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Wang Y, Liu C, Qin Y, Du Y, Song C, Kang Z, Guo J, Guo J. Stripe rust effector Pst03724 modulates host immunity by inhibiting NAD kinase activation by a calmodulin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1624-1641. [PMID: 38441329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes effector proteins that enter plant cells to manipulate host immune processes. In this report, we present an important Pst effector, Pst03724, whose mRNA expression level increases during Pst infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Silencing of Pst03724 reduced the growth and development of Pst. Pst03724 targeted the wheat calmodulin TaCaM3-2B, a positive regulator of wheat immunity. Subsequent investigations revealed that Pst03724 interferes with the TaCaM3-2B-NAD kinase (NADK) TaNADK2 association and thus inhibits the enzyme activity of TaNADK2 activated by TaCaM3-2B. Knocking down TaNADK2 expression by virus-mediated gene silencing significantly increased fungal growth and development, suggesting a decrease in resistance against Pst infection. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Pst effector Pst03724 inhibits the activity of NADK by interfering with the TaCaM3-2B-TaNADK2 association, thereby facilitating Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Hayashibara CADA, Lopes MDS, Tobias PA, dos Santos IB, Figueredo EF, Ferrarezi JA, Marques JPR, Marcon J, Park RF, Teixeira PJPL, Quecine MC. In Planta Study Localizes an Effector Candidate from Austropuccinia psidii Strain MF-1 to the Nucleus and Demonstrates In Vitro Cuticular Wax-Dependent Differential Expression. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:848. [PMID: 37623619 PMCID: PMC10455828 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Austropuccinia psidii is a biotrophic fungus that causes myrtle rust. First described in Brazil, it has since spread to become a globally important pathogen that infects more than 480 myrtaceous species. One of the most important commercial crops affected by A. psidii is eucalypt, a widely grown forestry tree. The A. psidii-Eucalyptus spp. interaction is poorly understood, but pathogenesis is likely driven by pathogen-secreted effector molecules. Here, we identified and characterized a total of 255 virulence effector candidates using a genome assembly of A. psidii strain MF-1, which was recovered from Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. We show that the expression of seven effector candidate genes is modulated by cell wax from leaves sourced from resistant and susceptible hosts. Two effector candidates with different subcellular localization predictions, and with specific gene expression profiles, were transiently expressed with GFP-fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, we observed the accumulation of an effector candidate, Ap28303, which was upregulated under cell wax from rust susceptible E. grandis and described as a peptidase inhibitor I9 domain-containing protein in the nucleus. This was in accordance with in silico analyses. Few studies have characterized nuclear effectors. Our findings open new perspectives on the study of A. psidii-Eucalyptus interactions by providing a potential entry point to understand how the pathogen manipulates its hosts in modulating physiology, structure, or function with effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alessandra de Almeida Hayashibara
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Mariana da Silva Lopes
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Peri A. Tobias
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Isaneli Batista dos Santos
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | | | - Jessica Aparecida Ferrarezi
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - João Paulo Rodrigues Marques
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Joelma Marcon
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Robert F. Park
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of Sydney, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Department of Biological Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (C.A.d.A.H.); (M.d.S.L.); (I.B.d.S.); (J.A.F.); (J.M.)
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Spanic V, Vukovic A, Cseplo M, Vukovic R, Buchvaldt Amby D, Cairo Westergaard J, Puskas K, Roitsch T. Early leaf responses of cell physiological and sensor-based signatures reflect susceptibility of wheat seedlings to infection by leaf rust. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13990. [PMID: 37616017 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. can have devastating effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing severe economic losses. This comprehensive study serves to facilitate our understanding of the impact of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism in association with sensor-based phenotyping and leaf rust stress responses in wheat seedlings. After 24 h of inoculation (hai) very susceptible variety to leaf rust (Ficko) increased cell-wall invertase (cwInv; EC 3.2.1.26), compared to other varieties that significantly increased cwInv later. This could mean that the Ficko variety cannot defend itself from leaf rust infections once symptoms have started to develop. Also, Ficko had significantly decreased amounts of cytoplasmic invertase (cytInv; EC 3.2.1.26) at 8 hai. The downregulation of cytInv in susceptible plants may facilitate the maintenance of elevated apoplastic sucrose availability favoring the pathogen. The significant role of vacuolar invertase (vacInv; EC 3.2.1.26) in moderately resistant varieties was recorded. Also, a significant decrease of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9) in moderately resistant varieties might restrict normal development of leaf rust due to reduced sugar. During plant-pathogen interaction, when the invader spreads systemically throughout the plant, the main role of ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) activity in one moderately resistant variety (Olimpija) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity in another moderately resistant variety (Alka) is to protect the plant against oxidative damage in the early stages of infection. Non-invasive phenotyping with a sensor-based technique could be used as a rapid method for pre-symptomatic determination of wheat leaf rust resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Department of Small Cereal Crops Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Monika Cseplo
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Rosemary Vukovic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Cairo Westergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Katalin Puskas
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Section for Crop Sciences, Taastrup, Denmark
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Wang J, Chen T, Tang Y, Zhang S, Xu M, Liu M, Zhang J, Loake GJ, Jiang J. The Biological Roles of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Effectors during Infection of Wheat. Biomolecules 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 37371469 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is the causative agent of wheat stripe rust, which can lead to a significant loss in annual wheat yields. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a deeper comprehension of the basic mechanisms underlying Pst infection. Effectors are known as the agents that plant pathogens deliver into host tissues to promote infection, typically by interfering with plant physiology and biochemistry. Insights into effector activity can significantly aid the development of future strategies to generate disease-resistant crops. However, the functional analysis of Pst effectors is still in its infancy, which hinders our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between Pst and wheat. In this review, we summarize the potential roles of validated and proposed Pst effectors during wheat infection, including proteinaceous effectors, non-coding RNAs (sRNA effectors), and secondary metabolites (SMs effectors). Further, we suggest specific countermeasures against Pst pathogenesis and future research directions, which may promote our understanding of Pst effector functions during wheat immunity attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tongtong Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yawen Tang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Sihan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Gary J Loake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Jihong Jiang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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Ma J, Yang X, Fan W, Zhao C, Li W, Zhou D, Jiang S. Cloning and sequence analysis of a serine protease gene from Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG5. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2466-2474. [PMID: 34877711 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the subtilisin-like proteases (SLPs) of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn potentially involved in the virulence of this phytopathogenic fungus, which has 14 anastomosis groups (AGs) responsible for many crop diseases. Through mycelial microscope observation and strain identification of pathogenic fungus MS-3, it was determined to be R. solani AG-5. Both 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to clone the serine protease gene RsSLP from R. solani AG-5. The full-length obtained for RsSLP was 1714 bp with an open reading frame of 1587 bp, encoding a protein of 528 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55.8 kDa. This protein contained a predicted signal peptide for secretion but lacked a transmembrane domain or membrane anchor site. Bioinformatics analysis identified this protein as a serine protease with the Peptidase_S8 and Inhibitor_I9 characteristic domains of SLPs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that frequent gene duplications of the SLPs occurred in R. solani (RsSLP), and RsSLP shares characteristic sequence features with virulence factors of other phytopathogenic fungi. Because the secretory serine protease RsSLP from R. solani AG5 is similar to the virulence factors of other phytopathogenic fungi, its identification will be helpful in studies considering the roles of these proteases in pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiling Yang
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenyan Fan
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changjiang Zhao
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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Xia C, Qiu A, Wang M, Liu T, Chen W, Chen X. Current Status and Future Perspectives of Genomics Research in the Rust Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179629. [PMID: 36077025 PMCID: PMC9456177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi in Pucciniales have caused destructive plant epidemics, have become more aggressive with new virulence, rapidly adapt to new environments, and continually threaten global agriculture. With the rapid advancement of genome sequencing technologies and data analysis tools, genomics research on many of the devastating rust fungi has generated unprecedented insights into various aspects of rust biology. In this review, we first present a summary of the main findings in the genomics of rust fungi related to variations in genome size and gene composition between and within species. Then we show how the genomics of rust fungi has promoted our understanding of the pathogen virulence and population dynamics. Even with great progress, many questions still need to be answered. Therefore, we introduce important perspectives with emphasis on the genome evolution and host adaptation of rust fungi. We believe that the comparative genomics and population genomics of rust fungi will provide a further understanding of the rapid evolution of virulence and will contribute to monitoring the population dynamics for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjing Xia
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-13880134318 (C.X.); +1-509-335-8086 (X.C.)
| | - Age Qiu
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- Correspondence: (C.X.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-13880134318 (C.X.); +1-509-335-8086 (X.C.)
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Bai X, Peng H, Goher F, Islam MA, Xu S, Guo J, Kang Z, Guo J. A candidate effector protein PstCFEM1 contributes to virulence of stripe rust fungus and impairs wheat immunity. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:21. [PMID: 37676523 PMCID: PMC10441960 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) domain proteins are considered to be unique to fungi and closely related to pathogenicity. However, the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) effector containing the CFEM domain has not been reported. Here, we obtained an effector, PstCFEM1, containing a functional N-terminal signal peptide sequence and the CFEM domain from Pst race CYR31. qRT-PCR assay indicated that the transcript levels of PstCFEM1 were highly induced during the early stages of infection. Overexpression of PstCFEM1 suppressed Pst322 (an elicitor-like protein of Pst)-trigged cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and callose deposition. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) experiments showed that knockdown of PstCFEM1 decreased the virulence of Pst, while ROS accumulation in silenced plants increased near the infection site. In addition, wheat containing the PstCFEM1-silenced construct increased resistance to multiple races of Pst. Our data suggest that PstCFEM1 suppresses wheat defense by inhibiting ROS accumulation and contributes to increased virulence of Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sanding Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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9
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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Kiran K, Rawal HC, Dubey H, Jaswal R, Bhardwaj SC, Deshmukh R, Sharma TR. Genome-Wide Analysis of Four Pathotypes of Wheat Rust Pathogen ( Puccinia graminis) Reveals Structural Variations and Diversifying Selection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:701. [PMID: 34575739 PMCID: PMC8468629 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by Puccinia graminis are some of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Extensive genomic understanding of the pathogen has proven helpful not only in understanding host- pathogen interaction but also in finding appropriate control measures. In the present study, whole-genome sequencing of four diverse P. graminis pathotypes was performed to understand the genetic variation and evolution. An average of 63.5 Gb of data per pathotype with about 100× average genomic coverage was achieved with 100-base paired-end sequencing performed with Illumina Hiseq 1000. Genome structural annotations collectively predicted 9273 functional proteins including ~583 extracellular secreted proteins. Approximately 7.4% of the genes showed similarity with the PHI database which is suggestive of their significance in pathogenesis. Genome-wide analysis demonstrated pathotype 117-6 as likely distinct and descended through a different lineage. The 3-6% more SNPs in the regulatory regions and 154 genes under positive selection with their orthologs and under negative selection in the other three pathotypes further supported pathotype 117-6 to be highly diverse in nature. The genomic information generated in the present study could serve as an important source for comparative genomic studies across the genus Puccinia and lead to better rust management in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Kiran
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (K.K.); (H.C.R.); (H.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Hukam C. Rawal
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (K.K.); (H.C.R.); (H.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Himanshu Dubey
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (K.K.); (H.C.R.); (H.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (K.K.); (H.C.R.); (H.D.); (R.J.)
| | - Subhash C. Bhardwaj
- Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Shimla 171002, India;
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Punjab 140306, India;
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Pusa Campus, ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India; (K.K.); (H.C.R.); (H.D.); (R.J.)
- Division of Crop Science, ICAR-Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
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11
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Duplessis S, Lorrain C, Petre B, Figueroa M, Dodds PN, Aime MC. Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:403-422. [PMID: 34077239 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Duplessis
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 IAM, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54000 Nancy, France; ,
| | - Cecile Lorrain
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Benjamin Petre
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 IAM, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54000 Nancy, France; ,
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ,
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ,
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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12
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Revealing Differentially Expressed Genes and Identifying Effector Proteins of Puccinia striiformis f. sp.
tritici
in Response to High-Temperature Seedling Plant Resistance of Wheat Based on Transcriptome Sequencing. mSphere 2020. [PMCID: PMC7316484 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis to identify differentially expressed genes and effector proteins of
Puccinia striiformis
f. sp.
tritici
(
Pst
) in response to the high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance in wheat. Experimental validation confirmed the function of the highest upregulated effector protein, PstCEP1. This study provides a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of
Pst
responses to wheat HTSP resistance, and PstCEP1 may be used in future studies to understand pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity processes in the
Pst
-wheat interaction system.
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13
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Zhang N, Yang J, Fang A, Wang J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Sun W. The essential effector SCRE1 in Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses rice immunity via a small peptide region. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:445-459. [PMID: 32087618 PMCID: PMC7060142 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, a newly emerging plant disease that has become epidemic worldwide in recent years. The U. virens genome encodes many putative effector proteins that, based on the study of other pathosystems, could play an essential role in fungal virulence. However, few studies have been reported on virulence functions of individual U. virens effectors. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the secreted cysteine-rich protein SCRE1, which is an essential virulence effector in U. virens. When SCRE1 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the protein was secreted and translocated into plant cells during infection. SCRE1 suppresses the immunity-associated hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Induced expression of SCRE1 in rice also inhibits pattern-triggered immunity and enhances disease susceptibility to rice bacterial and fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive activity is localized to a small peptide region that contains an important 'cysteine-proline-alanine-arginine-serine' motif. Furthermore, the scre1 knockout mutant generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is attenuated in U. virens virulence to rice, which is greatly complemented by the full-length SCRE1 gene. Collectively, this study indicates that the effector SCRE1 is able to inhibit host immunity and is required for full virulence of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - You‐Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
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14
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Abstract
Among the thousands of rust species described, many are known for their devastating effects on their hosts, which include major agriculture crops and trees. Hence, for over a century, these basidiomycete pathogenic fungi have been researched and experimented with. However, due to their biotrophic nature, they are challenging organisms to work with and, needing their hosts for propagation, represent pathosystems that are not easily experimentally accessible. Indeed, efforts to perform genetics have been few and far apart for the rust fungi, though one study performed in the 1940s was famously instrumental in formulating the gene-for-gene hypothesis describing pathogen-host interactions. By taking full advantage of the molecular genetic tools developed in the 1980s, research on many plant pathogenic microbes thrived, yet similar work on the rusts remained very challenging though not without some successes. However, the genomics era brought real breakthrough research for the biotrophic fungi and with innovative experimentation and the use of heterologous systems, molecular genetic analyses over the last 2 decades have significantly advanced our insight into the function of many rust fungus genes and their role in the interaction with their hosts. This has allowed optimizing efforts for resistance breeding and the design and testing of various novel strategies to reduce the devastating diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research & Development Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Les J Szabo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory and University of Minnesota, 1551 Lindig Street, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
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15
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Tao SQ, Auer L, Morin E, Liang YM, Duplessis S. Transcriptome Analysis of Apple Leaves Infected by the Rust Fungus Gymnosporangium yamadae at Two Sporulation Stages. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:444-461. [PMID: 31765287 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple rust disease caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae is one of the major threats to apple orchards. In this study, dual RNA-seq analysis was conducted to simultaneously monitor gene expression profiles of G. yamadae and infected apple leaves during the formation of rust spermogonia and aecia. The molecular mechanisms underlying this compatible interaction at 10 and 30 days postinoculation (dpi) indicate a significant reaction from the host plant and comprise detoxication pathways at the earliest stage and the induction of secondary metabolism pathways at 30 dpi. Such host reactions have been previously reported in other rust pathosystems and may represent a general reaction to rust infection. G. yamadae transcript profiling indicates a conserved genetic program in spermogonia and aecia that is shared with other rust fungi, whereas secretome prediction reveals the presence of specific secreted candidate effector proteins expressed during apple infection. Unexpectedly, the survey of fungal unigenes in the transcriptome assemblies of inoculated and mock-inoculated apple leaves reveals that G. yamadae infection may modify the fungal community composition in the apple phyllosphere at 30 dpi. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the compatible apple-G. yamadae interaction and advance the knowledge of this heteroecious demicyclic rust fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Lucas Auer
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ying-Mei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
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16
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Yang Q, Huai B, Lu Y, Cai K, Guo J, Zhu X, Kang Z, Guo J. A stripe rust effector Pst18363 targets and stabilises TaNUDX23 that promotes stripe rust disease. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:880-895. [PMID: 31529497 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a tremendous threat to the production of wheat worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of Pst effectors that regulate wheat immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we identified an effector Pst18363 from Pst that suppresses plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and in wheat. Knocking down Pst18363 expression by virus-mediated host-induced gene silencing significantly decreased the number of rust pustules, indicating that Pst18363 functions as an important pathogenicity factor in Pst. Pst18363 was proven to interact with wheat Nudix hydrolase 23 TaNUDX23. In wheat, silencing of TaNUDX23 by virus-induced gene silencing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by the avirulent Pst race CYR23, whereas overexpression of TaNUDX23 suppressed ROS accumulation induced by flg22 in Arabidopsis. In addition, TaNUDX23 suppressed Pst candidate effector Pst322-trigged cell death by decreasing ROS accumulation in N. benthamiana. Knocking down of TaNUDX23 expression attenuated Pst infection, indicating that TaNUDX23 is a negative regulator of defence. In N. benthamiana, Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23. Overall, our data suggest that Pst18363 stabilises TaNUDX23, which suppresses ROS accumulation to facilitate Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Ma Z, Liu JJ, Zamany A. Identification and Functional Characterization of an Effector Secreted by Cronartium ribicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:942-951. [PMID: 31066346 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cri-9402 was identified as a protein effector from Cronartium ribicola, based on the effect of its expression on growth of Pseudomonas syringae Psm ES4326 introduced into transiently transformed tobacco leaves and stably transformed Arabidopsis seedlings. In tobacco leaves transiently expressing its coding sequence, growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326 was inhibited. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 2 (PR2), PR4a, endochitinase B, hypersensitive-related 201 (HSR201), HSR203J, and proteinase inhibitor 1 was upregulated but expression of PR1, coronatine insensitive 1, and abscisic acid 1 was significantly suppressed. In transformed Arabidopsis seedlings, the effector stimulated growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326; significantly suppressed expression of PR1, PR2, nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), NPR3, NPR4, phytoalexin deficient 4, and salicylic acid induction deficient 2; and enhanced expression of plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2). The above results showed that the majority of responses to this effector in tobacco leaves were converse to those in transformed Arabidopsis. We could conclude that Cri-9402 promoted disease resistance in tobacco leaves and disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis seedlings. Its transcript was mainly expressed in aeciospores of C. ribicola and was probably involved in production or germination of aeciospores, and it was an effector potentially functioning in white pine-blister rust interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Ma
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
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18
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Lorrain C, Gonçalves Dos Santos KC, Germain H, Hecker A, Duplessis S. Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1190-1206. [PMID: 30554421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1190 I. Introduction 1190 II. Rust fungi: a diverse and serious threat to agriculture 1191 III. The different facets of rust life cycles and unresolved questions about their evolution 1191 IV. The biology of rust infection 1192 V. Rusts in the genomics era: the ever-expanding list of candidate effector genes 1195 VI. Functional characterization of rust effectors 1197 VII. Putting rusts to sleep: Pucciniales research outlooks 1201 Acknowledgements 1202 References 1202 SUMMARY: Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high-throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high-priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lorrain
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Quebec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Université de Lorraine/INRA Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
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19
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Qi M, Mei Y, Grayczyk JP, Darben LM, Rieker MEG, Seitz JM, Voegele RT, Whitham SA, Link TI. Candidate Effectors From Uromyces appendiculatus, the Causal Agent of Rust on Common Bean, Can Be Discriminated Based on Suppression of Immune Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1182. [PMID: 31636645 PMCID: PMC6787271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi are devastating pathogens for several important crop plants. The biotrophic lifestyle of rust fungi requires that they influence their host plants to create a favorable environment for growth and reproduction. Rust fungi secrete a variety of effector proteins that manipulate host target proteins to alter plant metabolism and suppress defense responses. Because of the obligate biotrophic lifestyle of rust fungi, direct evidence for effector function is difficult to obtain, and so suites of experiments utilizing expression in heterologous systems are necessary. Here, we present results from a yeast cell death suppression assay and assays for suppression of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) based on delivery of effectors through the bacterial type III secretion system. In addition, subcellular localization was tested using transient expression of GFP fusion proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana through Agrobacterium infiltration. We tested 31 representative effector candidates from the devastating common bean rust pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus. These effector candidates were selected based on features of their gene families, most important lineage specificity. We show that several of our effector candidates suppress plant defense. Some of them also belong to families of effector candidates that are present in multiple rust species where their homologs probably also have effector functions. In our analysis of candidate effector mRNA expression, some of those effector candidates that gave positive results in the other assays were not up-regulated during plant infection, indicating that either these proteins have functions at multiple life stages or that strong up-regulation of RNA level in planta may not be as important a criterion for identifying effectors as previously thought. Overall, our pipeline for selecting effector candidates based on sequence features followed by screening assays using heterologous expression systems was successful in discriminating effector candidates. This work lays the foundation for functional characterization of U. appendiculatus effectors, the identification of effector targets, and identification of novel sources for resistance in common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yu Mei
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James P. Grayczyk
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Janina M. Seitz
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tobias I. Link
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tobias Link,
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20
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Pedley KF, Pandey AK, Ruck A, Lincoln LM, Whitham SA, Graham MA. Rpp1 Encodes a ULP1-NBS-LRR Protein That Controls Immunity to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:120-133. [PMID: 30303765 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0198-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Susceptible soybean plants infected by virulent isolates of P. pachyrhizi are characterized by tan-colored lesions and erumpent uredinia on the leaf surface. Germplasm screening and genetic analyses have led to the identification of seven loci, Rpp1 to Rpp7, that provide varying degrees of resistance to P. pachyrhizi (Rpp). Two genes, Rpp1 and Rpp1b, map to the same region on soybean chromosome 18. Rpp1 is unique among the Rpp genes in that it confers an immune response (IR) to avirulent P. pachyrhizi isolates. The IR is characterized by a lack of visible symptoms, whereas resistance provided by Rpp1b to Rpp7 results in red-brown foliar lesions. Rpp1 maps to a region spanning approximately 150 kb on chromosome 18 between markers Sct_187 and Sat_064 in L85-2378 (Rpp1), an isoline developed from Williams 82 and PI 200492 (Rpp1). To identify Rpp1, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome library from soybean accession PI 200492. Sequencing of the Rpp1 locus identified three homologous nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) candidate resistance genes between Sct_187 and Sat_064. Each candidate gene is also predicted to encode an N-terminal ubiquitin-like protease 1 (ULP1) domain. Cosilencing of the Rpp1 candidates abrogated the immune response in the Rpp1 resistant soybean accession PI 200492, indicating that Rpp1 is a ULP1-NBS-LRR protein and plays a key role in the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry F Pedley
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Amy Ruck
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Lori M Lincoln
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
| | - Steven A Whitham
- 3 Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Michelle A Graham
- 2 USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.; and
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21
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Cooper B, Campbell KB. Protection Against Common Bean Rust Conferred by a Gene-Silencing Method. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:920-927. [PMID: 28437139 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-17-0095-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rust disease of the dry bean plant, Phaseolus vulgaris, is caused by the fungus Uromyces appendiculatus. The fungus acquires its nutrients and energy from bean leaves using a specialized cell structure, the haustorium, through which it secretes effector proteins that contribute to pathogenicity by defeating the plant immune system. Candidate effectors have been identified by DNA sequencing and motif analysis, and some candidates have been observed in infected leaves by mass spectrometry. To assess their roles in pathogenicity, we have inserted small fragments of genes for five candidates into Bean pod mottle virus. Plants were infected with recombinant virus and then challenged with U. appendiculatus. Virus-infected plants expressing gene fragments for four of five candidate effectors accumulated lower amounts of rust and had dramatically less rust disease. By contrast, controls that included a fungal gene fragment for a septin protein not expressed in the haustorium died from a synergistic reaction between the virus and the fungus. The results imply that RNA generated in the plant moved across the fungal haustorium to silence effector genes important to fungal pathogenicity. This study shows that four bean rust fungal genes encode pathogenicity determinants and that the expression of fungal RNA in the plant can be an effective method for protecting bean plants from rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Wu JQ, Sakthikumar S, Dong C, Zhang P, Cuomo CA, Park RF. Comparative Genomics Integrated with Association Analysis Identifies Candidate Effector Genes Corresponding to Lr20 in Phenotype-Paired Puccinia triticina Isolates from Australia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28232843 PMCID: PMC5298990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust is one of the most common and damaging diseases of wheat, and is caused by an obligate biotrophic basidiomycete, Puccinia triticina (Pt). In the present study, 20 Pt isolates from Australia, comprising 10 phenotype-matched pairs with contrasting pathogenicity for Lr20, were analyzed using whole genome sequencing. Compared to the reference genome of the American Pt isolate 1-1 BBBD Race 1, an average of 404,690 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per isolate was found and the proportion of heterozygous SNPs was above 87% in the majority of the isolates, demonstrating a high level of polymorphism and a high rate of heterozygosity. From the genome-wide SNPs, a phylogenetic tree was inferred, which consisted of a large clade of 15 isolates representing diverse presumed clonal lineages including 14 closely related isolates and the more diverged isolate 670028, and a small clade of five isolates characterized by lower heterozygosity level. Principle component analysis detected three distinct clusters, corresponding exactly to the two major subsets of the small clade and the large clade comprising all 15 isolates without further separation of isolate 670028. While genome-wide association analysis identified 302 genes harboring at least one SNP associated with Lr20 virulence (p < 0.05), a Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed that 36 and 68 genes had significant (p < 0.05) and marginally significant (p < 0.1) differences in the counts of non-synonymous mutations between Lr20 avirulent and virulent groups, respectively. Twenty of these genes were predicted to have a signal peptide without a transmembrane segment, and hence identified as candidate effector genes corresponding to Lr20. SNP analysis also implicated the potential involvement of epigenetics and small RNA in Pt pathogenicity. Future studies are thus warranted to investigate the biological functions of the candidate effectors as well as the gene regulation mechanisms at epigenetic and post-transcription levels. Our study is the first to integrate phenotype-genotype association with effector prediction in Pt genomes, an approach that may circumvent some of the technical difficulties in working with obligate rust fungi and accelerate avirulence gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of SydneyNarellan, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharadha Sakthikumar
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and HarvardCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chongmei Dong
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of SydneyNarellan, NSW, Australia
| | - Peng Zhang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of SydneyNarellan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina A. Cuomo
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and HarvardCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert F. Park
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Plant Breeding Institute, The University of SydneyNarellan, NSW, Australia
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Maia T, Badel JL, Marin‐Ramirez G, Rocha CDM, Fernandes MB, da Silva JCF, de Azevedo‐Junior GM, Brommonschenkel SH. The Hemileia vastatrix effector HvEC-016 suppresses bacterial blight symptoms in coffee genotypes with the S H 1 rust resistance gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1315-1329. [PMID: 27918080 PMCID: PMC6079635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of genes that confer resistance to coffee leaf rust (SH 1-SH 9) have been identified within the genus Coffea, but despite many years of research on this pathosystem, the complementary avirulence genes of Hemileia vastatrix have not been reported. After identification of H. vastatrix effector candidate genes (HvECs) expressed at different stages of its lifecycle, we established an assay to characterize HvEC proteins by delivering them into coffee cells via the type-three secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae (Psgc). Employing a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase assay, we demonstrate that Psgc recognizes a heterologous P. syringae T3SS secretion signal which enables us to translocate HvECs into the cytoplasm of coffee cells. Using this Psgc-adapted effector detector vector (EDV) system, we found that HvEC-016 suppresses the growth of Psgc on coffee genotypes with the SH 1 resistance gene. Suppression of bacterial blight symptoms in SH 1 plants was associated with reduced bacterial multiplication. By contrast, HvEC-016 enhanced bacterial multiplication in SH 1-lacking plants. Our findings suggest that HvEC-016 may be recognized by the plant immune system in a SH 1-dependent manner. Thus, our experimental approach is an effective tool for the characterization of effector/avirulence proteins of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Maia
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Jorge L. Badel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gustavo Marin‐Ramirez
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Cynthia de M. Rocha
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Michelle B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - José C. F. da Silva
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gilson M. de Azevedo‐Junior
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Sérgio H. Brommonschenkel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
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Qi M, Link TI, Müller M, Hirschburger D, Pudake RN, Pedley KF, Braun E, Voegele RT, Baum TJ, Whitham SA. A Small Cysteine-Rich Protein from the Asian Soybean Rust Fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Suppresses Plant Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005827. [PMID: 27676173 PMCID: PMC5038961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian soybean rust fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. Molecular mechanisms by which P. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. The genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCRP). While these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. Here, we present the characterization of P. pachyrhizi effector candidate 23 (PpEC23), a SSCRP that we show to suppress plant immunity. Furthermore, we show that PpEC23 interacts with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l and that soybean plants in which GmSPL12l is silenced have constitutively active immunity, thereby identifying GmSPL12l as a negative regulator of soybean defenses. Collectively, our data present evidence for a virulence function of a rust SSCRP and suggest that PpEC23 is able to suppress soybean immune responses and physically interact with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l, a negative immune regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias I. Link
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Müller
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ramesh N. Pudake
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kerry F. Pedley
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward Braun
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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25
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Anderson C, Khan MA, Catanzariti AM, Jack CA, Nemri A, Lawrence GJ, Upadhyaya NM, Hardham AR, Ellis JG, Dodds PN, Jones DA. Genome analysis and avirulence gene cloning using a high-density RADseq linkage map of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:667. [PMID: 27550217 PMCID: PMC4994203 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rust fungi are an important group of plant pathogens that cause devastating losses in agricultural, silvicultural and natural ecosystems. Plants can be protected from rust disease by resistance genes encoding receptors that trigger a highly effective defence response upon recognition of specific pathogen avirulence proteins. Identifying avirulence genes is crucial for understanding how virulence evolves in the field. RESULTS To facilitate avirulence gene cloning in the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini, we constructed a high-density genetic linkage map using single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) data. The map comprises 13,412 RADseq markers in 27 linkage groups that together span 5860 cM and contain 2756 recombination bins. The marker sequences were used to anchor 68.9 % of the M. lini genome assembly onto the genetic map. The map and anchored assembly were then used to: 1) show that M. lini has a high overall meiotic recombination rate, but recombination distribution is uneven and large coldspots exist; 2) show that substantial genome rearrangements have occurred in spontaneous loss-of-avirulence mutants; and 3) identify the AvrL2 and AvrM14 avirulence genes by map-based cloning. AvrM14 is a dual-specificity avirulence gene that encodes a predicted nudix hydrolase. AvrL2 is located in the region of the M. lini genome with the lowest recombination rate and encodes a small, highly-charged proline-rich protein. CONCLUSIONS The M. lini high-density linkage map has greatly advanced our understanding of virulence mechanisms in this pathogen by providing novel insights into genome variability and enabling identification of two new avirulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Anderson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Muhammad Adil Khan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
- Current address: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Cameron A. Jack
- ANU Bioinformatics Consulting Unit, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Adnane Nemri
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- Current address: KWS SAAT SE, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck, 37574 Germany
| | | | | | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
| | | | - Peter N. Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
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26
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Cooper B, Campbell KB, Beard HS, Garrett WM, Islam N. Putative Rust Fungal Effector Proteins in Infected Bean and Soybean Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:491-9. [PMID: 26780434 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungi Uromyces appendiculatus and Phakopsora pachyrhizi cause debilitating rust diseases on common bean and soybean. These rust fungi secrete effector proteins that allow them to infect plants, but their effector repertoires are not understood. The discovery of rust fungus effectors may eventually help guide decisions and actions that mitigate crop production loss. Therefore, we used mass spectrometry to identify thousands of proteins in infected beans and soybeans and in germinated fungal spores. The comparative analysis between the two helped differentiate a set of 24 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were specifically found in infected beans and a set of 34 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were found in germinated spores and infected beans. The proteins specific to infected beans included family 26 and family 76 glycoside hydrolases that may contribute to degrading plant cell walls. There were also several types of proteins with structural motifs that may aid in stabilizing the specialized fungal haustorium cell that interfaces the plant cell membrane during infection. There were 16 P. pachyrhizi proteins targeted for secretion that were found in infected soybeans, and many of these proteins resembled the U. appendiculatus proteins found in infected beans, which implies that these proteins are important to rust fungal pathology in general. This data set provides insight to the biochemical mechanisms that rust fungi use to overcome plant immune systems and to parasitize cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Hunter S Beard
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Nazrul Islam
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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27
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Kunjeti SG, Iyer G, Johnson E, Li E, Broglie KE, Rauscher G, Rairdan GJ. Identification of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Candidate Effectors with Virulence Activity in a Distantly Related Pathosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:269. [PMID: 27014295 PMCID: PMC4781881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian Soybean Rust, a disease that causes enormous economic losses, most markedly in South America. P. pachyrhizi is a biotrophic pathogen that utilizes specialized feeding structures called haustoria to colonize its hosts. In rusts and other filamentous plant pathogens, haustoria have been shown to secrete effector proteins into their hosts to permit successful completion of their life cycle. We have constructed a cDNA library from P. pachyrhizi haustoria using paramagnetic bead-based methodology and have identified 35 P. pachyrhizi candidate effector (CE) genes from this library which are described here. In addition, we quantified the transcript expression pattern of six of these genes and show that two of these CEs are able to greatly increase the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans. This strongly suggests that these genes play an important role in P. pachyrhizi virulence on its hosts.
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28
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Vargas WA, Sanz-Martín JM, Rech GE, Armijos-Jaramillo VD, Rivera LP, Echeverria MM, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Thon MR, Sukno SA. A Fungal Effector With Host Nuclear Localization and DNA-Binding Properties Is Required for Maize Anthracnose Development. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:83-95. [PMID: 26554735 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0209-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens have the capacity to manipulate the host immune system through the secretion of effectors. We identified 27 putative effector proteins encoded in the genome of the maize anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola that are likely to target the host's nucleus, as they simultaneously contain sequence signatures for secretion and nuclear localization. We functionally characterized one protein, identified as CgEP1. This protein is synthesized during the early stages of disease development and is necessary for anthracnose development in maize leaves, stems, and roots. Genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies confirmed that this effector targets the host's nucleus and defines a novel class of double-stranded DNA-binding protein. We show that CgEP1 arose from a gene duplication in an ancestor of a lineage of monocot-infecting Colletotrichum spp. and has undergone an intense evolution process, with evidence for episodes of positive selection. We detected CgEP1 homologs in several species of a grass-infecting lineage of Colletotrichum spp., suggesting that its function may be conserved across a large number of anthracnose pathogens. Our results demonstrate that effectors targeted to the host nucleus may be key elements for disease development and aid in the understanding of the genetic basis of anthracnose development in maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - José M Sanz-Martín
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Gabriel E Rech
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Vinicio D Armijos-Jaramillo
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Lina P Rivera
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Echeverria
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - C.C. 276 (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Díaz-Mínguez
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R Thon
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Serenella A Sukno
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
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29
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Liu JJ, Sturrock RN, Sniezko RA, Williams H, Benton R, Zamany A. Transcriptome analysis of the white pine blister rust pathogen Cronartium ribicola: de novo assembly, expression profiling, and identification of candidate effectors. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:678. [PMID: 26338692 PMCID: PMC4559923 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungus Cronartium ribicola (Cri) is an economically and ecologically important forest pathogen that causes white pine blister rust (WPBR) disease on five-needle pines. To cause stem cankers and kill white pine trees the fungus elaborates a life cycle with five stages of spore development on five-needle pines and the alternate host Ribes plants. To increase our understanding of molecular WP-BR interactions, here we report genome-wide transcriptional profile analysis of C. ribicola using RNA-seq. Results cDNA libraries were constructed from aeciospore, urediniospore, and western white pine (Pinus monticola) tissues post Cri infection. Over 200 million RNA-seq 100-bp paired-end (PE) reads from rust fungal spores were de novo assembled and a reference transcriptome was generated with 17,880 transcripts that were expressed from 13,629 unigenes. A total of 734 unique proteins were predicted as a part of the Cri secretome from complete open reading frames (ORFs), and 41 % of them were Cronartium-specific. This study further identified a repertoire of candidate effectors and other pathogenicity determinants. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to gain an understanding of molecular events important during the WPBR fungus life cycle by comparing Cri transcriptomes at different infection stages. Large-scale changes of in planta gene expression profiles were observed, revealing that multiple fungal biosynthetic pathways were enhanced during mycelium growth inside infected pine stem tissues. Conversely, many fungal genes that were up-regulated at the urediniospore stage appeared to be signalling components and transporters. The secreted fungal protein genes that were up-regulated in pine needle tissues during early infection were primarily associated with cell wall modifications, possibly to mask the rust pathogen from plant defenses. Conclusion This comprehensive transcriptome profiling substantially improves our current understanding of molecular WP-BR interactions. The repertoire of candidate effectors and other putative pathogenicity determinants identified here are valuable for future functional analysis of Cri virulence and pathogenicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1861-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Rona N Sturrock
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Richard A Sniezko
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, 34963 Shoreview Road, Cottage Grove, OR, 97424, USA.
| | - Holly Williams
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Ross Benton
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
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30
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Chaudhari P, Ahmed B, Joly DL, Germain H. Effector biology during biotrophic invasion of plant cells. Virulence 2015; 5:703-9. [PMID: 25513771 PMCID: PMC4189876 DOI: 10.4161/viru.29652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several obligate biotrophic phytopathogens, namely oomycetes and fungi, invade and feed on living plant cells through specialized structures known as haustoria. Deploying an arsenal of secreted proteins called effectors, these pathogens balance their parasitic propagation by subverting plant immunity without sacrificing host cells. Such secreted proteins, which are thought to be delivered by haustoria, conceivably reprogram host cells and instigate structural modifications, in addition to the modulation of various cellular processes. As effectors represent tools to assist disease resistance breeding, this short review provides a bird’s eye view on the relationship between the virulence function of effectors and their subcellular localization in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Chaudhari
- a Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale; Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; Trois-Rivières, QC Canada
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31
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Droce A, Holm KB, Olsson S, Frandsen RJN, Sondergaard TE, Sørensen JL, Giese H. Expression profiling and functional analyses of BghPTR2, a peptide transporter from Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:551-9. [PMID: 26058531 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Droce
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | | | - Stefan Olsson
- Section for Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Build 223, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Henriette Giese
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
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Kemen AC, Agler MT, Kemen E. Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1207-28. [PMID: 25622918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on obligate biotrophic plant parasites, which reproduce only on living hosts, has revealed a broad diversity of filamentous microbes that have independently acquired complex morphological structures, such as haustoria. Genome studies have also demonstrated a concerted loss of genes for metabolism and lytic enzymes, and gain of diversity of genes coding for effectors involved in host defense suppression. So far, these traits converge in all known obligate biotrophic parasites, but unexpected genome plasticity remains. This plasticity is manifested as transposable element (TE)-driven increases in genome size, observed to be associated with the diversification of virulence genes under selection pressure. Genome expansion could result from the governing of the pathogen response to ecological selection pressures, such as host or nutrient availability, or to microbial interactions, such as competition, hyperparasitism and beneficial cooperations. Expansion is balanced by alternating sexual and asexual cycles, as well as selfing and outcrossing, which operate to control transposon activity in populations. In turn, the prevalence of these balancing mechanisms seems to be correlated with external biotic factors, suggesting a complex, interconnected evolutionary network in host-pathogen-microbe interactions. Therefore, the next phase of obligate biotrophic pathogen research will need to uncover how this network, including multitrophic interactions, shapes the evolution and diversity of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew T Agler
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Almeida NF, Leitão ST, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Winter P, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Allelic diversity in the transcriptomes of contrasting rust-infected genotypes of Lathyrus sativus, a lasting resource for smart breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:376. [PMID: 25522779 PMCID: PMC4331309 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a valuable resource for potentially durable partial resistance to rust. To gain insight into the resistance mechanism and identify potential resistance genes, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptome assemblies from control and Uromyces pisi inoculated leafs of a susceptible and a partially rust-resistant grass pea genotype by RNA-seq. RESULTS 134,914 contigs, shared by both libraries, were used to analyse their differential expression in response to rust infection. Functional annotation grouped 60.4% of the contigs present in plant databases (37.8% of total) to 33 main functional categories, being "protein", "RNA", "signalling", "transport" and "stress" the most represented. Transcription profiles revealed considerable differences in regulation of major phytohormone signalling pathways: whereas Salicylic and Abscisic Acid pathways were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, Jasmonate and Ethylene pathways were down-regulated in the susceptible one. As potential Resistance-genes we identified a mildew resistance locus O (MLO)-like gene, and MLO-related transcripts. Also, several pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant and exclusively down regulated in the susceptible genotype. Pathogen effectors identified in both inoculated libraries, as e.g. the rust Rtp1 transcript, may be responsible for the down-regulation of defence-related transcripts. The two genotypes contained 4,892 polymorphic contigs with SNPs unevenly distributed between different functional categories. Protein degradation (29.7%) and signalling receptor kinases (8.2%) were the most diverged, illustrating evolutionary adaptation of grass pea to the host/pathogens arms race. CONCLUSIONS The vast array of novel, resistance-related genomic information we present here provides a highly valuable resource for future smart breeding approaches in this hitherto under-researched, valuable legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Felipe Almeida
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Susana Trindade Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | | | - Björn Rotter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXPro GmbH, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, E-14080, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Link T, Seibel C, Voegele RT. Early insights into the genome sequence of Uromyces fabae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:587. [PMID: 25400651 PMCID: PMC4212606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Uromyces fabae is a major pathogen of broad bean, Vicia faba. U. fabae has served as a model among rust fungi to elucidate the development of infection structures, expression and secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes and gene expression. Using U. fabae, enormous progress was made regarding nutrient uptake and metabolism and in the search for secreted proteins and effectors. Here, we present results from a genome survey of U. fabae. Paired end Illumina sequencing provided 53 Gb of data. An assembly gave 59,735 scaffolds with a total length of 216 Mb. K-mer analysis estimated the genome size to be 329 Mb. Of a representative set of 23,153 predicted proteins we could annotate 10,209, and predict 599 secreted proteins. Clustering of the protein set indicates families of highly likely effectors. We also found new homologs of RTP1p, a prototype rust effector. The U. fabae genome will be an important resource for comparative analyses with U. appendiculatus and P. pachyrhizi and provide information regarding the phylogenetic relationship of the genus Uromyces with respect to other rust fungi already sequenced, namely Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, Melampsora lini, and Melampsora larici-populina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Link
- *Correspondence: Tobias Link and Ralf T. Voegele, Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Institut für Phytomedizin, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail: ;
| | | | - Ralf T. Voegele
- *Correspondence: Tobias Link and Ralf T. Voegele, Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Institut für Phytomedizin, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Str. 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail: ;
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. Garnica
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adnane Nemri
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Narayana M. Upadhyaya
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John P. Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Rovenich H, Boshoven JC, Thomma BPHJ. Filamentous pathogen effector functions: of pathogens, hosts and microbiomes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:96-103. [PMID: 24879450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play essential roles in almost every environment on earth. For instance, microbes decompose organic material, or establish symbiotic relationships that range from pathogenic to mutualistic. Symbiotic relationships have been particularly well studied for microbial plant pathogens and have emphasized the role of effectors; secreted molecules that support host colonization. Most effectors characterized thus far play roles in deregulation of host immunity. Arguably, however, pathogens not only deal with immune responses during host colonization, but also encounter other microbes including competitors, (myco)parasites and even potential co-operators. Thus, part of the effector catalog may target microbiome co-inhabitants rather than host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Rovenich
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi C Boshoven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Guyon K, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Secretome analysis reveals effector candidates associated with broad host range necrotrophy in the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:336. [PMID: 24886033 PMCID: PMC4039746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white mold fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic plant pathogen with a remarkably broad host range. The interaction of necrotrophs with their hosts is more complex than initially thought, and still poorly understood. RESULTS We combined bioinformatics approaches to determine the repertoire of S. sclerotiorum effector candidates and conducted detailed sequence and expression analyses on selected candidates. We identified 486 S. sclerotiorum secreted protein genes expressed in planta, many of which have no predicted enzymatic activity and may be involved in the interaction between the fungus and its hosts. We focused on those showing (i) protein domains and motifs found in known fungal effectors, (ii) signatures of positive selection, (iii) recent gene duplication, or (iv) being S. sclerotiorum-specific. We identified 78 effector candidates based on these properties. We analyzed the expression pattern of 16 representative effector candidate genes on four host plants and revealed diverse expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal diverse predicted functions and expression patterns in the repertoire of S. sclerotiorum effector candidates. They will facilitate the functional analysis of fungal pathogenicity determinants and should prove useful in the search for plant quantitative disease resistance components active against the white mold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvain Raffaele
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Link TI, Lang P, Scheffler BE, Duke MV, Graham MA, Cooper B, Tucker ML, van de Mortel M, Voegele RT, Mendgen K, Baum TJ, Whitham SA. The haustorial transcriptomes of Uromyces appendiculatus and Phakopsora pachyrhizi and their candidate effector families. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:379-93. [PMID: 24341524 PMCID: PMC6638672 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Haustoria of biotrophic rust fungi are responsible for the uptake of nutrients from their hosts and for the production of secreted proteins, known as effectors, which modulate the host immune system. The identification of the transcriptome of haustoria and an understanding of the functions of expressed genes therefore hold essential keys for the elucidation of fungus-plant interactions and the development of novel fungal control strategies. Here, we purified haustoria from infected leaves and used 454 sequencing to examine the haustorial transcriptomes of Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Uromyces appendiculatus, the causal agents of soybean rust and common bean rust, respectively. These pathogens cause extensive yield losses in their respective legume crop hosts. A series of analyses were used to annotate expressed sequences, including transposable elements and viruses, to predict secreted proteins from the assembled sequences and to identify families of candidate effectors. This work provides a foundation for the comparative analysis of haustorial gene expression with further insights into physiology and effector evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias I Link
- Institut für Phytomedizin, FG Phytopathologie, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Nemri A, Saunders DGO, Anderson C, Upadhyaya NM, Win J, Lawrence GJ, Jones DA, Kamoun S, Ellis JG, Dodds PN. The genome sequence and effector complement of the flax rust pathogen Melampsora lini. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:98. [PMID: 24715894 PMCID: PMC3970004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi cause serious yield reductions on crops, including wheat, barley, soybean, coffee, and represent real threats to global food security. Of these fungi, the flax rust pathogen Melampsora lini has been developed most extensively over the past 80 years as a model to understand the molecular mechanisms that underpin pathogenesis. During infection, M. lini secretes virulence effectors to promote disease. The number of these effectors, their function and their degree of conservation across rust fungal species is unknown. To assess this, we sequenced and assembled de novo the genome of M. lini isolate CH5 into 21,130 scaffolds spanning 189 Mbp (scaffold N50 of 31 kbp). Global analysis of the DNA sequence revealed that repetitive elements, primarily retrotransposons, make up at least 45% of the genome. Using ab initio predictions, transcriptome data and homology searches, we identified 16,271 putative protein-coding genes. An analysis pipeline was then implemented to predict the effector complement of M. lini and compare it to that of the poplar rust, wheat stem rust and wheat stripe rust pathogens to identify conserved and species-specific effector candidates. Previous knowledge of four cloned M. lini avirulence effector proteins and two basidiomycete effectors was used to optimize parameters of the effector prediction pipeline. Markov clustering based on sequence similarity was performed to group effector candidates from all four rust pathogens. Clusters containing at least one member from M. lini were further analyzed and prioritized based on features including expression in isolated haustoria and infected leaf tissue and conservation across rust species. Herein, we describe 200 of 940 clusters that ranked highest on our priority list, representing 725 flax rust candidate effectors. Our findings on this important model rust species provide insight into how effectors of rust fungi are conserved across species and how they may act to promote infection on their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Anderson
- Research School of Biological Sciences, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, UK
| | | | - David A. Jones
- Research School of Biological Sciences, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, UK
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Talhinhas P, Azinheira HG, Vieira B, Loureiro A, Tavares S, Batista D, Morin E, Petitot AS, Paulo OS, Poulain J, Da Silva C, Duplessis S, Silva MDC, Fernandez D. Overview of the functional virulent genome of the coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix with an emphasis on early stages of infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24672531 PMCID: PMC3953675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemileia vastatrix is the causal agent of coffee leaf rust, the most important disease of coffee Arabica. In this work, a 454-pyrosequencing transcriptome analysis of H. vastatrix germinating urediniospores (gU) and appressoria (Ap) was performed and compared to previously published in planta haustoria-rich (H) data. A total of 9234 transcripts were identified and annotated. Ca. 50% of these transcripts showed no significant homology to international databases. Only 784 sequences were shared by the three conditions, and 75% were exclusive of either gU (2146), Ap (1479) or H (3270). Relative transcript abundance and RT-qPCR analyses for a selection of genes indicated a particularly active metabolism, translational activity and production of new structures in the appressoria and intense signaling, transport, secretory activity and cellular multiplication in the germinating urediniospores, suggesting the onset of a plant-fungus dialogue as early as at the germ tube stage. Gene expression related to the production of carbohydrate-active enzymes and accumulation of glycerol in germinating urediniospores and appressoria suggests that combined lytic and physical mechanisms are involved in appressoria-mediated penetration. Besides contributing to the characterization of molecular processes leading to appressoria-mediated infection by rust fungi, these results point toward the identification of new H. vastatrix candidate virulence factors, with 516 genes predicted to encode secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Talhinhas
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena G. Azinheira
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Vieira
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Loureiro
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Tavares
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Dora Batista
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismesChampenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Faculté des Sciences et TechnologiesVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux BioagresseursMontpellier, France
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Julie Poulain
- Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut de GénomiqueEvry, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismesChampenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Faculté des Sciences et TechnologiesVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Maria do Céu Silva
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/BioTrop/Instituto de Investigação Científica TropicalOeiras, Portugal
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux BioagresseursMontpellier, France
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Bruce M, Neugebauer KA, Joly DL, Migeon P, Cuomo CA, Wang S, Akhunov E, Bakkeren G, Kolmer JA, Fellers JP. Using transcription of six Puccinia triticina races to identify the effective secretome during infection of wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 4:520. [PMID: 24454317 PMCID: PMC3888938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wheat leaf rust, caused by the basidiomycete Puccinia triticina, can cause yield losses of up to 20% in wheat producing regions. During infection, the fungus forms haustoria that secrete proteins into the plant cell and effect changes in plant transcription, metabolism, and defense. It is hypothesized that new races emerge as a result of overcoming plant resistance via changes in the secreted effector proteins. To understand gene expression during infection and find genetic differences associated with races, RNA from wheat leaves infected with six different rust races, at 6 days post inoculation, was sequenced using Illumina. As P. triticina is an obligate biotroph, RNA from both the host and fungi were present and separated by alignment to the P. triticina genome and a wheat EST reference. A total of 222,571 rust contigs were assembled from 165 million reads. An examination of the resulting contigs revealed 532 predicted secreted proteins among the transcripts. Of these, 456 were found in all races. Fifteen genes were found with amino acid changes, corresponding to putative avirulence effectors potentially recognized by 11 different leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes. Twelve of the potential avirulence effectors have no homology to known genes. One gene had significant similarity to cerato-platanin, a known fungal elicitor, and another showed similarity to fungal tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. Temporal expression profiles were developed for these genes by qRT-PCR and show that the genes expression patterns were consistent between races from infection initiation to just prior to spore eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Bruce
- USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Department of Plant PathologyManhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - David L. Joly
- Département de biologie, Université de MonctonMoncton, NB, Canada
| | - Pierre Migeon
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Shichen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Eduard Akhunov
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSummerland, BC, Canada
| | - James A. Kolmer
- USDA–ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - John P. Fellers
- USDA-ARS Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Department of Plant PathologyManhattan, KS, USA
- *Correspondence: John P. Fellers, USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Pathology, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA e-mail:
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Cristancho MA, Botero-Rozo DO, Giraldo W, Tabima J, Riaño-Pachón DM, Escobar C, Rozo Y, Rivera LF, Durán A, Restrepo S, Eilam T, Anikster Y, Gaitán AL. Annotation of a hybrid partial genome of the coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) contributes to the gene repertoire catalog of the Pucciniales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:594. [PMID: 25400655 PMCID: PMC4215621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coffee leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix is the most damaging disease to coffee worldwide. The pathogen has recently appeared in multiple outbreaks in coffee producing countries resulting in significant yield losses and increases in costs related to its control. New races/isolates are constantly emerging as evidenced by the presence of the fungus in plants that were previously resistant. Genomic studies are opening new avenues for the study of the evolution of pathogens, the detailed description of plant-pathogen interactions and the development of molecular techniques for the identification of individual isolates. For this purpose we sequenced 8 different H. vastatrix isolates using NGS technologies and gathered partial genome assemblies due to the large repetitive content in the coffee rust hybrid genome; 74.4% of the assembled contigs harbor repetitive sequences. A hybrid assembly of 333 Mb was built based on the 8 isolates; this assembly was used for subsequent analyses. Analysis of the conserved gene space showed that the hybrid H. vastatrix genome, though highly fragmented, had a satisfactory level of completion with 91.94% of core protein-coding orthologous genes present. RNA-Seq from urediniospores was used to guide the de novo annotation of the H. vastatrix gene complement. In total, 14,445 genes organized in 3921 families were uncovered; a considerable proportion of the predicted proteins (73.8%) were homologous to other Pucciniales species genomes. Several gene families related to the fungal lifestyle were identified, particularly 483 predicted secreted proteins that represent candidate effector genes and will provide interesting hints to decipher virulence in the coffee rust fungus. The genome sequence of Hva will serve as a template to understand the molecular mechanisms used by this fungus to attack the coffee plant, to study the diversity of this species and for the development of molecular markers to distinguish races/isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Cristancho
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Marco A. Cristancho, Department of Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉ, Km 4 vía a Manizales, Chinchiná 2427, Colombia e-mail:
| | - David Octavio Botero-Rozo
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | - William Giraldo
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
| | - Javier Tabima
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carolina Escobar
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
| | - Yomara Rozo
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Rivera
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
| | - Andrés Durán
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los AndesBogotá, Colombia
| | - Tamar Eilam
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Anikster
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alvaro L. Gaitán
- Plant Pathology, National Center for Coffee Research – CENICAFÉChinchiná, Colombia
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Petre B, Joly DL, Duplessis S. Effector proteins of rust fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:416. [PMID: 25191335 PMCID: PMC4139122 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi include many species that are devastating crop pathogens. To develop resistant plants, a better understanding of rust virulence factors, or effector proteins, is needed. Thus far, only six rust effector proteins have been described: AvrP123, AvrP4, AvrL567, AvrM, RTP1, and PGTAUSPE-10-1. Although some are well established model proteins used to investigate mechanisms of immune receptor activation (avirulence activities) or entry into plant cells, how they work inside host tissues to promote fungal growth remains unknown. The genome sequences of four rust fungi (two Melampsoraceae and two Pucciniaceae) have been analyzed so far. Genome-wide analyses of these species, as well as transcriptomics performed on a broader range of rust fungi, revealed hundreds of small secreted proteins considered as rust candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs). The rust community now needs high-throughput approaches (effectoromics) to accelerate effector discovery/characterization and to better understand how they function in planta. However, this task is challenging due to the non-amenability of rust pathosystems (obligate biotrophs infecting crop plants) to traditional molecular genetic approaches mainly due to difficulties in culturing these species in vitro. The use of heterologous approaches should be promoted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy LorraineChampenoux, France
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, UK
| | - David L. Joly
- Département de Biologie, Université de MonctonMoncton, NB, Canada
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy LorraineChampenoux, France
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de LorraineVandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Sébastien Duplessis, INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, Champenoux 54280, France e-mail:
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Abstract
Live-cell imaging assisted by fluorescent markers has been fundamental to understanding the focused secretory 'warfare' that occurs between plants and biotrophic pathogens that feed on living plant cells. Pathogens succeed through the spatiotemporal deployment of a remarkably diverse range of effector proteins to control plant defences and cellular processes. Some effectors can be secreted by appressoria even before host penetration, many enter living plant cells where they target diverse subcellular compartments and others move into neighbouring cells to prepare them before invasion. This Review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of the cell biology of biotrophic interactions between plants and their eukaryotic filamentous pathogens based on in planta analyses of effectors.
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Kemen E, Kemen A, Ehlers A, Voegele R, Mendgen K. A novel structural effector from rust fungi is capable of fibril formation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:767-80. [PMID: 23663217 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that filament-forming surface proteins such as hydrophobins are important virulence determinants in fungi and are secreted during pathogenesis. Such proteins have not yet been identified in obligate biotrophic pathogens such as rust fungi. Rust transferred protein 1 (RTP1p), a rust protein that is transferred into the host cytoplasm, accumulates around the haustorial complex. To investigate RTP1p structure and function, we used immunocytological, biochemical and computational approaches. We found that RTP1p accumulates in protuberances of the extra-haustorial matrix, a compartment that surrounds the haustorium and is separated from the plant cytoplasm by a modified host plasma membrane. Our analyses show that RTP1p is capable of forming filamentous structures in vitro and in vivo. We present evidence that filament formation is due to β-aggregation similar to what has been observed for amyloid-like proteins. Our findings reveal that RTP1p is a member of a new class of structural effectors. We hypothesize that RTP1p is transferred into the host to stabilize the host cell and protect the haustorium from degradation in later stages of the interaction. Thus, we provide evidence for transfer of an amyloid-like protein into the host cell, which has potential for the development of new resistance mechanisms against rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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Yi M, Valent B. Communication between filamentous pathogens and plants at the biotrophic interface. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:587-611. [PMID: 23750888 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes that colonize living plant tissue form extensive interfaces with plant cells in which the cytoplasm of the microorganism is closely aligned with the host cytoplasm for an extended distance. In all cases, specialized biotrophic hyphae function to hijack host cellular processes across an interfacial zone consisting of a hyphal plasma membrane, a specialized interfacial matrix, and a plant-derived membrane. The interface is the site of active secretion by both players. This cross talk at the interface determines the winner in adversarial relationships and establishes the partnership in mutualistic relationships. Fungi and oomycetes secrete many specialized effector proteins for controlling the host, and they can stimulate remarkable cellular reorganization even in distant plant cells. Breakthroughs in live-cell imaging of fungal and oomycete encounter sites, including live-cell imaging of pathogens secreting fluorescently labeled effector proteins, have led to recent progress in understanding communication across the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5502, USA.
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