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Lauridsen AR, Skorda A, Winther NI, Bay ML, Kallunki T. Why make it if you can take it: review on extracellular cholesterol uptake and its importance in breast and ovarian cancers. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:254. [PMID: 39243069 PMCID: PMC11378638 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for healthy mammalian cells and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer. Cancer cells are dependent on cholesterol. Malignant progression is associated with high cellular demand for cholesterol, and extracellular cholesterol uptake is often elevated in cancer cell to meet its metabolic needs. Tumors take up cholesterol from the blood stream through their vasculature. Breast cancer grows in, and ovarian cancer metastasizes into fatty tissue that provides them with an additional source of cholesterol. High levels of extracellular cholesterol are beneficial for tumors whose cancer cells master the uptake of extracellular cholesterol. In this review we concentrate on cholesterol uptake mechanisms, receptor-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis, and how these are utilized and manipulated by cancer cells to overcome their possible intrinsic or pharmacological limitations in cholesterol synthesis. We focus especially on the involvement of lysosomes in cholesterol uptake. Identifying the vulnerabilities of cholesterol metabolism and manipulating them could provide novel efficient therapeutic strategies for treatment of cancers that manifest dependency for extracellular cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Røssberg Lauridsen
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Aikaterini Skorda
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Nuggi Ingholt Winther
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Marie Lund Bay
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Cancer Invasion and Resistance, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Huang Y, Zhu T, Li Y, Huang D. Chain Extension of Piperazine in Ethanol: Synthesis of 2-(4-(2-(Phenylthio)ethyl)piperazinyl)acetonitriles and ACAT-1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:3723. [PMID: 39202802 PMCID: PMC11356844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A base-induced synthesis of 2-(4-(2-(phenylthio)ethyl)piperazinyl) acetonitriles by reaction of disulfides, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-aza-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride and trimethylsilyl cyanide is reported. The scope of the method is demonstrated with 30 examples. The reaction mechanism research indicates that the three-component reaction would be a SN2 reaction. The products exhibit good activities towards advanced synthesis of aqueous soluble acyl-CoA: cholesterol O-acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) inhibitors. Our work is superior as it uses less-odor disulfides as carbon sources and EtOH as solvent in a water and dioxygen insensitive reaction system, followed by a simple purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.H.); (T.Z.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.H.); (T.Z.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.H.); (T.Z.)
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.H.); (T.Z.)
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3
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Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Spyrou N, Kounatidis D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Obesity and Leukemia: Biological Mechanisms, Perspectives, and Challenges. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:1-34. [PMID: 38159164 PMCID: PMC10933194 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the epidemiological data on obesity and leukemia; evaluate the effect of obesity on leukemia outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors; assess the potential mechanisms through which obesity may increase the risk of leukemia; and provide the effects of obesity management on leukemia. Preventive (diet, physical exercise, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery) measures, repurposing drugs, candidate therapeutic agents targeting oncogenic pathways of obesity and insulin resistance in leukemia as well as challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity has been implicated in the development of 13 cancers, such as breast, endometrial, colon, renal, esophageal cancers, and multiple myeloma. Leukemia is estimated to account for approximately 2.5% and 3.1% of all new cancer incidence and mortality, respectively, while it represents the most frequent cancer in children younger than 5 years. Current evidence indicates that obesity may have an impact on the risk of leukemia. Increased birthweight may be associated with the development of childhood leukemia. Obesity is also associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in leukemic patients. However, there are several limitations and challenges in meta-analyses and epidemiological studies. In addition, weight gain may occur in a substantial number of childhood ALL survivors while the majority of studies have documented an increased risk of relapse and mortality among patients with childhood ALL and obesity. The main pathophysiological pathways linking obesity to leukemia include bone marrow adipose tissue; hormones such as insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system as well as sex hormones; pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α; adipocytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin; dyslipidemia and lipid signaling; chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; and other emerging mechanisms. Obesity represents a risk factor for leukemia, being among the only known risk factors that could be prevented or modified through weight loss, healthy diet, and physical exercise. Pharmacological interventions, repurposing drugs used for cardiometabolic comorbidities, and bariatric surgery may be recommended for leukemia and obesity-related cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- Tisch Cancer Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1190 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dimitris Kounatidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Str, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Li Y, Karin M, Prochownik EV. Cholesterol esterification and p53-mediated tumor suppression. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:1122-1127. [PMID: 38023993 PMCID: PMC10651352 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers carry missense mutations in or deletions of the tumor protein 53 (TP53) tumor suppressor gene. TP53's product, p53 regulates many biological processes, including cell metabolism. Cholesterol is a key lipid needed for the maintenance of membrane function and tissue homeostasis while also serving as a precursor for steroid hormone and bile acid synthesis. An over-abundance of cholesterol can lead to its esterification and storage as cholesterol esters. The recent study has shown that the loss of p53 leads to excessive cholesterol ester biosynthesis, which promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Blocking cholesterol esterification improves treatment outcomes, particularly for liver cancers with p53 deletions/mutations that originate in a background of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and The Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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5
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Lin LC, Chang HY, Kuo TT, Chen HY, Liu WS, Lo YJ, Hsia SM, Huang TC. Oxidative stress mediates the inhibitory effects of Manzamine A on uterine leiomyoma cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition via SOAT inhibition. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102861. [PMID: 37666118 PMCID: PMC10491796 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids, the most common benign tumors of the myometrium in women, are characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix deposition and uterine smooth muscle cell neoplasia, with high recurrence rates. Here, we investigated the potential of the marine natural product manzamine A (Manz A), which has potent anti-cancer effects, as a treatment for uterine fibroids. Manz A inhibited leiomyoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by arresting cell cycle progression and inducing caspase-mediated apoptosis. We performed target prediction analysis and identified sterol o-acyltransferases (SOATs) as potential targets of Manz A. Cholesterol esterification and lipid droplet formation were reduced by Manz A, in line with reduced SOAT expression. As a downstream target of SOAT, Manz A also prevented extracellular matrix deposition by inhibiting the β-catenin/fibronectin/metalloproteinases axis and enhanced autophagy turnover. Excessive free fatty acid accumulation by SOAT inhibition led to reactive oxygen species to impair mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress via PERK/eIF2α/CHOP signaling. The inhibitory effect of ManzA on cell proliferation was partially restored by PERK knockdown and eliminated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, suggesting oxidative stress plays a critical role in the mechanism of action of Manz A. These findings suggest that targeting SOATs by Manz A may be a promising therapeutic approach for uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Kuo
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yii-Jwu Lo
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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6
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Cheng Y, Yu H, Li K, Lv J, Zhuang J, Bai K, Wu Q, Yang X, Yang H, Lu Q. Hsa_circ_0003098 promotes bladder cancer progression via miR-377-5p/ACAT2 axis. Genomics 2023; 115:110692. [PMID: 37532090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has proven that circRNAs play vital roles in tumor progression. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying circRNAs in bladder cancer (BCa) remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the role and investigate the potential molecular mechanisms of hsa_circ_0003098 in BCa. We confirmed that hsa_circ_0003098 expression was significantly upregulated in BCa tissues, of which expression was remarkably associated with poor prognosis. Functionally, overexpression of hsa_circ_0003098 promoted BCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0003098 promoted upregulation of ACAT2 expression and induced cholesteryl ester accumulation via acting as a sponge for miR-377-5p. Thus, hsa_circ_0003098 plays an oncogenic role in BCa and may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Cheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Urology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Juntao Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Kexin Bai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Qikai Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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7
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Mohammadalipour A, Showalter CA, Muturi HT, Farnoud AM, Najjar SM, Burdick MM. Cholesterol depletion decreases adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer cells to E-selectin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C471-C482. [PMID: 37399498 PMCID: PMC10511166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00197.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid microdomains, ordered membrane phases containing cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, play an essential role in cancer cell adhesion and ultimately metastasis. Notably, elevated levels of cholesterol-rich lipid microdomains are found in cancer cells relative to their normal counterparts. Therefore, alterations of lipid microdomains through cholesterol modulation could be used as a strategy to prevent cancer metastasis. In this study, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD), sphingomyelinase (SMase), and simvastatin (Simva) were used to investigate the effects of cholesterol on the adhesive behaviors of four non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (H1299, H23, H460, and A549) and a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line (SHP-77) on E-selectin, a vascular endothelial molecule that initiates circulating tumor cell recruitment at metastatic sites. Under hemodynamic flow conditions, the number of adherent NSCLC cells on E-selectin significantly decreased by MβCD and Simva treatments, whereas SMase treatment did not show a significant effect. Significant increases in rolling velocities were detected only for H1299 and H23 cells after MβCD treatment. In contrast, cholesterol depletion did not affect SCLC cell attachment and rolling velocities. Moreover, cholesterol depletion by MβCD and Simva induced CD44 shedding and resulted in an enhanced membrane fluidity in the NSCLC cells, whereas it did not affect the membrane fluidity of the SCLC cells which lacked detectable expression of CD44. Our finding suggests that cholesterol regulates the E-selectin-mediated adhesion of NSCLC cells by redistributing the CD44 glycoprotein and thus modulating the membrane fluidity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigates the effects of cholesterol on the adhesive behaviors of lung cancer cells in recruitment at metastatic sites. Using cholesterol-modulating compounds, we found that reducing cholesterol decreases the adhesion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells while having no significant effect on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. The study suggests that cholesterol regulates NSCLC cell metastasis by redistributing the adhesion proteins on the cells and modulating cells' membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Mohammadalipour
- Department of Physics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Christian A Showalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Harrison T Muturi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
| | - Monica M Burdick
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States
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8
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White AM, Best OG, Hotinski AK, Kuss BJ, Thurgood LA. The Role of Cholesterol in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Development and Pathogenesis. Metabolites 2023; 13:799. [PMID: 37512506 PMCID: PMC10385576 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol has many critical functions in cells. It is a key component of membranes and cell-signalling processes, and it functions as a chemical precursor in several biochemical pathways, such as Vitamin D and steroid synthesis. Cholesterol has also been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers, in which it is thought to promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an example of a lipid-avid cancer that relies on lipid metabolism, rather than glycolysis, to fuel cell proliferation. However, data regarding the role of cholesterol in CLL are conflicting. Studies have shown that dyslipidaemia is more common among CLL patients than age-matched healthy controls, and that CLL patients who take cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as statins, appear to have improved survival rates. Therefore, defining the roles of cholesterol in CLL may highlight the importance of monitoring and managing hyperlipidaemia as part of the routine management of patients with CLL. In this review, we discuss the roles of cholesterol in the context of CLL by examining the literature concerning the trafficking, uptake, endogenous synthesis, and intracellular handling of this lipid. Data from clinical trials investigating various classes of cholesterol and lipid-lowering drugs in CLL are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M White
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Oliver G Best
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Anya K Hotinski
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Bryone J Kuss
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Lauren A Thurgood
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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9
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Yeo XH, Sundararajan V, Wu Z, Phua ZJC, Ho YY, Peh KLE, Chiu YC, Tan TZ, Kappei D, Ho YS, Tan DSP, Tam WL, Huang RYJ. The effect of inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL on DNA damage response in ovarian cancer. Commun Biol 2023; 6:660. [PMID: 37349576 PMCID: PMC10287694 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AXL is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is often overexpressed in cancers. It contributes to pathophysiology in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, making it an emerging therapeutic target. The first-in-class AXL inhibitor bemcentinib (R428/BGB324) has been granted fast track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in STK11-mutated advanced metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and was also reported to show selective sensitivity towards ovarian cancers (OC) with a Mesenchymal molecular subtype. In this study, we further explored AXL's role in mediating DNA damage responses by using OC as a disease model. AXL inhibition using R428 resulted in the increase of DNA damage with the concurrent upregulation of DNA damage response signalling molecules. Furthermore, AXL inhibition rendered cells more sensitive to the inhibition of ATR, a crucial mediator for replication stress. Combinatory use of AXL and ATR inhibitors showed additive effects in OC. Through SILAC co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry, we identified a novel binding partner of AXL, SAM68, whose loss in OC cells harboured phenotypes in DNA damage responses similar to AXL inhibition. In addition, AXL- and SAM68-deficiency or R428 treatment induced elevated levels of cholesterol and upregulated genes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. There might be a protective role of cholesterol in shielding cancer cells against DNA damage induced by AXL inhibition or SMA68 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hui Yeo
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Vignesh Sundararajan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi Jin Cheryl Phua
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yin Ying Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kai Lay Esther Peh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yi-Chia Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Shao Peng Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wai Leong Tam
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome, Singapore, 138672, Republic of Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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10
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Bai S, Wang H, Shao R, Fu B, Lu S, Wang J, Lu Y, Wang H. Lipid profile as a novel prognostic predictor for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:950732. [PMID: 36798819 PMCID: PMC9927215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.950732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the relationship between serum lipid levels and clinical outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by establishing a predictive risk classification model. Method A total of 214 AML patients who were pathologically diagnosed and treated with standard induction chemotherapy at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center were included. The patients were randomly divided into the training (n = 107) and validation (n=107) cohorts. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to assess the value of triglyceride (TG), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), Apo Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), cholesterol (CHO), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as prognostic factors for AML. Results After a series of data analyses, a five-factor model was established to divide the patients into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the high-risk group had a poor prognosis (P<0.05). The area under the curve of the novel model for five-year OS was 0.737. A nomogram was constructed to integrate the model with age and the 2017 ELN cytogenetic classification, with the merged model showing improved accuracy with an area under the curve of 0.987 for five-year OS. Conclusion A novel model was constructed using a combination of the serum lipid profile and clinical characteristics of AML patients to enhance the predictive accuracy of clinical outcomes. The nomogram used the lipid profile which is routinely tested in clinical blood biochemistry and showed both specific prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Lu
- *Correspondence: Yue Lu, ; Hua Wang,
| | - Hua Wang
- *Correspondence: Yue Lu, ; Hua Wang,
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11
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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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12
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Wu Z, Gu D, Wang R, Zuo X, Zhu H, Wang L, Lu X, Xia Y, Qin S, Zhang W, Xu W, Fan L, Li J, Jin H. CircRIC8B regulates the lipid metabolism of chronic lymphocytic leukemia through miR199b-5p/LPL axis. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:51. [PMID: 36064433 PMCID: PMC9442988 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a critical role in the modulation of tumor metabolism. However, the expression patterns and metabolic function of circRNAs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remain largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of circRNAs in the lipid metabolism of CLL. Methods The expression and metabolic patterns of circRNAs in a cohort of 53 patients with CLL were investigated using whole transcriptome sequencing. Cell viability, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis, lipid analysis, Nile red staining as well as triglyceride (TG) assay were used to evaluate the biological function of circRIC8B in CLL. The regulatory mechanisms of circRIC8B/miR-199b-5p/lipoprotein lipase (LPL) axis were explored by luciferase assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), qRT-PCR, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). CCK-8 and flow cytometry were used to verify the inhibition role of cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in CLL cells. Results Increased circRIC8B expression was positively correlated with advanced progression and poor prognosis. Knockdown of circRIC8B significantly suppressed the proliferation and lipid accumulation of CLL cells. In contrast, the upregulation of circRIC8B exerted opposite effects. Mechanistically, circRIC8B acted as a sponge of miR-199b-5p and prevented it from decreasing the level of LPL mRNA, and this promotes lipid metabolism alteration and facilitates the progression of CLL. What’s more, ezetimibe suppressed the expression of LPL mRNA and inhibited the growth of CLL cells. Conclusions In this study, the expressional and metabolic patterns of circRNAs in CLL was illustrated for the 1st time. Our findings revealed that circRIC8B regulates the lipid metabolism abnormalities in and development of CLL through the miR-199b-5p/LPL axis. CircRIC8B may serve as a promising prognostic marker and therapeutic target, which enhances the sensitivity to ezetimibe in CLL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40164-022-00302-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Wu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Danling Gu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoling Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huayuan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Luqiao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xueying Lu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shuchao Qin
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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13
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Gu J, Zhu N, Li HF, Zhao TJ, Zhang CJ, Liao DF, Qin L. Cholesterol homeostasis and cancer: a new perspective on the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:709-728. [PMID: 35864437 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbance of cholesterol homeostasis is considered as one of the manifestations of cancer. Cholesterol plays an essential role in the pleiotropic functions of cancer cells, including mediating membrane trafficking, intracellular signal transduction, and production of hormones and steroids. As a single transmembrane receptor, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) can participate in intracellular cholesterol uptake and regulate cholesterol homeostasis. It has recently been found that LDLR is aberrantly expressed in a broad range of cancers, including colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and liver cancer. LDLR has also been found to be involved in various signaling pathways, such as the MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, which affect cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Moreover, LDLR may serve as an independent prognostic factor for lung cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic cancer, and is closely related to the survival of cancer patients. However, the role of LDLR in some cancers, such as prostate cancer, remains controversial. This may be due to the lack of normal feedback regulation of LDLR expression in cancer cells and the severe imbalance between LDLR-mediated cholesterol uptake and de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The imbalance of cholesterol homeostasis caused by abnormal LDLR expression provides new therapeutic opportunities for cancer. LDLR interferes with the occurrence and development of cancer by modulating cholesterol homeostasis and may become a novel target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Herein, we systematically review the contribution of LDLR to cancer progression, especially its dysregulation and underlying mechanism in various malignancies. Besides, potential targeting and immunotherapeutic options are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Neng Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hong-Fang Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Tan-Jun Zhao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation With Chinese Medicine and Its Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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14
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Ayyagari V, Li M, Pasman Z, Wang X, Louis S, Diaz-Sylvester P, Groesch K, Wilson T, Brard L. Assessment of the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of ACAT1 and CE levels in plasma, peritoneal fluid and tumor tissue of epithelial ovarian cancer patients - a pilot study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:387. [PMID: 35399074 PMCID: PMC8994887 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Abnormal accumulation of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT1) and ACAT1-mediated cholesterol esterified with fatty acids (CE) contribute to cancer progression in various cancers. Our findings of increased CE and ACAT1 levels in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines prompted us to investigate whether such an increase occurs in primary clinical samples obtained from human subjects diagnosed with EOC. We evaluated the diagnostic/prognostic potential of ACAT1 and CE in EOC by: 1) assessing ACAT1 and CE levels in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and ovarian/tumor tissues; 2) assessing diagnostic performance by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis; and 3) comparing expression of ACAT1 and CE with that of tumor proliferation marker, Ki67.
Methods
ACAT1 protein levels in plasma, peritoneal fluid and tissue were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tissue expression of ACAT1 and Ki67 proteins were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and mRNA transcript levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CE levels were assessed in plasma, peritoneal fluid (colorimetric assay) and in tissue (thin layer chromatography).
Results
Preoperative levels of ACAT1 and CE on the day of surgery were significantly higher in tissue and peritoneal fluid from EOC patients vs. the non-malignant group, which included subjects with benign tumors and normal ovaries; however, no significant differences were observed in plasma. In tissue and peritoneal fluid, positive correlations were observed between CE and ACAT1 levels, as well as between ACAT1/CE and Ki67.
Conclusions
ACAT1 and CE accumulation may be linked to the aggressive potential of EOC; therefore, these mediators may be useful biomarkers for EOC prognosis and target-specific treatments.
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15
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Benitez-Amaro A, Martínez-Bosch N, Manero-Rupérez N, Claudi L, La Chica Lhoëst MT, Soler M, Ros-Blanco L, Navarro P, Llorente-Cortés V. Peptides against Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Aggregation Inhibit Intracellular Cholesteryl Ester Loading and Proliferation of Pancreatic Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040890. [PMID: 35205638 PMCID: PMC8869901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most lethal cancers. A key component of dyslipidemia is a high level of small and dense low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These LDLs have a high probability to be entrapped and modified (aggregated) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), becoming a source of cholesterol for tumor cells. However, the effect of aggregated LDLs on tumor progression has been unexplored. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of modified LDLs on intracellular cholesteryl ester/free cholesterol ratio (CE/FC) and cancer cell growth, and the efficacy of peptides designed to inhibit LDL aggregation on these processes. Our results show that aggregated LDL upregulates the intracellular CE/FC ratio and cell growth in pancreatic cancer and that these upregulatory effects were blocked by peptides against LDL aggregation. We propose that anti-LDL aggregation peptides deserve to be further investigated as anti-tumoral strategies. Abstract Dyslipidemia, metabolic disorders and/or obesity are postulated as risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The majority of patients with these metabolic alterations have low density lipoproteins (LDLs) with increased susceptibility to become aggregated in the extracellular matrix (ECM). LDL aggregation can be efficiently inhibited by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-based peptides. The objectives of this work were: (i) to determine if aggregated LDLs affect the intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE)/free cholesterol (FC) ratio and/or the tumor pancreatic cell proliferation, using sphingomyelinase-modified LDL particles (Aggregated LDL, AgLDL); and (ii) to test whether LRP1-based peptides, highly efficient against LDL aggregation, can interfere in these processes. For this, we exposed human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, RWP-1 and Capan-1) to native (nLDL) or AgLDLs in the absence or presence of LRP1-based peptides (DP3) or irrelevant peptides (IP321). Results of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) following lipid extraction indicate that AgLDLs induce a higher intracellular CE/FC ratio than nLDL, and that DP3 but not IP321 counteracts this effect. AgLDLs also increase PANC-1 cell proliferation, which is inhibited by the DP3 peptide. Our results indicate that AgLDL-induced intracellular CE accumulation plays a crucial role in the proliferation of pancreatic tumor cell lines. Peptides with anti-LDL aggregation properties may thus exhibit anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Bosch
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Noemí Manero-Rupérez
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Lene Claudi
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Maria Teresa La Chica Lhoëst
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Marta Soler
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Lia Ros-Blanco
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
- August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
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16
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Bai L, Yan XL, Lu YX, Meng Q, Rong YM, Ye LF, Pan ZZ, Xing BC, Wang DS. Circulating Lipid- and Inflammation-Based Risk (CLIR) Score: A Promising New Model for Predicting Outcomes in Complete Colorectal Liver Metastases Resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:10.1245/s10434-021-11234-0. [PMID: 35254582 PMCID: PMC9174322 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-11234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) is a determining factor affecting the survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study aims at developing a novel prognostic stratification tool for CRLM resection. METHODS In this retrospective study, 666 CRC patients who underwent complete CRLM resection from two Chinese medical institutions between 2001 and 2016 were classified into the training (341 patients) and validation (325 patients) cohorts. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Associations between clinicopathological variables, circulating lipid and inflammation biomarkers, and OS were explored. The five most significant prognostic factors were incorporated into the Circulating Lipid- and Inflammation-based Risk (CLIR) score. The predictive ability of the CLIR score and Fong's Clinical Risk Score (CRS) was compared by time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Five independent predictors associated with worse OS were identified in the training cohort: number of CRLMs >4, maximum diameter of CRLM >4.4 cm, primary lymph node-positive, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level >250.5 U/L, and serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio >2.9. These predictors were included in the CLIR score and each factor was assigned one point. Median OS for the low (score 0-1)-, intermediate (score 2-3)-, and high (score 4-5)-risk groups was 134.0 months, 39.9 months, and 18.7 months in the pooled cohort. The CLIR score outperformed the Fong score with superior discriminatory capacities for OS and RFS, both in the training and validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The CLIR score demonstrated a promising ability to predict the long-term survival of CRC patients after complete hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Luan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu-Fang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bao-Cai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, 100142, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Shen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Fan L, Lin Q, Huang X, Fu D, Huang H. Prognostic significance of pretreatment serum free fatty acid in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: a retrospective analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1255. [PMID: 34802440 PMCID: PMC8607655 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fatty acid metabolism is reportedly associated with various cancers. However, the role of pretreatment serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) prognosis is still unclear, and our study aimed to better elucidate its influence on clinical outcomes. Methods The medical records of 221 newly diagnosed DLBCL patients admitted to Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from January 2011 to December 2016 were analysed retrospectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine a cut-off value for pretreatment serum FFA levels for prognostic prediction in DLBCL patients. The relationship between pretreatment serum FFA levels and clinical and laboratory parameters was analysed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results Newly diagnosed DLBCL patients with high pretreatment serum FFA levels (≥0.495 mmol/l) had more B symptoms, higher serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (> upper limit of normal), >1 extranodal site, and higher International Prognostic Index score (3–5) compared to those with low pretreatment serum FFA levels (<0.495 mmol/l). Higher serum FFA levels were independent prognostic factors for poor OS, but not PFS. Conclusions High pretreatment serum FFA levels are associated with lower survival in untreated DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Fan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Danhui Fu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Department of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, 350001, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Haobo Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, 350001, Fujian Province, China.
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18
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Leszczenko P, Borek-Dorosz A, Nowakowska AM, Adamczyk A, Kashyrskaya S, Jakubowska J, Ząbczyńska M, Pastorczak A, Ostrowska K, Baranska M, Marzec KM, Majzner K. Towards Raman-Based Screening of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Type B (B-ALL) Subtypes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215483. [PMID: 34771646 PMCID: PMC8582787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy originating from abnormal lymphoid progenitor cells. Since ALL is genetically highly heterogenous, more sensitive and rapid methods for identifying the molecular subtype of ALL are still being searched, and Raman spectroscopy (RS) has a chance of becoming a valuable tool for this purpose. Herein, the RS was applied to analyze normal B cells and three subtypes of B-ALL, characterized by the presence of the product of gene fusion, i.e., BCR-ABL1, TEL-AML1, and TCF3-PBX1. The classification and discrimination of normal and neoplastic cells were carried out with the chemometric approach. Normal B cells were characterized mostly by bands assigned to nucleic acids and proteins, whereas three subtypes of ALL appeared to contain a higher lipid content. Spectral differences between particular ALL subtypes were modest. The results lead to the conclusion that RS has the potential as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of malignant neoplasms in the pediatric population. B-cell precursor ALLs (BCP-ALLs) are derived from the progenitors of B lymphocytes. Traditionally, risk factors stratifying therapy in ALL patients included age at diagnosis, initial leukocytosis, and the response to chemotherapy. Currently, treatment intensity is modified according to the presence of specific gene alterations in the leukemic genome. Raman imaging is a promising diagnostic tool, which enables the molecular characterization of cells and differentiation of subtypes of leukemia in clinical samples. This study aimed to characterize and distinguish cells isolated from the bone marrow of patients suffering from three subtypes of BCP-ALL, defined by gene rearrangements, i.e., BCR-ABL1 (Philadelphia-positive, t(9;22)), TEL-AML1 (t(12;21)) and TCF3-PBX1 (t(1;19)), using single-cell Raman imaging combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Spectra collected from clinical samples were compared with single-cell spectra of B-cells collected from healthy donors, constituting the control group. We demonstrated that Raman spectra of normal B cells strongly differ from spectra of their malignant counterparts, especially in the intensity of bands, which can be assigned to nucleic acids. We also showed that the identification of leukemia subtypes could be automated with the use of chemometric methods. Results prove the clinical suitability of Raman imaging for the identification of spectroscopic markers characterizing leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Leszczenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Borek-Dorosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Adriana Adamczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Sviatlana Kashyrskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Justyna Jakubowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Marta Ząbczyńska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Kinga Ostrowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Sporna 36/50, 91-738 Lodz, Poland; (J.J.); (M.Z.); (A.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Maria Marzec
- Lukasiewicz Research Network—Krakow Institute of Technology, Zakopiańska 73, 30-418 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.M.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (P.L.); (A.B.-D.); (A.M.N.); (A.A.); (S.K.); (M.B.)
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.M.M.); (K.M.)
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Zou H, Yang N, Zhang X, Chen HW. RORγ is a context-specific master regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis and an emerging therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114725. [PMID: 34384758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in the form of elevated cholesterol biosynthesis and dysregulated efflux and metabolism is well recognized as a major feature of metabolic reprogramming in solid tumors. Recent studies have emphasized on major drivers and regulators such as Myc, mutant p53, SREBP2, LXRs and oncogenic signaling pathways that play crucial roles in tumor cholesterol metabolic reprogramming. Therapeutics such as statins targeting the mevalonate pathway were tried at the clinic without showing consistent benefits to cancer patients. Nuclear receptors are prominent regulators of mammalian metabolism. Their de-regulation often drives tumorigenesis. RORγ and its immune cell-specific isoform RORγt play important functions in control of mammalian metabolism, circadian rhythm and immune responses. Although RORγ, together with its closely related members RORα and RORβ were identified initially as orphan receptors, recent studies strongly support the conclusion that specific intermediates and metabolites of cholesterol pathways serve as endogenous ligands of RORγ. More recent studies also reveal a critical role of RORγ in tumorigenesis through major oncogenic pathways including acting a new master-like regulator of tumor cholesterol biosynthesis program. Importantly, an increasing number of RORγ orthosteric and allosteric ligands are being identified that display potent activities in blocking tumor growth and autoimmune disorders in preclinical models. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical progress on RORγ with emphasis on its role in reprogramming tumor cholesterol metabolism and its regulation. It will also discuss RORγ functional mechanisms, context-specificity and its value as a therapeutic target for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nianxin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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20
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Ozturk E. The Relationship Between Hematological Malignancy and Lipid Profile. Medeni Med J 2021; 36:146-151. [PMID: 34239767 PMCID: PMC8226404 DOI: 10.5222/mmj.2021.91145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypocholesterolemia is a metabolism disorder that may be seen in chronic diseases and malignancies. Various dyslipidemia profiles have been shown in adult and pediatric hematological malignancies. We aimed to evaluate the lipid profile properties in patients diagnosed with a hematological malignancy compared to a healthy control group. Method Out of 1213 patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancy, the data of 98 patients whose pretreatment lipid profiles had already been studied, were reviewed. Forty healthy individuals were selected as the control group. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were compared. Results Triglyceride values were significantly higher (p=0.02), and the total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were lower in the study group compared to the control group. Triglyceride values were higher (p=0.013), and HDL levels were lower (p=0.022) in parallel with increases in uric acid levels. There was a significant correlation between the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score and TG (p=0.003) in those diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Whereas no significant correlation was found between TG, total cholesterol, and LDL values in the limited (early) and advanced stage NHL, while a significant negative correlation was found with HDL (p=0.027). Conclusion Hypertriglyceridemia, as well as low LDL and HDL values may be seen in hematological malignancies. It should be kept in mind that there may be chronic diseases and malignancies in the etiology of incidental hypocholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Further studies are needed on this subject to determine the effects of dyslipidemia on the pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Ozturk
- Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Giacomini I, Gianfanti F, Desbats MA, Orso G, Berretta M, Prayer-Galetti T, Ragazzi E, Cocetta V. Cholesterol Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer and Its Pharmacological Modulation as Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682911. [PMID: 34109128 PMCID: PMC8181394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous sterol with many biological functions, which are crucial for proper cellular signaling and physiology. Indeed, cholesterol is essential in maintaining membrane physical properties, while its metabolism is involved in bile acid production and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Additionally, isoprenoids metabolites of the mevalonate pathway support protein-prenylation and dolichol, ubiquinone and the heme a biosynthesis. Cancer cells rely on cholesterol to satisfy their increased nutrient demands and to support their uncontrolled growth, thus promoting tumor development and progression. Indeed, transformed cells reprogram cholesterol metabolism either by increasing its uptake and de novo biosynthesis, or deregulating the efflux. Alternatively, tumor can efficiently accumulate cholesterol into lipid droplets and deeply modify the activity of key cholesterol homeostasis regulators. In light of these considerations, altered pathways of cholesterol metabolism might represent intriguing pharmacological targets for the development of exploitable strategies in the context of cancer therapy. Thus, this work aims to discuss the emerging evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, on the role of cholesterol pathways in the treatment of cancer, starting from already available cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates), and moving towards novel potential pharmacological inhibitors or selective target modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Giacomini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Gianfanti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Tommaso Prayer-Galetti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - Urology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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22
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Scully T, Ettela A, LeRoith D, Gallagher EJ. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2021; 10:615375. [PMID: 33604295 PMCID: PMC7884814 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.615375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes have both been associated with increased cancer risk and are becoming increasingly prevalent. Metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are associated with both obesity and type 2 diabetes and have been implicated in the obesity-cancer relationship. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to link obesity and diabetes with cancer progression, including an increase in insulin/IGF-1 signaling, lipid and glucose uptake and metabolism, alterations in the profile of cytokines, chemokines, and adipokines, as well as changes in the adipose tissue directly adjacent to the cancer sites. This review aims to summarize and provide an update on the epidemiological and mechanistic evidence linking obesity and type 2 diabetes with cancer, focusing on the roles of insulin, lipids, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Scully
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Abora Ettela
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
- Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
- Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
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23
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Matsushita Y, Nakagawa H, Koike K. Lipid Metabolism in Oncology: Why It Matters, How to Research, and How to Treat. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:474. [PMID: 33530546 PMCID: PMC7865757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in our body, which are mainly composed of fatty acids, triacylglycerides, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol, play important roles at the cellular level. In addition to being energy sources and structural components of biological membranes, several types of lipids serve as signaling molecules or secondary messengers. Metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, but changes in lipid metabolism in cancer have received less attention compared to glucose or glutamine metabolism. However, recent innovations in mass spectrometry- and chromatography-based lipidomics technologies have increased our understanding of the role of lipids in cancer. Changes in lipid metabolism, so-called "lipid metabolic reprogramming", can affect cellular functions including the cell cycle, proliferation, growth, and differentiation, leading to carcinogenesis. Moreover, interactions between cancer cells and adjacent immune cells through altered lipid metabolism are known to support tumor growth and progression. Characterization of cancer-specific lipid metabolism can be used to identify novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment, and indeed, several clinical trials are currently underway. Thus, we discuss the latest findings on the roles of lipid metabolism in cancer biology and introduce current advances in lipidomics technologies, focusing on their applications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
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24
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Xu B, Hu R, Liang Z, Chen T, Chen J, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Li Y. Metabolic regulation of the bone marrow microenvironment in leukemia. Blood Rev 2020; 48:100786. [PMID: 33353770 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most leukemia patients experience little benefit from immunotherapy, in part due to the immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment. Various metabolic mechanisms orchestrate the behaviors of immune cells and leukemia cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Furthermore, leukemia cells regulate the bone marrow microenvironment through metabolism to generate an adequate supply of energy and to escape antitumor immune surveillance. Thus, the targeting of the interaction between leukemia cells and the bone marrow microenvironment provides a new therapeutic avenue. In this review, we describe the concept of the bone marrow microenvironment and several important metabolic processes of leukemia cells within the bone marrow microenvironment, including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, we discuss how these metabolic pathways regulate antitumor immunity and reveal potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Zhao Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Yuxing Hu
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China
| | - Yirong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, PR China.
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, PR China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), 510005 Guangzhou, PR China.
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25
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Sun J, Lou Y, Zhu J, Shen H, Zhou D, Zhu L, Yang X, Xie M, Li L, Huang X, Zhu M, Zheng Y, Xie W, Ye X, Jin J, Zhu HH. Hypertriglyceridemia in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2020; 10:577796. [PMID: 33324553 PMCID: PMC7724081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.577796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate lipid profiles and kinetics in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. We analyzed 402 newly diagnosed APL patients and 201 non-APL patients with acute myeloid leukemia (as control). Incidence of hypertriglyceridemia in APL patients and non-APL patients was 55.82% and 28.4% (p = 0.0003). The initial levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in APL patients than in control (all p < 0.0001). In APL patients, triglyceride levels were significantly increased during induction treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic. Multivariable analysis showed that age, being overweight (body mass index ≥25) and APL were independent risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia in all patients before treatment. High triglyceride levels were not significantly associated with disease-free survival or overall survival in the APL patients. In summary, in the current study triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in APL patients before treatment, and they increased during induction treatment, but there were no significant corresponding effects on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianai Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinjun Lou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huafei Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - De Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiudi Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mixue Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhuo Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujin Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Hu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Hematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Quintero Escobar M, Costa TBBC, Martins LG, Costa SS, vanHelvoort Lengert A, Boldrini É, Morini da Silva SR, Lopes LF, Vidal DO, Krepischi ACV, Maschietto M, Tasic L. Insights in Osteosarcoma by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Serum Metabonomics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:506959. [PMID: 33178572 PMCID: PMC7596414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.506959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric osteosarcoma outcomes have improved over the last decades; however, patients who do not achieve a full resection of the tumor, even after aggressive chemotherapy, have the worst prognosis. At a genetic level, osteosarcoma presents many alterations, but there is scarce information on alterations at metabolomic levels. Therefore, an untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomic approach was used to reveal blood serum alterations, when samples were taken from 21 patients with osteosarcoma aged from 12–20 (18, 86%) to 43 (3, 14%) years before any anticancer therapy were collected. The results showed that metabolites differed greatly between osteosarcoma and healthy control serum samples, especially in lipids, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and histidine concentrations. Besides, most of the loading plots point to protons of the fatty acyls (-CH3 and -CH2-) from very-low- and low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol, as crucial metabolites for discrimination of the patients with osteosarcoma from the healthy samples. The relevance of blood lipids in osteosarcoma was highlighted when analyzed together with the somatic mutations disclosed in tumor samples from the same cohort of patients, where six genes linked to the cholesterol metabolism were found being altered too. The high consistency of the discrimination between osteosarcoma and healthy control blood serum suggests that nuclear magnetic resonance could be successfully applied for osteosarcoma diagnostic and prognostic purposes, which could ameliorate the clinical efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Quintero Escobar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas G Martins
- Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia S Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center (CEGH-CEL), Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Onofre Vidal
- Molecular Oncology Research Center (CPOM), Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Ana C V Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center (CEGH-CEL), Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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27
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Peruzzo R, Costa R, Bachmann M, Leanza L, Szabò I. Mitochondrial Metabolism, Contact Sites and Cellular Calcium Signaling: Implications for Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2574. [PMID: 32927611 PMCID: PMC7564994 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that are mainly involved in the generation of ATP by cellular respiration. In addition, they modulate several intracellular functions, ranging from cell proliferation and differentiation to cell death. Importantly, mitochondria are social and can interact with other organelles, such as the Endoplasmic Reticulum, lysosomes and peroxisomes. This symbiotic relationship gives advantages to both partners in regulating some of their functions related to several aspects of cell survival, metabolism, sensitivity to cell death and metastasis, which can all finally contribute to tumorigenesis. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that modulation of the length and/or numbers of these contacts, as well as of the distance between the two engaged organelles, impacts both on their function as well as on cellular signaling. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the field of contacts and communication between mitochondria and other intracellular organelles, focusing on how the tuning of mitochondrial function might impact on both the interaction with other organelles as well as on intracellular signaling in cancer development and progression, with a special focus on calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (R.P.); (R.C.); (M.B.); (I.S.)
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28
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The Pivotal Role of the Dysregulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis in Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061410. [PMID: 32486083 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays an important role in cellular homeostasis by maintaining the rigidity of cell membranes, providing a medium for signaling transduction, and being converted into other vital macromolecules, such as sterol hormones and bile acids. Epidemiological studies have shown the correlation between cholesterol content and cancer incidence worldwide. Accumulating evidence has shown the emerging roles of the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in cancer development. More specifically, recent reports have shown the distinct role of cholesterol in the suppression of immune cells, regulation of cell survival, and modulation of cancer stem cells in cancer. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the epidemiological analysis, functional roles, and mechanistic action of cholesterol homeostasis in regard to its contribution to cancer development. Based on the existing data, cholesterol homeostasis is identified to be a new key player in cancer pathogenesis. Lastly, we also discuss the therapeutic implications of natural compounds and cholesterol-lowering drugs in cancer prevention and treatment. In conclusion, intervention in cholesterol metabolism may offer a new therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment.
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29
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The mystery of mitochondria-ER contact sites in physiology and pathology: A cancer perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165834. [PMID: 32437958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), physical platforms that enable communication between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are enriched with many proteins and enzymes involved in several crucial cellular processes, such as calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, lipid synthesis and trafficking, autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Accumulating studies indicate that tumor suppressors and oncogenes are present at these intimate contacts between mitochondria and the ER, where they influence Ca2+ flux between mitochondria and the ER or affect lipid homeostasis at MAM, consequently impacting cell metabolism and cell fate. Understanding these fundamental roles of mitochondria-ER contact sites as important domains for tumor suppressors and oncogenes can support the search for new and more precise anticancer therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of basic MAM biology, composition and function and discuss the possible role of MAM-resident oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
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30
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Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Lipid rafts as signaling hubs in cancer cell survival/death and invasion: implications in tumor progression and therapy: Thematic Review Series: Biology of Lipid Rafts. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:611-635. [PMID: 33715811 PMCID: PMC7193951 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains, known as lipid rafts or membrane rafts, play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Physical segregation of proteins in lipid rafts may modulate the accessibility of proteins to regulatory or effector molecules. Thus, lipid rafts serve as sorting platforms and hubs for signal transduction proteins. Cancer cells contain higher levels of intracellular cholesterol and lipid rafts than their normal non-tumorigenic counterparts. Many signal transduction processes involved in cancer development (insulin-like growth factor system and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT) and metastasis [cluster of differentiation (CD)44] are dependent on or modulated by lipid rafts. Additional proteins playing an important role in several malignant cancers (e.g., transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1) are also being detected in association with lipid rafts, suggesting a major role of lipid rafts in tumor progression. Conversely, lipid rafts also serve as scaffolds for the recruitment and clustering of Fas/CD95 death receptors and downstream signaling molecules leading to cell death-promoting raft platforms. The partition of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules in aggregated lipid rafts has led to the formation of the so-called cluster of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts, or CASMER, which leads to apoptosis amplification and can be pharmacologically modulated. These death-promoting rafts can be viewed as a linchpin from which apoptotic signals are launched. In this review, we discuss the involvement of lipid rafts in major signaling processes in cancer cells, including cell survival, cell death, and metastasis, and we consider the potential of lipid raft modulation as a promising target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain. mailto:
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Cruz ALS, Barreto EDA, Fazolini NPB, Viola JPB, Bozza PT. Lipid droplets: platforms with multiple functions in cancer hallmarks. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:105. [PMID: 32029741 PMCID: PMC7005265 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (also known as lipid bodies) are lipid-rich, cytoplasmic organelles that play important roles in cell signaling, lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and the production of inflammatory mediators. Lipid droplet biogenesis is a regulated process, and accumulation of these organelles within leukocytes, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and other nonadipocyte cells is a frequently observed phenotype in several physiologic or pathogenic situations and is thoroughly described during inflammatory conditions. Moreover, in recent years, several studies have described an increase in intracellular lipid accumulation in different neoplastic processes, although it is not clear whether lipid droplet accumulation is directly involved in the establishment of these different types of malignancies. This review discusses current evidence related to the biogenesis, composition and functions of lipid droplets related to the hallmarks of cancer: inflammation, cell metabolism, increased proliferation, escape from cell death, and hypoxia. Moreover, the potential of lipid droplets as markers of disease and targets for novel anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic therapies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Cruz
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiopathology, Polo Novo Cavaleiros, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Brazil
| | - Ester de A Barreto
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Narayana P B Fazolini
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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32
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Huang B, Song BL, Xu C. Cholesterol metabolism in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Metab 2020; 2:132-141. [PMID: 32694690 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism produces essential membrane components as well as metabolites with a variety of biological functions. In the tumour microenvironment, cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues reprogram cholesterol metabolism and consequently promote tumourigenesis. Cholesterol-derived metabolites play complex roles in supporting cancer progression and suppressing immune responses. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that manipulating cholesterol metabolism inhibits tumour growth, reshapes the immunological landscape and reinvigorates anti-tumour immunity. Here, we review cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells, its role in cancer progression and the mechanisms through which cholesterol metabolites affect immune cells in the tumour microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with cholesterol metabolism, and how the combination of such approaches with existing anti-cancer therapies can have synergistic effects, thus offering new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Ayyagari VN, Wang X, Diaz-Sylvester PL, Groesch K, Brard L. Assessment of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT-1) role in ovarian cancer progression-An in vitro study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228024. [PMID: 31978092 PMCID: PMC6980601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) mediated cholesterol ester has been shown to contribute to cancer progression in various cancers including leukemia, glioma, breast, pancreatic and prostate cancers. However, the significance of ACAT-1 and cholesterol esters (CE) is relatively understudied in ovarian cancer. In this in vitro study, we assessed the expression and contribution of ACAT-1 in ovarian cancer progression. We observed a significant increase in the expression of ACAT-1 and CE levels in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines (OC-314, SKOV-3 and IGROV-1) compared to primary ovarian epithelial cells (normal controls). To confirm the tumor promoting capacity of ACAT-1, we inhibited ACAT-1 expression and activity by treating our cell lines with an ACAT inhibitor, avasimibe, or by stable transfection with ACAT-1 specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA). We observed significant suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion in ACAT-1 knockdown ovarian cancer cell lines compared to their respective controls (cell lines transfected with scrambled shRNA). ACAT-1 inhibition enhanced apoptosis with a concurrent increase in caspases 3/7 activity and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) coupled with increased expression of p53 may be the mechanism(s) underlying pro-apoptotic action of ACAT-1 inhibition. Additionally, ACAT-1 inhibited ovarian cancer cell lines displayed enhanced chemosensitivity to cisplatin treatment. These results suggest ACAT-1 may be a potential new target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi N. Ayyagari
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
| | - Paula L. Diaz-Sylvester
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
| | - Kathleen Groesch
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
| | - Laurent Brard
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
- Simmons Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Abstract
Leukemia is a common hematological malignancy with overall poor prognosis. Novel therapies are needed to improve the outcome of leukemia patients. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is a featured alteration in leukemia. Many metabolic-related genes and metabolites are essential to the progress and drug resistance of leukemia. Exploring potential therapeutical targets related to cholesterol homeostasis is a promising area. This review summarized the functions of cholesterol and its derived intermediate metabolites, and also discussed potential agents targeting this metabolic vulnerability in leukemia.
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35
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Naeini MB, Momtazi AA, Jaafari MR, Johnston TP, Barreto G, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Antitumor effects of curcumin: A lipid perspective. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14743-14758. [PMID: 30741424 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays an important role in cancer development due to the necessities of rapidly dividing cells to increase structural, energetic, and biosynthetic demands for cell proliferation. Basically, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related diseases, and cancer are associated with a common hyperactivated "lipogenic state." Recent evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming and overproduction of enzymes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids are the new hallmarks of cancer, which occur in an early phase of tumorigenesis. As the first evidence to confirm dysregulated lipid metabolism in cancer cells, the overexpression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was observed in breast cancer patients and demonstrated the role of FAS in cancer. Other enzymes of fatty acid synthesis have recently been found to be dysregulated in cancer, including ATP-dependent citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which further underscores the connection of these metabolic pathways with cancer cell survival and proliferation. The degree of overexpression of lipogenic enzymes and elevated lipid utilization in tumors is closely associated with cancer progression. The question that arises is whether the progression of cancer can be suppressed, or at least decelerated, by modulating gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism. Curcumin, due to its effects on the regulation of lipogenic enzymes, might be able to suppress, or even cause regression of tumor growth. This review discusses recent evidence concerning the important role of lipogenic enzymes in the metabolism of cancer cells and whether the inhibitory effects of curcumin on lipogenic enzymes is therapeutically efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Bemani Naeini
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - George Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maciej Banach
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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36
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Li M, Yang Y, Wei J, Cun X, Lu Z, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, He Q. Enhanced chemo-immunotherapy against melanoma by inhibition of cholesterol esterification in CD8 + T cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2541-2550. [PMID: 30193815 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol facilitated the formation of T cell receptor on cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the activation of CD8+ T cells always resulted in the upregulation of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) and enhanced the esterification of cholesterol. To relieve the suppression on CD8+ T cells, an ACAT-1 inhibitor avasimibe was combined with chemo-immunotherapy. Paclitaxel and immunoadjuvant αGC were co-encapsulated in liposomes modified with pH sensitive TH peptide (PTX/αGC-TH-Lip). After intravenous injections, the combination of avasimibe significantly elevated the free cholesterol level and relieved the inhibition of CD8+ T cells caused by PTX/αGC-TH-Lip, leading to enhanced CTL responses and anti-tumor effects of PTX/αGC-TH-Lip in B16F10 melanoma xenograft and lung metastasis models. The adoptive immunotherapy further confirmed the enhanced anti-tumor immune responses of the combined strategy. The combination of avasimibe and PTX/αGC-TH-Lip was proven as a feasible approach to enhance the antitumor effects of chemo-immunotherapy by relieving the inhibition of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Cun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengze Lu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Lee HJ, Li J, Vickman RE, Li J, Liu R, Durkes AC, Elzey BD, Yue S, Liu X, Ratliff TL, Cheng JX. Cholesterol Esterification Inhibition Suppresses Prostate Cancer Metastasis by Impairing the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:974-985. [PMID: 29545473 PMCID: PMC5984676 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol is a common characteristic of human cancers including prostate cancer. This study observed an aberrant accumulation of cholesteryl ester in metastatic lesions using Raman spectroscopic analysis of lipid droplets in human prostate cancer patient tissues. Inhibition of cholesterol esterification in prostate cancer cells significantly suppresses the development and growth of metastatic cancer lesions in both orthotopic and intracardiac injection mouse models. Gene expression profiling reveals that cholesteryl ester depletion suppresses the metastatic potential through upregulation of multiple regulators that negatively impact metastasis. In addition, Wnt/β-catenin, a vital pathway for metastasis, is downregulated upon cholesteryl ester depletion. Mechanistically, inhibition of cholesterol esterification significantly blocks secretion of Wnt3a through reduction of monounsaturated fatty acid levels, which limits Wnt3a acylation. These results collectively validate cholesterol esterification as a novel metabolic target for treating metastatic prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 16(6); 974-85. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Renee E Vickman
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Junjie Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Rui Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Abigail C Durkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Shuhua Yue
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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38
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Shen N, Yan F, Pang J, Gao Z, Al-Kali A, Haynes CL, Litzow MR, Liu S. HDL-AuNPs-BMS Nanoparticle Conjugates as Molecularly Targeted Therapy for Leukemia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:14454-14462. [PMID: 29668254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with adsorbed high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have been utilized to deliver oligonucleotides, yet HDL-AuNPs functionalized with small-molecule inhibitors have not been systematically explored. Here, we report an AuNP-based therapeutic system (HDL-AuNPs-BMS) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by delivering BMS309403 (BMS), a small molecule that selectively inhibits AML-promoting factor fatty acid-binding protein 4. To synthesize HDL-AuNPs-BMS, we use AuNP as a template to control conjugate size ensuring a spherical shape to engineer HDL-like nanoparticles containing BMS. The zeta potential and size of the HDL-AuNPs obtained from transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the HDL-AuNPs-BMS are electrostatically stable and 25 nm in diameter. Functionally, compared to free drug, HDL-AuNPs-BMS conjugates are more readily internalized by AML cells and have more pronounced effects on downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), induction of DNA hypomethylation, and restoration of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor p15INK4B coupled with AML growth arrest. Importantly, systemic administration of HDL-AuNPs-BMS conjugates into AML-bearing mice inhibits DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation, induces AML cell differentiation, and diminishes AML disease progression without obvious side effects. In summary, these data, for the first time, demonstrate HDL-AuNPs as an effective delivery platform with great potential to attach distinct inhibitors and HDL-AuNPs-BMS conjugates as a promising therapeutic platform to treat leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shen
- The Hormel Institute , University of Minnesota , Austin , Minnesota 55912 , United States
| | - Fei Yan
- The Hormel Institute , University of Minnesota , Austin , Minnesota 55912 , United States
| | - Jiuxia Pang
- The Hormel Institute , University of Minnesota , Austin , Minnesota 55912 , United States
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Chemistry , College of Science and Engineering , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Aref Al-Kali
- Division of Hematology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry , College of Science and Engineering , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Shujun Liu
- The Hormel Institute , University of Minnesota , Austin , Minnesota 55912 , United States
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Cholesterol esterification inhibition and gemcitabine synergistically suppress pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma proliferation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193318. [PMID: 29489864 PMCID: PMC5831104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have recognized metabolic reprogramming as an underlying mechanism for cancer drug resistance. However, the role of cholesterol metabolism in drug resistance remain elusive. Herein, we report an increased accumulation of cholesteryl ester in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. A potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), avasimibe, effectively suppressed proliferation of gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells. Combination of avasimibe and gemcitabine showed strong synergistic effect in suppressing PDAC cell viability in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Immunoblotting analysis suggests downregulation of Akt by avasimibe is likely to contribute to the synergism. Collectively, our study demonstrates a new combinational therapeutic strategy to overcome gemcitabine resistance for PDAC treatment.
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Zhu Y, Toth AJ, Lowry AM, Blackstone EH, Hill BT, Mick SL. Cardiac Surgery Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 105:1182-1191. [PMID: 29455840 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical outcomes of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) undergoing cardiac surgery are limited. Our objectives were to investigate hospital morbidity and mortality after open cardiac surgery in CLL versus non-CLL patients. METHODS From May 1995 to May 2015, 157 patients with CLL and 55,917 without and older than 47 years underwent elective cardiac surgery at Cleveland Clinic. By Rai criteria, 79 CLL patients (56%) were low risk (class 0), 13 (9.1%) intermediate risk (classes I and II), and 38 (27%) high risk (classes III and IV); 12 (8.5%) were in remission. Mean age of CLL patients was 72 ± 9.0 years, and 18% were women. CLL patients were propensity-score matched to 3 non-CLL patients to compare surgical outcomes. RESULTS High-risk CLL patients received more blood products than matched non-CLL patients (33/38 [87%] versus 74/114 [65%], p = 0.01), but were less likely to receive cryoprecipitate (0% versus 15/114 [13%], p = .02). Intermediate-risk CLL patients received more platelet units, mean 12 versus 4.6 (p = 0.008). Occurrence of deep sternal wound infection (0% versus 5/471 [1.1%]), septicemia (5/157 [3.2%] versus 14/471 [3.0%]), and hospital mortality (4/157 [2.5%] versus 14/471 [3.0%]) were similar (p > 0.3), independent of prior chemotherapy treatment for CLL. CONCLUSIONS Although CLL patients did not have higher hospital mortality than non-CLL patients, high-risk CLL patients were more likely to receive blood products. Risks associated with transfusion should be considered when evaluating CLL patients for elective cardiac surgery. Appropriate preoperative management, such as blood product transfusions, and alternative treatment options that decrease blood loss, should be considered for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjia Zhu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew J Toth
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashley M Lowry
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eugene H Blackstone
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Brian T Hill
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephanie L Mick
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Rink JS, Yang S, Cen O, Taxter T, McMahon KM, Misener S, Behdad A, Longnecker R, Gordon LI, Thaxton CS. Rational Targeting of Cellular Cholesterol in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Enabled by Functional Lipoprotein Nanoparticles: A Therapeutic Strategy Dependent on Cell of Origin. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4042-4051. [PMID: 28933554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have altered metabolism and, in some cases, an increased demand for cholesterol. It is important to identify novel, rational treatments based on biology, and cellular cholesterol metabolism as a potential target for cancer is an innovative approach. Toward this end, we focused on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as a model because there is differential cholesterol biosynthesis driven by B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in germinal center (GC) versus activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL. To specifically target cellular cholesterol homeostasis, we employed high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles (HDL NP) that can generally reduce cellular cholesterol by targeting and blocking cholesterol uptake through the high-affinity HDL receptor, scavenger receptor type B-1 (SCARB1). As we previously reported, GC DLBCL are exquisitely sensitive to HDL NP as monotherapy, while ABC DLBCL are less sensitive. Herein, we report that enhanced BCR signaling and resultant de novo cholesterol synthesis in ABC DLBCL drastically reduces the ability of HDL NPs to reduce cellular cholesterol and induce cell death. Therefore, we combined HDL NP with the BCR signaling inhibitor ibrutinib and the SYK inhibitor R406. By targeting both cellular cholesterol uptake and BCR-associated de novo cholesterol synthesis, we achieved cellular cholesterol reduction and induced apoptosis in otherwise resistant ABC DLBCL cell lines. These results in lymphoma demonstrate that reduction of cellular cholesterol is a powerful mechanism to induce apoptosis. Cells rich in cholesterol require HDL NP therapy to reduce uptake and molecularly targeted agents that inhibit upstream pathways that stimulate de novo cholesterol synthesis, thus, providing a new paradigm for rationally targeting cholesterol metabolism as therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Rink
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Urology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University , Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Shuo Yang
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Osman Cen
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Tim Taxter
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Developmental Therapeutic Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Kaylin M McMahon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Urology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University , Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Developmental Therapeutic Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Sol Misener
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Urology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Amir Behdad
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Leo I Gordon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - C Shad Thaxton
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine , Department of Urology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University , Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States.,Northwestern University , International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Starkova J, Hermanova I, Hlozkova K, Hararova A, Trka J. Altered Metabolism of Leukemic Cells: New Therapeutic Opportunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 336:93-147. [PMID: 29413894 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cancer metabolic program alters bioenergetic processes to meet the higher demands of tumor cells for biomass production, nucleotide synthesis, and NADPH-balancing redox homeostasis. It is widely accepted that cancer cells mostly utilize glycolysis, as opposed to normal cells, in which oxidative phosphorylation is the most employed bioenergetic process. Still, studies examining cancer metabolism had been overlooked for many decades, and it was only recently discovered that metabolic alterations affect both the oncogenic potential and therapeutic response. Since most of the published works concern solid tumors, in this comprehensive review, we aim to summarize knowledge about the metabolism of leukemia cells. Leukemia is a malignant disease that ranks first and fifth in cancer-related deaths in children and adults, respectively. Current treatment has reached its limits due to toxicity, and there has been a need for new therapeutic approaches. One of the possible scenarios is improved use of established drugs and another is to introduce new druggable targets. Herein, we aim to describe the complexity of leukemia metabolism and highlight cellular processes that could be targeted therapeutically and enhance the effectiveness of current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starkova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Hermanova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Hlozkova
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Hararova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trka
- CLIP-Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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44
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McMahon KM, Scielzo C, Angeloni NL, Deiss-Yehiely E, Scarfo L, Ranghetti P, Ma S, Kaplan J, Barbaglio F, Gordon LI, Giles FJ, Thaxton CS, Ghia P. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins as targeted monotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11219-11227. [PMID: 28061439 PMCID: PMC5355259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable despite the introduction of new drugs. Therapies targeting receptors and pathways active specifically in malignant B cells might provide better treatment options. For instance, in B cell lymphoma, our group has previously shown that scavenger receptor type B-1 (SR-B1), the high-affinity receptor for cholesterol-rich high-density lipoproteins (HDL), is a therapeutic target. As evidence suggests that targeting cholesterol metabolism in CLL cells may have therapeutic benefit, we examined SR-B1 expression in primary CLL cells from patients. Unlike normal B cells that do not express SR-B1, CLL cells express the receptor. As a result, we evaluated cholesterol-poor synthetic HDL nanoparticles (HDL NP), known for targeting SR-B1, as a therapy for CLL. HDL NPs potently and selectively induce apoptotic cell death in primary CLL cells. HDL NPs had no effect on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals or patients with CLL. These data implicate SR-B1 as a target in CLL and HDL NPs as targeted monotherapy for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin M McMahon
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cristina Scielzo
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program On CLL and Unit of B cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas L Angeloni
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elad Deiss-Yehiely
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lydia Scarfo
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program On CLL and Unit of B cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program On CLL and Unit of B cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Shuo Ma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Program of The Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Federica Barbaglio
- Strategic Research Program On CLL and Unit of B cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leo I Gordon
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J Giles
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Program of The Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI) for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, IL, USA.,International Institute for Nanotechnology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program On CLL and Unit of B cell Neoplasia, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Bandyopadhyay S, Li J, Traer E, Tyner JW, Zhou A, Oh ST, Cheng JX. Cholesterol esterification inhibition and imatinib treatment synergistically inhibit growth of BCR-ABL mutation-independent resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179558. [PMID: 28719608 PMCID: PMC5515395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) prognosis has improved greatly. However, ~30-40% of patients develop resistance to imatinib therapy. Although most resistance is caused by mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain, 50-85% of these patients develop resistance in the absence of new mutations. In these cases, targeting other pathways may be needed to regain clinical response. Using label-free Raman spectromicroscopy, we evaluated a number of leukemia cell lines and discovered an aberrant accumulation of cholesteryl ester (CE) in CML, which was found to be a result of BCR-ABL kinase activity. CE accumulation in CML was found to be a cancer-specific phenomenon as untransformed cells did not accumulate CE. Blocking cholesterol esterification with avasimibe, a potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT-1), significantly suppressed CML cell proliferation in Ba/F3 cells with the BCR-ABLT315I mutation and in K562 cells rendered imatinib resistant without mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain (K562R cells). Furthermore, the combination of avasimibe and imatinib caused a profound synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation in K562R cells, but not in Ba/F3T315I. This synergistic effect was confirmed in a K562R xenograft mouse model. Analysis of primary cells from a BCR-ABL mutation-independent imatinib resistant patient by mass cytometry suggested that the synergy may be due to downregulation of the MAPK pathway by avasimibe, which sensitized the CML cells to imatinib treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel strategy for overcoming BCR-ABL mutation-independent TKI resistance in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Esterification/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides
- Sulfonic Acids/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovik Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Junjie Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elie Traer
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy Zhou
- Division of Hematology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. Oh
- Division of Hematology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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46
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Strati P, Parikh SA, Chaffee KG, Kay NE, Call TG, Achenbach SJ, Cerhan JR, Slager SL, Shanafelt TD. Relationship between co-morbidities at diagnosis, survival and ultimate cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): a prospective cohort study. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:394-402. [PMID: 28580636 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate cause of death for most patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and its relationship to co-morbid health conditions is poorly defined. We conducted a prospective cohort study that systematically followed 1143 patients diagnosed with CLL between June 2002 and November 2014. Comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis and their relationship to survival and cause of death were evaluated. Collectively, 1061 (93%) patients had at least one co-morbid health condition at the time of CLL diagnosis (median number 3). Despite this, 89% of patients had a low-intermediate Charlson Comorbidity Index score (CCI) at diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 6 years, 225 patients have died. Death was due to CLL progression in 85 (46%) patients, infection in 14 (8%) patients, other cancer in 35 (19%) patients and comorbid health conditions in 50 (27%) patients. Higher CCI score and a greater number of major comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis was associated with shorter non-CLL specific survival, but not with shorter CLL-specific survival on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, CLL and CLL-related complications (infections and second cancers) are the overwhelming cause of death in patients with CLL, regardless of CCI score and number of comorbid health conditions at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Strati
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Neil E Kay
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Karmali R, Gordon LI. Molecular Subtyping in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma: Closer to an Approach of Precision Therapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2017; 18:11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11864-017-0449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Verbrugge SE, Al M, Assaraf YG, Kammerer S, Chandrupatla DMSH, Honeywell R, Musters RPJ, Giovannetti E, O'Toole T, Scheffer GL, Krige D, de Gruijl TD, Niessen HWM, Lems WF, Kramer PA, Scheper RJ, Cloos J, Ossenkoppele GJ, Peters GJ, Jansen G. Multifactorial resistance to aminopeptidase inhibitor prodrug CHR2863 in myeloid leukemia cells: down-regulation of carboxylesterase 1, drug sequestration in lipid droplets and pro-survival activation ERK/Akt/mTOR. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5240-57. [PMID: 26496029 PMCID: PMC4868683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase inhibitors are receiving attention as combination chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of refractory acute myeloid leukemia. However, the factors determining therapeutic efficacy remain elusive. Here we identified the molecular basis of acquired resistance to CHR2863, an orally available hydrophobic aminopeptidase inhibitor prodrug with an esterase-sensitive motif, in myeloid leukemia cells. CHR2863 enters cells by diffusion and is retained therein upon esterase activity-mediated conversion to its hydrophilic active metabolite drug CHR6768, thereby exerting amino acid depletion. Carboxylesterases (CES) serve as candidate prodrug activating enzymes given CES1 expression in acute myeloid leukemia specimens. We established two novel myeloid leukemia sublines U937/CHR2863(200) and U937/CHR2863(5uM), with low (14-fold) and high level (270-fold) CHR2863 resistance. The latter drug resistant cells displayed: (i) complete loss of CES1-mediated drug activation associated with down-regulation of CES1 mRNA and protein, (ii) marked retention/sequestration of the prodrug, (iii) a substantial increase in intracellular lipid droplets, and (iv) a dominant activation of the pro-survival Akt/mTOR pathway. Remarkably, the latter feature coincided with a gain of sensitivity to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. These finding delineate the molecular basis of CHR2863 resistance and offer a novel modality to overcome this drug resistance in myeloid leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ellen Verbrugge
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Clinical Chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon Al
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowsky Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, The Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Present address: Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Durga M S H Chandrupatla
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Honeywell
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene P J Musters
- Department of Physiology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom O'Toole
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George L Scheffer
- Departments of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Krige
- Chroma Therapeutics Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom.,Present address: Immunocore Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Departments of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem F Lems
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rik J Scheper
- Departments of Pathology and Cardiac Surgery, ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sankanagoudar S, Singh G, Mahapatra M, Kumar L, Chandra NC. Cholesterol Homeostasis in Isolated Lymphocytes: a Differential Correlation Between Male Control and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subjects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:23-30. [PMID: 28240002 PMCID: PMC5563105 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was performed to investigate any association between cellular cholesterol homeostasis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL is characterized primarily by an abnormal accumulation of neoplastic B cells in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. Methods: Men aged >50 years participated in this study. Enzyme-based plasma lipid profile estimations, peripheral blood lymphocyte isolation, lysate preparations, SDS-PAGE, western blotting, dil-LDL uptake and ultracentrifugation were employed. Results: Our study demonstrated hypocholesterolemia in lymphocytic leukemia in addition to hyper-expression of LDLRs in leukemic lymphocytes. Breakdown of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and failure to maintain the feedback mechanism normally processed by the transcription factor SREBP-2 in the cytoplasm was apparent. The presence of cholesterol in the nucleus was noted in leukemic lymphocytes. A comparison of cholesterol homeostasis between healthy controls and CLL subjects showed that cholesterol may contribute to lymphocytic leukemia. While plasma cholesterol levels decreased (p < 0.0005), hyper-expression of LDLR (p=0.0001), SREBP-2 (transcription factor of LDLR) (p=0.0001) and PBR (nuclear cholesterol channel protein) (p=0.016) was observed in lymphocytes isolated from CLL subjects in association with a significant increase in intracellular cholesterol in the nuclear (p=0.036) and cytoplasmic (p=0.004) compartments. Conclusion: This study provided insights into cholesterol homeostasis in CLL subjects regarding LDLR, SREBP-2 and PBR. Cholesterol may enter the nucleus through highly expressed PBR and may be involved in development of leukemia by influencing cell cycle mechanisms in the lymphocytes of CLL subjects.
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Yavasoglu I, Sargin G, Yilmaz F, Altındag S, Akgun G, Tombak A, Toka B, Dal S, Ozbas H, Cetin G, Donmez A, Yegin ZA, Bilgir O, Tiftik N, Ertop S, Ayyildiz O, Sonmez M, Pektas G, Kadıkoylu G, Tombuloglu M, Bolaman Z. Cholesterol Levels in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Natl Med Assoc 2016; 109:23-27. [PMID: 28259211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Low cholesterol levels may be accompanied by solid tumors or hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma. Decreased cholesterol levels have been reported in some experimental studies about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It may be associated with tumoral cell metabolism. Herein, we examine blood lipid profiles of patients with newly diagnosed CLL (284 male, 276 female, mean age 64 ± 11 years) as defined by National Cancer Institute criteria. The control group consisted of 71 healthy subjects with mean age 55 ± 9 years (28 male, 43 females). 60% of patients with Binet A, while 25% were Binet C. Decreased levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were observed in patients with CLL than control group (p < 0,001). There was no statistical significance between CLL and control group for triglycerides (TG) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), also between HDL-C, VLDL, TG and grades. Cholesterol may metabolized by abnormal lymphocytes in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Yavasoglu
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sargin
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Fergun Yilmaz
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Altındag
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulsum Akgun
- Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Anil Tombak
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bila Toka
- Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sinan Dal
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozbas
- Karadeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Guven Cetin
- Bezmialem University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Donmez
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Arzu Yegin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oktay Bilgir
- Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Naci Tiftik
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sehmus Ertop
- Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ayyildiz
- Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sonmez
- Karadeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Pektas
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gurhan Kadıkoylu
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Murat Tombuloglu
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zahit Bolaman
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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