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Qian XX. Non-coding transcribed ultraconserved region uc.290 in colon mucosa promotes intestinal fibrosis in chronic active ulcerative colitis. Dig Liver Dis 2024:S1590-8658(24)00737-0. [PMID: 38735796 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS TGF-β1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and leads to intestinal fibrosis in ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to investigate the expression of transcribed ultraconserved region uc.290 in chronic UC and its role in intestinal fibrosis. METHODS Colon specimens were taken from thirty chronic active UC, chronic inactive UC and healthy controls respectively. Modified Mayo score, expressions of uc.290, TGF-β1, EMT biomarkers (Vimentin, α-SMA and E-cadherin) and intestinal fibrosis biomarker (collagen Ⅲ) in colon biopsy specimens were determined in human. Expressions of TGF-β1, EMT biomarkers and collagen Ⅲ were determined in uc.290 overexpressed or silenced epithelial colon cells (HT29). RESULTS Uc.290, TGF-β1 and collagen Ⅲ were overexpressed, and EMT was prominent in chronic active UC. Uc.290 level had a positive correlation with modified Mayo score in chronic active UC. TGF-β1 and collagen Ⅲ were overexpressed, and EMT was prominent in uc.290 overexpressed HT29 cells. CONCLUSIONS Uc.290 was overexpressed in chronic active UC and might promote intestinal fibrosis by TGF-β1/EMT/collagen Ⅲ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xian Qian
- Department of gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai City, 201199, People's Republic of China; People's Hospital of Daguan County, No.3 Internal Medicine Department, Daguan County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan province, 657400, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Haeryfar SMM, Shaler CR, Rudak PT. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells in malignancies: a faithful friend or formidable foe? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1885-1896. [PMID: 29470597 PMCID: PMC11028145 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like T lymphocytes known for their ability to respond to MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted stimuli and select cytokine signals. They are abundant in humans and especially enriched in mucosal layers, common sites of neoplastic transformation. MAIT cells have been found within primary and metastatic tumors. However, whether they promote malignancy or contribute to anticancer immunity is unclear. On the one hand, MAIT cells produce IL-17A in certain locations and under certain circumstances, which could in turn facilitate neoangiogenesis, intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive cell populations, and cancer progression. On the other hand, they can express a potent arsenal of cytotoxic effector molecules, NKG2D and IFN-γ, all of which have established roles in cancer immune surveillance. In this review, we highlight MAIT cells' characteristics as they might pertain to cancer initiation, progression, or control. We discuss recent findings, including our own, that link MAIT cells to cancer, with a focus on colorectal carcinoma, as well as some of the outstanding questions in this active area of research. Finally, we provide a hypothetical picture in which MAIT cells constitute attractive targets in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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3
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Botti C, Seregni E, Ferrari L, Martinetti A, Bombardieri E. Immunosuppressive Factors: Role in Cancer Development and Progression. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 13:51-69. [PMID: 9803353 DOI: 10.1177/172460089801300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the immunological surveillance against neoplastic cells was initially proposed by Erlich in 1909 and later elaborated by Burnet. This hypothesis states that the normal function of the immune system, in particular the cell-mediated immunity, is to recognize and destroy the transformed and proliferating tumor cells. The role of cell-mediated immunity during the first steps of tumorigenesis remains controversial. However, there is certain evidence about its importance in the progression and dissemination of cancer. The frequent immunosuppressed condition of cancer patients at tumor relapse or recurrence of secondary tumors is a clinical sign supporting this hypothesis, and many studies have demonstrated a defective immune response in patients diagnosed with advanced cancer. Several mechanisms of escape from the immune surveillance have been described, including the immunoselection of tumor antigen-negative variants, the downregulation of MHC class I expression, suppressive T cells, and the elaboration of immunosuppressive cytokines and other factors. Because of the technical difficulty of isolating the very small amounts from culture supernatants or body fluids, only a few of these substances have been characterized and studied with respect to their biological activity: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), the protein p15E, interleukin 10 (IL-10), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), mucins, suppressive E-receptor (SER), immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP), and adhesion molecules. The possibility of monitoring cancer patients by testing biochemical factors related to cancer growth led to a proposal to measure a number of these factors as tumor markers. Some of them, e.g mucins, enjoy the consensus of the oncologic community, as for some indications they can help the clinician in the management of cancer patients. Except for the class of mucins, the other above-mentioned immunosuppressive factors have not found any clinical application in the laboratory routine because the information deriving from their measurement, although of speculative and scientific interest, has limited clinical value at present. Nevertheless, even if they have no impact on patient management, these substances do have a potential role to play in the study of cancer patients, and should be taken into account when developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Botti
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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4
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Schumacher Y, Aparicio T, Ourabah S, Baraille F, Martin A, Wind P, Dentin R, Postic C, Guilmeau S. Dysregulated CRTC1 activity is a novel component of PGE2 signaling that contributes to colon cancer growth. Oncogene 2015; 35:2602-14. [PMID: 26300003 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
First identified as a dedicated CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) co-activator, CRTC1 (CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 1) has been widely implicated in various neuronal functions because of its predominant expression in the brain. However, recent evidences converge to indicate that CRTC1 is aberrantly activated in an expanding number of adult malignancies. In this study, we provide strong evidences of enhanced CRTC1 protein content and transcriptional activity in mouse models of sporadic (APC(min/+) mice) or colitis-associated colon cancer azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS-treated mice), and in human colorectal tumors specimens compared with adjacent normal mucosa. Among signals that could trigger CRTC1 activation during colonic carcinogenesis, we demonstrate that treatment with cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) inhibitors reduced nuclear CRTC1 active form levels in colonic tumors of APC(min/+) or AOM/DSS mice. In accordance, prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) exposure to human colon cancer cell lines promoted CRTC1 dephosphorylation and parallel nuclear translocation, resulting in enhanced CRTC1 transcriptional activity, through EP1 and EP2 receptors signaling and consecutive calcineurin and protein kinase A activation. In vitro CRTC1 loss of function in colon cancer cell lines was associated with reduced viability and cell division rate as well as enhanced chemotherapy-induced apoptosis on PGE2 treatment. Conversely, CRTC1 stable overexpression significantly increased colonic xenografts tumor growth, therefore demonstrating the role of CRTC1 signaling in colon cancer progression. Identification of the transcriptional program triggered by enhanced CRTC1 expression during colonic carcinogenesis, revealed some notable pro-tumorigenic CRTC1 target genes including NR4A2, COX2, amphiregulin (AREG) and IL-6. Finally, we demonstrate that COX2, AREG and IL-6 promoter activities triggered by CRTC1 are dependent on functional AP1 and CREB transcriptional partners. Overall, our study establishes CRTC1 as new mediator of PGE2 signaling, unravels the importance of its dysregulation in colon cancer and strengthens its use as a bona fide cancer marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Schumacher
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - T Aparicio
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Unit, Avicenne Hospital, HUPSSD, APHP, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - S Ourabah
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - F Baraille
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - A Martin
- Pathology Unit, Avicenne Hospital, HUPSSD, APHP, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - P Wind
- Digestive Surgery Unit, Avicenne Hospital, HUPSSD, APHP, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - R Dentin
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - C Postic
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - S Guilmeau
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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5
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Das A, Mondal B, Bose A, Biswas J, Baral R, Pal S. Therapeutic anti-NLGP monoclonal antibody for carcinoembryonic antigen expressing tumors is nontoxic to Swiss and BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:785-93. [PMID: 26283593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1C8 was developed against a novel glycoprotein NLGP and its unique property to recognize carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was reported. Utilizing this CEA recognizing property, 1C8 is successful to restrict the growth of CEA(+) murine and human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have thoroughly evaluated the toxicity profile of this mAb 1C8 on different physiological systems of both tumor-free and tumor-bearing Swiss and BALB/c mice. Effective concentration (25 μg/mice) of 1C8 caused no behavioral changes in animals and no death was recorded. Moreover, little increase in the body and organ weights in all mice groups was noted. MAb 1C8 showed no adverse effect on the hematological system, but little hematostimulation was noticed, as evidenced by increased hemoglobin content, leukocyte count and lymphocyte numbers. Liver enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, SGPT and nephrological products like urea and creatinine assessment confirmed no abnormalities in both hepatic and renal functions. Number of T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells was upregulated in vivo by mAb treatment with significant downregulation of regulatory T cells. During this treatment serum levels of type 1 cytokines were upregulated over type 2 cytokines. This mAb 1C8 also did not induce any significant increase in antibody titer following treatment. Accumulated evidences from Swiss and BALB/c mice strongly suggest that this mAb 1C8 is completely safe, thus, can be recommended for further clinical trial for the therapy of CEA(+) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Das
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India; Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Bipasa Mondal
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Jaydip Biswas
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Medical Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Smarajit Pal
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
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6
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Wittkopf N, Neurath MF, Becker C. Immune-epithelial crosstalk at the intestinal surface. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:375-87. [PMID: 24469679 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is one of the most complex organs of the human body. It has to exercise various functions including food and water absorption, as well as barrier and immune regulation. These functions affect not only the gut itself, but influence the overall health of the organism. Diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer therefore severely affect the patient's quality of life and can become life-threatening. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an important role in intestinal inflammation, infection, and cancer development. IECs not only constitute the first barrier in the gut against the lumen, they also constantly signal information about the gut lumen to immune cells, thereby influencing their behaviour. In contrast, by producing various antimicrobial peptides, IECs shape the microbial community within the gut. IECs also respond to cytokines and other mediators of immune cells in the lamina propria. Interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells in the intestine are responsible for gut homeostasis, and modulations of this crosstalk have been reported in studies of gut diseases. This review discusses the wide field of immune-epithelial interactions and shows the importance of immune-epithelial crosstalk in the intestine to gut homeostasis and the overall health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wittkopf
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University, 91052, Erlangen, Germany,
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7
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Bourikas LA, Kolios G, Valatas V, Notas G, Drygiannakis I, Pelagiadis I, Manousou P, Klironomos S, Mouzas IA, Kouroumalis E. Ciprofloxacin decreases survival in HT-29 cells via the induction of TGF-beta1 secretion and enhances the anti-proliferative effect of 5-fluorouracil. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:362-70. [PMID: 19371339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fluoroquinolones are potent anti-microbial agents with multiple effects on host cells and tissues. Previous studies have highlighted their pro-apoptotic effect on human cancer cells and an immunoregulatory role in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. We examined the effect of ciprofloxacin on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of HT-29 cells, a human colonic epithelial cell line sensitive to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-mediated growth inhibition and its role in TGF-beta1 production. We also examined the effect of ciprofloxacin on proliferation of HT-29 cells in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a well-established pro-apoptotic agent. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using subconfluent cultures of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, we studied the effect of ciprofloxacin, TGF-beta1 and 5-FU on proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis and cell cycle. The effect of ciprofloxacin on TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and production was studied in RNA extracts and cell culture supernatants respectively, using confluent cultures. KEY RESULTS Ciprofloxacin decreased proliferation of HT-29 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. This was mediated by accumulation of HT-29 cells into the S-phase but without any effect on apoptosis or necrosis. Additionally, ciprofloxacin enhanced the antiproliferative effect of 5-FU. Interestingly, ciprofloxacin was found to up-regulate TGF-beta1 production by HT-29 cells and its anti-proliferative effect was abolished when TGF-beta1 was blocked. Confirming this mechanism further, ciprofloxacin had no effect on Caco-2, a human colonic epithelial cell line that lacks functional TGF-beta1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We demonstrate a novel anti-proliferative and immunoregulatory effect of ciprofloxacin on human intestinal epithelial cells mediated via TGF-beta1.
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8
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Preta G, Marescotti D, Fortini C, Carcoforo P, Castelli C, Masucci M, Gavioli R. Inhibition of serine-peptidase activity enhances the generation of a survivin-derived HLA-A2-presented CTL epitope in colon-carcinoma cells. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:579-88. [PMID: 19000094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes eliminate tumor cells expressing antigenic peptides in the context of MHC-I molecules. Peptides are generated during protein degradation by the proteasome and resulting products, surviving cytosolic amino-peptidases activity, may be presented by MHC-I molecules. The MHC-I processing pathway is altered in a large number of malignancies and modulation of antigen generation is one strategy employed by cells to evade immune control. In this study we analyzed the generation and presentation of a survivin-derived CTL epitope in HLA-A2-positive colon-carcinoma cells. Although all cell lines expressed the anti-apoptotic protein survivin, some tumors were poorly recognized by ELTLGEFLKL (ELT)-specific CTL cultures. The expression of MHC-I or TAP molecules was similar in all cell lines suggesting that tumors not recognized by CTLs may present defects in the generation of the ELT-epitope which could be due either to lack of generation or to subsequent degradation of the epitope. The cells were analyzed for the expression and the activity of extra-proteasomal peptidases. A significant overexpression and higher activity of TPPII was observed in colon-carcinoma cells which are not killed by ELT-specific CTLs, suggesting a possible role of TPPII in the degradation of the ELT-epitope. To confirm the role of TPPII in the degradation of the ELT-peptide, we showed that treatment of colon-carcinoma cells with a TPPII inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent increased sensitivity to ELT-specific CTLs. These results suggest that TPPII is involved in degradation of the ELT-peptide, and its overexpression may contribute to the immune escape of colon-carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Preta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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9
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Vagenas K, Spyropoulos C, Gavala V, Tsamandas AC. TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3 protein expression in gastric carcinomas: correlation with prognostics factors and patient survival. J Surg Res 2007; 139:182-8. [PMID: 17270215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the expression of transforming growth factors TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 in cases of gastric carcinoma and their possible correlation with classic prognostic markers and patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 110 gastrectomy specimens obtained from equal number of patients with gastric cancer. According to the TNM classification, 7 tumors were identified as being stage I, 33 stage II, 52 stage III, and 18 stage IV, whereas 92 tumors were low-grade and 18 high-grade malignancies. On paraffin sections, the streptavidin-biotin technique using antibodies against TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3 was applied. Morphological and immunohistochemical results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. RESULTS TGFbeta1 was expressed in 78 out of 110 (71%) carcinomas, whereas TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3 were detected in all tumors examined. Normal gastric mucosal epithelial cells expressed TGFbeta2 and TGFbeta3, but not TGFbeta1. Statistical analysis revealed higher expression of TGFbeta1 in low grade carcinomas (P = 0.009). TGFbeta2 presence was higher in advanced stage tumors (P = 0.008) and was correlated with worse prognosis (P < 0.05). TGFbeta1 expression was related to increased disease-free survival (P < 0.05) while Cox analysis revealed that TGFbeta1 expression constituted an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS Gastric carcinoma is related to differential expression of TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, and TGFbeta3. TGFbeta1 may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the tumors, since it is expressed only in neoplastic tissue. TGFbeta1 is related with an increased disease-free and overall survival constituting an independent prognostic factor. In advanced stages, TGFbeta2 seems to be involved in tumor progression related to worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Vagenas
- Department of Surgery, University of Patras, School of Medicine, Patras, Greece.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in immunology and molecular biology have shown that colorectal cancer is potentially immunogenic and that host immune responses influence survival. However, immune surveillance and activation is frequently ineffective in preventing and/or controlling tumour growth. AIM To discuss potential ways in which colorectal cancer induces immune suppression, its effect upon prognosis and avenues for therapeutic development. METHOD A literature review was undertaken for evidence of colorectal cancer-induced immune suppression using PubMed and Medline searches. Further studies were identified from the reference lists of identified papers. RESULTS Immune suppression occurs at a molecular and cellular level and can result in a shift from cellular to humoral immunity. Several mechanisms for immune suppression have been described affecting innate and adaptive immunity with suppression linked to poorer clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Colorectal cancer causes direct inhibition of the host's immune response with a detrimental effect upon prognosis. Immunotherapy offers a therapeutic strategy to counteract these effects with promising results seen particularly in precancerous conditions and early tumours. This review strongly suggests that immunotherapy should be incorporated into adjuvant therapeutic trials for stage 2 tumours and be considered as adjuvant treatment in conjunction with standard chemotherapy regimes for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Evans
- Institution Colorectal Surgery Unit & Division of Oncology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London, UK
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Gough MD, Ackroyd R, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Prediction of malignant potential in reflux disease: are cytokine polymorphisms important? Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:1012-8. [PMID: 15842572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Esophageal reflux is common in the Western world and can lead to a number of diseases, such as esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and adenocarcinoma. Barrett's predisposes to adenocarcinoma and endoscopic surveillance may lead to earlier detection of adenocarcinoma. However, clinical methods only identify one patient in 15 with Barrett's esophagus. The aim of this study was to find factors that may help identify patients with Barrett's earlier. METHODS Blood samples and detailed histories were taken from 456 patients with gastroesophageal reflux who were recruited into three study groups: esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia, and Barrett's with dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. PCR was used to determine the frequency of five functional cytokine polymorphisms: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist position +2018 (IL-1 Ra +2018), interleukin-1 beta position -511 (IL-1 beta-511), tumor necrosis factor-alpha position -238 (TNF-alpha-238), interleukin-10 position +1082 (IL-10 +1082), and interleukin-4 receptor position -1902 (IL-4R -1902). RESULTS IL-1 Ra +2018 genotype 2/2 was associated with Barrett's more commonly than esophagitis (OR-3.7, p= 0.0345). The IL-10 +1082 genotype 2/2 was more strongly associated with Barrett's and adenocarcinoma than esophagitis (OR-1.76, p= 0.056 and OR 1.96, p= 0.025, respectively). There were no differences for the IL-1 beta-511, IL-4R -1902, and TNF-alpha-238 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine polymorphisms are more commonly found in patients with Barrett's or adenocarcinoma than those with esophagitis. Together with demographic data, this may help identify those patients with Barrett's who would benefit from surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Gough
- Academic Surgical Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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MANABE M, ISOBE Y. Suppressing Effects of Feijoa sellowiana Berg (Feijoa) on Cytokine Secretion by Intestinal Epithelium. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.11.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in clinicians' understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BE, and the laboratory findings are beginning to lead to hypothesis-driven clinical studies; however, the following questions remain unanswered: (1) how can clinicians identify the persons most at risk for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, (2) what are the environmental gene interactions in esophageal carcinogenesis, and (3) can clinicians prevent the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the population at risk? As esophageal adenocarcinoma starts to reach epidemic proportions, further research in these areas is urgently required. With the advent of the genomic era and an explosion in studies in BE, significant progress can be made.
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Harbige LS. Fatty acids, the immune response, and autoimmunity: a question of n-6 essentiality and the balance between n-6 and n-3. Lipids 2003; 38:323-41. [PMID: 12848277 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The essentiality of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is described in relation to a thymus/thymocyte accretion of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) in early development, and the high requirement of lymphoid and other cells of the immune system for AA and linoleic acid (1 8:2n-6, LA) for membrane phospholipids. Low n-6 PUFA intakes enhance whereas high intakes decrease certain immune functions. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a role of AA metabolites in immune cell development and functions shows that they can limit or regulate cellular immune reactions and can induce deviation toward a T helper (Th)2-like immune response. In contrast to the effects of the oxidative metabolites of AA, the longer-chain n-6 PUFA produced by gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6, GLA) feeding decreases the Th2 cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibody response. The n-6 PUFA, GLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6, DHLA) and AA, and certain oxidative metabolites of AA can also induce T-regulatory cell activity, e.g., transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-producing T cells; GLA feeding studies also demonstrate reduced proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production. Low intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids (fish oils) enhance certain immune functions, whereas high intakes are inhibitory on a wide range of functions, e.g., antigen presentation, adhesion molecule expression, Th1 and Th2 responses, proinflammatory cytokine and eicosanoid production, and they induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Vitamin E has a demonstrable critical role in long-chain n-3 PUFA interactions with immune functions, often reversing the effects of fish oil. The effect of dietary fatty acids on animal autoimmune disease models depends on both the autoimmune model and the amount and type of fatty acids fed. Diets low in fat, essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD), or high in long-chain n-3 PUFA from fish oils increase survival and reduce disease severity in spontaneous autoantibody-mediated disease, whereas high-fat LA-rich diets increase disease severity. In experimentally induced T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, EFAD diets or diets supplemented with long-chain n-3 PUFA augment disease, whereas n-6 PUFA prevent or reduce the severity. In contrast, in both T cell- and antibody-mediated autoimmune disease, the desaturated/elongated metabolites of LA are protective. PUFA of both the n-6 and n-3 families are clinically useful in human autoimmune-inflammatory disorders, but the precise mechanisms by which these fatty acids exert their clinical effects are not well understood. Finally, the view that all n-6 PUFA are proinflammatory requires revision, in part, and their essential regulatory and developmental role in the immune system warrants appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Harbige
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Greenwich at Medway, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
IL-10 is a cytokine with actions at many levels of the immune system. In the course of development of recombinant human IL-10 (rhuIL-10) as a potential treatment for a number of chronic diseases of man, the question 'What about its carcinogenicity testing?' was repeatedly asked, based on scientific evaluation by toxicologists, beliefs about regulatory requirements, and questions considered likely to be raised by physicians, patients, and lawyers. The feasibility of various approaches to the carcinogenicity testing of rhuIL-10 is critically discussed here as a contribution to rational consideration of the general need for and value of such testing, and its particular feasibility for a recombinant human protein with profound effects on the immune system. The physiological functions of IL-10 in man and rodents are reviewed in detail, as there are notable differences between species in its normal activities, followed by detailed evaluation of the potential procedures and practical problems of its carcinogenicity testing as a heterologous, immunogenic protein in rodents. The value of information that might be obtained from transgenic mice is also evaluated, and so are the results of studies exploring its actions on human tumour cell biopsies and rodent and human cell lines. It is concluded that despite the probable popular and regulatory expectations that carcinogenicity test results would be provided, all the physiological and pathological information reveals no indication that rhuIL-10 would pose a carcinogenic risk to humans on prolonged administration, and that it would not be feasible to undertake such experimentation. It is argued that in this, as in other instances, professional and popular expectations have run beyond practical feasibility or theoretical justification. Cautious and critical evaluation should be made every time shorter or longer term toxicity studies of any candidate drug are planned or even considered, especially if it is a recombinant protein, to decide on objective grounds whether the studies are really necessary and whether they can be done in a way that will give meaningful results that will help in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Rosenblum
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Lafayette, New Jersey 07848, USA.
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16
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Haller D, Serrant P, Peruisseau G, Bode C, Hammes WP, Schiffrin E, Blum S. IL-10 producing CD14low monocytes inhibit lymphocyte-dependent activation of intestinal epithelial cells by commensal bacteria. Microbiol Immunol 2002; 46:195-205. [PMID: 12008929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) activation by non-pathogenic, commensal bacteria was demonstrated to require the presence of immunocompetent cells. In this study, HT-29 and CaCO-2 transwell cultures, reconstituted with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells and CD14high monocytes, were challenged with non-pathogenic Gram negative Escherichia coli and Gram positive lactobacilli. Cytokine expression was analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA in E. coli or L. sakei challenged IEC was promoted by lymphocyte populations predominantly CD4+ T cells, while monocytes failed to mediate an inflammatory cytokine response. The monocyte phenotype and function were further characterised by flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). During the co-culture with IEC and bacterial stimulated IEC, CD14high peripheral blood monocytes acquired a CD14low CD16low phenotype with reduced expression co-stimulatory (CD80, CD86, CD58) cell surface molecules. Immunosuppressive functions of IEC conditioned CD14low monocytes were demonstrated by the predominant secretion of IL-10 and IL-IRa and their reduced potential to trigger an allogeneic lymphocyte response. In conclusion, IEC contribute to the development of CD14low CD16low monocytes with immunosuppressive function and antagonised a lymphocyte-mediated activation of the intestinal epithelium in response to intestinal and food derived bacteria. These results strengthen the hypothesis that the gut epithelium constitutes an important functional element in the regulation of mucosal immune homeostasis towards commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Haller
- Department of Immunology, Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Fitzgerald RC, Abdalla S, Onwuegbusi BA, Sirieix P, Saeed IT, Burnham WR, Farthing MJG. Inflammatory gradient in Barrett's oesophagus: implications for disease complications. Gut 2002; 51:316-22. [PMID: 12171950 PMCID: PMC1773354 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Barrett's oesophageal epithelium (BE) is clinically important due to the associated inflammatory and malignant complications which are unevenly distributed throughout the BE segment. As the immunoregulatory environment may influence disease manifestations, we analysed the inflammatory and cytokine responses throughout the BE mucosa. We then investigated whether the inflammatory gradient is related to the distribution of metaplastic cell subtypes, epithelial exposure to the components of refluxate, or squamocolumnar cell interactions. METHODS Fifty consecutive patients with long segment BE were recruited. The segmental degree of endoscopic and histopathological inflammation was graded, and expression of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-8, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined by ELISA following organ culture with or without addition of acid or bile salts. Mucin staining and IL-10 immunohistochemistry were performed. The effect of squamocolumnar interactions on cytokine expression were analysed using cocultures of squamous (OE-21) and BE (TE7) carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS There was a histopathological inflammatory gradient in BE. Inflammation was maximal at the new squamocolumnar junction with > or = 2-fold increase in proinflammatory IL-8 and IL-1 beta expression. The proximal proinflammatory response could not be explained by the distribution of metaplastic subtypes. Pulsatile exposure of BE to acid and bile, as well as juxtaposition of BE to squamous epithelial cells in culture, increased expression of IL-1 beta. In contrast, inflammation was minimal distally with a significant increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression and 4/6 cancers occurred distally. CONCLUSIONS Specific cytokine responses may contribute to the localisation of inflammatory and malignant complications within BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Fitzgerald
- Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, and Havering Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, Essex, UK.
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18
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Shibata M, Nezu T, Kanou H, Nagata Y, Kimura T, Takekawa M, Ando K, Fukuzawa M. Immunomodulatory effects of low dose cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) combined with UFT and PSK in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:166-73. [PMID: 11901535 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that cell-mediated immunity is suppressed in patients with neoplastic diseases. We have reported that soluble receptors for interleukin-2 (sIL-2R) and tumor necrosis factor (sTNF-R1) are elevated in the serum of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The presence of these soluble receptors and immunosuppressive cytokines, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), might be important in the mechanisms of immunosuppression. cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) has been reported to immunomodulate, especially when used in low dose in combination with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). In this study, cisplatin and UFT, a form of uracil and tegafur which is a prodrug of 5-FU, were administered with immunomodulator Polysaccharide K (PSK) to ten patients with colorectal cancer, who showed distant metastasis in the liver or lung, and the serum levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R1 and the production of gamma-interferon (gamma-INF) and interleukin-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured. The serum concentrations of sIL-2R and the production of IL-10 were reduced (p < 0.05) after 2 months of treatment. Thus, this combination appeared to have immunomodulative potential in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Shibata
- First Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Tokyo 173-0032, Japan
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19
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El-Sherif AM, Seth R, Tighe PJ, Jenkins D. Quantitative analysis of IL-10 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in normal cervix and human papillomavirus type 16 associated cervical precancer. J Pathol 2001; 195:179-85. [PMID: 11592096 DOI: 10.1002/path.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 is a major factor in cervical carcinogenesis. Inappropriate cytokine synthesis may direct the local immune response away from a type-1 (cellular) pattern and may subsequently contribute to the development and progression of precancer. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a competitive mimic was carried out to determine type-1 (interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)) and type-2 (interleukin-10 (IL-10)) cytokine mRNA levels in whole cervical specimens (without microdissection) from seven normal and nine HPV-16 positive CIN formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Microdissection was used to measure separately the epithelial and sub-epithelial levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNAs in 11 specimens of normal cervix and 25 HPV-16 positive CIN (nine CIN 1, seven CIN 2 and nine CIN 3). IFN-gamma mRNA was lower in CIN than normal (p=0.04). IL-10 mRNA level in CIN was significantly higher (p=0.005) than in normal cervix (before microdissection). Epithelial IFN-gamma mRNA showed a significant decrease in all grades of CIN (median=3.58) compared with normal (7.74) (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the grades. A significant decrease in sub-epithelial IFN-gamma mRNA was found in CIN 1(9.81), CIN 2 (3.82) and CIN 3 (4.62) compared with normal cervix (27.35) (p<0.05). Also, sub-epithelial IFN-gamma mRNA was significantly lower in CIN 2 and CIN 3 than in CIN 1 (p=0.005 and 0.0005, respectively). IL-10 was detected in the epithelium of only one of 11 normal and one of 25 CIN, but sub-epithelial IL-10 was significantly higher in CIN 2 (0.08) and CIN 3 (0.26) than in normal (0.00) (p=0.036 and 0.0032, respectively). There was no significant difference in the sub-epithelial level of IL-10 between normal and CIN 1 (0.00) (p=0.96). Our results suggest that reduced epithelial and sub-epithelial IFN-gamma, as well as increased sub-epithelial IL-10 synthesis may play a role in the development and progression of HPV-16 associated cervical precancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M El-Sherif
- Division of Pathology, Queens Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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20
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Edhemović I, Snoj M, Kljun A, Golouh R. Immunohistochemical localization of group II phospholipase A2 in the tumours and mucosa of the colon and rectum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2001; 27:545-8. [PMID: 11520087 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.2001.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group II phospholipase A(2)(PLA(2)) is an enzyme important in malignant transformation and in the invasion process of malignant cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of group II PLA(2)in the cancers of the colorectum, peritumoural mucosa and in the mucosa distant from the tumour. METHODS Resection specimens from 57 patients with colorectal carcinoma (caecum 10, ascending 10, transverse 10, sigmoid colon nine, and rectum 18) were analysed immunohistochemically. Histological slides from paraffin blocks were stained by the human monoclonal group II PLA(2)antibody ('Upstate Biotechnology', Lake Placid, NY 12946, USA. Antibody Class: IgG1k. Immunogen: HPC purifed human sperm phospholipase A(2)- 14 kDa enzyme) using the standard DAKO peroxidase-labelled streptavidin-biotin method by TechMate 500 stainer. Group II PLA(2)expression was evaluated semi-quantitatively according to the extensivity and intensivity of the positive cells. For statistical evaluation the Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of variance on ranks and the Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were used. RESULTS The highest expression of group II PLA(2)was found in the peritumoural mucosa (median 4.00), much lower in the mucosa distal from the tumour (median 0.70) and almost no activity in the tumour itself (median 0.00), all differences were statistically significant (all pairwise multiple comparison procedures - Dunn's Method P<0.05). The expression of group II PLA(2)was higher in the left colon and rectum than in the right colon (Mann-Whitney rank sum test P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there is variation of the group II PLA(2)expression throughout the mucosa and tumours of the colorectum, which might reflect the progression of neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Edhemović
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Nemunaitis J, Fong T, Shabe P, Martineau D, Ando D. Comparison of serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels between normal volunteers and patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:239-47. [PMID: 11338880 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an immunoresponsive malignancy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent regulator of immunosuppression. The purpose of this research was to define the relationship of serum IL-10 to survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Forty-one melanoma patients and 50 normal volunteers were analyzed. The median IL-10 level as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in melanoma patients was 8.75 pg/ml compared to < 3.0 pg/ml in normal volunteers (p = 0.0001). Survival of melanoma patients with an IL-10 level above 10.0 pg/ml was 365 days compared to 557 days in patients with IL-10 levels less than 10.0 pg/ml (p = 0.0259, Wilcoxon). Elevated IL-10 levels were correlated with poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nemunaitis
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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22
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Bellone G, Carbone A, Tibaudi D, Mauri F, Ferrero I, Smirne C, Suman F, Rivetti C, Migliaretti G, Camandona M, Palestro G, Emanuelli G, Rodeck U. Differential expression of transforming growth factors-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3 in human colon carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:224-33. [PMID: 11166150 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a protein family which affects multiple cellular functions including survival, proliferation, differentiation and adhesion. Among the three known isoforms, TGF-beta1 is commonly overexpressed in solid malignancies. Recent studies in knock-out mice demonstrated non-redundant roles of different TGF-beta isoforms in development. The present study was performed to assess tumour-associated expression of the three TGF-beta isoforms in colon carcinoma. We report that colon carcinoma progression is associated with gradual and significant increases in expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 mRNA and proteins. By contrast, TGF-beta3 expression was detected in normal colonic mucosa and, at slightly higher levels, in tumour tissues. In addition, plasma levels of both TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were significantly higher in cancer patients when compared with unaffected individuals. Taken together, our results indicate distinct expression patterns of the three TGF-beta isoforms in colon carcinoma cells and possible systemic effects of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in tumour patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellone
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Torino, Via Genova, 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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23
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Kojima M, Morisaki T, Izuhara K, Uchiyama A, Matsunari Y, Katano M, Tanaka M. Lipopolysaccharide increases cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in a colon carcinoma cell line through nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Oncogene 2000; 19:1225-31. [PMID: 10713711 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both nonneoplastic colon epithelium and colon carcinoma cells in situ are continuously exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Few reports have addressed possible direct effects of LPS in promotion of colon carcinoma and underlying mechanisms. We found evidence that LPS directly stimulated growth of the human colon carcinoma cell line CE-1 through an increase in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a result of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. LPS induced significant increases in PGE2 production in CE-1 cells, which were found to express a high-affinity LPS receptor, CD14. Positive correlations were found between PGE2 production and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B as well as expression of both COX-2 mRNA and protein in LPS-stimulated CE-1 cells. When CE-1 cells were exposed to exogenous PGE2, DNA synthesis increased. These results indicate that LPS may stimulate DNA synthesis in certain colon carcinoma cells as a result of PGE2 production involving increased COX-2 expression that might result in turn from activation of NF-kappa B by LPS. Further investigation of the pathways mediating LPS-induced stimulation of colon carcinoma cells may provide insights into LPS effects in in vivo tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kojima
- Division of Clinical Immunology, First Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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24
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Schmidt M, Pauels HG, Lügering N, Lügering A, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Glucocorticoids Induce Apoptosis in Human Monocytes: Potential Role of IL-1β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents that act on a variety of immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. However, the exact cellular mechanisms underlying this anti-inflammatory capacity are still unknown. In our study, we determined the induction of apoptosis by GC in human monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by density centrifugation methods with a purity of >90% and were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium. Monocyte apoptosis was determined by four independent methods, including annexin-V staining, TUNEL, DNA-laddering, and typical morphology by means of transmission electron microscopy. TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by ELISA. GC receptor was blocked with mifepristone. Caspase 3 was inhibited with caspase-3 inhibitor (DEVD-CHO). Stimulation with different GC at therapeutic concentrations resulted in monocyte apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Necrosis was excluded by propidium iodide staining. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α were down-regulated by GC treatment. Continuous treatment of monocytes with IL-1β, but not with TNF-α, could almost completely prevent GC-induced cell death. The addition of mifepristone or caspase-3 inhibitor could partially abrogate GC-induced apoptosis as well as GC-induced inhibition of IL-1β. This is the first study to demonstrate induction of apoptosis by GC in human monocytes. GC-induced monocyte apoptosis may be partially mediated through effects on IL-1β production. It is conceivable that GC exert their anti-inflammatory capacity in various diseases, at least in part, by the induction of apoptosis in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Gerd Pauels
- †Institute for Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent investigation suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta 1) is one of the most potent stimulators of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. A key step in intestinal tumorigenesis involves alteration of the normal cellular response to TGF-beta 1. We have hypothesized that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 alters intestinal epithelial response to TGF-beta 1. METHODS RIE-1 cells were stably transfected with rat cyclooxygenase-2 complementary DNA in either the sense (RIE-S) or antisense (RIE-AS) orientation. Tumor cell invasion was assessed with a modified Boyden collagen type I invasion assay in the presence of TGF-beta 1, antibody to urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), or the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor SC-58125. Expression of uPA, uPA receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were determined by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS RIE-1 and RIE-AS did not invade although RIE-S cells were minimally invasive at baseline. TGF-beta 1 had no effect on RIE-1 or RIE-AS invasion; however, TGF-beta 1 significantly upregulated RIE-S cell invasion. All 3 RIE cell lines produce minimal uPA under basal conditions. TGF-beta 1 upregulated uPA production only in the RIE-S cells. Both antibody to uPA and SC-58125 reversed TGF-beta-mediated RIE-S cell invasion. SC-58125 inhibited TGF-beta-mediated RIE-S uPA production. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 alters intestinal epithelial response to TGF-beta 1, which may be a mechanism by which cyclooxygenase-2 promotes colon carcinogenesis.
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26
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Berlyn KA, Ponniah S, Stass SA, Malone JG, Hamlin-Green G, Lim JK, Cottler-Fox M, Tricot G, Alexander RB, Mann DL, Malone RW. Developing dendritic cell polynucleotide vaccination for prostate cancer immunotherapy. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:155-79. [PMID: 10486925 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been successfully used to treat some human malignancies, principally melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Genetic-based cancer immunotherapies were proposed which prime T lymphocyte recognition of unique neo-antigens arising from specific mutations. Genetic immunization (polynucleotide vaccination, DNA vaccines) is a process whereby gene therapy methods are used to create vaccines and immunotherapies. Recent findings indicate that genetic immunization works indirectly via a bone marrow derived cell, probably a type of dendritic antigen presenting cell (APC). Direct targeting of genetic vaccines to these cells may provide an efficient method for stimulating cellular and humoral immune responses to infectious agents and tumor antigens. Initial studies have provided monocytic-derived dendritic cell (DC) isolation and culture techniques, simple methods for delivering genes into these cells, and have also uncovered potential obstacles to effective cancer immunotherapy which may restrict the utility of this paradigm to a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Berlyn
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201-1192, USA
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27
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Merendino RA, Gangemi S, Misefari A, Arena A, Capozza AB, Chillemi S, D'Ambrosio FP. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production by mononuclear phagocytic cells from breast cancer patients. Immunol Lett 1999; 68:355-8. [PMID: 10424443 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12) generation may be regulated by a complex monocyte and macrophage-derived cytokine network and an impairment of the immune system can be observed in neoplastic disease. In this study, we examined the production of these cytokines by phagocytic cells, obtained from breast cancer (BCa)-bearing patients. Our results suggest that an increased IL-10 formation may represent an important regulatory pathway of IL-12 production by BCa mononuclear cells. In this report, we show that mononuclear cells of patients affected by breast cancer have a defective IL-12 production capability while generating higher amounts of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Merendino
- Policlinico Universitario University of Messina, Italy
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28
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Mohammadpour H, Hall MR, Pardini RS, Khaiboullina SF, Manalo P, McGregor B. An atraumatic method to establish human colon carcinoma in long-term culture. J Surg Res 1999; 82:146-50. [PMID: 10090822 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for creation of colon carcinoma epithelial cells lines in long-term culture have been available for years, but these techniques have involved mechanical or enzymatic methods to separate epithelial cells from surrounding tissues. While this practice has been intermittently successful, the effect of these traumatic methods on long-term cellular behavior is unknown. Samples of colon carcinoma from patient volunteers were subjected to serial nonenzymatic disruptions of carcinoma cells from surrounding fibrous tissues. Cells were collected, allowed to proliferate, and then tested for their epithelial characteristics (mucin, vimentin, cytokeratin, colon-specific antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen) by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Growth characteristics were determined by phase-contrast microscopy, multiple passage, and freeze/thaw effects. Tumorigenicity was proven in nude mice. Of 11 initial attempts, three resulted in stable long-term culture lines of cells which are demonstrated to behave similarly to the original tumors from which they were derived. This technique adds another reliable in vitro tool for the study of colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mohammadpour
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Reno, Nevada, 89520, USA
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29
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Lügering N, Kucharzik T, Gockel H, Sorg C, Stoll R, Domschke W. Human intestinal epithelial cells down-regulate IL-8 expression in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells; role of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1). Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114:377-84. [PMID: 9844046 PMCID: PMC1905135 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines produced from intestinal epithelial cells may function as signals to neighbouring immune cells. In the present study we analysed the effects of colonic epithelial cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2, HCT-116, Colo-320) and freshly isolated intestinal epithelial cells on IL-8 expression in the SV-40T transfected human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Epithelial cell-conditioned media and transwells preventing physical contact between epithelial and endothelial cells were used. TGF-beta1 and IL-8 levels were determined by ELISA and Northern blot analysis. Increasing concentrations of IL-1beta led to increasing production of IL-8. The addition of epithelial cell-conditioned medium or epithelial cells to HMEC-1 cells in a two-compartment co-culture system resulted in a strong decrease in IL-8 at the protein and mRNA level. Decrease of IL-8 was markedly stronger when epithelial cells were co-cultured in contact with HMEC-1 cells, indicating that not only soluble factor(s) play a role in the induction of IL-8 suppression in HMEC-1 cells. MoAbs against TGF-beta1 partially inhibited down-regulation of endothelial IL-8 expression. In further studies, IL-8 expression in freshly isolated human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) was also down-regulated by intestinal epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cells down-regulate IL-8 expression in HMEC-1 cells. TGF-beta1 is a candidate factor of epithelial-endothelial communication in the colonic mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lügering
- Department of Medicine B, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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30
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Giannini SL, Al-Saleh W, Piron H, Jacobs N, Doyen J, Boniver J, Delvenne P. Cytokine expression in squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix: implications for the generation of local immunosuppression. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113:183-9. [PMID: 9717966 PMCID: PMC1905041 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have addressed the notion that the progression of cancer of the uterine cervix is associated with a preferential constraint on the development of a type 1 cellular mediated response, which is necessary to efficiently eliminate (pre)neoplastic cells. Based on the importance of cytokines in the regulation of an appropriate immune response, we have evaluated the expression of IL-12p40, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1). Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the expression of these three cytokines was evaluated in both low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and in normal exocervix and transformation zone biopsies. Our results show that the average level of IL-12 increases within both the LG and HG SIL, compared with both control groups. Interestingly, the percentage of HG SIL expressing IL-12p40 was lower compared with LG SIL. In contrast, the expression of IL-10 increased in parallel with the severity of the lesion to a maximal level in HG SIL. Using immunohistochemistry, we ascertained the presence of IL-12 protein in SIL and IL-10 protein in the transformation zone and SIL biopsies. Both IL-12- and IL-10-producing cells were localized in the stroma, not within the SIL. Furthermore, in this study we also observed that the region of the cervix the most sensitive to lesion development, the transformation zone, was associated with higher average levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Giannini
- Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Belgium
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