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Jaén M, Martín-Regalado Á, Bartolomé RA, Robles J, Casal JI. Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2): Expression, signaling pathways and therapeutic applications in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188802. [PMID: 36152905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2) is increasingly recognized as a relevant player in cancer invasion and metastasis. Despite being initially considered a decoy receptor for dampening the levels of interleukin 13 (IL-13) in diverse inflammatory conditions, accumulating evidences in the last decades indicate the capacity of IL13Rα2 for mediating IL-13 signaling in cancer cells. The biological reasons behind the expression of this receptor with such extremely high affinity for IL-13 in cancer cells remain unclear. Elevated expression of IL13Rα2 is commonly associated with invasion, late stage and cancer metastasis that results in poor prognosis for glioblastoma, colorectal or breast cancer, among others. The discovery of new mediators and effectors of IL13Rα2 signaling has been critical for deciphering its underlying molecular mechanisms in cancer progression. Still, many questions about the effects of inflammation, the cancer type and the tumor degree in the expression of IL13Rα2 remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we review and discuss the current status of the IL13Rα2 biology in cancer, with particular emphasis in the role of inflammation-driven expression and the regulation of different signaling pathways. As IL13Rα2 implications in cancer continue to grow exponentially, we highlight new targeted therapies recently developed for glioblastoma, colorectal cancer and other IL13Rα2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jaén
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Martín-Regalado
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén A Bartolomé
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Robles
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Protein Alternatives SL, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Zhang M, Duffen JL, Nocka KH, Kasaian MT. IL-13 Controls IL-33 Activity through Modulation of ST2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:3070-3080. [PMID: 34789557 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates local inflammation upon tissue damage. IL-33 is known to act on multiple cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), Th2 cells, and mast cells to drive production of Th2 cytokines including IL-5 and IL-13. IL-33 signaling activity through transmembrane ST2L can be inhibited by soluble ST2 (sST2), which acts as a decoy receptor. Previous findings suggested that modulation of IL-13 levels in mice lacking decoy IL-13Rα2, or mice lacking IL-13, impacted responsiveness to IL-33. In this study, we used Il13 -/- mice to investigate whether IL-13 regulates IL-33 activity by modulating the transmembrane and soluble forms of ST2. In Il13 -/- mice, the effects of IL-33 administration were exacerbated relative to wild type (WT). Il13 -/- mice administered IL-33 i.p. had heightened splenomegaly, more immune cells in the peritoneum including an expanded ST2L+ ILC2 population, increased eosinophilia in the spleen and peritoneum, and reduced sST2 in the circulation and peritoneum. In the spleen, lung, and liver of mice given IL-33, gene expression of both isoforms of ST2 was increased in Il13 -/- mice relative to WT. We confirmed fibroblasts to be an IL-13-responsive cell type that can regulate IL-33 activity through production of sST2. This study elucidates the important regulatory activity that IL-13 exerts on IL-33 through induction of IL-33 decoy receptor sST2 and through modulation of ST2L+ ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Zhang
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Jennifer L Duffen
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Karl H Nocka
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Marion T Kasaian
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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Inhibition of Liver Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting IL-13/IL13Rα2 Binding Site with Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071731. [PMID: 33917458 PMCID: PMC8038733 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary IL13Rα2 has been repeatedly reported as an excellent therapeutic target for multiple types of advanced cancers. However, previous IL13Rα2 targeting attempts have been mostly unsuccessful. Here, we describe a novel strategy based on the blocking of the IL-13 tumorigenic activity using a highly preserved D1 peptide selected from the IL13Rα2 binding site for mouse immunization and the inhibition of the cell invasion capacity for antibody screening. The IL13Rα2 D1 peptide-specific monoclonal antibody 5.5.4 has demonstrated a large capacity for blocking IL13Rα2 signaling capacity and protecting mice against established and non-established liver metastasis in colorectal cancer. These positive results predict a potential application to other IL13Rα2 positive cancers. Abstract Background: IL13Rα2 is reportedly a promising therapeutic target in different cancers. Still, no specific antagonists have reached the clinics yet. We investigated the use of a IL-13/IL13Rα2 binding motif, called D1, as a new target for the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Methods: IL13Rα2 D1 peptides were prepared and used for immunization and antibody development. Antibodies were tested for inhibition of cellular invasion through Matrigel using CRC cell lines. Effects of the mAbs on cell signaling, receptor internalization and degradation were determined by western blot and flow cytometry. Swiss nude mice were used for survival analysis after treatment with IL13Rα2-specific mAbs and metastasis development. Results: IL13Rα2 D1 peptides were used to generate highly selective mAbs that blocked IL13/IL13Rα2-mediated SRC activation and cell invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Antibodies also provoked a significant reduction in cell adhesion and proliferation of metastatic cancer cells. Treatment with mAbs impaired the FAK, SRC and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Blocking effectivity was shown to correlate with the cellular IL13Rα2 expression level. Despite mAb 5.5.4 partially blocked IL-13 mediated receptor internalization from the cancer cell surface it still promotes receptor degradation. Compared with other IL13Rα2-specific antibodies, 5.5.4 exhibited a superior efficacy to inhibit metastatic growth in vivo, providing a complete mouse survival in different conditions, including established metastasis. Conclusions: Monoclonal antibody 5.5.4 showed a highly selective blocking capacity for the interaction between IL-13 and IL13Rα2 and caused a complete inhibition of liver metastasis in IL13Rα2-positive colorectal cancer cells. This capacity might be potentially applicable to other IL13Rα2-expressing tumors.
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Sequeida A, Castillo A, Cordero N, Wong V, Montero R, Vergara C, Valenzuela B, Vargas D, Valdés N, Morales J, Tello M, Sandino AM, Maisey K, Imarai M. The Atlantic salmon interleukin 4/13 receptor family: Structure, tissue distribution and modulation of gene expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:773-787. [PMID: 31734286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 play a central role in T helper 2 immune response in mammals. The cell signalling is mediated by the type I heterodimeric receptor containing the IL-4Rα and γC chains, and the type II receptors formed by IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1. In salmonid species, three paralogues of the IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines have been reported, il-4/13a, il-4/13b1 and il-4/13b2. In regard to receptors, two paralogues of each IL-4/13 receptor chains have been identified in rainbow trout while five genes named γc1, il-4rα, il-13rα1a, il-13rα1b, and il-13rα2 have identified in Atlantic salmon. Since Atlantic salmon is an important farmed fish species, the aim of this work was to get new insights into distribution, structure and expression regulation of the IL-4/13 receptors in salmon. By using qRT-PCR, it was shown that all γc1, il-4rα, il-13rα1a, il-13rα1b, and il-13rα2 receptor chains were expressed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of healthy salmon, nonetheless γC expression was higher in lymphoid than non-lymphoid tissues. The in silico structural analysis and homology modelling of the predicted receptor proteins showed that domains and most motifs present in the superior vertebrate chains are conserved in salmon suggesting a conserved role for these receptor chains. Only IL-13Rα1B is a receptor chain with a unique structure that seem not to be present in higher vertebrates but in fish species. In order to determine the regulatory role of IL-4/13 on the expression of receptor chains, Atlantic salmon il-4/13A gene was synthetized and cloned in pET15b. The recombinant IL-4/13A was produced in E. coli and the activity of the purified cytokine was confirmed in vitro. The regulatory role of IL-4/13A on the expression of their potential receptors was tested in salmon receiving the recombinant cytokine and effects were compared with those of the control group. The results showed that IL-4/13A induced the expression of its own gene and GATA-3, in the head kidney of fish but not in the spleen, while IL-10 increased in both lymphoid organs indicating a regulatory role of this cytokine on the induction of Th2 responses in salmon. IFN-γ and MHC class II were also later induced in head kidney. In regard to the expression of the receptor chains, IL-4/13A upregulated the expression of γC, IL-13Rα1A and IL-13Rα2A in the spleen but not in the head kidney of salmon, indicating a role on the modulation of cell signalling for the Th2 response. Furthermore, Piscirickettsia salmonis infection of Atlantic salmon occurred with an increase of γC and IL-13Rα1A suggesting a potential role of the IL-4/13 system in bacterial immunity or pathogenesis. This study contributes to a better understanding of the IL-4/13A system in salmon, which as a key axis for Th2 response may be involved not only in pathogen elimination but also in adaptive immune repair that seems critical tolerance to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sequeida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrés Castillo
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Natalia Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Valentina Wong
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory for Comparative Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Claudio Vergara
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Deborah Vargas
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Natalia Valdés
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jonathan Morales
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Mario Tello
- Laboratory of Metagenomics, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile; Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola ICTIO Biotechnologies, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Südufer 10, 17493, Graeifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Verstockt B, Verstockt S, Creyns B, Tops S, Van Assche G, Gils A, Ceuppens JL, Vermeire S, Ferrante M, Breynaert C. Mucosal IL13RA2 expression predicts nonresponse to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:572-581. [PMID: 30663072 PMCID: PMC6849553 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileocolonic expression of IL13RA2 has been identified as a predictive marker for nonresponsiveness to infliximab (IFX) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). AIM To validate the IL13RA2 biomarker, study its anti-TNF specificity and get a better understanding of the underlying biology driving its expression. METHODS IL13RA2 mucosal expression was studied in a cohort of adalimumab and vedolizumab treated patients. To identify the upstream regulators of anti-TNF nonresponsiveness, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was applied on publicly available microarray data of IFX-treated patients. Selected serum proteins, including TNF, were measured prior to first IFX exposure and compared between healers and nonhealers. RESULTS Increased mucosal IL13RA2 expression prior to start of biological therapy was predictive for anti-TNF nonresponsiveness specifically (AUROC, area under the curve = 0.90, P < 0.001 in anti-TNF vs AUROC = 0.63, P = 0.30 in vedolizumab treated patients). In baseline biopsies, TNF-driven pathways were significantly enriched in future anti-TNF nonhealers (P = 5.0 × 10-34 ). We found an increased baseline mucosal TNF burden in nonhealers (P = 0.02), and TNF mRNA correlated significantly with IL13RA2 expression (ρ = 0.55, P = 0.02). Baseline serum TNF levels were significantly lower in nonhealers (P = 0.04), and correlated inversely with IFX serum induction levels (r = -0.45, P = 0.002 at week 6). CONCLUSIONS Increased mucosal IL13RA2 expression is associated with an increased mucosal TNF burden in CD patients. In view of its specificity for prediction of anti-TNF therapy resistance, mucosal IL13RA2 expression is a potential biomarker for therapy selection and/or for the need of increased anti-TNF drug dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sare Verstockt
- Department of Human GeneticsLaboratory for Complex GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Brecht Creyns
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLaboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sophie Tops
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesLaboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven LeuvenBelgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ann Gils
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesLaboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jan L. Ceuppens
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLaboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingTranslational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospitals Leuven, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyLaboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Verstockt B, Perrier C, De Hertogh G, Cremer J, Creyns B, Van Assche G, Ferrante M, Ceuppens JL, Vermeire S, Breynaert C. Effects of Epithelial IL-13Rα2 Expression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2983. [PMID: 30619339 PMCID: PMC6305625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucosal IL-13 Receptor alpha 2 (IL13RA2) mRNA expression is one of the best predictive markers for primary non-responsiveness to infliximab therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this study was to understand how IL-13Rα2, a negative regulator of IL-13 signaling, can contribute to IBD pathology. Methods:IL13RA2 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water to induce colitis. Furthermore, mucosal biopsies and resection specimen of healthy individuals and IBD patients before the start of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy were obtained for immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. Results: After induction of DSS colitis, IL13RA2 KO mice had similar disease severity, but recovered more rapidly than WT animals. Goblet cell numbers and mucosal architecture were also more rapidly restored in IL13RA2 KO mice. In mucosal biopsies of active IBD patients, immunohistochemistry revealed that IL-13Rα2 protein was highly expressed in epithelial cells, while expression was restricted to goblet cells in healthy controls. Mucosal IL13RA2 mRNA negatively correlated with mRNA of several goblet cell-specific and barrier genes, and with goblet cell numbers. Conclusions: The data suggest that IL-13Rα2 on epithelial cells contributes to IBD pathology by negatively influencing goblet cell recovery, goblet cell function and epithelial restoration after injury. Therefore, blocking IL-13Rα2 could be a promising target for restoration of the epithelial barrier in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clémentine Perrier
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- KU Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brecht Creyns
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan L. Ceuppens
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Breynaert
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
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Nolin JD, Murphy RC, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Henderson WR, Hallstrand TS. Function of secreted phospholipase A 2 group-X in asthma and allergic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:827-837. [PMID: 30529275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity in the airways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic disease for some time. The identity and function of these enzymes in asthma is becoming clear from work in our lab and others. We focused on sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) after identifying increased levels of this enzyme in asthma, and that it is responsible for a large portion of sPLA2 activity in the airways and that the levels are strongly associated with features of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this review, we discuss studies that implicated sPLA2-X in human asthma, and murine models that demonstrate a critical role of this enzyme as a regulator of type-2 inflammation, AHR and production of eicosanoids. We discuss the mechanism by which sPLA2-X acts to regulate eicosanoids in leukocytes, as well as effects that are mediated through the generation of lysophospholipids and through receptor-mediated functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R Henderson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DIseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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Yang SJ, Allahverdian S, Saunders ADR, Liu E, Dorscheid DR. IL-13 signaling through IL-13 receptor α2 mediates airway epithelial wound repair. FASEB J 2018; 33:3746-3757. [PMID: 30481486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801285r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease characterized by epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway remodeling. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine shown to contribute to features of airway remodeling. We have previously demonstrated that IL-13 is an important mediator of normal airway epithelial repair and health. The role of IL-13 signaling via its receptor subunits (IL-13Rα1/IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα2) in airway epithelial repair and restoration of intact barrier function is not well understood and was investigated in this study using in vitro models. The blocking of IL-13 signaling via IL-13Rα2 significantly reduced airway epithelial repair by 24 h post-mechanical wounding in 1HAEo- cells. Expression and release of repair-mediating growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and subsequent activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) were also significantly reduced in response to wounding when IL-13Rα2 was blocked. Our data support that IL-13 signals via IL-13Rα2 to mediate normal airway epithelial repair via HB-EGF-dependent activation of EGFR. In human donor lung tissues, we observed that airway epithelium of asthmatics expressed significantly decreased levels of IL-13Rα2 and increased levels of IL-13Rα1 compared with nonasthmatics. Dysregulated expression of IL-13 receptor subunits in the airways of asthmatics may thus contribute to the epithelial barrier dysfunction observed in asthma.-Yang, S. J., Allahverdian, S., Saunders, A. D. R., Liu, E., Dorscheid, D. R. IL-13 signaling through IL-13 receptor α2 mediates airway epithelial wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jasemine Yang
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela D R Saunders
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Liu
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Delbert R Dorscheid
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Duffen J, Zhang M, Masek-Hammerman K, Nunez A, Brennan A, Jones JEC, Morin J, Nocka K, Kasaian M. Modulation of the IL-33/IL-13 Axis in Obesity by IL-13Rα2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1347-1359. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In obesity, IL-13 overcomes insulin resistance by promoting anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation in adipose tissue. Endogenous IL-13 levels can be modulated by the IL-13 decoy receptor, IL-13Rα2, which inactivates and depletes the cytokine. In this study, we show that IL-13Rα2 is markedly elevated in adipose tissues of obese mice. Mice deficient in IL-13Rα2 had high expression of IL-13 response markers in adipose tissue, consistent with increased IL-13 activity at baseline. Moreover, exposure to the type 2 cytokine-inducing alarmin, IL-33, enhanced serum and tissue IL-13 concentrations and elevated tissue eosinophils, macrophages, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. IL-33 also reduced body weight, fat mass, and fasting blood glucose levels. Strikingly, however, the IL-33–induced protection was greater in IL-13Rα2–deficient mice compared with wild-type littermates, and these changes were largely attenuated in mice lacking IL-13. Although IL-33 administration improved the metabolic profile in the context of a high fat diet, it also resulted in diarrhea and perianal irritation, which was enhanced in the IL-13Rα2–deficient mice. Weight loss in this group was associated with reduced food intake, which was likely related to the gastrointestinal effects. These findings outline both potentially advantageous and deleterious effects of a type 2–skewed immune response under conditions of metabolic stress, and identify IL-13Rα2 as a critical checkpoint in adipose tissues that limits the protective effects of the IL-33/IL-13 axis in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Duffen
- *Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Melvin Zhang
- *Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Angela Nunez
- ‡Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, MA 01810; and
| | - Agnes Brennan
- *Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Jeffrey Morin
- ‡Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, MA 01810; and
| | - Karl Nocka
- *Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Marion Kasaian
- *Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139
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11
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Chung SI, Horton JA, Ramalingam TR, White AO, Chung EJ, Hudak KE, Scroggins BT, Arron JR, Wynn TA, Citrin DE. IL-13 is a therapeutic target in radiation lung injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39714. [PMID: 28004808 PMCID: PMC5177927 DOI: 10.1038/srep39714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a potentially lethal late adverse event of thoracic irradiation. Prior research indicates that unrestrained TGF-β1 and/or type 2 cytokine-driven immune responses promote fibrosis following radiation injury, but the full spectrum of factors governing this pathology remains unclear. Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a key factor in fibrotic disease associated with helminth infection, but it is unclear whether it plays a similar role in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Using a mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that IL-13 drives the progression of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Irradiated lungs from wild-type c57BL/6NcR mice accumulated alternatively-activated macrophages, displayed elevated levels of IL-13, and extensive fibrosis, whereas IL-13 deficient mice were resistant to these changes. Furthermore, plasma from irradiated wild-type mice showed a transient increase in the IL-13 saturated fraction of the circulating decoy receptor IL-13Rα2. Finally, we determined that therapeutic neutralization of IL-13, during the period of IL-13Rα2 saturation was sufficient to protect mice from lung fibrosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-13 is a major regulator of radiation-induced lung injury and demonstrates that strategies focusing on IL-13 may be useful in screening for timely delivery of anti-IL-13 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su I Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason A Horton
- Musculoskeletal Science Research Center, Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Ayla O White
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hudak
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley T Scroggins
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, Inc. MS 231c, 1 DNA way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Memorial Drive, Room 211C, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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May RD, Fung M. Strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in disease. Cytokine 2016; 75:89-116. [PMID: 26255210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 cytokines are known to mediate host defense against parasites but they can also trigger disease if their activities are dysregulated. In this review we discuss the rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blocking IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13 together.
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13
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Bioanalytical challenges and improved detection of circulating levels of IL-13. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:323-32. [PMID: 26847873 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13 is a key mediator of type 2 inflammation-driven diseases. Circulating IL-13 levels are very low and challenging to detect reliably. We assessed the ability of immunoassays on the Erenna(®) and IMPACT platforms to measure serum IL-13 in asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and in healthy controls (HC). RESULTS The Erenna IL-13 assay exhibited significant specificity issues and had limited ability to detect IL-13 in serum samples. The IMPACT IL-13 assay had excellent specificity and detected IL-13 in 100% of serum samples tested from asthma, IPF and AD patients and HC. Serum IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in asthma, IPF and AD patients, relative to HC. CONCLUSION The IMPACT IL-13 assay had fg/ml sensitivity and excellent specificity, enabling reliable detection of circulating levels of IL-13.
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14
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Urbach C, Gordon NC, Strickland I, Lowne D, Joberty-Candotti C, May R, Herath A, Hijnen D, Thijs JL, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Minter RR, Hollfelder F, Jermutus L. Combinatorial Screening Identifies Novel Promiscuous Matrix Metalloproteinase Activities that Lead to Inhibition of the Therapeutic Target IL-13. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1442-1452. [PMID: 26548614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The practical realization of disease modulation by catalytic degradation of a therapeutic target protein suffers from the difficulty to identify candidate proteases, or to engineer their specificity. We identified 23 measurable, specific, and new protease activities using combinatorial screening of 27 human proteases against 24 therapeutic protein targets. We investigate the cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-13 by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and serine proteases, and demonstrate that cleavage of IL-13 leads to potent inhibition of its biological activity in vitro. MMP-8 degraded human IL-13 most efficiently in vitro and ex vivo in human IL-13 transgenic mouse bronchoalveolar lavage. Hence, MMP-8 is a therapeutic protease lead against IL-13 for inflammatory conditions whereby reported genetic and genomics data suggest an involvement of MMP-8. This work describes the first exploitation of human enzyme promiscuity for therapeutic applications, and reveals both starting points for protease-based therapies and potential new regulatory networks in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Urbach
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Nathaniel C Gordon
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Ian Strickland
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - David Lowne
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | - Richard May
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Athula Herath
- Non Clinical Biostatistics, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - DirkJan Hijnen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith L Thijs
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ralph R Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
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15
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McCormick SM, Heller NM. Commentary: IL-4 and IL-13 receptors and signaling. Cytokine 2015; 75:38-50. [PMID: 26187331 PMCID: PMC4546937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30years ago and were immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in normal gestation, fetal development and neurological function and in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibrosis have been appreciated. Studying IL-4/-13 and their receptors has revealed important clues about cytokine biology and led to the development of numerous experimental therapeutics. Here we aim to highlight new discoveries and consolidate concepts in the field of IL-4 and IL-13 structure, receptor regulation, signaling and experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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16
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IL-4 and IL-13 signaling in allergic airway disease. Cytokine 2015; 75:68-78. [PMID: 26070934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant production of the prototypical type 2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 has long been associated with the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. Despite tremendous scientific inquiry, the similarities in their structure, and receptor usage have made it difficult to ascertain the distinct role that these two look-alike cytokines play in the onset and perpetuation of allergic inflammation. However, recent discoveries of differences in receptor distribution, utilization/assembly and affinity between IL-4 and IL-13, along with the discovery of unique innate lymphoid 2 cells (ILC2) which preferentially produce IL-13, not IL-4, are beginning to shed light on these mysteries. The purpose of this chapter is to review our current understanding of the distinct roles that IL-4 and IL-13 play in allergic inflammatory states and the utility of their modulation as potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of allergic disorders.
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17
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Badalyan V, Thompson R, Addo K, Borthwick LA, Fisher AJ, Ort T, Myers TG, Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR. TNF-α/IL-17 synergy inhibits IL-13 bioactivity via IL-13Rα2 induction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:975-8.e5. [PMID: 24954262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahe Badalyan
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Robert Thompson
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md
| | - Kezia Addo
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Ort
- Janssen R&D Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Springhouse, Pa
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Md.
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18
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Development and validation of an ELISA at acidic pH for the quantitative determination of IL-13 in human plasma and serum. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:465-74. [PMID: 24222716 PMCID: PMC3810116 DOI: 10.1155/2013/290670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel sandwich ELISA for the quantitative and sensitive determination of IL-13 in human serum and plasma was established. The assay employs an incubation step at acidic pH, which was shown to decrease nonspecific binding and interference from IL-13 binding proteins. The assay was validated and was shown to be accurate and precise over the entire quantification range (0.59 to 68.4 pg/mL in human EDTA plasma). The validated assay was successfully applied to samples from healthy volunteers and patients with atopic seasonal rhinitis. The assay is suitable for use in clinical trials to monitor efficacy or pharmacodynamic effects of drug candidates.
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19
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Romeo MJ, Agrawal R, Pomés A, Woodfolk JA. A molecular perspective on TH2-promoting cytokine receptors in patients with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:952-60. [PMID: 24084078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines IL-4, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin play a key role in allergic disease by virtue of their ability to initiate, maintain, and augment TH2 responses. These molecules mediate their effects through type 1 cytokine receptors, which bind cytokines with a characteristic structure. Receptors are expressed on a broad array of immune cell types and are integral to complex cytokine networks operating in health and disease. TH2-promoting cytokines bind different configurations of receptors. Receptor subunits can exist in surface-bound or soluble forms, as well as in isolation or in partnership with other subunits. Sharing of receptor subunits among different cytokine receptor complexes adds to the intricate landscape. This article describes the characteristics of receptors for IL-4, IL-13, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin and their respective ligands from a structure-function perspective. We detail the mechanisms of receptor complex assembly, the interrelated nature of these receptors, and the effect on allergic inflammation. The ability for novel and atypical types of receptors to modulate inflammatory processes is also discussed. We highlight current and emerging treatments that target TH2-promoting receptor complexes. Understanding the molecular features of these receptors provides insight into different disease phenotypes and the variable clinical outcomes arising from targeted therapies. These considerations can be used to inform future directions for research and creative strategies for treating individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Romeo
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Rachana Agrawal
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.
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20
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Chen W, Sivaprasad U, Gibson AM, Ericksen MB, Cunningham CM, Bass SA, Kinker KG, Finkelman FD, Wills-Karp M, Khurana Hershey GK. IL-13 receptor α2 contributes to development of experimental allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:951-8.e1-6. [PMID: 23763980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2) binds IL-13 with high affinity and modulates IL-13 responses. There are soluble and membrane forms of IL-13Rα2 generated by alternative splicing in mice, but human subjects express only the membrane form of IL-13Rα2 (memIL-13Rα2). OBJECTIVE We determined the role of memIL-13Rα2 in the development of allergic inflammation in mouse models of asthma. METHODS IL-13Rα2-deficient and memIL-13Rα2 lung epithelium-specific transgenic mice were challenged with house dust mite (HDM). Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation were assessed based on the airway pressure-time index, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, and lung histology. Mucus production was determined by means of periodic acid-Schiff staining of lung sections, Western blot analysis of chloride channel calcium activated 3 (CLCA3) expression in lung homogenates, and ELISA of Muc5ac in BAL fluid. The expression of cytokines and chemokines was determined by using RT-quantitative PCR. RESULTS In IL-13Rα2-deficient mice AHR and airway inflammation were attenuated compared with levels seen in wild-type mice after HDM challenge. Lung epithelial overexpression of memIL-13Rα2 in the IL-13Rα2-deficient mice reconstituted AHR and inflammation to levels similar to those observed in HDM-challenged wild-type mice. Mucus production was attenuated in lungs from HDM-treated IL-13Rα2-deficient mice, whereas lung epithelial overexpression of memIL-13Rα2 increased mucus production. Lung epithelial overexpression of memIL-13Rα2 had no effect on levels of the soluble form of IL-13Rα2 in serum or BAL fluid and did not affect IL-13-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation in the lungs. CONCLUSION These data collectively support a distinct role for memIL-13Rα2 in the lung and suggest that memIL-13Rα2 might contribute to allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Chen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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21
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Constitutive production of IL-13 promotes early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection and allergic airway disease. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:569-79. [PMID: 23131786 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Deleterious responses to pathogens during infancy may contribute to infection and associated asthma. Chlamydia respiratory infections in early life are common causes of pneumonia and lead to reduced lung function and asthma. We investigated the role of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in promoting early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection, infection-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and severe allergic airway disease (AAD). Infected infant Il13(-/-) mice had reduced infection, inflammation, and mucus-secreting cell hyperplasia. Surprisingly, infection of wild-type (WT) mice did not increase IL-13 production but reduced IL-13Rα2 decoy receptor levels compared with sham-inoculated controls. Infection of WT but not Il13(-/-) mice induced persistent AHR. Infection and associated pathology were restored in infected Il13(-/-) mice by reconstitution with IL-13. Stat6(-/-) mice were also largely protected. Neutralization of IL-13 during infection prevented subsequent infection-induced severe AAD. Thus, early-life Chlamydia respiratory infection reduces IL-13Rα2 production, which may enhance the effects of constitutive IL-13 and promote more severe infection, persistent AHR, and AAD.
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22
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Ingram JL, Kraft M. IL-13 in asthma and allergic disease: asthma phenotypes and targeted therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:829-42; quiz 843-4. [PMID: 22951057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research in animal models have provided abundant evidence to show that IL-13 is a key T(H)2 cytokine that directs many of the important features of airway inflammation and remodeling in patients with allergic asthma. Several promising focused therapies for asthma that target the IL-13/IL-4/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway are in development, including anti-IL-13 mAbs and IL-4 receptor antagonists. The efficacy of these new potential asthma therapies depends on the responsiveness of patients. However, an understanding of how IL-13-directed therapies might benefit asthmatic patients is confounded by the complex heterogeneity of the disease. Recent efforts to classify subphenotypes of asthma have focused on sputum cellular inflammation profiles, as well as cluster analyses of clinical variables and molecular and genetic signatures. Researchers and clinicians can now evaluate biomarkers of T(H)2-driven airway inflammation in asthmatic patients, such as serum IgE levels, sputum eosinophil counts, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide levels, and serum periostin levels, to aid decision making in clinical trials and drug development and to identify subsets of patients who might benefit from therapies. Although it is unlikely that these therapies will benefit all asthmatic patients with this heterogeneous disease, advances in understanding asthma subphenotypes in relation to clinical variables and T(H)2 cytokine responses offer the opportunity to improve the efficacy and safety of proposed therapies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ingram
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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23
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Kasaian MT, Raible D, Marquette K, Cook TA, Zhou S, Tan XY, Tchistiakova L. IL-13 antibodies influence IL-13 clearance in humans by modulating scavenger activity of IL-13Rα2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:561-9. [PMID: 21622864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human studies using Abs to two different, nonoverlapping epitopes of IL-13 suggested that epitope specificity can have a clinically significant impact on clearance of IL-13. We propose that Ab modulation of IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα2 underlies this effect. Two Abs were administered to healthy subjects and mild asthmatics in separate dose-ranging studies and allergen-challenge studies. IMA-638 allows IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 or IL-13Rα2 but blocks recruitment of IL-4Rα to the IL-13/IL-13Rα1 complex, whereas IMA-026 competes with IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. We found ∼10-fold higher circulating titer of captured IL-13 in subjects treated with IMA-026 compared with those administered IMA-638. To understand how this difference could be related to epitope, we asked whether either Ab affects IL-13 internalization through cell surface IL-13Rα2. Humans inducibly express cell surface IL-13Rα2 but lack the soluble form that regulates IL-13 responses in mice. Cells with high IL-13Rα2 expression rapidly and efficiently depleted extracellular IL-13, and this activity persisted in the presence of IMA-638 but not IMA-026. The potency and efficiency of this clearance pathway suggest that cell surface IL-13Rα2 acts as a scavenger for IL-13. These findings could have important implications for the design and characterization of IL-13 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion T Kasaian
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C, Davis BE, Deschesnes F, Duong M, Durn BL, Howie KJ, Hui L, Kasaian MT, Killian KJ, Strinich TX, Watson RM, Y N, Zhou S, Raible D, O'Byrne PM. Effects of Interleukin-13 Blockade on Allergen-induced Airway Responses in Mild Atopic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1007-14. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1210oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lupardus PJ, Birnbaum ME, Garcia KC. Molecular basis for shared cytokine recognition revealed in the structure of an unusually high affinity complex between IL-13 and IL-13Ralpha2. Structure 2010; 18:332-42. [PMID: 20223216 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 is a cytokine important for development of T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and plays a critical role in asthma and allergy. The IL-13 Receptor alpha2 (IL-13Ralpha2) is a receptor for IL-13 lacking canonical Jak/STAT signaling functions. Here we present the crystal structure along with a mutational and biophysical analysis of the IL-13/IL-13Ralpha2 complex. While retaining a similar mode of IL-13 binding to its related signaling receptor, IL-13Ralpha1, IL-13Ralpha2 uses peripheral receptor residues unused in the IL-13/IL-13Ralpha1 complex to generate a larger and more complementary interface for IL-13. This results in a four orders of magnitude increase in affinity, to the femtomolar level, compared to IL-13Ralpha1. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the IL-13 interface reveals several common "hotspot" residues important for binding to both receptors, but also identifies a prominent IL-13Ralpha2-specific contact. These results provide a framework for development of receptor subtype-selective IL-13 antagonists and indicate a decoy function for IL-13Ralpha2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Lupardus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Structural Biology, and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Arai M, Jain S, Weaver AA, Hill AA, Guo Y, Bree AG, Smith MF, Allen SW, LaVallie ER, Young D, Bloom L, Adkins K, O'Toole M. Development and application of a biomarker assay for determining the pharmacodynamic activity of an antagonist candidate biotherapeutic antibody to IL21R in whole blood. J Transl Med 2010; 8:51. [PMID: 20509950 PMCID: PMC2892437 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In preparation for potential clinical development of Ab-01, an antagonistic antibody directed against the IL21R, studies were undertaken to address translational medicine needs that fall into four categories: 1) development of a pharmacodynamic biomarker assay suitable for use in the clinic, 2) demonstration that Ab-01 has the desired biological activity in vitro and in vivo in cynomolgus monkeys, the preferred safety study species, 3) pre-clinical in vivo proof-of-concept that the assay can be used to detect Ab-01 pharmacodynamic (PD) activity in treated subjects, and 4) comprehensive assessment of the agonistic potential of Ab-01 when cross-linked. This report and a recently published companion report address the first three of these needs. The fourth has been addressed in a separate study. Methods Genes that change RNA expression upon ex vivo rhIL21 stimulation of whole blood were identified in human and cynomolgus monkey. The inhibitory effects of exogenously added Ab-01 were measured ex vivo in human and monkey, and the in vivo inhibitory effects of Ab-01 treatment were measured in monkey. Results Stimulation of whole human blood for 2 hours with rhIL21 induced robust increases in RNA expression of 6 genes. This response was blocked by Ab-01, indicating that the assay is suitable for measuring Ab-01 activity in blood. rhIL21 induced expression of a similar set of genes in cynomolgus monkey blood. This response was blocked with Ab-01, thus demonstrating that Ab-01 has the desired activity in the species, and that safety studies done in cynomolgus monkeys are relevant. Proof -of-concept for using this assay system to detect PD activity in vivo was generated by measuring the response in monkey blood to ex vivo rhIL21 stimulation before and 5 minutes following in vivo Ab-01 administration. Conclusions A robust PD biomarker assay suitable for clinical use has been developed in human whole blood. The successful adaptation of the assay to cynomolgus monkeys has enabled the demonstration of Ab-01 activity both in vitro and in vivo in monkey, thus validating the use of this species in safety studies and establishing proof-of-concept for using this PD assay system to aid in dose selection in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Arai
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Gordon S, Martinez FO. Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions. Immunity 2010; 32:593-604. [PMID: 20510870 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2923] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess recent research in this field, argue for a restricted definition, and explore pathways by which the T helper 2 (Th2) cell cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 mediate their effects on macrophage cell biology, their biosynthesis, and responses to a normal and pathological microenvironment. The stage is now set to gain deeper insights into the role of alternatively activated macrophages in immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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Finkelman FD, Hogan SP, Hershey GKK, Rothenberg ME, Wills-Karp M. Importance of cytokines in murine allergic airway disease and human asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1663-74. [PMID: 20130218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, disabling inflammatory respiratory disease that has increased in frequency and severity in developed nations. We review studies of murine allergic airway disease (MAAD) and human asthma that evaluate the importance of Th2 cytokines, Th2 response-promoting cytokines, IL-17, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MAAD and human asthma. We discuss murine studies that directly stimulate airways with specific cytokines or delete, inactivate, neutralize, or block specific cytokines or their receptors, as well as controversial issues including the roles of IL-5, IL-17, and IL-13Ralpha2 in MAAD and IL-4Ralpha expression by specific cell types. Studies of human asthmatic cytokine gene and protein expression, linkage of cytokine polymorphisms to asthma, cytokine responses to allergen stimulation, and clinical responses to cytokine antagonists are discussed as well. Results of these analyses establish the importance of specific cytokines in MAAD and human asthma and have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Chen W, Sivaprasad U, Tabata Y, Gibson AM, Stier MT, Finkelman FD, Hershey GKK. IL-13R alpha 2 membrane and soluble isoforms differ in humans and mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7870-6. [PMID: 20007572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although mice have nanogram per milliliter serum levels of soluble (s) IL-13Ralpha2, humans lack sIL-13Ralpha2 in serum. Our data provide a mechanism for this biological divergence. In mice, discrete transcripts encoding soluble and membrane forms of IL-13Ralpha2 are generated by alternative splicing. We used small interfering RNA to specifically deplete the transcript encoding membrane (mem) IL-13Ralpha2 (full-length) or sIL-13Ralpha2 (DeltaEx10) in murine cells. Depletion of the full-length transcript decreased memIL-13Ralpha2 but had no effect on the level of sIL-13Ralpha2 in cell supernatants at baseline or following cytokine stimulation. Depletion of the DeltaEx10 transcript decreased sIL-13Ralpha2 in supernatants at baseline and following stimulation. In contrast to mice, we were unable to find a transcript encoding sIL-13Ralpha2 in humans and siRNA-mediated depletion of full-length IL-13Ralpha2 decreased both sIL-13Ralpha2 and memIL-13Ralpha2 in human cells. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)/MMP-8 abolished production of sIL-13Ralpha2 from human cells. Thus, sIL-13Ralpha2 is derived exclusively from the memIL-13Ralpha2 transcript in humans through MMPs/MMP-8 cleavage of memIL-13Ralpha2, supporting a limited role for sIL-13Ralpha2 in humans and highlighting the potential importance of memIL-13Ralpha2 in human immunity. These observations require consideration when results of murine IL-13 studies are applied to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Chen
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Strober W, Kitani A, Fichtner-Feigl S, Fuss IJ. The signaling function of the IL-13Ralpha2 receptor in the development of gastrointestinal fibrosis and cancer surveillance. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9:740-50. [PMID: 19689301 PMCID: PMC11005999 DOI: 10.2174/156652409788970652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IL-13Ralpha2 receptor is a high affinity receptor for IL-13 that is used only by IL-13 and is quite distinct from the well known IL-13Ralpha1 receptor that IL-13 shares with IL-4. It was widely considered to be a secreted receptor that is devoid of signaling activity and functional only as a decoy receptor that retarded signaling via IL-13Ralpha1. In recent studies, however, it was shown to be capable of robust signaling that results in production of TGF-beta1 and through the latter cytokine, the induction of fibrosis occuring in various experimental inflammatory states. Thus, in initial studies, IL-13 signaling via IL-13Ralpha2 was shown to play an important role in the fibrosis developing in both oxazolone colitis and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis; later, it was also shown to be critical to the development of fibrosis in a model of chronic colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). These studies suggest that blockade of IL-13 or IL-13Ralpha2 signaling might be an excellent target for the prevention of inflammation-associated fibrosis. A second role of IL-13 signaling via IL-13Ralpha2 is in tumor immune surveillance. Thus, in the relevant studies it was shown that NKT cells stimulated by tumor antigens produce IL-13 that then acts on Gr-1 cells to induce TGF-beta1; the latter then inhibits CD8+ T cells engaged in tumor immune surveillance; in effect, then, receptor signaling favors tumor growth. In addition to its signaling function and the induction of TGF-beta1, IL-13Ralpha2 also influences IL-13Ralpha1 signaling in complex ways; thus, IL-13Ralpha2 emerges as a important component of IL-13 signaling, not only in its own right but also in its possible effect on its companion receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Atsushi Kitani
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ivan J. Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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In vitro and in vivo characterisation of anti-murine IL-13 antibodies recognising distinct functional epitopes. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:201-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kasaian MT, Miller DK. IL-13 as a therapeutic target for respiratory disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:147-55. [PMID: 18502398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a critical mediator of asthma pathology. On B cells, monocytes, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, IL-13 acts through the IL-13Ralpha1/IL-4Ralpha complex to directly induce activation responses that contribute to atopic disease. In human populations, genetic polymorphisms in IL-13, its receptor components, or the essential signaling element STAT6, have all been associated with increased risk of atopy and asthma. Animal studies using IL-13 deficient mice, IL-13 transgenic animals, and IL-13 neutralization strategies have confirmed an essential role for this cytokine in driving major correlates of asthma pathology, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung eosinophilia, mucus generation, and fibrosis. Ongoing studies continue to define both overlapping and distinct roles for IL-13 and the related cytokine, IL-4, in promoting asthmatic changes. Furthermore, new evidence concerning the role of the "decoy" receptor, IL-13Ralpha2, has prompted re-evaluation of the receptor forms that underlie the numerous activities of IL-13. In this review, we summarize the essential role of IL-13 in asthma, compare the relative contributions of IL-13 and IL-4 to key aspects of the asthmatic phenotype, and outline novel therapeutic strategies to target this critical cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion T Kasaian
- Department of Discovery Inflammation, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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