1
|
De Donato DP, Effner R, Nordengrün M, Lechner A, Darisipudi MN, Volz T, Hagl B, Bröker BM, Renner ED. Staphylococcus aureus Serine protease-like protein A (SplA) induces IL-8 by keratinocytes and synergizes with IL-17A. Cytokine 2024; 180:156634. [PMID: 38810500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease-like (Spl) proteins produced by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus have been associated with allergic inflammation. However, effects of Spls on the epidermal immune response have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES To assess the epidermal immune response to SplA, SplD and SplE dependent on differentiation of keratinocytes and a Th2 or Th17 cytokine milieu. METHODS Human keratinocytes of healthy controls and a STAT3-hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES) patient were cultured in different calcium concentrations in the presence of Spls and Th2 or Th17 cytokines. Keratinocyte-specific IL-8 production and concomitant migration of neutrophils were assessed. RESULTS SplE and more significantly SplA, induced IL-8 in keratinocytes. Suprabasal-like keratinocytes showed a higher Spl-mediated IL-8 production and neutrophil migration compared to basal-like keratinocytes. Th17 cytokines amplified Spl-mediated IL-8 production, which correlated with neutrophil recruitment. Neutrophil recruitment by keratinocytes of the STAT3-HIES patient was similar to healthy control cells. CONCLUSION S. aureus-specific Spl proteases synergized with IL-17A on human keratinocytes with respect to IL-8 release and neutrophil migration, highlighting the importance of keratinocytes and Th17 immunity in barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P De Donato
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - R Effner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Nordengrün
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Lechner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - M N Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Hagl
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - B M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - E D Renner
- Translational Immunology in Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Translational Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakamizo S, Yan X, Kabashima K. Enhancement of skin barrier function and augmentation of epidermal cell-cell interactions by galactomyces ferment filtrate. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 115:94-97. [PMID: 39013659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakamizo
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Xianghong Yan
- Science Communications, Procter & Gamble (P&G) Innovation Godo Kaisha, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gavrilita E, Silion SI, Bitca ML, Tatu AL. Insights into Intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis: immunogenicity, Dysbiosis, and Imaging (Reflectance Confocal Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography). Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1377-1386. [PMID: 38881699 PMCID: PMC11179656 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s459096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent inflammatory condition that usually begins during early childhood, but it increasingly starts to debut, even in the elderly. Based on immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and clinical features, two subsets of this disease have been recognized: intrinsic and extrinsic. When speaking about AD, most specialists think about filaggrin (FLG) mutations resulting in epidermal barrier defects, which is the case in most atopic patients, but some have a normal barrier, as seen by imaging, and still have specific clinical lesions along with metal allergies. Specific molecules (IL-10, IFN-γ, and HBD-3) have been shown to greatly impact the interactions between internal and external factors in this peculiar form of AD. A less-known protein, suprabasin, has been highlighted as a promising explanation for nickel anomalies in intrinsic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gavrilita
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galați, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research MIC-DIR, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Simona Ioana Silion
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galați, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research MIC-DIR, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Miruna Lorelei Bitca
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galați, Romania
| | - Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galați, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research MIC-DIR, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wasserer S, Jargosch M, Mayer KE, Eigemann J, Raunegger T, Aydin G, Eyerich S, Biedermann T, Eyerich K, Lauffer F. Characterization of High and Low IFNG-Expressing Subgroups in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6158. [PMID: 38892346 PMCID: PMC11173096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, with an increasing number of targeted therapies available. While biologics to treat AD exclusively target the key cytokines of type 2 immunity, Janus kinase inhibitors target a broad variety of cytokines, including IFN-γ. To better stratify patients for optimal treatment outcomes, the identification and characterization of subgroups, especially with regard to their IFNG expression, is of great relevance, as the role of IFNG in AD has not yet been fully clarified. This study aims to define AD subgroups based on their lesional IFNG expression and to characterize them based on their gene expression, T cell secretome and clinical attributes. RNA from the lesional and non-lesional biopsies of 48 AD patients was analyzed by RNA sequencing. Based on IFNG gene expression and the release of IFN-γ by lesional T cells, this cohort was categorized into three IFNG groups (high, medium, and low) using unsupervised clustering. The low IFNG group showed features of extrinsic AD with a higher prevalence of atopic comorbidities and impaired epidermal lipid synthesis. In contrast, patients in the high IFNG group had a higher average age and an activation of additional pro-inflammatory pathways. On the cellular level, higher amounts of M1 macrophages and natural killer cell signaling were detected in the high IFNG group compared to the low IFNG group by a deconvolution algorithm. However, both groups shared a common dupilumab response gene signature, indicating that type 2 immunity is the dominant immune shift in both subgroups. In summary, high and low IFNG subgroups correspond to intrinsic and extrinsic AD classifications and might be considered in the future for evaluating therapeutic efficacy or non-responders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Wasserer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| | - Manja Jargosch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristine E. Mayer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| | - Jessica Eigemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Raunegger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| | - Görkem Aydin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Lauffer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; (S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suzuki T, Kondo S, Ogura Y, Otsuka M, Tokura Y. How Do Classical Subtypes Correspond to Endotypes in Atopic Dermatitis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:265. [PMID: 38203432 PMCID: PMC10779290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Since atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous condition, the subtyping of AD is a crucial issue. The classical subtypes of AD are represented by extrinsic and intrinsic subtypes, European-American and Asian subtypes, and adult and pediatric subtypes. While the subtyping of AD was historically conducted based on the phenotype, recent findings on the mechanisms of AD have revealed the importance of the endotype, which can characterize individual patients more accurately. Considering the current development of AD therapies, AD endotyping is a prerequisite for a personalized therapeutic choice. Endotypes of AD can be stratified from different viewpoints, including cytokine expression patterns, allergen properties, epidermal barrier conditions, ceramide variation, the involvement of innate immunity, and serum biomarkers. Among them, the cytokine-based endotype seems to be the most useful one and is categorized into type 2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-13 and IL-31)-high, type 1 cytokine (IFN-γ)-high, and/or type 3 cytokine (IL-22 and IL-17)-high, or mixed subtypes. Recently proposed biomarker endotyping aims at individualized treatment options, although the daily clinical use of endotypes is a future issue. To better understand the endotypes for clinicians, attempts to adjust each of the classical subtypes to endotypes are required. This review will discuss the correspondence of the classical subtypes to the various endotypes that have recently been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology & Skin Oncology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.K.); (Y.O.); (M.O.)
| | - Shumpei Kondo
- Department of Dermatology & Skin Oncology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.K.); (Y.O.); (M.O.)
| | - Yasuaki Ogura
- Department of Dermatology & Skin Oncology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.K.); (Y.O.); (M.O.)
| | - Masaki Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology & Skin Oncology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.K.); (Y.O.); (M.O.)
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology & Skin Oncology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan; (T.S.); (S.K.); (Y.O.); (M.O.)
- Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa 436-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zuo Y, Wan R, Jiang P, Chen X, Li L, Hua W. Cowhage-induced itch scores and the current perception threshold in assessing sensitive skin: An observational laboratory study. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13387. [PMID: 37357643 PMCID: PMC10242191 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of sensitive skin remains nonuniform, and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Previous studies were inconsistent in the current perception threshold (CPT) measurement for sensitive skin; thus, the neural sensitivity of sensitive skin needs to be clarified. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the CPT measurement and the cowhage test for sensitive skin and to investigate the correlation between CPT values and cowhage-itch scores. METHODS Participants with and without sensitive skin (n = 30, 30) were included. The cowhage test and CPT measurement with its related sensations were performed. RESULTS No difference was found in CPT between the sensitive and nonsensitive groups at either the site of the face or the forearm (5, 250, or 2000 Hz). Once the CPT was reached, sensations (itch, stinging, and throbbing) were significantly different between the two groups. Cowhage provoked more intense itch with a longer duration in the face (visual analog scale [VAS] score 1.90 ± 1.47 vs. 0.52 ± 0.90, p < 0.001; duration 3.80 ± 3.31 vs. 0.87 ± 1.43 min, p < 0.001) and forearm (VAS 2.53 ± 2.60 vs. 0.72 ± 1.06, p < 0.001; duration 3.37 ± 3.46 vs. 1.33 ± 2.14 min, p < 0.01) of the sensitive group compared with the nonsensitive group. Cowhage-induced itch and CPT-related itch (5 Hz) showed moderate correlations in both the face (r = 0.441, p < 0.001) and forearm (r = 0.491 p < 0.001) and weak correlations in the forearm (r = 0.323 at 250 Hz, p = 0.012; r = 0.376 at 2000 Hz, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Cowhage test showed better performance in assessing the neural sensitivity of sensitive skin in comparison with the CPT measurement. Evaluation of CPT-related sensations may add valuable information to sensitive skin assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zuo
- Department of DermatovenereologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ruoyu Wan
- Department of DermatovenereologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiology of West China HospitalChina Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC)Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Department of DermatovenereologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of DermatovenereologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Cosmetic Safety and Efficacy Evaluation CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of DermatovenereologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Cosmetic Safety and Efficacy Evaluation CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Makowska K, Nowaczyk J, Blicharz L, Waśkiel-Burnat A, Czuwara J, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Immunopathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis: Focus on Interleukins as Disease Drivers and Therapeutic Targets for Novel Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010781. [PMID: 36614224 PMCID: PMC9820829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory skin disorder manifesting by eczematous lesions and intense pruritus. Atopic dermatitis develops primarily as a result of an epidermal barrier defect and immunological imbalance. Advances in understanding these pathogenetic hallmarks, and particularly the complex role of interleukins as atopic dermatitis drivers, resulted in achieving significant therapeutic breakthroughs. Novel medications involve monoclonal antibodies specifically blocking the function of selected interleukins and small molecules such as Janus kinase inhibitors limiting downstream signaling to reduce the expression of a wider array of proinflammatory factors. Nevertheless, a subset of patients remains refractory to those treatments, highlighting the complexity of atopic dermatitis immunopathogenesis in different populations. In this review, we address the immunological heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis endotypes and phenotypes and present novel interleukin-oriented therapies for this disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu L, Song G, Song Z. Intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis and Extrinsic Atopic Dermatitis: Similarities and Differences. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s391360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors X (MRGPRX): Orphan GPCRs with potential as targets for future drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Tokura Y, Hayano S. Subtypes of atopic dermatitis: From phenotype to endotype. Allergol Int 2022; 71:14-24. [PMID: 34344611 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogenous disorder and can be classified into different types. Stratification of subtypes may enable personalized medicine approaches. AD can be categorized into the IgE-high, extrinsic subtype and the IgE-normal, intrinsic subtype. While extrinsic AD is the major subtype possessing skin barrier impairment (high incidence of filaggrin mutations), intrinsic AD occupies about 20% of AD with female dominance and preserved barrier. Extrinsic AD exhibits protein allergy and food allergy, but intrinsic AD shows metal allergy possibly in association with suprabasin deficiency. In particular, accumulated knowledge of food allergy has more clearly characterized extrinsic AD. European American (EA) and Asian AD subtypes have been also proposed. Asian patients with AD are characterized by a unique blended immune dysregulation and barrier feature phenotype between EA patients with AD and those with psoriasis. In another ethnic study, filaggrin loss-of-function mutations are not prevalent in African American patients with AD, and Th1/Th17 attenuation and Th2/Th22 skewing were seen in these patients. Recent endotype classification provides new insights for AD and other allergic disorders. Endotype is defined as the molecular mechanisms underlying the visible features/phenotype. Endotype repertoire harbors activation of type 2 cytokines, type 1 cytokines, and IL-17/IL-22, impairment of epidermal barrier, and abnormalities of intercellular lipids. Classification of endotype has been attempted with serum markers. These lines of evidence indicate a need for personalized or precision medicine appropriate for each subtype of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hayano
- Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matsuoka M, Okoshi K, Ito S, Kume T, Seki T, Nishizaka T, Okada J, Nagasawa A, Iijima M, Abe M, Nemoto O. Efficacy of Heparinoid Cream Containing Pseudo-Ceramide for Remission of Atopic Dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1839-1847. [PMID: 34949930 PMCID: PMC8688830 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s337930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by chronic inflammation, which frequently recurs, is exacerbated, and enters remission. A maintenance remission period is important for AD patients. We developed a formulation for use during AD remission, containing heparinoid and pseudo-ceramide that forms a lamellar structure. We evaluated the allergen permeability and examined the formulation’s efficacy in maintaining remission in patients with AD. Materials and Methods Seventeen AD patients applied a cream containing 0.3% heparinoid and pseudo-ceramide (test cream group, n = 10), or a general cream containing 0.3% heparinoid (control cream group, n = 7) to their arm for four weeks after inducing remission with the application of a steroid cream for two weeks. Results The lamellar structure of the test cream was confirmed with small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering analysis and observation by transmission electron microscopy. The test cream inhibited the penetration of V8 protease significantly compared to the control cream in vitro. According to AD severity score by dermatologists, the effects remission maintenance of the test cream group were comparable to those of the control cream group. However, the test cream group had a significantly increased skin hydration value compared to the control cream group. A significant decrease in transepidermal water loss, an indicator of skin barrier function, was shown in the test cream group compared to the control cream group. Conclusion The cream with lamellar structures containing heparinoid and pseudo-ceramides may inhibit allergen penetration. Moreover, skin properties improved during the remission period; thus, the formulation we developed was suitable for use during the AD remission period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsuoka
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Okoshi
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ito
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Kume
- Analytical Science Research, Kao Corporation, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Seki
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishizaka
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Okada
- Skin Care Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azumi Nagasawa
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Iijima
- Health & Wellness Products Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang J, Yan S, Zhou X, Zhou J, Bai X, Tan Q, Xia Y, Wang H, Luo X. Crosstalk Between Circulating Follicular T Helper Cells and Regulatory B Cells in Children With Extrinsic Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785549. [PMID: 34917093 PMCID: PMC8669722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) in early childhood is often the initial manifestation of allergic disease associated with high IgE. Accumulating evidences show that follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a critical role in promoting B cell differentiation and IgE production, human regulatory B (Breg) cells participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of allergic inflammation. However, the roles and interactions between IL-10-producing Breg cells and Tfh cells in childhood AD are unclear. In this study, we found that the percentage of CD19+IL-10+ Breg cells in children with extrinsic AD was significantly lower than that in age-matched healthy controls, and that it correlated negatively with enhanced CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+ circulating Tfh cell responses and increased disease activity; however, there was no significant correlation with serum total IgE levels. A co-culture system revealed that Breg cells from patients with extrinsic AD cannot effectively inhibit differentiation of Tfh cells in an IL-10 dependent manner. Abnormal pSTAT3 signaling induced via Toll-like receptors (TLR), but not the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, might contribute to the defect of Breg cells in AD. Taken together, these observations demonstrate an important role for IL-10-producing Breg cells in inhibiting Tfh cell differentiation, and suggest that they may participate in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunqiu Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Suprabasin: Role in human cancers and other diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1453-1461. [PMID: 34775572 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Suprabasin (SBSN), a gene with unknown function located in q13 region of chromosome 19, was first found to be expressed in the basal layer of the stratified epithelium in mouse and human tissues and was thought to be a potential precursor of keratinized capsules. However, in recent years, significant progress has been made in the study of SBSN in a variety of human diseases. One common theme appears to be the effect of SBSN on tumor progression, such as invasion, metastasis and resistance. However, the function and mechanism of action of SBSN is still elusive. In this study, we reviewed the literature on SBSN in the PubMed database to identify the basic characteristics, biological functions, and roles of SBSN in cancer and other diseases. In particular, we focused on the potential mechanisms of SBSN activity, to improve our understanding of the complex function of this protein and provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of SBSN in cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogasawara H, Noguchi M. Therapeutic Potential of MRGPRX2 Inhibitors on Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112906. [PMID: 34831128 PMCID: PMC8616451 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) act as primary effectors in inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing intracellularly-stored inflammatory mediators in diseases. The two major pathways for MC activation are known to be immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and -independent. Although IgE-dependent signaling is the main pathway to MC activation, IgE-independent pathways have also been found to serve pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have shown that human and mouse MCs express several regulatory receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD48, C300a, and GPCRs, including mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2). MRGPRX2 has been reported as a novel GPCR that is expressed in MCs activated by basic secretagogues, neurokinin peptides, host defense antimicrobial peptides, and small molecule compounds (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and leads to MC degranulation and eicosanoids release under in vitro experimental condition. Functional analyses of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2 (mouse ortholog) indicate that MRGPRX2 is involved in MC hypersensitivity reactions causing neuroinflammation such as postoperative pain, type 2 inflammation, non-histaminergic itch, and drug-induced anaphylactic-like reactions. In this review, we discuss the roles in innate immunity through functional studies on MRGPRX2-mediated IgE-independent MC activation and also the therapeutic potential of MRGPRX2 inhibitors on allergic and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-786-7690
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim YJ, Lim DJ, Lee MY, Lee WJ, Chang SE, Won CH. Prospective, comparative clinical pilot study of cold atmospheric plasma device in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14461. [PMID: 34262113 PMCID: PMC8280139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma generates free radicals through the ionization of air at room temperature. Its effect and safety profile as a treatment modality for atopic dermatitis lesions have not been evaluated prospectively enough. We aimed to investigate the effect and safety of cold atmospheric plasma in patients with atopic dermatitis with a prospective pilot study. Cold atmospheric plasma treatment or sham control treatment were applied respectively in randomly assigned and symmetric skin lesions. Three treatment sessions were performed at weeks 0, 1, and 2. Clinical severity indices were assessed at weeks 0, 1, 2, and 4 after treatment. Additionally, the microbial characteristics of the lesions before and after treatments were analyzed. We included 22 patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis presented with symmetric lesions. We found that cold atmospheric plasma can alleviate the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis. Modified atopic dermatitis antecubital severity and eczema area and severity index score were significantly decreased in the treated group. Furthermore, scoring of atopic dermatitis score and pruritic visual analog scales significantly improved. Microbiome analysis revealed significantly reduced proportion of Staphylococcus aureus in the treated group. Cold atmospheric plasma can significantly improve mild and moderate atopic dermatitis without safety issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Dong Jun Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 88, OLYMPIC-RO 43-GIL Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jegal J, Park NJ, Jo BG, Kim TY, Bong SK, Choi S, Paik JH, Kim JW, Kim SN, Yang MH. Wikstroemiaganpi Extract Improved Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions via Suppression of Interleukin-4 in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:2016. [PMID: 33916154 PMCID: PMC8036472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Wikstroemia are used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The present study was designed to determine whether Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold and Zucc.) Maxim. offers a potential means of treating 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. Symptoms such as redness, edema, and keratinization in AD mice induced by DNCB were alleviated by the co-application of an ethanolic extract of W. ganpi for 2 weeks. The severity of skin barrier function damage was evaluated by measuring TEWL (transepidermal water loss). TEWLs of DNCB sensitized mouse dorsal skin were reduced by the application of a W. ganpi ethanolic extract, and skin hydration was increased. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis was significantly reduced, as were blood levels of IgE and IL-4, which play an important role in the expression of AD. The results of this experiment suggest that W. ganpi is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwan Jegal
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - No-June Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Beom-Geun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Sim-Kyu Bong
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Sangho Choi
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jin-Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jung-Won Kim
- Department of Costmetology, Changshin University, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, Changwon-si 51352, Korea;
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Efficacy of pregabalin for the treatment of chronic pruritus of unknown origin, assessed based on electric current perception threshold. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1022. [PMID: 31974437 PMCID: PMC6978310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pruritus of unknown origin (CPUO) is defined as itching lasting more than 6 weeks in the absence of discernible skin lesions. Pregabalin is used to treat patients with CPUO. In this study, we aimed to investigate differences in the perception threshold of itch sensation between patients with CPUO and healthy individuals and to evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin for CPUO. At baseline, week 2, and week 4 after treatment initiation, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was measured to assess pruritus severity, and electric current perception threshold (CPT) was measured at 250 and 5 Hz using a NEUROMETER CPT/C stimulator. Twenty healthy individuals and 41 patients with CPUO were enrolled in this study. The patients with CPUO were categorised as those who responded to antihistamines (Antihistamine group), were not improved by antihistamines (Pregabalin group), and were not improved by antihistamines and pregabalin (Refractory group). The baseline CPT values were not significantly different between patients with CPUO and healthy control. Pruritus was improved in 7 of 10 patients in the Pregabalin group after treatment with pregabalin, showing decreased CPT at 5 Hz. The sensitive C-fibres presented a high threshold to detect itch sensation, and this sensitivity decreased in response to treatment with pregabalin.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Z, Babina M. MRGPRX2 signals its importance in cutaneous mast cell biology: Does MRGPRX2 connect mast cells and atopic dermatitis? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1104-1111. [PMID: 32866307 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of MRGPRX2 marks an important change in MC biology, explaining non-IgE-mediated clinical phenomena relying on MCs. As receptor for multiple drugs, MRGPRX2 is crucial to drug-induced hypersensitivity. However, not only drugs, but also endogenous mediators like neuropeptides and host defense peptides activate MRGPRX2, suggesting its broad impact in cutaneous pathophysiology. Here, we give a brief overview of MRGPRX2 and its regulation by microenvironmental stimuli, which support MCs and can be altered in skin disorders, and briefly touch on the functional programs elicited by MRGPRX2 ligation. Studies in Mrgprb2-deficient mice (the murine ortholog) help illuminate MRGPRX2's function in health and disease. Recent advances in this model support the long-suspected operational unit between MCs and nerves, with MRGPRX2 being a vital component. Based on the limited evidence for a major contribution of FcεRI/IgE-activated MCs to atopic dermatitis (AD), we develop the hypothesis that MRGPRX2 constitutes the missing link connecting MCs and AD, at least in selected endotypes. Support comes from the multifold changes in the MC-neuronal system of AD skin (eg greater density of MCs and closer connections between MCs and nerves, increased PAR-2/Substance P). We theorize that these deregulations suffice to initiate AD, but external triggers, many of which activating MRGPRX2 themselves (eg Staphylococcus aureus) further feed into the loop. Itch, the most burdensome hallmark of AD, is mostly non-histaminergic but tryptase-dependent, and tryptase is preferentially released upon MRGPRX2 activation. Because MRGPRX2 is a very active research field, some of the existing gaps are likely to be closed soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy Center Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suprabasin-null mice retain skin barrier function and show high contact hypersensitivity to nickel upon oral nickel loading. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14559. [PMID: 32884021 PMCID: PMC7471289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suprabasin (SBSN) is expressed not only in epidermis but also in epithelial cells of the upper digestive tract where metals such as nickel are absorbed. We have recently shown that SBSN level is decreased in the stratum corneum and serum of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, especially in intrinsic AD, which is characterized by metal allergy. By using SBSN-null (Sbsn–/–) mice, this study was conducted to investigate the outcome of SBSN deficiency in relation to AD. Sbsn–/– mice exhibited skin barrier dysfunction on embryonic day 16.5, but after birth, their barrier function was not perturbed despite the presence of ultrastructural changes in stratum corneum and keratohyalin granules. Sbsn–/– mice showed a comparable ovalbumin-specific skin immune response to wild type (WT) mice and rather lower contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to haptens than did WT mice. The blood nickel level after oral feeding of nickel was significantly higher in Sbsn–/– mice than in WT mice, and CHS to nickel was elevated in Sbsn–/– mice under nickel-loading condition. Our study suggests that the completely SBSN deficient mice retain normal barrier function, but harbor abnormal upper digestive tract epithelium that promotes nickel absorption and high CHS to nickel, sharing the features of intrinsic AD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyze the status of precision medicine in atopic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Atopic diseases are increasingly recognized as heterogeneous in nature and they can be quite different in severity, response to therapy, triggers, genetic back ground, ancestral risk and type of inflammation. This significant variability in the landscape of atopic diseases is not reflected in the common treatment guidelines that follow 'one fits all' approach for their management. Such an approach is largely based on minimal 'phenotype' elements, such as severity of disease and response to therapy and does not reflect the information accumulate in the last 20 years about particular pathogenic pathways (endotypes) leading to disease (phenotypes) based on biomolecular analysis of the single individuals. Accumulating data have defined asthma allergic rhinitis, food allergy based on their endotypes and clinically relevant phenotypes. In general, atopic diseases can be largely classified as high or low Th2 inflammatory status, which may explain the severity and response to therapy. SUMMARY Precision medicine is aiming to use known endotype phenotype to guide specific individualized treatment. The work aimed in deep characterization of diseases to guide the disease management is crucial in light of the availability of ever more precise treatment able to target specific pathways.
Collapse
|
21
|
Umayahara T, Shimauchi T, Iwasaki M, Sakabe JI, Aoshima M, Nakazawa S, Yatagai T, Yamaguchi H, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Tokura Y. Protective role of Galectin-7 for skin barrier impairment in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:922-931. [PMID: 32474952 PMCID: PMC7496409 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have a barrier disorder in association with Th2 dominant skin inflammation. Galectin‐7 (Gal‐7), a soluble unglycosylated lectin, is highly expressed in the stratum corneum of AD patients. However, the biological significance of increased Gal‐7 expression in AD skin lesions remains unclear. Objective We aimed to investigate the production mechanism and functional role of Gal‐7 in AD patients and IL‐4/IL‐13–stimulated epidermal keratinocytes. Methods We assessed the Gal‐7 expression levels in skin lesions and sera from AD patients. Gal‐7 levels were also measured in monolayered normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and 3‐dimensional (3D)–reconstructed epidermis in the presence or absence of IL‐4/IL‐13 with or without Stat3, Stat6 or Gal‐7 gene silencing. Results Gal‐7 was highly expressed in the stratum corneum or intercellular space of AD lesional epidermis as assessed by the stratum corneum proteome analysis and immunohistochemistry. A positive correlation was noted between serum Gal‐7 level and transepidermal water loss in patients with AD. These clinical findings were corroborated by our in vitro data, which showed that IL‐4/IL‐13 facilitated the extracellular release of endogenous Gal‐7 in both monolayered NHEKs and 3D‐reconstructed epidermis. This machinery was caused by IL‐4/IL‐13–induced cell damage and inhibited by knockdown of Stat6 but not Stat3 in NHEKs. Moreover, we performed Gal‐7 knockdown experiment on 3D‐reconstructed epidermis and the result suggested that endogenous Gal‐7 serves as a protector from IL‐4/IL‐13–induced disruption of cell‐to‐cell adhesion and/or cell‐to‐extracellular matrix adhesion. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Our study unveils the characteristic of Gal‐7 and its possible role as an alarmin that reflects the IL‐4/IL‐13–induced skin barrier impairment in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takatsune Umayahara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Manami Iwasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoshima
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yatagai
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hardwick RN, Betts CJ, Whritenour J, Sura R, Thamsen M, Kaufman EH, Fabre K. Drug-induced skin toxicity: gaps in preclinical testing cascade as opportunities for complex in vitro models and assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:199-214. [PMID: 31598618 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the principle barrier to the environment. Composed of multiple cell types arranged in stratified layers with highly specialized appendages, it serves sensory and immune surveillance roles in addition to its primary mechanical function. Several complex in vitro models of skin (i.e. microphysiological systems (MPS) including but not limited to 3D tissues, organ-on-a-chip, organoids), have been developed and assays validated for regulatory purposes. As such, skin is arguably the most advanced organ with respect to model development and adoption across industries including chemical, cosmetic, and to a somewhat lesser extent, pharmaceutical. Early adoption of complex skin models and associated assays for assessment of irritation and corrosion spurred research into other areas such as sensitization, absorption, phototoxicity, and genotoxicity. Despite such considerable advancements, opportunities remain for immune capabilities, inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles, fluidics, and innervation, among others. Herein, we provide an overview of current complex skin model capabilities and limitations within the drug development scheme, and recommendations for future model development and assay qualification and/or validation with the intent to facilitate wider adoption of use within the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Translational Safety Sciences, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Catherine J Betts
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Pfizer, Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Maike Thamsen
- Pharmacology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elad H Kaufman
- Biology, Theravance Biopharma, US, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Fabre
- MPS Center of Excellence, Drug Safety & Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suppression of DNCB-Induced Atopic Skin Lesions in Mice by Wikstroemia indica Extract. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010173. [PMID: 31936273 PMCID: PMC7019247 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A. Mey. is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and bronchitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract of W. indica on cutaneous inflammation in mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD). Dermal administration of W. indica ethanolic extract to DNCB-sensitized hairless mice with dermatitis, for two weeks, reduced erythema, scaling, and edema. Skin hydration was improved and transepidermal water loss was reduced at a W. indica concentration of 1%. Furthermore, W. indica also significantly reduced serum IgE and IL-4 concentrations in our mouse model. These results suggest that W. indica has potential as a topical treatment for AD and as an adjunctive agent to control AD.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim M, Kim J. Phenotypes and endotypes of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2020.8.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University School of Medicine, Dongtan, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center for Atopic Diseases, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Misery L, Weisshaar E, Brenaut E, Evers A, Huet F, Ständer S, Reich A, Berardesca E, Serra‐Baldrich E, Wallengren J, Linder D, Fluhr J, Szepietowski J, Maibach H, Honari G, Le Gall‐Ianotto C, Takamori K, Richters R. Pathophysiology and management of sensitive skin: position paper from the special interest group on sensitive skin of the International Forum for the Study of Itch (IFSI). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 34:222-229. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Misery
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Brest Brest France
| | - E. Weisshaar
- Department of Dermatology, Occupational Dermatology Ruprecht‐Karls University Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - E. Brenaut
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Brest Brest France
| | - A.W.M. Evers
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Faculty of Social and Behavioral Science Leiden The Netherlands
| | - F. Huet
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Brest Brest France
| | - S. Ständer
- Department of Dermatology Center for Chronic Pruritus University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - A. Reich
- Department of Dermatology University of Rzeszow Rzeszów Poland
| | | | - E. Serra‐Baldrich
- Department of Dermatology Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Wallengren
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
| | - D. Linder
- Section of Biostatistics University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - J.W. Fluhr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - J.C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw Poland
| | - H. Maibach
- Department of Dermatology School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Itch sensitization? A systematic review of studies using quantitative sensory testing in patients with chronic itch. Pain 2019; 160:2661-2678. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Botoni LS, Torres SMF, Koch SN, Heinemann MB, Costa‐Val AP. Comparison of demographic data, disease severity and response to treatment, between dogs with atopic dermatitis and atopic‐like dermatitis: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:10-e4. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Botoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Sandra N. Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Universidade de São Paulo 87 Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave São Paulo 05508‐270 Brazil
| | - Adriane P. Costa‐Val
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Ito T. Atopic dermatitis as Th2 disease revisited. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of DermatologyHamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | | | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of DermatologyHamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Batmaz S. Laboratory and severity evaluation of pediatric atopic dermatitis and moisturizer response in different phenotypes. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:571-577. [PMID: 29980402 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an eczematous skin disease. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings of children with AD and identify the higher responsive group to moisturizers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total and specific IgE, eosinophil count, prick/patch test results of patients with AD were retrospectively analyzed. The presentation SCORAD was compared between the demographic and clinical subgroups. The SCORAD change (presentation to third month) between the intrinsic and extrinsic groups was compared. The effect of age, sex, disease duration, presentation SCORAD, being intrinsic/extrinsic, exclusive breastfeeding duration, familial atopy, total IgE, eosinophil count, concomitant illness presence, moisturizer use frequency and exacerbation frequency on SCORAD change was examined. RESULTS The mean age was 3.65±3.77 years. Food allergy was found in 5.90% and inhalant allergy was found in 12.67% of patients. 158 (44.5%) were mild, 154 (43.4%) were moderate and 43 (12.1%) were severe AD. 141 (39.7%) were intrinsic AD. The SCORAD at 3rd visit and SCORAD change was different between the intrinsic and extrinsic groups. SCORAD change was positively associated with presentation SCORAD, eosinophil count, moisturizer use frequency and being extrinsic AD. CONCLUSIONS The clinical and laboratory findings of AD patients in our community were revealed. Higher SCORAD and eosinophils at presentation, frequent daily moisturizer use and being extrinsic increased the moisturizer response. Although the barrier defect was shown to be lesser in intrinsic AD by considering transepidermal water loss, this study is the first to evaluate intrinsic and extrinsic AD patients according to response to moisturizers.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jegal J, Park NJ, Park SA, Bong SK, Jegal H, Kim SN, Yang MH. Juniperus chinensis Fruits Attenuate Oxazolone- and 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:259-265. [PMID: 29386485 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Juniperus chinensis, commonly Chinese juniper, has been used for treating inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of standardized J. chinensis fruits extract on murine oxazolone- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced models of AD. Ear swelling, epidermis thickening, and eosinophils infiltration in the oxazolone-mediated dermatitis of BALB/c mice were significantly reduced upon topical application of J. chinensis fruits 95% EtOH extract (JCE). Besides, transdermal administration of JCE to SKH-1 hairless mice inhibited the development of DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions by suppressing transepidermal water loss and improving skin hydration. Decreased total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interleukin (IL)-4 levels could be observed in atopic dorsal skin samples of JCE-treated group. According to the phytochemical analysis, JCE was found to contain isoscutellarein-7-O-β-D-xyloside, cupressuflavone, and amentoflavone as main compounds. Therapeutic attempts with the J. chinensis fruits might be useful in the treatment of AD and related skin inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sang-A Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Sim-Kyu Bong
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Hyun Jegal
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- B. Wüthrich
- Allergy Unit; Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zürich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Furue M. T helper type 2 signatures in atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing; Department of Dermatology; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jegal J, Park NJ, Bong SK, Jegal H, Kim SN, Yang MH. Dioscorea quinqueloba Ameliorates Oxazolone- and 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-induced Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in Murine Models. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121324. [PMID: 29206209 PMCID: PMC5748774 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea quinqueloba has been used for food substances, as well as in herbal medicines for allergic diseases such as asthma. This study aimed to investigate the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of the total extract of D. quinqueloba rhizomes and active fractionson murine oxazolone- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced models of AD. Specific AD symptoms, such as erythema, ear swelling, and epidermis thickening, were significantly reduced in the oxazolone-mediated AD BALB/c mice upon topical application of D. quinqueloba rhizomes 95% EtOH extract (DQ). DQEA (D. quinqueloba rhizomes EtOAc fraction) was beneficial for protecting the skin barrier against AD in DNCB-sensitized SKH-1 hairless mice. Decreased total serum IgE and IL-4 levels could be observed in atopic dorsal skin samples of the DQEA-treated group. On the basis of the phytochemical analysis, DQEA was found to contain dioscin and gracillin as its main compounds. Therapeutic applications with D. quinqueloba might be useful in the treatment of AD and related inflammatory skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwan Jegal
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - No-June Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea.
| | - Sim-Kyu Bong
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea.
| | - Hyun Jegal
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea.
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea.
| | - Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yatagai T, Shimauchi T, Yamaguchi H, Sakabe JI, Aoshima M, Ikeya S, Tatsuno K, Fujiyama T, Ito T, Ojima T, Tokura Y. Sensitive skin is highly frequent in extrinsic atopic dermatitis and correlates with disease severity markers but not necessarily with skin barrier impairment. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:33-39. [PMID: 29122406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive skin is a condition of cutaneous hypersensitivity to environmental factors. Lactic acid stinging test (LAST) is commonly used to assess sensitive skin and composed of four distinct sensations (pain, burning sensation, itch, and crawly feeling). A link between sensitive skin and barrier dysfunction has been proposed in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. However, clinical and laboratory factors that are associated with sensitive skin remain unelucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate relationship between sensitive skin and AD-associated markers. METHODS Forty-two Japanese AD patients and 10 healthy subjects (HS) were enrolled. AD patients were divided into extrinsic (EAD; high IgE levels) and intrinsic (IAD; normal IgE levels) types. We conducted 1% LAST by assessing the four distinct sensations and calculated the frequencies of sensitive skin in EAD, IAD, and HS. We also performed clinical AD-related tests, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visual analogue scale (VAS) of pruritus, and quality of life, and measured laboratory markers, including blood levels of IgE, CCL17/TARC, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and eosinophil counts, and concentration levels of serum Th1/Th2 cytokines. Filaggrin (FLG) mutations were examined in 21 patients. These values were subjected to correlation analyses with each of the four sensation elements. RESULTS According to the standard criteria for LAST positivity, the frequencies of LAST-positive subjects were 54.8% and 10.0% in AD and HS, respectively (P=0.014). EAD patients showed a significantly (P=0.026) higher frequency of positive LAST (65.6%) than did IAD patients (20.0%). Among the four LAST sensation elements, the crawly feeling and pain scores positively correlated with VAS of pruritus, total serum IgE, mite-specific IgE, CCL17/TARC, and/or LDH. There was no association of the LAST scores with serum Th1/Th2 cytokine levels. Notably, neither TEWL nor FLG mutations correlated with LAST positivity or any sensation scores. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of sensitive skin is higher in EAD than in IAD. Sensitive skin is associated with AD severity, but not necessarily with barrier condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yatagai
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Masahiro Aoshima
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ikeya
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ojima
- Department of Community of Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Furue M, Chiba T, Tsuji G, Ulzii D, Kido-Nakahara M, Nakahara T, Kadono T. Atopic dermatitis: immune deviation, barrier dysfunction, IgE autoreactivity and new therapies. Allergol Int 2017; 66:398-403. [PMID: 28057434 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or chronically relapsing, eczematous, severely pruritic skin disorder mostly associated with IgE elevation and skin barrier dysfunction due to decreased filaggrin expression. The lesional skin of AD exhibits Th2- and Th22-deviated immune reactions that are progressive during disease chronicity. Th2 and Th22 cytokines further deteriorate the skin barrier by inhibiting filaggrin expression. Some IgEs are reactive to self-antigens. The IgE autoreactivity may precipitate the chronicity of AD. Upon activation of the ORAI1 calcium channel, atopic epidermis releases large amounts of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which initiates the Th2 and Th22 immune response. Th2-derived interleukin-31 and TSLP induce an itch sensation. Taken together, TSLP/Th2/Th22 pathway is a promising target for developing new therapeutics for AD. Enhancing filaggrin expression using ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor may also be an adjunctive measure to restore the disrupted barrier function specifically for AD.
Collapse
|
36
|
Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. The etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: barrier disruption, immunological derangement, and pruritus. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:14. [PMID: 29259713 PMCID: PMC5725646 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent eczema accompanied by an intractable itch that leads to an impaired quality of life. Extensive recent studies have shed light on the multifaceted pathogenesis of the disease. The complex interplay among skin barrier deficiency, immunological derangement, and pruritus contributes to the development, progression, and chronicity of the disease. Abnormalities in filaggrin, other stratum corneum constituents, and tight junctions induce and/or promote skin inflammation. This inflammation, in turn, can further deteriorate the barrier function by downregulating a myriad of essential barrier-maintaining molecules. Pruritus in AD, which may be due to hyperinnervation of the epidermis, increases pruritogens, and central sensitization compromises the skin integrity and promotes inflammation. There are unmet needs in the treatment of AD. Based on the detailed evidence available to date, certain disease mechanisms can be chosen as treatment targets. Numerous clinical trials of biological agents are currently being conducted and are expected to provide treatments for patients suffering from AD in the future. This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of the disease and provides a rationale for choosing the novel targeted therapy that will be available in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nomura T, Yoshida-Amano Y, Yoshida K, Fujii A, Tanahashi M, Sugiyama Y, Iwata K, Murase T. Relationships between transepidermal water loss, cutaneous microcirculatory function and autonomic nervous activity. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Nomura
- Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606 Akabane Ichikai-machi, Haga Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Y. Yoshida-Amano
- Health Beauty Products; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
| | - K. Yoshida
- Health Beauty Products; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
| | - A. Fujii
- Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606 Akabane Ichikai-machi, Haga Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - M. Tanahashi
- Health Beauty Products; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
| | - Y. Sugiyama
- Health Beauty Products; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
| | - K. Iwata
- Lifestyle Research Center; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3 Bunka Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
| | - T. Murase
- Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606 Akabane Ichikai-machi, Haga Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martel BC, Litman T, Hald A, Norsgaard H, Lovato P, Dyring-Andersen B, Skov L, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Skov S, Skak K, Poulsen LK. Distinct molecular signatures of mild extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:453-9. [PMID: 26841714 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease with underlying defects in epidermal function and immune responses. In this study, we used microarray analysis to investigate differences in gene expression in lesional skin from patients with mild extrinsic or intrinsic AD compared to skin from healthy controls and from lesional psoriasis skin. The primary aim was to identify differentially expressed genes involved in skin barrier formation and inflammation, and to compare our results with those reported for patients with moderate and severe AD. In contrast to severe AD, expression of the majority of genes associated with skin barrier formation was unchanged or upregulated in patients with mild AD compared to normal healthy skin. Among these, no significant differences in the expression of filaggrin (FLG) and loricrin at both mRNA and protein level were found in lesional skin from patients with mild AD, despite the presence of heterozygous FLG mutations in the majority of patients with mild extrinsic AD. Several inflammation-associated genes such as S100A9, MMP12, CXCL10 and CCL18 were highly expressed in lesional skin from patients with mild psoriasis and were also increased in patients with mild extrinsic and intrinsic AD similar to previous reports for severe AD. Interestingly, expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses in intrinsic AD resembled that of psoriasis more than that of extrinsic AD. Overall, differences in expression of inflammation-associated genes found among patients with mild intrinsic and extrinsic AD correlated with previous findings for patients with severe intrinsic and extrinsic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta C Martel
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatrice Dyring-Andersen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars K Poulsen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The Scalp Has a Lower Stratum Corneum Function with a Lower Sensory Input than Other Areas of the Skin Evaluated by the Electrical Current Perception Threshold. COSMETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics2040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
40
|
Intrinsic atopic dermatitis shows high serum nickel concentration. Allergol Int 2015; 64:282-4. [PMID: 26117263 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
41
|
Kamiya K, Sakabe JI, Yamaguchi H, Suzuki T, Yatagai T, Aoshima M, Ito T, Tokura Y. Gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 in stratum corneum is a potential marker of decreased eccrine sweating for atopic dermatitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125082. [PMID: 25919462 PMCID: PMC4412570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that eccrine sweating is attenuated in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). We have reported by using proteome analysis that gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), a substance secreted from eccrine sweat glands, is decreased in tape-stripped stratum corneum (SC) samples from AD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GCDFP15 production by eccrine glands with SC samples and to assess sweating in AD. SC samples were obtained from 51 healthy control (HC) and 51 AD individuals. Sweat samples were from 18 HC and 12 AD subjects. GCDFP15 was quantified by ELISA. By immunohistochemistry, the expression of GCDFP15 in eccrine glands was examined in normal and AD skin specimens. To identify GCDFP15-producing cells, double immunofluorescence staining for GCDFP15 and S100 protein was performed in frozen sections. To address the mechanism underlying the decreased eccrine sweating in AD patients, we examined the expression of cholinergic receptor M3 (CHRM3), a receptor for acetylcholine-induced sweating, in eccrine sweat glands. The amounts of GCDFP15 in the SC extracts were significantly lower in AD than HC (P < 0.0001). The sweat samples from AD patients also had lower levels of GCDFP15 concentration (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed positive GCDFP15 staining in the eccrine gland secretory cells and the ductal and acrosyringial lumen in normal skin, but AD lacked clear staining. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that GCDFP15 was co-expressed with S100 protein, suggesting that the clear cell of eccrine glands produces GCDFP15. Finally, we found that the expression of CHRM3 was depressed in AD, suggesting contribution to the low sweating. The SC of AD patients contains a low amount of GCDFP15 due to both low sweating and low GCDFP15 concentration in the sweat. GCDFP15 in SC is a potential marker for dysregulated sweating in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kamiya
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yatagai
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoshima
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Assessment of the sensory threshold in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2015; 32:94-100. [PMID: 26015778 PMCID: PMC4436235 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2014.44013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are chronic inflammatory skin diseases frequently accompanied by itching. The exact pathogenesis of dermatological pruritus remains unknown, but it is believed that altered skin innervation may play a role. Aim The assessment of the sensory threshold in AD and psoriasis in relation to pruritus experienced by patients. Material and methods A total of 18 subjects with AD, 20 with psoriasis and 49 healthy controls were exposed to alternating current generated by the current source. A selected preset of current frequencies (ranging from 5 Hz to 2000 Hz) allowed a selective stimulation of different nerve endings (Aβ, Aδ and C-type). Pruritus severity was measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) and an itch questionnaire developed in house. All results were analyzed statistically. Results Sensory thresholds within the uninvolved skin of AD or psoriasis patients were significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (p < 0.001), and no significant differences were found between AD and psoriasis (p > 0.05). Similarly, sensory thresholds within the diseased skin of AD or psoriasis were significantly higher than in the normal skin (p < 0.01), and patients with psoriasis had also a significantly higher threshold than AD individuals (p < 0.05). The sensory threshold inversely correlated with pruritus severity in AD and psoriasis and the highest correlation was found for 5 Hz frequency predominantly stimulating C fibers (VAS: R = –0.32, p < 0.05; pruritus questionnaire: R = 0.54, p < 0.001). Conclusions Evaluation of the sensory threshold may be a valuable tool for pruritus assessment, but further studies are still warranted.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pucheu-Haston CM, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MNC, Santoro D, Nuttall T, Marsella R. Review: The role of antibodies, autoantigens and food allergens in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:115-e30. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | | | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Čelakovská J, Ettlerová K, Ettler K, Bukač J. Food allergy, asthma bronchiale, and rhinitis in atopic dermatitis patients with total immunoglobulin E under and above 200 IU/ml. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1007447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
45
|
Sakabe JI, Kamiya K, Yamaguchi H, Ikeya S, Suzuki T, Aoshima M, Tatsuno K, Fujiyama T, Suzuki M, Yatagai T, Ito T, Ojima T, Tokura Y. Proteome analysis of stratum corneum from atopic dermatitis patients by hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 134:957-60.e8. [PMID: 25282569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Koji Kamiya
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ikeya
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoshima
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yatagai
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ojima
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with specific genetic and immunological mechanisms. The rapid development of new techniques in molecular biology had ushered in new discoveries on the role of cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells in the pathogenesis of AD. New polymorphisms of AD are continually being reported in different populations. The physical and immunological barrier of normal intact skin is an important part of the innate immune system that protects the host against microbials and allergens that are associated with AD. Defects in the filaggrin gene FLG may play a role in facilitating exposure to allergens and microbial pathogens, which may induce Th2 polarization. Meanwhile, Th22 cells also play roles in skin barrier impairment through IL-22, and AD is often considered to be a Th2/Th22-dominant allergic disease. Mast cells and eosinophils are also involved in the inflammation via Th2 cytokines. Release of pruritogenic substances by mast cells induces scratching that further disrupts the skin barrier. Th1 and Th17 cells are mainly involved in chronic phase of AD. Keratinocytes also produce proinflammatory cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which can further affect Th cells balance. The immunological characteristics of AD may differ for various endotypes and phenotypes. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, and the redundancies of these mechanisms, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease is still incomplete, which is reflected by the absence of a cure for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, No11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guirro RRDJ, Guirro ECDO, de Sousa NTA. Sensory and motor thresholds of transcutaneous electrical stimulation are influenced by gender and age. PM R 2014; 7:42-7. [PMID: 25043261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) is a therapeutic procedure used in rehabilitation. However, the effectiveness of it depends on sensory responses to pain and motor control in neuromuscular recruitment, considering the differences related to gender and age of the subjects treated, as well as the intensity and frequency of ES. OBJECTIVE To determine the threshold of sensory perception (TSP) and the threshold of motor response (TMR) in young and elderly individuals of both genders. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS Eighty volunteers with no history of systemic diseases were selected to participate in the study: 40 men and 40 women were subdivided by convenience sampling and age group into young male and female (age 21.6 ± 2.4 years) groups as well as into elderly female and male groups (age 72.6 ± 6.1 years). INTERVENTIONS The participants received electrical stimulation (ES) at 5 and 50 Hz, with pulse durations of 20, 100, 400, 1000, and 3000 μs applied on the flexor muscle bellies of the wrist and fingers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES TSP was identified as the first sensation of increased current intensity and TMR as the minimum muscle contraction detected. The results were submitted to analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey's test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS TSP was lower than TMR for all pulse durations, regardless of gender and age. In women, TSP was lower than that in young and elderly men at both frequencies. However, TSP was higher in elderly subjects than in younger subjects at 50 Hz for both genders. Age also affected the TMR, presenting higher thresholds in elderly subjects of both genders at 50 Hz; however the same occurred only in male subjects at 5 Hz. CONCLUSION Age and gender interfere directly with ES. These variables should be considered during rehabilitation because they indicate that electrical stimulation in elderly women should be carefully performed, as they have lower thresholds than elderly men when polarized currents are used, and there is a risk of skin lesion because of their high thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; and Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil(∗).
| | - Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; and Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil(†)
| | - Natanael Teixeira Alves de Sousa
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation and post-graduate program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil(‡)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yuan C, Wang XM, Guichard A, Tan YM, Qian CY, Yang LJ, Humbert P. N-palmitoylethanolamine and N-acetylethanolamine are effective in asteatotic eczema: results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 60 patients. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:1163-9. [PMID: 25071367 PMCID: PMC4111646 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s65448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asteatotic eczema (AE) is characterized by itchy, dry, rough, and scaling skin. The treatments for AE are mainly emollients, usually containing urea, lactic acid, or a lactate salt. N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and N-acetylethanolamine (AEA) are both endogenous lipids used as novel therapeutic tools in the treatment of many skin diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare a PEA/AEA emollient with a traditional emollient in the treatment of AE. METHODS A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, comparative trial was conducted in 60 AE patients to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the two emollients. The level of skin dryness among the subjects ranged from mild to moderate. The subjects' skin barrier function and the current perception threshold were tested for 28 days by clinical scoring and bioengineering technology. RESULTS The results showed that, although some aspects were improved in both groups, the group using the emollient containing PEA/AEA presented a better skin surface change in capacitance. However, the most impressive finding was the ability of the PEA/AEA emollient to increase the 5 Hz current perception threshold to a normal level after 7 days, with a significant difference between values at baseline and after 14 days. A current perception threshold of 5 Hz was positively and significantly correlated with skin surface hydration and negatively correlated with transepidermal water loss in the PEA/AEA emollient group. CONCLUSION Compared with traditional emollients, regular application of a topical PEA/AEA emollient could improve both passive and active skin functions simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexandre Guichard
- Research and Studies Center on the Integument, Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, University of Franche-Comté, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Yi-Mei Tan
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Qian
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jie Yang
- Department of Skin and Cosmetic Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Humbert
- Research and Studies Center on the Integument, Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, University of Franche-Comté, Franche-Comté, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Skin Barrier and Immune Dysregulation in Atopic Dermatitis: An Evolving Story with Important Clinical Implications. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2014; 2:371-9; quiz 380-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|