacF1, which can infect Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) strains, was isolated and characterized. Electron microscopy showed that XacF1 is a member of the family Inoviridae and is about 600 nm long. The genome of XacF1 is 7325 nucleotides in size, containing 13 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), some of which showed significant homology to Ff-like phage proteins such as ORF1 (pII), ORF2 (pV), ORF6 (pIII), and ORF8 (pVI). XacF1 showed a relatively wide host range, infecting seven out of 11 strains tested in this study. Frequently, XacF1 was found to be integrated into the genome of Xac strains. This integration occurred at the host dif site (attB) and was mediated by the host XerC/D recombination system. The attP sequence was identical to that of Xanthomonas phage Cf1c. Interestingly, infection by XacF1 phage caused several physiological changes to the bacterial host cells, including lower levels of extracellular polysaccharide production, reduced motility, slower growth rate, and a dramatic reduction in virulence. In particular, the reduction in virulence suggested possible utilization of XacF1 as a biological control agent against citrus canker disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonim Ali Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Takeru Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujie
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zimaro T, Thomas L, Marondedze C, Sgro GG, Garofalo CG, Ficarra FA, Gehring C, Ottado J, Gottig N. The type III protein secretion system contributes to Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 24742141 PMCID: PMC4021560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several bacterial plant pathogens colonize their hosts through the secretion of effector proteins by a Type III protein secretion system (T3SS). The role of T3SS in bacterial pathogenesis is well established but whether this system is involved in multicellular processes, such as bacterial biofilm formation has not been elucidated. Here, the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) was used as a model to gain further insights about the role of the T3SS in biofilm formation. Results The capacity of biofilm formation of different X. citri T3SS mutants was compared to the wild type strain and it was observed that this secretion system was necessary for this process. Moreover, the T3SS mutants adhered proficiently to leaf surfaces but were impaired in leaf-associated growth. A proteomic study of biofilm cells showed that the lack of the T3SS causes changes in the expression of proteins involved in metabolic processes, energy generation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and bacterial motility as well as outer membrane proteins. Furthermore, EPS production and bacterial motility were also altered in the T3SS mutants. Conclusions Our results indicate a novel role for T3SS in X. citri in the modulation of biofilm formation. Since this process increases X. citri virulence, this study reveals new functions of T3SS in pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wasukira A, Coulter M, Al-Sowayeh N, Thwaites R, Paszkiewicz K, Kubiriba J, Smith J, Grant M, Studholme DJ. Genome Sequencing of Xanthomonas vasicola Pathovar vasculorum Reveals Variation in Plasmids and Genes Encoding Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis, Type-IV Pilus and Type-III Secretion Effectors. Pathogens 2014; 3:211-37. [PMID: 25437615 PMCID: PMC4235730 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas vasicola pathovar vasculorum (Xvv) is the bacterial agent causing gumming disease in sugarcane. Here, we compare complete genome sequences for five isolates of Xvv originating from sugarcane and one from maize. This identified two distinct types of lipopolysaccharide synthesis gene clusters among Xvv isolates: one is similar to that of Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovar citri (Xac) and is probably the ancestral type, while the other is similar to those of the sugarcane-inhabiting species, Xanthomonas sacchari. Four of six Xvv isolates harboured sequences similar to the Xac plasmid, pXAC47, and showed a distinct Type-IV pilus (T4P) sequence type, whereas the T4P locus of the other two isolates resembled that of the closely related banana pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm). The Xvv isolate from maize has lost a gene encoding a homologue of the virulence effector, xopAF, which was present in all five of the sugarcane isolates, while xopL contained a premature stop codon in four out of six isolates. These findings shed new light on evolutionary events since the divergence of Xvv and Xcm, as well as further elucidating the relationships between the two closely related pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Wasukira
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Max Coulter
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Noorah Al-Sowayeh
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Richard Thwaites
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala 7084, Uganda.
| | - Julian Smith
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - Murray Grant
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - David J Studholme
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Malamud F, Homem RA, Conforte VP, Yaryura PM, Castagnaro AP, Marano MR, do Amaral AM, Vojnov AA. Identification and characterization of biofilm formation-defective mutants of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1911-1919. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Malamud
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Augusto Homem
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología and Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeiropolis, Sao Pablo, Brazil
| | - Valeria Paola Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Marcelo Yaryura
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Atilio Pedro Castagnaro
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Av. William Cross 3150, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Marano
- IBR-Depto Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, U.N.R. Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alexandre Morais do Amaral
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología and Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeiropolis, Sao Pablo, Brazil
| | - Adrián Alberto Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|