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Canbolat P, Wilzopolski J, Kaessmeyer S, Filor V, Vidak J, Rüger M, Mägert HJ, Forssmann WG, Bäumer W. LEKTI domain 6 displays anti-inflammatory action in vitro and in a murine atopic dermatitis model. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 115:13-20. [PMID: 38849289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) is a serine protease inhibitor consisting of multiple domains. A loss of function mutation is described in Netherton patients that show severe symptoms of atopic lesions and itch. OBJECTIVES LEKTI domain 6 (LD6) has shown strong serine protease-inhibitory action in in vitro assays and thus it was tested in vitro and in vivo for potential anti-inflammatory action in models of atopic skin disease. METHODS Human skin equivalents were treated with LD6 and an inflammatory reaction was challenged by kallikrein-related endopeptidase 5 (KLK5). Furthermore, LD6 was tested on dorsal root ganglia cells stimulated with KLK5, SLIGRL and histamine by calcium imaging. The effect of topically administered LD6 (0.4-0.8%) in lipoderm was compared to a topical formulation of betamethasone-diproprionate (0.1%) in a therapeutic setting on atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice sensitized to house dust mite antigen. Endpoints were clinical scoring of the mice as well as determination of scratching behaviour. RESULTS KLK5 induced an upregulation of CXCL-8, CCL20 and IL-6 in skin equivalents. This upregulation was reduced by pre-incubation with LD6. KLK5 as well as histamine induced calcium influx in a population of neurons. LD6 significantly reduced the calcium response to both stimuli. When administered onto lesional skin of NC/Nga mice, both LD6 and betamethasone-dipropionate significantly reduced the inflammatory reaction. The effect on itch behaviour was less pronounced. CONCLUSION Topical administration of LD6 might be a new therapeutic option for treatment of lesional atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Canbolat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Filor
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vidak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Rüger
- Anhalt University of Applied Science, Köthen, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Fluhr JW, Moore DJ, Lane ME, Lachmann N, Rawlings AV. Epidermal barrier function in dry, flaky and sensitive skin: A narrative review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:812-820. [PMID: 38140732 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC)-the outermost layer of the epidermis-is the principal permeability and protective barrier of the skin. Different components of the SC, including corneocytes, natural moisturizing factor, a variety of enzymes and their inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides and lipids, work interactively to maintain barrier function. The main barrier properties of the SC are the limitation of water loss and the prevention of infection and contact with potentially harmful exogenous factors. Although the SC functions consistently as a protective barrier throughout the body, variations in functions and morphology occur across body sites with age and skin type. Healthy SC function also depends on the interplay between the chemosensory barrier, the skin's microbiome and the innate immune system. Dysregulation of SC barrier function can lead to the development of skin disorders, such as dry, flaky or sensitive skin, but the complete underlying pathophysiology of these are not fully understood. This review provides insight into the current literature and emerging themes related to epidermal barrier changes that occur in the context of dry, flaky and sensitive skin. Additional studies are needed to further elucidate the underlying aetiology of dry, flaky and sensitive skin and to provide tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim W Fluhr
- Institute of Allergology IFA Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | | | - Anthony V Rawlings
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
- AVR Consulting Ltd., Northwich, UK
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3
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Khadka VD, Markey L, Boucher M, Lieberman TD. Commensal skin bacteria exacerbate inflammation and delay skin barrier repair. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00277-X. [PMID: 38604402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The skin microbiome can both trigger beneficial immune stimulation and pose a potential infection threat. Previous studies have shown that colonization of mouse skin with the model human skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis is protective against subsequent excisional wound or pathogen challenge. However, less is known about concurrent skin damage and exposure to commensal microbes, despite growing interest in interventional probiotic therapy. Here, we address this open question by applying commensal skin bacteria at a high dose to abraded skin. While depletion of the skin microbiome via antibiotics delayed repair from damage, probiotic-like application of commensals-- including the mouse commensal Staphylococcus xylosus, three distinct isolates of S. epidermidis, and all other tested human skin commensals-- also significantly delayed barrier repair. Increased inflammation was observed within four hours of S. epidermidis exposure and persisted through day four, at which point the skin displayed a chronic wound-like inflammatory state with increased neutrophil infiltration, increased fibroblast activity, and decreased monocyte differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prolonged upregulation of early canonical proliferative pathways inhibited the progression of barrier repair. These results highlight the nuanced role of members of the skin microbiome in modulating barrier integrity and indicate the need for caution in their development as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda D Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Markey
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tami D Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States; Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge. MA, United States.
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4
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Chittock J, Kay L, Brown K, Cooke A, Lavender T, Cork MJ, Danby SG. Association between skin barrier development and early-onset atopic dermatitis: A longitudinal birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:732-741.e8. [PMID: 37926123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is common during infancy; however, it is unclear whether differential skin barrier development defines this period and signals disease onset in predisposed individuals. OBJECTIVE We sought to study (NCT03143504) and assess the feasibility of remote skin testing from birth to monitor skin barrier maturation and model association with an AD diagnosis by age 12 months. METHODS Biophysical testing and infrared spectroscopy were conducted at the maternity ward and family home. Tape stripping collected samples for desquamatory protease and natural moisturizing factor analysis. The 4 common European filaggrin risk alleles were screened. RESULTS A total of 128 infants completed the study, with 20% developing mild disease. Significant changes in permeability barrier function, desquamatory protease activity, and molecular composition assessed spectroscopically were observed longitudinally, but only subtle evidence of differential skin barrier development was noted between infant subgroups. Common filaggrin risk alleles were strongly associated with early-onset disease and conferred a significant reduction in natural moisturizing factor and water content by age 4 weeks. Accounting for a family history of atopy, these parameters alongside a greater lipid/protein ratio and reduced chymotrypsin-like activity at birth were associated with AD. Measured in ambient conditions, transepidermal water loss did not signal disease risk at any stage. CONCLUSIONS Skin barrier dysfunction lacked an acquired modality but was considered proportional to cohort severity and suggests that a portfolio of tests used in a community setting has the potential to improve current AD risk evaluations from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chittock
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Linda Kay
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Brown
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Cooke
- Centre for NMAHP Research and Education Excellence, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Royal Stoke University Hospital and School of Nursing and Midwifery, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Lavender
- Centre for Childbirth, Women's and Newborn Health, Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology Clinic, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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5
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Khadka VD, Markey L, Boucher M, Lieberman TD. Commensal skin bacteria exacerbate inflammation and delay skin healing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.04.569980. [PMID: 38106058 PMCID: PMC10723327 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The skin microbiome can both trigger beneficial immune stimulation and pose a potential infection threat. Previous studies have shown that colonization of mouse skin with the model human skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis is protective against subsequent excisional wound or pathogen challenge. However, less is known about concurrent skin damage and exposure to commensal microbes, despite growing interest in interventional probiotic therapy. Here, we address this open question by applying commensal skin bacteria at a high dose to abraded skin. While depletion of the skin microbiome via antibiotics delayed repair from damage, application of commensals-- including the mouse commensal Staphylococcus xylosus, three distinct isolates of S. epidermidis, and all other tested human skin commensals-- also significantly delayed barrier repair. Increased inflammation was observed within four hours of S. epidermidis exposure and persisted through day four, at which point the skin displayed a chronic-wound-like inflammatory state with increased neutrophil infiltration, increased fibroblast activity, and decreased monocyte differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the prolonged upregulation of early canonical proliferative pathways inhibited the progression of barrier repair. These results highlight the nuanced role of members of the skin microbiome in modulating barrier integrity and indicate the need for caution in their development as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda D Khadka
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura Markey
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Magalie Boucher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tami D Lieberman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge. MA, United States
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6
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Zolotas M, Schleusener J, Lademann J, Meinke MC, Kokolakis G, Darvin ME. Atopic Dermatitis: Molecular Alterations between Lesional and Non-Lesional Skin Determined Noninvasively by In Vivo Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14636. [PMID: 37834083 PMCID: PMC10572245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD)/atopic eczema is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease affecting nearly 14% of the adult population. An important pathogenetic pillar in AD is the disrupted skin barrier function (SBF). The atopic stratum corneum (SC) has been examined using several methods, including Raman microspectroscopy, yet so far, there is no depth-dependent analysis over the entire SC thickness. Therefore, we recruited 21 AD patients (9 female, 12 male) and compared the lesional (LAS) with non-lesional atopic skin (nLAS) in vivo with confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Our results demonstrated decreased total intercellular lipid and carotenoid concentrations, as well as a shift towards decreased orthorhombic lateral lipid organisation in LAS. Further, we observed a lower concentration of natural moisturising factor (NMF) and a trend towards increased strongly bound and decreased weakly bound water in LAS. Finally, LAS showed an altered secondary and tertiary keratin structure, demonstrating a more folded keratin state than nLAS. The obtained results are discussed in comparison with healthy skin and yield detailed insights into the atopic SC structure. LAS clearly shows molecular alterations at certain SC depths compared with nLAS which imply a reduced SBF. A thorough understanding of these alterations provides useful information on the aetiology of AD and for the development/control of targeted topical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zolotas
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Grafanaki K, Antonatos C, Maniatis A, Petropoulou A, Vryzaki E, Vasilopoulos Y, Georgiou S, Gregoriou S. Intrinsic Effects of Exposome in Atopic Dermatitis: Genomics, Epigenomics and Regulatory Layers. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4000. [PMID: 37373692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) or atopic eczema is an increasingly manifested inflammatory skin disorder of complex etiology which is modulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The exposome includes a person's lifetime exposures and their effects. We recently reviewed the extrinsic exposome's environmental risk factors that contribute to AD. The periods of pregnancy, infancy, and teenage years are recognized as crucial stages in the formation of AD, where the exposome leads to enduring impacts on the immune system. However, research is now focusing on the interactions between intrinsic pathways that are modulated by the extrinsic exposome, including genetic variation, epigenetic modifications, and signals, such as diet, stress, and microbiome interactions. As a result, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction, hormonal fluctuations, and skin microbiome dysbiosis are important factors contributing to AD development, and their in-depth understanding is crucial not only for AD treatment but also for similar inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Grafanaki
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Charalabos Antonatos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandros Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Antonia Petropoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Vryzaki
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Yiannis Vasilopoulos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Sophia Georgiou
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Stamatis Gregoriou
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
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8
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Yélamos O, Andersen D, Pont M, Iglesias P, Potrony M, Domínguez M, Herrero A, Alejo B, Mateu J, Røpke M, Danneskiold-Samsøe NB, Malvehy J, Guy RH, Brix S, Puig S. Development and validation of a minimally invasive and image-guided tape stripping method to sample atopic skin in children. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:80-88. [PMID: 36730521 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular skin profiling techniques, typically performed on skin samples taken by punch biopsy, have enhanced the understanding of the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD), thereby enabling the development of novel targeted therapeutics. However, punch biopsies are not always feasible or desirable, and novel minimally invasive methods such as skin tape stripping have been developed. AIM To develop, optimize and validate a novel tape stripping method guided by noninvasive in vivo skin imaging to sample atopic skin in children. METHODS Skin tape stripping-based procedures were compared and optimized using data from 30 healthy controls (HCs: 5 adults, 25 children) and 39 atopic children. Evaluations were guided by high-resolution photography, reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography and transepidermal water loss measurements. We assessed and compared adverse events (AEs), the time needed to perform the sampling and the cDNA levels obtained from the tapes. RESULTS Tape stripping methods based on previously described protocols resulted in erosions in all participants and required a median time of 65 min to perform (range 60-70 min), but provided good cDNA yield. Shorter durations appeared less invasive but provided lower cDNA yield. The final optimized tape stripping protocol, using 11 tapes of 22 mm in diameter, each applied twice for 5 s with 90° rotation, did not produce significant AEs, was completed within a median time of 7 min (range 5-15 min) and provided good cDNA yield both in HCs and atopic children. CONCLUSION Our minimally invasive method is safe and reliable, and provides reproducible acquisition of cDNA in atopic children. In addition, it enables rapid sample collection, a crucial factor in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yélamos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Pont
- Almirall R&D, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Iglesias
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Potrony
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Domínguez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Herrero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Alejo
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Mateu
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Røpke
- LeoPharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - J Malvehy
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R H Guy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - S Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Puig
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV. Moisturizing at a molecular level - The basis of Corneocare. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 45:133-154. [PMID: 36453857 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review covers the last 20 years of research we and our collaborators have conducted on ethnic differences in facial skin moisturization placed in historical context with previous research. METHODS We have focussed particularly on the biochemical and cellular gradients of the stratum corneum (SC) with the aim of discovering new skin moisturization and SC maturation mechanisms, identifying new technologies and/or providing conceptual innovations for ingredients that will improve our understanding and treatment of dry skin. Specifically, we discuss gradients for corneodesmosomes and proteases, corneocyte phenotype-inducing enzymes, filaggrin and natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and barrier lipids. These gradients are interdependent and influence greatly corneocyte maturation. RESULTS The interrelationship between corneodesmolysis and the covalent attachment of ω-hydroxy ceramides and ω-hydroxy fatty acids to the corneocyte protein envelope forming the corneocyte lipid envelope is especially relevant in our new understanding of mechanisms leading to dry skin. This process is initiated by a linoleoyl-ω-acyl ceramide transforming enzyme cascade including 12R lipoxygenase (12R-LOX), epidermal lipoxygenase-3 (eLOX3), epoxide hydrolase 3 (EPHX3), short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7), ceramidase and transglutaminase 1. CONCLUSION Our research has opened the opportunity of using novel treatment systems for dry skin based on lipids, humectants, niacinamide and inhibitors of the plasminogen system. It is clear that skin moisturization is a more complex mechanism than simple skin hydration.
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10
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Leyva-Castillo JM, Sun L, Wu SY, Rockowitz S, Sliz P, Geha R. Single-cell transcriptome profile of mouse skin undergoing antigen-driven allergic inflammation recapitulates findings in atopic dermatitis skin lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:373-384. [PMID: 35300986 PMCID: PMC9378429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic skin inflammation elicited in mice by epicutaneous (EC) sensitization with antigen shares characteristics with human atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE We characterized gene expression by single cells in mouse skin undergoing antigen-driven allergic inflammation and compared the results with findings in AD skin lesions. METHODS Mice were EC sensitized by application of ovalbumin (OVA) or saline to tape-stripped skin. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on skin cells 12 days later. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to validate results. RESULTS Sequencing identified 7 nonhematopoietic and 6 hematopoietic cell subsets in EC-sensitized mouse skin. OVA sensitization resulted in the expansion in the skin of T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells/basophils, fibroblasts, and myocytes cell clusters, and in upregulation of TH2 cytokine gene expression in CD4+ T cells and mast cells/basophils. Genes differentially expressed in OVA-sensitized skin included genes important for inflammation in dendritic cells and macrophages, collagen deposition, and leukocyte migration in fibroblasts, chemotaxis in endothelial cells and skin barrier integrity, and differentiation in KCs-findings that recapitulate those in AD skin lesions. Unexpectedly, mast cells/basophils, rather than T cells, were the major source of Il4 and ll13 in OVA-sensitized mouse skin. In addition, our results suggest novel pathways in fibroblast and endothelial cells that may contribute to allergic skin inflammation. CONCLUSION The gene expression profile of single cells in mouse skin undergoing antigen-driven shares many features with that in AD skin lesions and unveils novel pathways that may be involved in allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Corresponding authors: Juan-Manuel Leyva-Castillo, PhD. Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: 617-919-2465, Fax: 617-730-0528, Raif S. Geha, MD. Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: 617-919-2482, Fax: 617-730-0528,
| | - Liang Sun
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Shira Rockowitz
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Piotr Sliz
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Raif Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Corresponding authors: Juan-Manuel Leyva-Castillo, PhD. Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: 617-919-2465, Fax: 617-730-0528, Raif S. Geha, MD. Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Immunology, One Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Phone: 617-919-2482, Fax: 617-730-0528,
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11
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Morizane S, Sunagawa K, Nomura H, Ouchida M. Aberrant serine protease activities in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:2-7. [PMID: 35817663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease; the three major factors responsible for AD, i.e., epidermal barrier dysfunction, allergic inflammation, and itching, interact with each other to form a pathological condition. Excessive protease activities are characteristic abnormalities that affect the epidermal barrier in patients with AD. In normal skin, epidermal serine protease activities are controlled by kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and their inhibitors, including lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI). In AD lesions, KLKs are excessively expressed, which results in the enhancement of epidermal serine protease activities and facilitates the invasion by allergens and microorganisms. In addition, some KLKs can activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in epidermal keratinocytes and peripheral nerves, resulting in the induction of inflammation and itching. Furthermore, in AD patients with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) such as E420K and D386N of SPINK5 which encodes LEKTI, LEKTI function is attenuated, resulting in the activation of KLKs and easy invasion by allergens and microorganisms. Further analysis is needed to elucidate the detailed mechanism underlying the control of serine protease activities, which may lead to the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
| | - Ko Sunagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hayato Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Tsoi LC, Xing X, Xing E, Wasikowski R, Shao S, Zeng C, Plazyo O, Kirma J, Jiang Y, Billi AC, Sarkar MK, Turnier JL, Uppala R, Smith KM, Helfrich Y, Voorhees JJ, Maverakis E, Modlin RL, Kahlenberg JM, Scott VE, Gudjonsson JE. Noninvasive Tape-Stripping with High-Resolution RNA Profiling Effectively Captures a Preinflammatory State in Nonlesional Psoriatic Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1587-1596.e2. [PMID: 34808239 PMCID: PMC9117571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tape stripping is a minimally invasive, nonscarring method that can be utilized to assess gene expression in the skin but is infrequently used given technical constraints. By comparing different tape stripping technologies and full-thickness skin biopsy results of lesional and nonlesional psoriatic skin from the same patients, we demonstrate that tape stripping with optimized high-resolution transcriptomic profiling can be used to effectively assess and characterize inflammatory responses in the skin. Upon comparison with single-cell RNA-sequencing data from psoriatic full-thickness skin biopsies, we illustrate that tape-stripping efficiently captures the transcriptome of the upper layers of the epidermis with sufficient resolution to assess the molecular components of the feed-forward immune amplification pathway in psoriasis. Notably, nonlesional psoriatic skin sampled by tape stripping demonstrates activated, proinflammatory changes when compared to healthy control skin, suggesting a prepsoriatic state, which is not captured on full-thickness skin biopsy transcriptome profiling. This work illustrates an approach to assess inflammatory response in the epidermis by combining noninvasive sampling with high throughput RNA-sequencing, providing a foundation for biomarker discoveries and mechanism of action studies for inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Enze Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuai Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Olesya Plazyo
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph Kirma
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanyung Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allison C Billi
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessica L Turnier
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ranjitha Uppala
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Yolanda Helfrich
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, UC-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Divison of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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13
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Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Leprince C, Méchin MC, Simon M, Blunder S, Gruber R, Dubrac S. Revisiting the Roles of Filaggrin in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5318. [PMID: 35628125 PMCID: PMC9140947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery in 2006 that loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris and can predispose to atopic dermatitis (AD) galvanized the dermatology research community and shed new light on a skin protein that was first identified in 1981. However, although outstanding work has uncovered several key functions of filaggrin in epidermal homeostasis, a comprehensive understanding of how filaggrin deficiency contributes to AD is still incomplete, including details of the upstream factors that lead to the reduced amounts of filaggrin, regardless of genotype. In this review, we re-evaluate data focusing on the roles of filaggrin in the epidermis, as well as in AD. Filaggrin is important for alignment of keratin intermediate filaments, control of keratinocyte shape, and maintenance of epidermal texture via production of water-retaining molecules. Moreover, filaggrin deficiency leads to cellular abnormalities in keratinocytes and induces subtle epidermal barrier impairment that is sufficient enough to facilitate the ingress of certain exogenous molecules into the epidermis. However, although FLG null mutations regulate skin moisture in non-lesional AD skin, filaggrin deficiency per se does not lead to the neutralization of skin surface pH or to excessive transepidermal water loss in atopic skin. Separating facts from chaff regarding the functions of filaggrin in the epidermis is necessary for the design efficacious therapies to treat dry and atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Moosbrugger-Martinz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Corinne Leprince
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Toulouse University, CNRS UMR5051, Inserm UMR1291, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.L.); (M.-C.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Blunder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (V.M.-M.); (S.B.); (R.G.)
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Issa R, Thompson KL, Price BL. CONTROL OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL-MEDIATED ENDOGENOUS PROTEASE ACTIVITY ALTERS WOUND CLOSURE TIME IN A COMPLEX WOUND MODEL. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 105:105-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Cruz-Silva I, Nunes VA, Rydlewski M, Gozzo AJ, Praxedes-Garcia P, Ferraz Carbonel AA, Tanaka AS, Araújo MDS. Disclosing the involvement of proteases in an eczema murine animal model: Perspectives for protease inhibitor-based therapies. Biochimie 2021; 194:1-12. [PMID: 34896570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eczema is a skin condition characterized by itchy and inflammatory patches. The accumulation of neutrophils and the imbalance between enzymes and their inhibitors appears to be related to this condition. We proposed a neutrophil elastase (NE)-based eczema model in mice in order to verify histopathological features as well as the expression and activity of proteases and inhibitors. Mice skins were topically administered with human NE (0-2 pmol/cm2) for 24-168 h. It was observed thickening of epidermis, parakeratosis, spongiosis and leukocyte infiltration. Also, NE-treated skins presented high activity of epidermal kallikreins 5 and 7, and cathepsin B on synthetic substrates, and expression evaluated by RT-qPCR. The proteolytic activity was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, CA074 and Caesalpinia echinata kallikrein inhibitor (CeKI). The topic application of CeKI reversed eczema phenotype in NE-treated skins. Elafin expression was shown to be increased in NE-treated skins. These results suggest that the NE may trigger morphological and biochemical changes in skin similar to those observed in eczematous diseases. In addition to the establishment of this in vivo model, this work opens perspectives for the use of protease inhibitor-based drugs for the management of this skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Camilo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane Abreu Nunes
- Laboratory of Skin Physiology and Tissue Bioengineering, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Rydlewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Assessment of serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase 1, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 in atopic dermatitis in correlation with disease severity and epidermal barrier parameters. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2021; 38:773-779. [PMID: 34849123 PMCID: PMC8610038 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2021.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes, conditioning the integrity of skin cells, however, their role in the inflammatory process of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the direct effect on the epidermal barrier parameters remain unexplained. Aim To assess MMP-1, MMP-2, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 concentrations in blood serum in the context of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration in AD. Moreover, serum levels of MMPs and TIMP-1 were analysed in relation to the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Material and methods Forty-three AD patients and 22 control group subjects have been investigated. Serum concentrations of MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 have been evaluated with ELISA. TEWL and stratum corneum hydration have been assessed with a TM300 Tewameter and a CM825 Corneometer. Skin lesions in patients with AD have been evaluated with the Eczema Area and Severity Index. Results MMP-1 and MMP-2 serum concentrations were significantly higher in the AD group. The results of TIMP-1 serum concentration were similar for both groups. The correlation between the serum concentration and the EASI was demonstrated only for MMP-2 for patients with severe and moderate AD. Patients with AD and TIMP-1 serum concentration greater than MMP-1 presented lower TEWL and higher epidermal hydration. Conclusions The results of this study warrant further investigation. The predominance of TIMP-1 over MMP-1 in blood serum can potentially limit TEWL and maintain the proper water content of the epidermis. Future work is necessary to establish how reliable the role of MMP-2 concentration is as an indicator of the severity of AD.
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18
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Rancan F, Guo X, Rajes K, Sidiropoulou P, Zabihi F, Hoffmann L, Hadam S, Blume-Peytavi U, Rühl E, Haag R, Vogt A. Topical Delivery of Rapamycin by Means of Microenvironment-Sensitive Core-Multi-Shell Nanocarriers: Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an ex vivo Skin/T Cell Co-Culture Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7137-7151. [PMID: 34712046 PMCID: PMC8548260 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s330716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rapamycin (Rapa) is an immunosuppressive macrolide that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Thanks to its anti-proliferative effects towards different cell types, including keratinocytes and T cells, Rapa shows promise in the treatment of skin diseases characterized by cell hyperproliferation. However, Rapa skin penetration is limited due to its lipophilic nature (log P = 4.3) and high molecular weight (MW = 914 g/mol). In previous studies, new microenvironment-sensitive core multishell (CMS) nanocarriers capable of sensing the redox state of inflamed skin were developed as more efficient and selective vehicles for macrolide delivery to inflamed skin. Methods In this study, we tested such redox-sensitive CMS nanocarriers using an inflammatory skin model based on human skin explants co-cultured with Jurkat T cells. Serine protease (SP) was applied on skin surface to induce skin barrier impairment and oxidative stress, whereas phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), IL-17A, and IL-22 were used to activate Jurkat cells. Activation markers, such as CD45 and CD69, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pRP-S6), and IL-2 release were monitored in activated T cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in skin extracts and culture medium. Results We found that alteration of skin barrier proteins corneodesmosin (CDSN), occludin (Occl), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as well as oxidation-induced decrease of free thiol groups occurred upon SP-treatment. All Rapa formulations exerted inhibitory effects on T cells after penetration across ex vivo skin. No effects on skin inflammatory markers were detected. The superiority of the oxidative-sensitive CMS nanocarriers over the other formulations was observed with regard to drug delivery as well as downregulation of IL-2 release. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that nanocarriers addressing features of diseased skin are promising approaches to improve the topical delivery of macrolide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao Guo
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keerthana Rajes
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Polytimi Sidiropoulou
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Zabihi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Hoffmann
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Fölster-Holst R, Reimer R, Neumann C, Proksch E, Rodriguez E, Weidinger S, Goldust M, Hanisch E, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Freitag-Wolf S. Comparison of Epidermal Barrier Integrity in Adults with Classic Atopic Dermatitis, Atopic Prurigo and Non-Atopic Prurigo Nodularis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1008. [PMID: 34681107 PMCID: PMC8533604 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A deficient epidermal barrier is a key feature of atopic dermatitis (AD) and comprises altered lipid and protein content and composition of the stratum corneum resulting in disturbed water balance. Clinically, eczematous lesions on dry skin and pruritus develop. Pruritic nodules occur in prurigo nodularis (PN), another chronic skin disease, which can be associated with atopy. We aimed at comparing the three clinical pictures, classic AD, atopic prurigo (AP), and non-atopic PN, to healthy controls regarding the epidermal barrier. We determined clinical parameters and performed biophysical measurements, histology/immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and molecular biological analysis. We found distinctively elevated clinical scores, reduced hydration and increased transepidermal water loss, epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation reduced filaggrin and increased loricrin and involucrin expression, as well as reduced intercellular lipid lamellae in all three disease groups. These findings show a severe disruption in epidermal barrier structure and function in all three disorders so that epidermal barrier impairment is now proven not only for AD but also for PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Rahel Reimer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Claudia Neumann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Erhardt Proksch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.N.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55101 Mainz, Germany;
| | | | | | - Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Transcriptomic Profiling of Tape-Strips From Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Treated With Dupilumab. Dermatitis 2021; 32:S71-S80. [PMID: 34405829 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tape-strips are a minimally invasive approach to characterize skin biomarkers in atopic dermatitis (AD). However, they have not yet been used for tracking gene expression changes with systemic treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate gene expression changes and therapeutic response biomarkers in AD patients before and after dupilumab (interleukin 4Rα antibody) treatment using tape-strips to obtain epidermal tissue for analysis. METHODS Lesional and nonlesional tape-stripped skin was sampled from 18 AD patients before and after dupilumab treatment and from 17 healthy subjects and analyzed by RNA-seq. RESULTS At baseline, we detected 6745 and 4859 differentially expressed genes between lesional and nonlesional skin versus normal, respectively, whereas 841 and 977 genes were differentially expressed after treatment, respectively (fold change >1.5 and false discovery rate <0.05). Tape-strips captured significant modulation with dupilumab in key AD immune (eg, C-C motif chemokine ligand 13 [CCL13], CCL17, CCL18) and barrier (eg, periplakin, FA2H) biomarkers. Changes in biomarkers (CCL20, interleukin 34, FABP7) were also significantly correlated with clinical disease improvements (Eczema Area and Severity Index; R > 0.5 or R < -0.4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This real-life study represents the first comprehensive RNA-seq molecular profiling of tape-strips from moderate to severe AD patients after dupilumab therapy. Analysis of tape strip specimens detected significant gene expression changes in key AD biomarkers with dupilumab treatment, suggesting that this approach may be useful to monitor therapeutic responses in inflammatory skin diseases.
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21
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Traidl S, Werfel T, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Atopic Eczema: Pathophysiological Findings as the Beginning of a New Era of Therapeutic Options. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:101-115. [PMID: 34236520 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory disease hallmarked by intense pruritus and eczematous lesions. It depicts one of the most common skin diseases affecting a major part of children and several percentages of adults.Both pathogenesis and pathophysiology are based on complex orchestrated interactions of skin barrier defects, immunological changes, the environment, and an abundance of other contributing factors. Frequently, AE displays the starting point for other allergic diseases such as allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. Additionally, the risk of developing food allergy is increased. Furthermore, the disease is accompanied by a susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The development of new therapies received great impetus by an ample research of the pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to a new era in the treatment of severe atopic eczema due to targeted treatments, e.g. the IL-4R alpha specific monoclonal antibody dupilumab.This article provides an overview of the causative and pathophysiological characteristics, the clinical and diagnostic aspects as well as current and future therapeutical possibilities focusing allergic aspects contributing to the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany.,Outpatient Clinic for Environmental Medicine, University Clinic Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Luger T, Paller AS, Irvine AD, Sidbury R, Eichenfield LF, Werfel T, Bieber T. Topical therapy of atopic dermatitis with a focus on pimecrolimus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1505-1518. [PMID: 33834524 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing, inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired skin barrier function and immune system dysregulation that results in dryness, skin microbiome dysbiosis and intense pruritus. It is highly heterogeneous, and its management is demanding. Patients with AD are at greater risk of comorbidities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as well as other atopic diseases. Early-onset AD cases typically improve or resolve in late childhood; however, it is proposed that the prevalence of persistent or adult-onset AD is higher than previously thought. Basic therapy consists of emollient application and trigger avoidance, and when insufficient, topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the first-line treatment. However, corticophobia/steroid aversion and TCS side-effects, particularly on sensitive skin areas, lead to low compliance and insufficient disease control. Several long- and short-term randomized controlled and daily practice studies have demonstrated that topical calcineurin inhibitors, such as pimecrolimus, have similar anti-inflammatory effects to low-to-medium strength TCS, reduce pruritus and improve the quality of life of patients. In addition, pimecrolimus does not cause skin atrophy, is steroid-sparing and has a good safety profile, with no evidence for an increased risk of malignancies or skin infections. In general, pimecrolimus cream is well-accepted and well-tolerated, encouraging patient adherence and leading to its use by many physicians as a preferred therapy for children and sensitive skin areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - A S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A D Irvine
- Pediatric Dermatology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Sidbury
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L F Eichenfield
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Werfel
- Department of Dermatology, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Hughes AJ, Tawfik SS, Baruah KP, O'Toole EA, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Tape strips in dermatology research. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:26-35. [PMID: 33370449 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tape strips have been used widely in dermatology research as a minimally invasive method to sample the epidermis, avoiding the need for skin biopsies. Most research has focused on epidermal pathology, such as atopic eczema, but there is increasing research into the use of tape strips in other dermatoses, such as skin cancer, and the microbiome. This review summarizes the technique of tape stripping, and discusses which dermatoses have been studied by tape stripping and alternative minimally invasive sampling methods. We review the number of tape strips needed from each patient and the components of the epidermis that can be obtained by tape stripping. With a focus on protein and RNA extraction, we address the techniques used to process tape strips. There is no optimal protocol to extract protein, as this depends on the abundance of the protein studied, its level of expression in the epidermis and its solubility. Many variables can alter the amount of protein obtained from tape strips, which must be standardized to ensure consistency between samples. No study has compared different RNA extraction techniques, but our own experience is that RNA yield is optimized by using 20 tape strips and the use of a cell scraper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hughes
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - S S Tawfik
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - K P Baruah
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - R F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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24
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Chronic Systemic Inflammatory Skin Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 46:100799. [PMID: 33607473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic systemic skin disease and cardiovascular disease are multisystem disorders which have been associated with each other for centuries. Recent research has strengthened this association, particularly in systemic inflammatory disease. Here we explore the current literature on psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, lupus erythematosus, acanthosis nigricans, atopic dermatitis, and bullous pemphigoid. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that has been labeled as a risk-modifier for hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease by the American College of Cardiology ACC lipid guidelines. Cardiovascular disease is also found at a significantly higher rate in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and lupus erythematosus. Some associations have even been noted between cardiovascular disease and acanthosis nigricans, atopic dermatitis, and bullous pemphigoid. While many of these associations have been attributed to a shared underlying disease process such as chronic systemic inflammation and shared underlying risk factors, these dermatologic manifestations can help to identify patients at higher risk for cardiovascular disease.
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25
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Tape strips detect distinct immune and barrier profiles in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:199-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pavel AB, Renert‐Yuval Y, Wu J, Del Duca E, Diaz A, Lefferdink R, Fang MM, Canter T, Rangel SM, Zhang N, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman‐Yassky E. Tape strips from early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis highlight disease abnormalities in nonlesional skin. Allergy 2021; 76:314-325. [PMID: 32639640 DOI: 10.1111/all.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin biopsies promote our understanding of atopic dermatitis/AD pathomechanisms in infants/toddlers with early-onset AD, but are not feasible in pediatric populations. Tape strips are an emerging, minimally invasive alternative, but global transcriptomic profiling in early pediatric AD is lacking. We aimed to provide global lesional and nonlesional skin profiles of infants/toddlers with recent-onset, moderate-to-severe AD using tape strips. METHODS Sixteen tape strips were collected for RNA-seq profiling from 19 infants/toddlers (<5 years old; lesional and nonlesional) with early-onset moderate-to-severe AD (≤6 months) and 17 healthy controls. RESULTS We identified 1829 differentially expressed genes/DEGs in lesional AD and 662 DEGs in nonlesional AD, vs healthy skin (fold-change ≥2, FDR <0.05), with 100% sample recovery. Both lesional and nonlesional skin showed significant dysregulations of Th2 (CCL17 and IL4R) and Th22/Th17 (IL36G, CCL20, and S100As)-related genes, largely lacking significant Th1-skewing. Significant down-regulation of terminal differentiation (FLG and FLG2), lipid synthesis/metabolism (ELOVL3 and FA2H), and tight junction (CLDN8) genes were primarily seen in lesional AD. Significant negative correlations were identified between Th2 measures and epidermal barrier gene-subsets and individual genes (FLG with IL-4R and CCL17; r < -0.4, P < .05). Significant correlations were also identified between clinical measures (body surface area/BSA, pruritus ADQ, and transepidermal water loss/TEWL) with immune and barrier mRNAs in lesional and/or nonlesional AD (FLG/FLG2 with TEWL; r < -0.4, P < .05). CONCLUSION RNA-seq profiling using tape strips in early-onset pediatric AD captures immune and barrier alterations in both lesional and nonlesional skin. Tape strips provide insight into disease pathomechanisms and cutaneous disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Pavel
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Mississippi MS USA
| | - Yael Renert‐Yuval
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Jianni Wu
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
- College of Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn NY USA
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
- Department of Dermatology University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome Italy
| | - Aisleen Diaz
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
- Ponce Health Sciences University School of Medicine Ponce PR USA
| | - Rachel Lefferdink
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Milie M. Fang
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Talia Canter
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Ning Zhang
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - James G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | - Emma Guttman‐Yassky
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
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Gingival Crevicular Fluid Zinc- and Aspartyl-Binding Protease Profile of Individuals with Moderate/Severe Atopic Dermatitis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121600. [PMID: 33255937 PMCID: PMC7761491 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a protease-modulated chronic disorder with heterogenous clinical manifestations which may lead to an imprecise diagnosis. To date, there are no diagnostic protease tests for AD. We explored the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) protease profile of individuals with moderate/severe AD compared to healthy controls. An exploratory case-control study was conducted. AD patients (n = 23) and controls (n = 21) were enrolled at the International Center for Clinical Studies, Santiago, Chile. Complete dermatological and periodontal evaluations (involving the collection of GCF samples) were made. The levels of 35 proteases were analyzed using a human protease antibody array in matching AD patients (n = 6) and controls (n = 6) with healthy periodontium. The GCF levels of zinc-binding ADAM8, ADAM9, MMP8, Neprilysin/CD10, aspartyl-binding Cathepsin E, serin-binding Protein convertase9, and uPA/Urokinase proteases were lower in moderate/severe AD patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). No inter-group differences in the levels of the other 28 proteases were found. MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 were the biomarkers with the highest sensitivity and specificity regarding the detection of AD (p < 0.05). The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for MMP8 was 0.83 and MMP8 + ADAMP9 was 0.90, with no significant differences (p = 0.132). A combined model of MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9 was not considered since it did not converge. Then, levels of MMP8 in GCF were determined using a multiplex bead immunoassay in 23 subjects with AD and 21 healthy subjects. Lower levels of MMP8 in the GCF from the AD group versus healthy group (p = 0.029) were found. This difference remained significant after adjustment by periodontitis (p = 0.042). MMP8 revealed the diagnostic potential to identify AD patients versus healthy controls, (ROC area = 0.672, p < 0.05). In conclusion, differences in the protease profile between AD and control patients were associated with MMP8, Cathepsin E, and ADAM9. Based on the multiplex assay results, MMP8 was lower in AD patients than controls, suggesting that MMP8 may be a diagnostic biomarker candidate.
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Errante F, Menicatti M, Pallecchi M, Giovannelli L, Papini AM, Rovero P, Bartolucci G. Susceptibility of cosmeceutical peptides to proteases activity: Development of dermal stability test by LC-MS/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113775. [PMID: 33281001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several peptides are used as active ingredients in topical cosmetic formulations, few information are available on their dermal stability against proteases. In this study, it was developed a simple and reliable assay to evaluate the stability of cosmeceutical peptides in skin homogenates. The quantification of studied peptides was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in tandem mass spectrometry mode (LC-MS/MS) and the conditions were tuned through energy resolved MS/MS (ERMS) experiments. The sample preparation procedure was carried out on rat skin homogenates by employing pal-KTTKS (reference peptide and the parameters that may affect the assay results were evaluated, including substrate concentration, dilution of skin homogenate, protein concentration and batch-to-batch variation of the homogenate. The optimized conditions were applied to check the degradation profile of pal-KTTKS in human skin samples and the obtained results were compared. Finally, the degradation profiles of SA1-III and pamSA1-III, recently described as cosmeceutical peptides, in human skin homogenate were evaluated. The results showed that proposed peptides are stable toward proteases for up to 8 h of incubation. Thanks to this characteristic, these peptides can be considered very interesting candidates as active ingredients for creams intended for a daily application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fosca Errante
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy; Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy; Espikem s.r.l., Prato, Italy.
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy; Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurofarba (Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health), University of Florence, Italy.
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The Whey Acidic Protein WFDC12 Is Specifically Expressed in Terminally Differentiated Keratinocytes and Regulates Epidermal Serine Protease Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1198-1206.e13. [PMID: 33157095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WFDC proteins such as peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI inhibit proteases in the epidermis and other tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that further WFDC protein family members might contribute to epidermal homeostasis. We found that in addition to peptidase inhibitor 3 and SLPI, WFDC5 and WFDC12 were expressed in human epidermis. In contrast to WFDC5, the expression of WFDC12 was induced during the late differentiation of keratinocytes and was restricted to the outermost layer of live cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that WFDC12-positive keratinocytes were characterized by the upregulation of LCE mRNA expression and downregulated the expression of keratins and claudins. Immunogold-electron microscopy revealed the colocalization of WFDC12 with corneodesmosomes in the lower stratum corneum. WFDC12 was elevated in the affected skin of patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Darier disease. By contrast, WFDC12 expression was strongly upregulated not only in the affected but even more so in clinically normal-appearing skin of patients with Netherton syndrome. Finally, functional analysis showed distinct inhibitory activity of WFDC12 on neutrophil elastase and epidermal kallikrein‒related peptidase. Altogether, our study identified WFDC12 as a marker of the last stage of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and suggests that WFDC12 contributes to the control of protease activity in the stratum corneum.
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30
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Di Paolo CT, Filippou PS, Yu Y, Poda G, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Screening of chemical libraries in pursuit of kallikrein-5 specific inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1737-1743. [PMID: 31129650 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Aberrant kallikrein activity is observed in a number of inflammatory dermatoses. Up-regulation of kallikrein-5 (KLK5) activity leads to uncontrolled skin desquamation and cleavage of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), causing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disruption of epidermal barrier function. This study aimed to identify KLK5-specific small molecule inhibitors which can serve as the foundation of a novel therapeutic for inflammatory skin disorders. Methods Five chemical libraries (13,569 compounds total) were screened against recombinant KLK5 using a fluorogenic enzymatic assay. Secondary validation was performed on the top 22 primary hits. All hits were docked in the KLK5 crystal structure to rationalize their potential interactions with the protein. Results A naturally occurring compound derived from the wood of Caesalpinia sappan (Brazilin) was identified as a novel KLK5 inhibitor (IC50: 20 μM, Ki: 6.4 μM). Docking suggests that the phenolic moiety of Brazilin binds in the S1-pocket of KLK5 and forms a H-bond with S195 side chain. KLK14 was also found to be susceptible to inhibition by Brazilin with a calculated IC50 value of 14.6 μM. Conclusions Natural KLK5 small molecule inhibitors such as Brazilin, are ideal for topical skin disease drug design and remain a promising therapeutic for severe cases of inflammatory skin disorders. Optimized KLK inhibitors may have increased efficacy as therapeutics and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota S Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gennadiy Poda
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Head of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, 60 Murray St., Box 32, Floor 6, Rm L6-201, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Room 6-201 [Box 32], Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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Frombach J, Rancan F, Kübrich K, Schumacher F, Unbehauen M, Blume-Peytavi U, Haag R, Kleuser B, Sabat R, Wolk K, Vogt A. Serine Protease-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation: Characterization of an Ex Vivo Skin Model for the Assessment of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core Multishell-Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090862. [PMID: 32927792 PMCID: PMC7558872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard experimental set-ups for the assessment of skin penetration are typically performed on skin explants with an intact skin barrier or after a partial mechanical or chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum, but they do not take into account biochemical changes. Among the various pathological alterations in inflamed skin, aberrant serine protease (SP) activity directly affects the biochemical environment in the superficial compartments, which interact with topically applied formulations. It further impacts the skin barrier structure and is a key regulator of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we used short-term cultures of ex vivo human skin treated with trypsin and plasmin as inflammatory stimuli to assess the penetration and biological effects of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DXM), encapsulated in core multishell-nanocarriers (CMS-NC), when compared to a standard cream formulation. Despite a high interindividual variability, the combined pretreatment of the skin resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase of the transepidermal water loss and swelling of the epidermis, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, as well as in a moderate increase of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory mediators of clinical relevance. The topical application of DXM-loaded CMS-NC or DXM standard cream revealed an increased penetration into SP-treated skin when compared to untreated control skin with an intact barrier. Both formulations, however, delivered sufficient amounts of DXM to effectively suppress the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). In conclusion, we suggest that the herein presented ex vivo inflammatory skin model is functional and could improve the selection of promising drug delivery strategies for anti-inflammatory compounds at early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Katharina Kübrich
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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Di Paolo CT, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. The role of kallikreins in inflammatory skin disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:1-16. [PMID: 32568598 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1775171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a vital organ of the human body, serving numerous protective and functional roles that are essential for survival. Residing in the epidermis are various epidermal proteases responsible for the establishment and regulation of barrier function. The human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family conserves homeostasis of the skin barrier through their roles in desquamation, antimicrobial defense, innate immune response, and barrier maintenance. The activity of kallikreins is tightly regulated and dysregulation of kallikrein activity is seen to contribute to the formation of several inflammatory skin disorders. This review highlights the roles of kallikreins in skin homeostasis and pathologies. Due to their part in these skin disorders, inhibitors of the skin kallikreins have become attractive therapeutics. Over the past few years, both natural and synthetic inhibitors of several kallikreins have been identified and are undergoing further development as treatments to restore compromised barrier function. This review summarizes the kallikrein inhibitors under development for this purpose. These inhibitors remain promising therapeutics in cases of severe skin inflammation not well managed by current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Rawlings A. Microbes: Fighting for space on a fragile interface. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:310-312. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Rawlings
- Director AVR Consulting Limited 26 Shavington Way Northwich Cheshire CW98FHUnited Kingdom
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Events in Normal Skin Promote Early-Life Atopic Dermatitis-The MPAACH Cohort. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2285-2293.e6. [PMID: 32302785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonlesional skin in atopic dermatitis (AD) is abnormal, but the pathobiology of lesional and nonlesional skin and the definition of endotypes are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To define lesional and nonlesional endotypes of AD by building the first US-based early-life prospective cohort of children with AD, the Mechanisms of Progression from AD to Asthma in Children cohort. METHODS We assessed lesional and nonlesional skin transepidermal water loss, filaggrin (FLG) and alarmin (S100A8, S100A9) expression, staphylococcal colonization, and patterns of aeroallergen and food sensitization to define nonlesional and lesional phenotypes and endotypes. RESULTS Pathophysiologic changes were present in lesional and nonlesional skin and were associated with SCORing for Atopic Dermatitis. Nonlesional skin had features characteristic of diseased skin including low FLG and high alarmin expression, and increased colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. In a multivariate model, nonlesional, but not lesional, FLG expression was associated with the development of cosensitization and moderate to severe AD. Lesional skin was characterized by further deficits in FLG expression (P < .001), but alarmin expression was the same as observed in nonlesional skin. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that events in the nonlesional, not the lesional, skin promote the subsequent development of AD severity and cosensitization, which is a key risk factor for allergic comorbidities. Collectively, these data suggest the presence of a subclinical eczema endotype that may predispose to the development of allergic disease in the absence of overt eczema. This may represent a new definition of the atopic march that starts with skin barrier dysfunction rather than eczema.
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Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5551-5565. [PMID: 32217811 PMCID: PMC7138575 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronologically-aged skin displays multiple functional changes in both the dermis and the epidermis. It appears that epidermal dysfunction, compromised permeability homeostasis, reduced stratum corneum hydration and elevated skin surface pH predispose to the development of aging-associated cutaneous and extracutaneous disorders. Improvements in epidermal function have been shown to be an effective alternative therapy in the prevention and treatment of some aging-associated cutaneous disorders, including eczematous dermatitis, pruritus, and xerosis. Recent studies demonstrated that epidermal dysfunction leads to the development of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation, termed ‘inflammaging,’ which is linked to the development of aging-associated systemic disorders. Thus, correction of epidermal dysfunction could comprise a novel strategy in the prevention and treatment of aging-associated systemic disorders as well. In this review, we summarize aging-associated alterations in epidermal function, their underlying mechanisms, and their clinical significance. Regimens to improve epidermal function in the elderly are also discussed.
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Nomura H, Suganuma M, Takeichi T, Kono M, Isokane Y, Sunagawa K, Kobashi M, Sugihara S, Kajita A, Miyake T, Hirai Y, Yamasaki O, Akiyama M, Morizane S. Multifaceted Analyses of Epidermal Serine Protease Activity in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030913. [PMID: 32019242 PMCID: PMC7038095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine proteases kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) 5 and KLK7 cleave cell adhesion molecules in the epidermis. Aberrant epidermal serine protease activity is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). We collected the stratum corneum (SC) from healthy individuals (n = 46) and AD patients (n = 63) by tape stripping and then measuring the trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like serine protease activity. We also analyzed the p.D386N and p.E420K of SPINK5 variants and loss-of-function mutations of FLG in the AD patients. The serine protease activity in the SC was increased not only in AD lesions but also in non-lesions of AD patients. We found, generally, that there was a positive correlation between the serine protease activity in the SC and the total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) levels, and peripheral blood eosinophil counts. Moreover, the p.D386N or p.E420K in SPINK5 and FLG mutations were not significantly associated with the SC’s serine protease activity. Epidermal serine protease activity was increased even in non-lesions of AD patients. Such activity was found to correlate with a number of biomarkers of AD. Further investigations of serine proteases might provide new treatments and prophylaxis for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Suganuma
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kono
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita-shi, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuki Isokane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ko Sunagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mina Kobashi
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoru Sugihara
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ai Kajita
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoko Miyake
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7282
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Lin T, Man M, Abuabara K, Wakefield JS, Sheu H, Tsai J, Lee C, Elias PM. By protecting against cutaneous inflammation, epidermal pigmentation provided an additional advantage for ancestral humans. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1960-1970. [PMID: 31700538 PMCID: PMC6824065 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation evolved in ancestral humans to protect against toxic, ultraviolet B irradiation, but the question remains: "what is being protected?" Because humans with dark pigmentation display a suite of superior epidermal functions in comparison with their more lightly pigmented counterparts, we hypothesized and provided evidence that dark pigmentation evolved in Africa to support cutaneous function. Because our prior clinical studies also showed that a restoration of a competent barrier dampens cutaneous inflammation, we hypothesized that resistance to inflammation could have provided pigmented hominins with yet another, important evolutionary benefit. We addressed this issue here in two closely related strains of hairless mice, endowed with either moderate (Skh2/J) or absent (Skh1) pigmentation. In these models, we showed that (a) pigmented mice display a markedly reduced propensity to develop inflammation after challenges with either a topical irritant or allergen in comparison with their nonpigmented counterparts; (b) visible and histologic evidence of inflammation was paralleled by reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1α and INFα); (c) because depigmentation of Skh2/J mouse skin enhanced both visible inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels after comparable pro-inflammatory challenges, the reduced propensity to develop inflammation was directly linked to the presence of pigmentation; and (d) furthermore, in accordance with our prior work showing that pigment production endows benefits by reducing the surface pH of skin, acidification of albino (Skh1) mouse skin also protected against inflammation, and equalized cytokine levels to those found in pigmented skin. In summary, pigmentation yields a reduced propensity to develop inflammation, consistent with our hypothesis that dark pigmentation evolved in ancestral humans to provide a suite of barrier-linked benefits that now include resistance to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu‐Kai Lin
- Department of DermatologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationHualienTaiwan
- School of MedicineTzu Chi UniversityHualienTaiwan
| | - Mao‐Qiang Man
- Department of DermatologyVA Med Ctr/UCSFSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Katrina Abuabara
- Program for Clinical ResearchDepartment of DermatologyUC San Francisco School of MedicineSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | - Hamm‐ming Sheu
- Department of DermatologyNational Cheng Kung University College of MedicineTainanTaiwan
| | - Jui‐chen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmaceutical SciencesCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hung Lee
- Department of DermatologyKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of MedicineKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of DermatologyVA Med Ctr/UCSFSan FranciscoCalifornia
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Steinmetzer T, Pilgram O, Wenzel BM, Wiedemeyer SJA. Fibrinolysis Inhibitors: Potential Drugs for the Treatment and Prevention of Bleeding. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1445-1472. [PMID: 31658420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperfibrinolytic situations can lead to life-threatening bleeding, especially during cardiac surgery. The approved antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid, ε-aminocaproic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, and aprotinin were developed in the 1960s without the structural insight of their respective targets. Crystal structures of the main antifibrinolytic targets, the lysine binding sites on plasminogen's kringle domains, and plasmin's serine protease domain greatly contributed to the structure-based drug design of novel inhibitor classes. Two series of ligands targeting the lysine binding sites have been recently described, which are more potent than the most-widely used antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid. Furthermore, four types of promising active site inhibitors of plasmin have been developed: tranexamic acid conjugates targeting the S1 pocket and primed sites, substrate-analogue linear homopiperidylalanine-containing 4-amidinobenzylamide derivatives, macrocyclic inhibitors addressing nonprimed binding regions, and bicyclic 14-mer SFTI-1 analogues blocking both, primed and nonprimed binding sites of plasmin. Furthermore, several allosteric plasmin inhibitors based on heparin mimetics have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Steinmetzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Simon J A Wiedemeyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Philipps University Marburg , Marbacher Weg 6 , D-35032 Marburg , Germany
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Voegeli R, Rawlings AV, Haftek M. Expression and ultrastructural localization of plasmin(ogen) in the terminally differentiated layers of normal human epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:624-628. [PMID: 31604367 PMCID: PMC6899821 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective Plasmin, a relatively unspecific trypsin‐like serine protease, is involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, particularly in dermatoses with barrier impairment. It is secreted as the inactive zymogen plasminogen and is activated to plasmin by plasminogen activators, such as urokinase. There still exists a paucity of data on the precise localization of epidermal plasmin(ogen) within the epidermis and the stratum corneum. The aim of the present study was to get information about its origin and ultrastructural localization within normal human epidermis. Method We performed immunoelectron transmission electron microscopy immunogold labelling in normal abdominal human skin. Result Plasmin was only observed in the terminally differentiated cell layers of the epidermis and was largely associated with the corneocyte envelopes and to some extent with the intercellular lipid matrix in the stratum corneum. Conclusion Our results indicate that in normal human skin, plasmin(ogen) is synthesized by differentiated epidermal keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum and is not serum‐born.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - M Haftek
- CNRS, UMR5305 LBTI, Lyon, France
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Kraft MT, Prince BT. Atopic Dermatitis Is a Barrier Issue, Not an Allergy Issue. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:507-519. [PMID: 31563185 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that typically manifests in childhood and improves with age. Studies have demonstrated that the presence of AD increases the risk of developing food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma later in life. Although children with AD are more likely to produce allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, there is conflicting evidence that allergen avoidance improves disease severity. Furthermore, food-elimination diets in patients with AD may increase the risk of developing immediate, life-threatening reactions to the removed food. The most effective treatments of AD aim to repair and protect the skin barrier and decrease inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T Kraft
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin T Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Berekméri A, Tiganescu A, Alase AA, Vital E, Stacey M, Wittmann M. Non-invasive Approaches for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune/Autoinflammatory Skin Diseases-A Focus on Psoriasis and Lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1931. [PMID: 31497014 PMCID: PMC6712514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional diagnostic gold standard for inflammatory skin lesions of unclear etiology is dermato-histopathology. As this approach requires an invasive skin biopsy, biopsy processing and analysis by specialized histologists, it is a resource intensive approach requiring trained healthcare professionals. In many health care settings access to this diagnostic approach can be difficult and outside emergency cases will usually take several weeks. This scenario leads to delayed or inappropriate treatment given to patients. With dramatically increased sensitivity of a range of analysis systems including mass spectrometry, high sensitivity, multiplex ELISA based systems and PCR approaches we are now able to "measure" samples with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy. Other important developments include the long-term monitoring of parameters using microneedle approaches and the improvement in imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography. In this review we will focus on recent achievements regarding measurements from non-invasive sampling, in particular from plucked hair and skin tape-strips which seem well suited for the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus and psoriatic inflammation, respectively. While these approaches will not replace clinical observation-they can contribute to improved subgroup diagnosis, stratified therapeutic approaches and have great potential for providing molecular and mechanistic insight in to inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berekméri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Tiganescu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adewonuola A. Alase
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Vital
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases and is also one of the most frequent reasons to consult a dermatologist. Over the past few years there has been a rapidly growing understanding of the cellular, molecular and immunological relationships as well as genetic variations, which leads to a better comprehension of the disease. Consequently, there are innovative targeted therapies in clinical studies or already approved for therapy. To make reasonable use of the new targeted therapies a good understanding of the pathogenesis is very important. In the future, stratification of patients with AD and the resulting personalized therapies will gain in importance. This review depicts the up to date state of knowledge on the complex pathogenesis of AD.
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Microbiome of the Skin and Gut in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): Understanding the Pathophysiology and Finding Novel Management Strategies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040444. [PMID: 30987008 PMCID: PMC6518061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a long-standing inflammatory skin disease that is highly prevalent worldwide. Multiple factors contribute to AD, with genetics as well as the environment affecting disease development. Although AD shows signs of skin barrier defect and immunological deviation, the mechanism underlying AD is not well understood, and AD treatment is often very difficult. There is substantial data that AD patients have a disturbed microbial composition and lack microbial diversity in their skin and gut compared to controls, which contributes to disease onset and atopic march. It is not clear whether microbial change in AD is an outcome of barrier defect or the cause of barrier dysfunction and inflammation. However, a cross-talk between commensals and the immune system is now noticed, and their alteration is believed to affect the maturation of innate and adaptive immunity during early life. The novel concept of modifying skin and gut microbiome by applying moisturizers that contain nonpathogenic biomass or probiotic supplementation during early years may be a preventive and therapeutic option in high risk groups, but currently lacks evidence. This review discusses the nature of the skin and gut flora in AD, possible mechanisms of skin-gut interaction, and the therapeutic implications of microbiome correction in AD.
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Min SK, Lee HC, Song H, Shin HS. Multifunctional chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for spatiotemporally controlled codelivery of ceramide and C-phycocyanin to treat atopic dermatitis. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911519827973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory disease associated with defective skin barrier. The co-administration of a lipid-enhancing skin barrier composed of ceramide with an anti-inflammatory agent is required to effectively treat atopic dermatitis. As atopic dermatitis treatment is affected by the dosage and frequency of medication, the development of nanoparticles that have long-term efficacy with a single dose would be advantageous. In this study, skin-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles codelivering ceramide and C-phycocyanin were developed to provide anti-inflammatory effects with no cytotoxicity, and their effect on stratum corneum formation in a rat atopic dermatitis model was examined. Analysis of the messenger RNA expression of keratinization factors demonstrated that the stratum corneum–formation effect of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles containing ceramide was similar to or higher than that of ceramide alone. Compared to the nanoparticles without C-phycocyanin, nanoparticles coated with C-phycocyanin and chitosan attenuated histamine release. In addition, despite frequent washing, the nanoparticles were well fixed to the epidermis after their administration. The results suggest that a single treatment with the combination of lipid therapy/anti-inflammatory nanoparticles is a convenient and high-efficiency means to increase stratum corneum formation in atopic dermatitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ki Min
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hoo Cheol Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyeongi Song
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Activation of protease-activated receptor 2 leads to impairment of keratinocyte tight junction integrity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:281-284.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Structure-based drug design to overcome species differences in kallikrein 7 inhibition of 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepan-7-ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3639-3653. [PMID: 29884582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepan-7-ones were prepared as kallikrein 7 (KLK7, stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme) inhibitors. Previously reported compounds 1-3 were potent human KLK7 inhibitors; however, they did not exhibit inhibitory activity against mouse KLK7. Comparison of the human and mouse KLK7 structures reveals the cause of this species differences; therefore, compounds that could inhibit both KLK7s were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Through this structure-based drug design, compound 22g was identified as an inhibitor against human and mouse KLK7, and only one of the enantiomers, (-)-22g, exhibited potent inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the crystal structure of mouse KLK7 complexed with 22g enabled the elucidation of structure-activity relationships and justified 22g as a valuable compound to overcome the species differences.
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Frombach J, Lohan SB, Lemm D, Gruner P, Hasler J, Ahlberg S, Blume-Peytavi U, Unbehauen M, Haag R, Meinke MC, Vogt A. Protease-mediated Inflammation: An In Vitro Human Keratinocyte-based Screening Tool for Anti-inflammatory Drug Nanocarrier Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Refined encapsulation approaches in dermatotherapy gain increased interest. There is need of reproducible in vitro systems representing disease features to screen drug delivery systems for preclinical assessment. Inflammatory human skin diseases are commonly accompanied by abnormal epidermal differentiation and barrier impairment. Serine proteases (SPs) and their inhibitors play a critical role in such dysfunctional differentiation. SPs also initiate cellular pathways via activation of protease-activated receptors, which contribute to inflammation. Thus, function and activity of SPs should be considered for the design of new therapies of such disorders.
Objectives:
Herein, we established a novel simplified cell culture model, based on SP-mediated inflammation suitable to assess nanocarriers loaded with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Methods:
SP-mediated inflammation and the regulatory effect of free or encapsulated dexamethasone were determined by measuring interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in culture medium of HaCaT (human adult low calcium temperature)-keratinocytes. Additionally, radical formation was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cellular uptake of core-multishell nanocarriers was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity of all additives was determined by a viability assay.
Results:
SP-Stimulation of keratinocytes resulted in increased radical production and release of inflammatory cytokines without affecting cell viability. Induced inflammation was successfully downregulated by addition of free or encapsulated dexamethasone.
Conclusion:
SP-addition can be used as inflammatory stimulus in cell culture to mimic effects of aberrant enzymatic activities found in skin of atopic dermatitis patients. The set-up is appropriate as a preliminary test to examine the effectiveness of new molecules or delivery-systems to counteract serine protease-mediated inflammatory processes prior to skin studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Silke B. Lohan
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Davina Lemm
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Paul Gruner
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Julia Hasler
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahlberg
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Freie Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universität Berlin , Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martina C. Meinke
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science , Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy , Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 , Berlin , Germany , Phone: +4930450518207, 10117
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Murafuji H, Sakai H, Goto M, Oyama Y, Imajo S, Sugawara H, Tomoo T, Muto T. Structure-based drug design of 1,3,6-trisubstituted 1,4-diazepan-7-ones as selective human kallikrein 7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1371-1375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Lee SH, Moon JH, Ban DH, Byun JW, Shin J, Choi GS. Can the Cytokine Analysis of the Scales on Alopecic Patch Predict the Response to Diphenylcyclopropenone Treatment in Alopecia Areata Patients? Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:150-157. [PMID: 29606811 PMCID: PMC5839885 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contact immune modulating therapy with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) is a topical treatment option for extensive alopecia areata (AA). Because the response to DPCP treatment varies according to the patient, and it takes several months to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the treatment, it is necessary to identify the factors that can predict the prognosis of the disease while treating with topical DPCP. Objective In this study, cytokine levels in the scales of alopecic patches were investigated to identify whether they could predict response to DPCP during the early treatment period. Methods Scale samples were taken from the alopecic patches in eight AA patients at 1 week, 2 months, and 4 months after DPCP sensitization. The patients were divided into responders and non-responders according to the clinical responses of DPCP treatment. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and IL-10 levels of the subjects were compared in several perspectives. Results Cytokine levels after 1 week of DPCP sensitization showed no statistically significant difference between two groups. After 4 months of treatment, IFN-gamma levels were significantly lower in responders than in non-responders. Conclusion The results of this study show IFN-gamma levels in the scales of alopecic patches might possibly reflect the clinical response in AA patients treated with DPCP. However, initial cytokine levels could not predict the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyub Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Pohang Hospital, Pohang, Korea
| | | | - Ji Won Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gwang Seong Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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