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Felch KL, Crider JD, Bhattacharjee D, Huhn C, Wilson M, Bengtén E. TLR7 in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is expressed in the endolysosome and is stimulated by synthetic ssRNA analogs, imiquimod, and resiquimod. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 157:105197. [PMID: 38763479 PMCID: PMC11234115 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and key mediators of innate immunity. Despite the significance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in comparative immunology and aquaculture, its 20 TLR genes remain largely functionally uncharacterized. In this study, our aim was to determine the catfish TLR7 agonists, signaling potential, and cellular localization. Using a mammalian reporter system, we identified imiquimod and resiquimod, typical ssRNA analogs, as potent catfish TLR7 agonists. Notably, unlike grass carp TLR7, catfish TLR7 lacks the ability to respond to poly (I:C). Confocal microscopy revealed predominant catfish TLR7 expression in lysosomes, co-localizing with the endosomal chaperone protein, UNC93B1. Furthermore, imiquimod stimulation elicited robust IFNb transcription in peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from adult catfish. These findings underscore the conservation of TLR7 signaling in catfish, reminiscent of mammalian TLR7 responses. Our study sheds light on the functional aspects of catfish TLR7 and contributes to a better understanding of its role in immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristianna L Felch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Crider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Biology, Belmont University, 1900 Belmont Blvd, 37212, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Debduti Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Cameron Huhn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA; Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Ren Y, Kong M, Sun H, Zhao B, Wu H, Chen Z, Qi J, Liu J, Zhang Q. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression profiling of TLR family genes in Chromileptes altivelis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109720. [PMID: 38945413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a prominent category of pattern recognition receptors that have been extensively investigated for their pivotal role in combating pathogen incursions. Despite this, there has been a notable absence of comprehensive identification and exploration of the immune response associated with the TLR family genes in C. altivelis. This study successfully identified and named fourteen genes as Catlr1-1, Catlr1-2, Catlr2-1, Catlr2-2, Catlr3, Catlr5, Catlr7, Catlr8, Catlr9, Catlr13-1, Catlr13-2, Catlr18, Catlr21, and Catlr22. A series of bioinformatic analysis were performed, encompassing analysis of protein properties, examination of gene structures, evolutionary assessments, and prediction of protein tertiary structures. The expression patterns of Catlr genes were analyzed in five immune tissues: liver, spleen, kidney, gill, and intestine, in both healthy and bacterial stimulated-fish. The results showed that different tissue and different genes showed differed expression patterns after V. harveyi infection, indicating the involvement of all Catlr members in mounting immune responses following infection in various tissues. Additionally, histological evaluations of immune tissues unveiled varying levels of damage. In conclusion, this investigation into the TLR gene family offers novel information that contribute to a more profound comprehension of the immune response mechanisms in C. altivelis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Miao Kong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Huibang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Benqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Hanwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Zhennian Chen
- Hainan Chenhai Aquatic Co., Ltd, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572025, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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Gentile A, Fulgione A, Auzino B, Iovane V, Gallo D, Garramone R, Iaccarino N, Randazzo A, Iovane G, Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli D. In vivo biological validation of in silico analysis: A novel approach for predicting the effects of TLR4 exon 3 polymorphisms on brucellosis. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105552. [PMID: 38218390 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is of recognising intracellular and extracellular pathogens and of activating the immune response. This process can be compromised by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which might affect the activity of several TLRs. The aim of this study is of ascertaining whether SNPs in the TLR4 of Bubalus bubalis infected by Brucella abortus, compromise the protein functionality. For this purpose, a computational analysis was performed. Next, computational predictions were confirmed by performing genotyping analysis. Finally, NMR-based metabolomics analysis was performed to identify potential biomarkers for brucellosis. The results indicate two SNPs (c. 672 A > C and c. 902 G > C) as risk factor for brucellosis in Bubalus bubalis, and three metabolites (lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetate) as biological markers for predicting the risk of developing the disease. These metabolites, together with TLR4 structural modifications in the MD2 interaction domain, are a clear signature of the immune system alteration during diverse Gram-negative bacterial infections. This suggests the possibility to extend this study to other pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In conclusion, this study combines multidisciplinary approaches to evaluate the biological and structural effects of SNPs on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gentile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Barbara Auzino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Raffaele Garramone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80137, Italy
| | - Paola Cuomo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples 80055, Italy
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Luo J, Tian Z, Song F, Ren C, Liu W. Dual-specificity phosphatase 5-mediated fatty acid oxidation promotes Mycobacterium bovis BCG -induced inflammatory responses. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113869. [PMID: 38049081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) reprograms FAs metabolism of macrophages during infection and affects inflammatory reaction eventually, however, the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) induces DUSP5 expression through TLR2-MAPKs signaling pathway and promotes fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Silencing DUSP5 by adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) ameliorates lung injury and DUSP5 knockdown reduces the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and inactivated NF-κB signaling in BCG-infected macrophages. Of note, DUSP5 specific siRNA increases the content of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglyceride (TG), but represses the expression of FAO associated enzymes such as CPT1A and PPARα, suggesting DUSP5 mediated FAO during BCG infection. Moreover, Inhibiting FAO by pharmacological manner suppresses IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α expression and relieves lung damage. Taken together, our data indicates DUSP5 mediates FAO reprogramming and promotes inflammatory response to BCG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Zengjian Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Fuyang Song
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Chao Ren
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Wenmiao Liu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China; The Center of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
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Syed RA, Hayat M, Qaiser H, Uzair M, Al-Regaiey K, Khallaf R, Kaleem I, Bashir S. Aging-Related Protein Alterations in the Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S5-S22. [PMID: 38339930 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Aging is an intrinsic aspect of an organism's life cycle and is characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to mortality. Many age-associated disorders, including neurological disorders, are most commonly linked with the aging process, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of aging and AD on the molecular pathways and levels of different proteins in the brain, including metalloproteins, neurotrophic factors, amyloid proteins, and tau proteins. AD is caused by the aggregation of amyloid proteins in the brain. Factors such as metal ions, protein ligands, and the oligomerization state of amyloid precursor protein significantly influence the proteolytic processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). Tau, a disordered cytosolic protein, serves as the principal microtubule-associated protein in mature neurons. AD patients exhibit decreased levels of nerve growth factor within their nervous systems and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, a significant increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor resulting from the neuroprotective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor suggests that the synergistic action of these proteins plays a role in inhibiting neuronal degeneration and atrophy. The mechanism through which Aβ and AβPP govern Cu2+ transport and their influence on Cu2+ and other metal ion pools requires elucidation in future studies. A comprehensive understanding of the influence of aging and AD on molecular pathways and varying protein levels may hold the potential for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafay Ali Syed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Hayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Qaiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Al-Regaiey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Khallaf
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imdad Kaleem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Qi K, Yi X, Wang M, Wang J, Sun H, Liang P, Xu J, Zheng H. Streptococcus parasuis, an Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen, Possesses the Capacity to Induce Cerebral Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040600. [PMID: 37111486 PMCID: PMC10141694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, three Streptococcus parasuis strains, BS26, BS27, and NN1, have been isolated from the blood cultures of patients with peritonitis, pneumonia, and arthritis, indicating that S. parasuis is an emerging threat to susceptible people. There is thus an urgent need to further evaluate the pathogenesis of S. parasuis clinical strains in order to design efficient anti-inflammatory strategies. Our previous study demonstrated the capacity of S. parasuis clinical strains to enter the central nervous system (CNS) of infected mice. However, the characteristics and inflammatory mechanism of CNS infections caused by S. parasuis are still non-available. In the present study, we investigated the proportion and time of two clinical S. parasuis strains NN1 and BS26 infected mice that developed neurological symptoms. The characteristics of histopathological changes and the cerebral immune response in mice with neurological symptoms were analyzed. Furthermore, we evaluated the roles of microglia and astrocytes in the S. parasuis clinical strain-induced cerebral inflammation. Our data indicated that S. parasuis clinical strains possess a high potential to induce cerebral inflammation in susceptible people at the early phase of infection. Our study contributes to increasing the understanding of the pathogenicity of S. parasuis and the inflammatory mechanisms of the brain against infection caused by S. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xueli Yi
- Center for Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Muir R, Metcalf T, Fourati S, Bartsch Y, Lugemwa JK, Canderan G, Alter G, Muyanja E, Okech B, Namatovu T, Namara I, Namuniina A, Ssetaala A, Mpendo J, Nanvubya A, Kitandwe PK, Bagaya BS, Kiwanuka N, Nassuna J, Biribawa VM, Elliott AM, de Dood CJ, Senyonga W, Balungi P, Kaleebu P, Mayanja Y, Odongo M, Fast P, Price MA, Corstjens PLAM, van Dam GJ, Kamali A, Sekaly RP, Haddad EK. Schistosoma mansoni infection alters the host pre-vaccination environment resulting in blunted Hepatitis B vaccination immune responses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.24.23284435. [PMID: 36865336 PMCID: PMC9980246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.23284435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The impact of endemic infections on protective immunity is critical to inform vaccination strategies. In this study, we assessed the influence of Schistosoma mansoni infection on host responses in a Ugandan fishing cohort given a Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine. Concentrations of schistosome-specific circulating anodic antigen (CAA) pre-vaccination showed a significant bimodal distribution associated with HepB titers, which were lower in individuals with high CAA. We established that participants with high CAA had significantly lower frequencies of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) subpopulations pre- and post-vaccination and higher regulatory T cells (Tregs) post-vaccination. Polarization towards higher frequencies of Tregs: cTfh cells can be mediated by changes in the cytokine environment favoring Treg differentiation. In fact, we observed higher levels of CCL17 and soluble IL-2R pre-vaccination (important for Treg recruitment and development), in individuals with high CAA that negatively associated with HepB titers. Additionally, alterations in pre-vaccination monocyte function correlated with HepB titers, and changes in innate-related cytokines/chemokine production were associated with increasing CAA concentration. We report, that by influencing the immune landscape, schistosomiasis has the potential to modulate immune responses to HepB vaccination. These findings highlight multiple Schistosoma -related immune associations that could explain abrogated vaccine responses in communities with endemic infections. Author Summary Schistosomiasis drives host immune responses for optimal pathogen survival, potentially altering host responses to vaccine-related antigen. Chronic schistosomiasis and co-infection with hepatotropic viruses are common in countries where schistosomiasis is endemic. We explored the impact of Schistosoma mansoni ( S. mansoni ) infection on Hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination of individuals from a fishing community in Uganda. We demonstrate that high schistosome-specific antigen (circulating anodic antigen, CAA) concentration pre-vaccination, is associated with lower HepB antibody titers post-vaccination. We show higher pre-vaccination levels of cellular and soluble factors in instances of high CAA that are negatively associated with HepB antibody titers post-vaccination, which coincided with lower frequencies of circulating T follicular helper cell populations (cTfh), proliferating antibody secreting cells (ASCs), and higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We also show that monocyte function is important in HepB vaccine responses, and that high CAA is associated with alterations in the early innate cytokine/chemokine microenvironment. Our findings suggest that in individuals with high CAA and likely high worm burden, schistosomiasis creates and sustains an environment that is polarized against optimal host immune responses to the vaccine, which puts many endemic communities at risk for infection against HepB and other diseases that are preventable by vaccines.
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Wu N, Li X, Ma H, Zhang X, Liu B, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Fan X. The role of the gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation in neuroimmune diseases. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1108738. [PMID: 36816570 PMCID: PMC9929158 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in the function of the host immune system and neuroimmune diseases. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota can lead to pathology and altered formation of microbiota-derived components and metabolites. A series of neuroimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis (MG), multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and autoimmune encephalitis (AIE), are associated with changes in the gut microbiota. Microecological therapy by improving the gut microbiota is expected to be an effective measure for treating and preventing some neuroimmune diseases. This article reviews the research progress related to the roles of gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in neuroimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xizhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - He Ma
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yuan Wang ✉
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China,Qi Zheng ✉
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China,Xueli Fan ✉
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Leśniak M, Lipniarska J, Majka P, Kopyt W, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020277. [PMID: 36851155 PMCID: PMC9967151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLR7 and the closely correlated TLR8 affiliate with toll-like receptors family, are located in endosomes. They recognize single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA analogs-oligoribonucleotides. TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. There is compiling evidence implying that TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. The latest research shows a positive effect of therapy with TRL agonists on the course of hemato-oncological diseases. Ligands impact activation of antigen-presenting cells which results in production of cytokines, transfer of mentioned cells to the lymphoid tissue and co-stimulatory surface molecules expression required for T-cell activation. Toll-like receptor agonists have already been used in oncology especially in the treatment of dermatological neoplastic lesions. The usage of these substances in the treatment of solid tumors is being investigated. The present review discusses the direct and indirect influence that TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, imidazoquinolines and resiquimod have on neoplastic cells and their promising role as adjuvants in anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leśniak
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Lipniarska
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Majka
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Kopyt
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Zamorina S, Timganova V, Bochkova M, Shardina K, Uzhviyuk S, Khramtsov P, Usanina D, Rayev M. The Effect of PEGylated Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on the Th17-Polarization of Activated T Helpers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:877. [PMID: 36676614 PMCID: PMC9865146 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the direct effect of PEGylated graphene oxide (P-GO) nanoparticles on the differentiation, viability, and cytokine profile of activated T helper type 17 (Th17) in vitro. The subject of the study were cultures of "naive" T-helpers (CD4+) isolated by immunomagnetic separation and polarized into the Th17 phenotype with a TCR activator and cytokines. It was found that P-GO at low concentrations (5 µg/mL) had no effect on the parameters studied. The presence of high concentrations of P-GO in T-helper cultures (25 μg/mL) did not affect the number and viability of these cells. However, the percentage of proliferating T-helpers in these cultures was reduced. GO nanoparticles modified with linear polyethylene glycol (PEG) significantly increased the percentage of Th17/22 cells in cultures of Th17-polarized T helpers and the production of IFN-γ, whereas those modified with branched PEG suppressed the synthesis of IL-17. Thus, a low concentration of PEGylated GO nanoparticles (5 μg/mL), in contrast to a concentration of 25 μg/mL, has no effect on the Th17-polarization of T helpers, allowing their further use for in-depth studies of the functions of T lymphocytes and other immune cells. Overall, we have studied for the first time the direct effect of P-GO nanoparticles on the conversion of T helper cells to the Th17 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Zamorina
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva st., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Valeria Timganova
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
| | - Maria Bochkova
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva st., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Kseniya Shardina
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
| | - Sofya Uzhviyuk
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
| | - Pavel Khramtsov
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva st., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Darya Usanina
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva st., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
| | - Mikhail Rayev
- Branch of the Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Goleva st., 13, Perm 614081, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Perm State National Research University, Bukireva st., 15, Perm 614990, Russia
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11
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Raj S, Alizadeh M, Shoojadoost B, Hodgins D, Nagy É, Mubareka S, Karimi K, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Determining the Protective Efficacy of Toll-Like Receptor Ligands to Minimize H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Transmission in Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:238. [PMID: 36680279 PMCID: PMC9861619 DOI: 10.3390/v15010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9N2 subtype can infect and cause disease in chickens. Little is known about the efficacy of immune-based strategies for reducing the transmission of these viruses. The present study investigated the efficacy of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (CpG ODN 2007 and poly(I:C)) to reduce H9N2 AIV transmission from TLR-treated seeder (trial 1) or inoculated chickens (trial 2) to naive chickens. The results from trial 1 revealed that a low dose of CpG ODN 2007 led to the highest reduction in oral shedding, and a high dose of poly(I:C) was effective at reducing oral and cloacal shedding. Regarding transmission, the recipient chickens exposed to CpG ODN 2007 low-dose-treated seeder chickens showed a maximum reduction in shedding with the lowest number of AIV+ chickens. The results from trial 2 revealed a maximum reduction in oral and cloacal shedding in the poly(I:C) high-dose-treated chickens (recipients), followed by the low-dose CpG ODN 2007 group. In these two groups, the expression of type I interferons (IFNs), protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), viperin, and (interleukin) IL-1β, IL-8, and 1L-18 was upregulated in the spleen, cecal tonsils and lungs. Hence, TLR ligands can reduce AIV transmission in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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12
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Chen D, Wang H. Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) responds to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection by activating toll and immune deficiency signaling pathways and transcription of associated immune response genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:611-622. [PMID: 35809883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, several genes controlled by the Toll and immunodeficiency (IMD) signaling cascade are altered during microbial infection. However, little is known about the expression patterns of innate immune response genes in red-clawed crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). In the present study, the transcription of five genes was assessed in C. quadricarinatus challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus). The expression of Relish, Toll-like receptor (TLR), tumor necrosis factor receptor-related factor 6 (TRAF6), Akirin, and IMD in different tissues and at different time points after infection were assessed. In addition, the Relish gene was amplified, the protein conformation of the Relish gene was predicted, and gene expression changes associated with antimicrobial peptide production in C. quadricarinatus were analyzed using RNA interference (RNAi). During V. parahaemolyticus infection, the transcripts of the above five genes were significantly increased in the hepatopancreas of C. quadricarinatus (P < 0.05). In contrast, TLR was significantly downregulated in muscle tissue at the initial stage of infection (P < 0.05); TRAF6 and IMD were significantly down-regulated throughout infection (P < 0.05); Akirin transcripts had the lowest abundance at 24 h post-infection; Relish, IMD and Akirin genes were significantly up-regulated in gill tissue at the early stage of infection (P < 0.05); only TRAF6 was significantly up-regulated at 6, 24 and 48 h after infection. The Relish gene of C. quadricarinatus is closely related to the Exopalaemon carinicauda. When the Relish gene was knocked down by RNAi, the V. parahaemolyticus challenge showed that the mortality rate of the RANi group was significantly higher than that of the NC group; pathological sections showed that the hepatopancreatic tissue damage was the most severe 12 h after the interference; and the interference significantly inhibited IRF4, NF-κB, ALF, laccase, SOD1, and lectin genes. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the Toll and IMD pathways are activated in C. quadricarinatus in response to bacterial infection and that genes associated with these pathways are differentially transcribed in different tissues. This study provides insights into the Toll and IMD signaling pathways and the spatiotemporal expression of key genes regulating bacterial infection resistance in C. quadricarinatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanduan Chen
- College of Agronomy Liaocheng University, Liaochen, 252000, China; Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Aquaculture Research Lab, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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13
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Xu X, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Postbiotic effects of Lactobacillus fermentate on intestinal health, mucosa-associated microbiota, and growth efficiency of nursery pigs challenged with F18+Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6603433. [PMID: 35666999 PMCID: PMC9387594 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the supplemental effects of Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF, Adare Biome, France) on intestinal health and prevention of postweaning diarrhea caused by F18+Escherichia coli in nursery pigs. Sixty-four weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.7 kg body weight) were allotted in a randomized complete block design to four treatments: NC: no challenge/no supplement; PC: E. coli challenge/no supplement; AGP: E. coli challenge/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli challenge/LBF (2 kg/t feed). Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) was used as a source of bacitracin. On day 7, challenged groups were orally inoculated with F18+E. coli (2.4 × 1010 CFU), whereas NC received sterile saline solution. Growth performance was analyzed weekly, and pigs were euthanized at the end of 28 d feeding to analyze intestinal health. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. During the post-challenge period, PC tended to decrease (P = 0.067) average daily gain (ADG) when compared with NC, whereas AGP increased (P < 0.05) when compared with PC; PBT tended to increase (P = 0.081) ADG when compared with PC. The PC increased fecal score (P < 0.05) during day 7 to 14 when compared with NC, whereas AGP decreased it (P < 0.05) during day 14 to 21 when compared with PC. The PC increased (P < 0.05) protein carbonyl, crypt cell proliferation, and the relative abundance of Helicobacter rodentium when compared with NC. However, AGP decreased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and H. rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) villus height, Bifidobacterium boum, Pelomonas spp., and Microbacterium ginsengisoli when compared with PC. The PBT reduced (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation and H. rodentium and increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus salivarius and Propionibacterium acnes when compared with PC. At the genus level, AGP and PBT increased (P < 0.05) the alpha diversity of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in pigs estimated with Chao1 richness estimator when compared with PC. Collectively, F18+E. coli reduced growth performance by adversely affecting microbiota and intestinal health. The LBF and BMD improved growth performance, and it was related to the enhanced intestinal health and increased diversity and abundance of beneficial microbiota in pigs challenged with F18+E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Xu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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14
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Chen C, Man N, Liu F, Martin GM, Itonaga H, Sun J, Nimer SD. Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of innate immunity in cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2047-2056. [PMID: 35320354 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells participate in the detection of tumor cells via complex signaling pathways mediated by pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). These pathways are finely tuned via multiple mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation. It is well established that hematopoietic progenitors generate innate immune cells that can regulate cancer cell behavior, and the disruption of normal hematopoiesis in pathologic states may lead to altered immunity and the development of cancer. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that underlie the initiation and amplification of innate immune signaling in cancer. We also discuss new targeting possibilities for cancer control that exploit innate immune cells and signaling molecules, potentially heralding the next generation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Na Man
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Fan Liu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gloria Mas Martin
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hidehiro Itonaga
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jun Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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15
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Alqazlan N, Astill J, Raj S, Sharif S. Strategies for enhancing immunity against avian influenza virus in chickens: A review. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:211-235. [PMID: 35297706 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poultry infection with avian influenza viruses (AIV) is a continuous source of concern for poultry production and human health. Uncontrolled infection and transmission of AIV in poultry increases the potential for viral mutation and reassortment, possibly resulting in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. To this end, implementing strategies to disrupt the transmission of AIVs in poultry, including a wide array of traditional and novel methods, is much needed. Vaccination of poultry is a targeted approach to reduce clinical signs and shedding in infected birds. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of AIV vaccines are multi-pronged and include methods directed towards eliciting immune responses in poultry. Strategies include producing vaccines of greater immunogenicity via vaccine type and adjuvant application and increasing bird responsiveness to vaccines by modification of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome and dietary interventions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of recent findings surrounding novel AIV vaccines for poultry, including reverse genetics vaccines, vectors, protein vaccines and virus like particles, highlighting their experimental efficacy among other factors such as safety and potential for use in the field. In addition to the type of vaccine employed, vaccine adjuvants also provide an effective way to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy, therefore, research on different types of vaccine adjuvants and vaccine adjuvant delivery strategies is discussed. Finally, the poultry gastrointestinal microbiome is emerging as an important factor in the effectiveness of prophylactic treatments. In this regard, current findings on the effects of the chicken GIT microbiome on AIV vaccine efficacy are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON, N1L 1E3, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Sousa C, Fernandes SA, Cardoso JCR, Wang Y, Zhai W, Guerreiro PM, Chen L, Canário AVM, Power DM. Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:812890. [PMID: 35237266 PMCID: PMC8882821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are an ancient and well-conserved group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The isolation of the Antarctic continent and its unique teleost fish and microbiota prompted the present investigation into Tlr evolution. Gene homologues of tlr members in teleosts from temperate regions were present in the genome of Antarctic Nototheniidae and the non-Antarctic sister lineage Bovichtidae. Overall, in Nototheniidae apart from D. mawsoni, no major tlr gene family expansion or contraction occurred. Instead, lineage and species-specific changes in the ectodomain and LRR of Tlrs occurred, particularly in the Tlr11 superfamily that is well represented in fish. Positive selective pressure and associated sequence modifications in the TLR ectodomain and within the leucine-rich repeats (LRR), important for pathogen recognition, occurred in Tlr5, Tlr8, Tlr13, Tlr21, Tlr22, and Tlr23 presumably associated with the unique Antarctic microbiota. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4) Gram negative bacteria did not modify tlr gene expression in N. rossii head–kidney or anterior intestine, although increased water temperature (+4°C) had a significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cármen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power,
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17
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Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413311. [PMID: 34948104 PMCID: PMC8706102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.
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18
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Daldaban F, Karaca Bekdik İ, Aslan Ö, Akyüz B, Akçay A, Arslan K. Investigation of TLR1-9 genes and miR-155 expression in dogs infected with canine distemper. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101711. [PMID: 34601173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship of toll-like receptor (TLR) 1-9 genes and microRNA (miR) -155 expression levels with hematologic parameters in dogs diagnosed with canine distemper. In the study, two groups were used pre-treatment and post-treatment. Infected dogs were diagnosed with canine distemper with the help of a rapid test kit and Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Based on the correlation coefficients between the expression levels of the genes examined within the scope of the study and hematologic values, a positive correlation was found between the TLR2 gene and the monocyte (MON) value and between the TLR4 gene and the platelet (PLT) value in the pre-treatment group. A strong positive correlation was identified between TLR3 and TLR9 genes and erythrocyte (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) values; between TLR5 gene and RBC, HGB and hematocrit (HCT) values and between TLR9 gene and RBC and HGB values in the post-treatment group, on the other hand, a positive correlation was found between TLR1 gene and MON and neutrophil (GRAN) values; between TLR3 gene and HCT value and between TLR9 gene and MON and HCT values. The study concluded that miR-155 and TLR8 gene were upregulated at a statistically significant level (P < 0.05) Post-treatment in dogs infected with canine distemper and there was a positive correlation between the upregulation of miR-155 and the upregulation of TLR8 in the same period. This result suggests that the upregulated miR-155 expression post-treatment increased TLR8 gene expression. In the light of these findings, it miR-155 may have the potential to be used in clinical practice in the treatment or prognosis of dogs infected with canine distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Daldaban
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Karaca Bekdik
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Öznur Aslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Aytaç Akçay
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kayseri, Turkey.
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19
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Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Tikhe CV, Kang S, Dimopoulos G. Aedes aegypti Toll pathway is induced through dsRNA sensing in endosomes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104138. [PMID: 34022257 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito anti-pathogen immune responses, including those controlling infection with arboviruses are regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. While the Toll pathway is critical in the defense against arboviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses, the factors and mechanisms involved in virus recognition leading to the activation of the Toll pathway are not fully understood. In this study we evaluated the role of virus-produced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates in mosquito immune activation by utilizing the synthetic dsRNA analog polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Poly I:C treatment of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Aag2 cells reduced DENV infection. Transcriptomic analyses of Aag2 cell responses to poly I:C indicated putative activation of the Toll pathway. We found that poly I:C is translocated to the endosomal compartment of Aag2 cells, and that the A. aegypti Toll 6 receptor is a putative dsRNA recognition receptor. This study elucidates the role of dsRNAs in the immune activation of non-RNAi pathways in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinmay V Tikhe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
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20
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Chaudhary R, Morris RJ, Steinson E. The multifactorial roles of microglia and macrophages in the maintenance and progression of glioblastoma. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577633. [PMID: 34153803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional characteristics of glial cells, in particular microglia, have attained considerable importance in several diseases, including glioblastoma, the most hostile and malignant type of intracranial tumor. Microglia performs a highly significant role in the brain's inflammatory response mechanism. They exhibit anti-tumor properties via phagocytosis and the activation of a number of different cytotoxic substances. Some tumor-derived factors, however, transform these microglial cells into immunosuppressive and tumor-supportive, facilitating survival and progression of tumorigenic cells. Glioma-associated microglia and/or macrophages (GAMs) accounts for a large proportion of glioma infiltrating cells. Once within the tumor, GAMs exhibit a distinct phenotype of initiation that subsequently supports the growth and development of tumorigenic cells, angiogenesis and stimulates the infiltration of healthy brain regions. Interventions that suppress or prohibit the induction of GAMs at the tumor site or attenuate their immunological activities accommodating anti-tumor actions are likely to exert positive impact on glioblastoma treatment. In the present paper, we aim to summarize the most recent knowledge of microglia and its physiology, as well as include a very brief description of different molecular factors involved in microglia and glioblastoma interplay. We further address some of the major signaling pathways that regulate the baseline motility of glioblastoma progression. Finally, we discussed a number of therapeutic approaches regarding glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India.
| | - Rhianna J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Steinson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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21
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Andersen-Ranberg E, Berendt M, Gredal H. Biomarkers of non-infectious inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs: Where are we now? Part 2 - Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis. Vet J 2021; 273:105692. [PMID: 34148607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) in dogs causes severe inflammation of meningeal arteries leading to generalized meningitis with possible neurological signs, as well as a systemic inflammatory response. The etiology and exact pathogenesis are unknown, but an immune-mediated origin has been suggested and is supported by a positive response to immunosuppressive treatment with corticosteroids. A collection of clinical and paraclinical characteristics may be highly indicative of SRMA, but a single and conclusive diagnostic test or biomarker is currently not available. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current understanding and knowledge on SRMA, with special emphasis on potential biomarkers and their applicability in the diagnostic work-up. Though no specific markers for SRMA currently exist, clinically useful markers include IgA and several acute phase proteins e.g. C-reactive protein. A frequent problem of both acknowledged and proposed biomarkers, is, however, their inability to effectively differentiate SRMA from other systemic inflammatory conditions. Other proposed diagnostic markers include genetic markers, acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, cytokines such as interleukin-17 and CC-motif ligand 19, endocannabinoid receptors and heat shock protein 70; these suggestions however either lack specificity or need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Andersen-Ranberg
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gredal
- Copenhagen University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Dyrlægevej 16, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Danger-Sensing/Patten Recognition Receptors and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239036. [PMID: 33261147 PMCID: PMC7731137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillar aggregates and soluble oligomers of both Amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins (p-Tau-es), as well as a chronic neuroinflammation are the main drivers causing progressive neuronal losses and dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are still much disputed. Several endogenous neurotoxic ligands, including Aβs, and/or p-Tau-es activate innate immunity-related danger-sensing/pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) thereby advancing AD’s neuroinflammation and progression. The major PRR families involved include scavenger, Toll-like, NOD-like, AIM2-like, RIG-like, and CLEC-2 receptors, plus the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This quite intricate picture stresses the need to identify the pathogenetically topmost Aβ-activated PRR, whose signaling would trigger AD’s three main drivers and their intra-brain spread. In theory, the candidate might belong to any PRR family. However, results of preclinical studies using in vitro nontumorigenic human cortical neurons and astrocytes and in vivo AD-model animals have started converging on the CaSR as the pathogenetically upmost PRR candidate. In fact, the CaSR binds both Ca2+ and Aβs and promotes the spread of both Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and AD’s three main drivers, causing a progressive neurons’ death. Since CaSR’s negative allosteric modulators block all these effects, CaSR’s candidacy for topmost pathogenetic PRR has assumed a growing therapeutic potential worth clinical testing.
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Cao X, Coyle JP, Xiong R, Wang Y, Heflich RH, Ren B, Gwinn WM, Hayden P, Rojanasakul L. Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 57:104-132. [PMID: 33175307 PMCID: PMC7657088 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne substances, such as pathogens, allergens, chemicals, and particulate matter. Highly elaborate and effective mechanisms have evolved to protect and maintain homeostasis in the lung. Despite these sophisticated defense mechanisms, the respiratory system remains highly susceptible to environmental challenges. Because of the impact of respiratory exposure on human health and disease, there has been considerable interest in developing reliable and predictive in vitro model systems for respiratory toxicology and basic research. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells have in vivo–like structure and functions when they are fully differentiated. The presence of the air-facing surface allows conducting in vitro exposures that mimic human respiratory exposures. Exposures can be conducted using particulates, aerosols, gases, vapors generated from volatile and semi-volatile substances, and respiratory pathogens. Toxicity data have been generated using nanomaterials, cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapors, environmental airborne chemicals, drugs given by inhalation, and respiratory viruses and bacteria. Although toxicity evaluations using human airway ALI models require further standardization and validation, this approach shows promise in supplementing or replacing in vivo animal models for conducting research on respiratory toxicants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA.
| | - Jayme P Coyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., AR, Jefferson, USA
| | - William M Gwinn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Liying Rojanasakul
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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24
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Pandey E, Nour AS, Harris EN. Prominent Receptors of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Liver Homeostasis and Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 32848838 PMCID: PMC7396565 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells lining the sinusoidal capillaries of the hepatic system. LSECs are characterized with numerous fenestrae and lack basement membrane as well as a diaphragm. These unique morphological characteristics of LSECs makes them the most permeable endothelial cells of the mammalian vasculature and aid in regulating flow of macromolecules and small lipid-based structures between sinusoidal blood and parenchymal cells. LSECs have a very high endocytic capacity aided by scavenger receptors (SR), such as SR-A, SR-B (SR-B1 and CD-36), SR-E (Lox-1 and mannose receptors), and SR-H (Stabilins). Other high-affinity receptors for mediating endocytosis include the FcγRIIb, which assist in the antibody-mediated removal of immune complexes. Complemented with intense lysosomal activity, LSECs play a vital role in the uptake and degradation of many blood borne waste macromolecules and small (<280 nm) colloids. Currently, seven Toll-like receptors have been investigated in LSECs, which are involved in the recognition and clearance of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) as well as damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Along with other SRs, LSECs play an essential role in maintaining lipid homeostasis with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), in juxtaposition with hepatocytes. LSECs co-express two surface lectins called L-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3 Grabbing Non-integrin Receptor (L-SIGN) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin). LSECs also express several adhesion molecules which are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes at the site of inflammation. Here, we review these cell surface receptors as well as other components expressed by LSECs and their functions in the maintenance of liver homeostasis. We further discuss receptor expression and activity and dysregulation associated with the initiation and progression of many liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and pseudocapillarization with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aiah S Nour
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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25
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Campbell LK, Magor KE. Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Innate Responses to Influenza A Viruses in the Mallard Duck, Compared to Humans and Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:209. [PMID: 32477965 PMCID: PMC7236763 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian Influenza A viruses. While most influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial disease in this host. Mallards are often resistant to disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, while the same strains can cause severe infection in humans, chickens, and even other species of ducks, resulting in systemic spread of the virus and even death. The differences in influenza detection and antiviral effectors responsible for limiting damage in the mallards are largely unknown. Domestic mallards have an early and robust innate response to infection that seems to limit replication and clear highly pathogenic strains. The regulation and timing of the response to influenza also seems to circumvent damage done by a prolonged or dysregulated immune response. Rapid initiation of innate immune responses depends on viral recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in tissues where the virus replicates. RIG-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are all important influenza sensors in mammals during infection. Ducks utilize many of the same PRRs to detect influenza, namely RIG-I, TLR7, and TLR3 and their downstream adaptors. Ducks also express many of the same signal transduction proteins including TBK1, TRIF, and TRAF3. Some antiviral effectors expressed downstream of these signaling pathways inhibit influenza replication in ducks. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of influenza recognition and response through duck PRRs and their adaptors. We compare basal tissue expression and regulation of these signaling components in birds, to better understand what contributes to influenza resistance in the duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Akter S, Park JH, Jung HK. Potential Health-Promoting Benefits of Paraprobiotics, Inactivated Probiotic Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:477-481. [PMID: 31986247 PMCID: PMC9728361 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viability plays an important role in the beneficial microbes (probiotics) to produce health benefits. However, this idea has been changed after the invention of the term "paraprobiotics," indicating that non-viable microbes could produce health benefits similar to those produced by live probiotics. Occasionally, it might be dangerous to administer live probiotics to people with weak immunity. In such cases, ingestion of paraprobiotics could be a potential alternative. The definition of paraprobiotics refers to the use of inactivated (non-viable) microbial cells or cell fractions to provide health benefits to the consumer. Paraprobiotics have attracted much attention because of their long shelf life, safety, and beneficial effects, such as modulation of immunity, modification of biological responses, reduction of cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. These features indicate that paraprobiotics may play a vital role in improving the health of the consumer by enhancing particular physiological functions, even though the exact underlying mechanisms have not yet been completely elucidated. In this mini-review, we briefly discuss the historical backgrounds of paraprobiotics and evidence of their health-promoting effects, prophylactic, and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.P. Phone: +82-31-750-5523 Fax:+82-31-750-5283 E-mail : H.K.J. E-mail:
| | - Hoo Kil Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.P. Phone: +82-31-750-5523 Fax:+82-31-750-5283 E-mail : H.K.J. E-mail:
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The Unique Antimicrobial Recognition and Signaling Pathways in Tardigrades with a Comparison Across Ecdysozoa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 31969428 PMCID: PMC7056985 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrades are microscopic animals known to withstand unfavorable abiotic conditions. These animals are also constantly exposed to biotic stresses, including parasites and internal microbiomes. However, the tardigrade immune mechanisms against these biotic stresses are largely uncharacterized. Due to the contentious phylogenetic position of tardigrades, it is not intuitive whether they possess an immune system more similar to that of arthropods (e.g., Toll, Imd, and JNK pathways of the Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial response) or to that of nematodes (e.g., the Tir-1/Nsy-1/Sek-1/Pmk-1/Atf-7 signaling cassette [called Tir-1 pathway here]) in Caenorhabditis elegans). In this study, comparative genomic analyses were conducted to mine homologs of canonical D. melanogaster and C. elegans immune pathway genes from eight tardigrades (Echiniscoides cf. sigismundi, Echiniscus testudo, Hypsibius exemplaris, Mesobiotus philippinicus, Milnesium tardigradum, Paramacrobiotus richtersi, Richtersius cf. coronifer, and Ramazzottius varieornatus) and four non-arthropod ecdysozoans (two onychophorans: Epiperipatus sp. and Opisthopatus kwazululandi; one nematomorph: Paragordius varius; and one priapulan: Priapulus caudatus) in order to provide insights into the tardigrade antimicrobial system. No homologs of the intracellular components of the Toll pathway were detected in any of the tardigrades examined. Likewise, no homologs of most of the Imd pathway genes were detected in any of the tardigrades or any of the other non-arthropod ecdysozoans. Both the JNK and Tir-1 pathways, on the other hand, were found to be conserved across ecdysozoans. Interestingly, tardigrades had no detectable homologs of NF-κB, the major activator of antimicrobial response gene expression. Instead, tardigrades appear to possess NF-κB distantly related NFAT homologs. Overall, our results show that tardigrades have a unique gene pathway repertoire that differs from that of other ecdysozoans. Our study also provides a framework for future studies on tardigrade immune responses.
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28
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Wang S, Cui Y, Xu J, Gao H. miR-140-5p Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Brain Injury in Rats Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Targeting TLR4. Inflammation 2020; 42:1869-1877. [PMID: 31376096 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated neuroinflammation plays a key role in inducing secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, how TLR4 is regulated during this pathological process is not well understood. In the present study, by taking advantage of a rat ICH model, we show that miR-140-5p is reversely correlated with TLR4 expression in the peri-hematomal striatum following ICH. In vitro, miR-140-5p directly targets TLR4 and suppresses its expression in a rat neuronal PC12 cell line. Moreover, an intracerebral ventricular injection of miR-140-5p mimics improves neurological function and reduces apoptotic cell death and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines following ICH, indicating that miR-140-5p attenuates brain injury and neuroinflammation in vivo. Furthermore, miR-140-5p suppresses TLR4 expression and inhibits the downstream MyD88/TRIF inflammatory pathway and NF-κB activity following ICH, suggesting that the inhibition of TLR4-mediated neuroinflammation at least in part accounts for the neuroprotective role of miR-140-5 against ICH-induced brain injury in rats. Collectively, these results identify miR-140-5 as a negative regulator of TLR4 and downstream inflammatory pathway following ICH, implicating that miR-140-5 might represent as a potential therapeutic target for alleviating ICH-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunda Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Cui
- Rheumatology Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Heng Gao
- Department Emergency Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256 Friendship West Road, Xi'an, 710068, Shaanxi, China.
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29
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Dolby GA, Morales M, Webster TH, DeNardo DF, Wilson MA, Kusumi K. Discovery of a New TLR Gene and Gene Expansion Event through Improved Desert Tortoise Genome Assembly with Chromosome-Scale Scaffolds. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3917-3925. [PMID: 32011707 PMCID: PMC7058155 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a complex family of innate immune genes that are well characterized in mammals and birds but less well understood in nonavian sauropsids (reptiles). The advent of highly contiguous draft genomes of nonmodel organisms enables study of such gene families through analysis of synteny and sequence identity. Here, we analyze TLR genes from the genomes of 22 tetrapod species. Findings reveal a TLR8 gene expansion in crocodilians and turtles (TLR8B), and a second duplication (TLR8C) specifically within turtles, followed by pseudogenization of that gene in the nonfreshwater species (desert tortoise and green sea turtle). Additionally, the Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) has a stop codon in TLR8B (TLR8-1) that is polymorphic among conspecifics. Revised orthology further reveals a new TLR homolog, TLR21-like, which is exclusive to lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians. These analyses were made possible by a new draft genome assembly of the desert tortoise (gopAga2.0), which used chromatin-based assembly to yield draft chromosomal scaffolds (L50 = 26 scaffolds, N50 = 28.36 Mb, longest scaffold = 107 Mb) and an enhanced de novo genome annotation with 25,469 genes. Our three-step approach to orthology curation and comparative analysis of TLR genes shows what new insights are possible using genome assemblies with chromosome-scale scaffolds that permit integration of synteny conservation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer A Dolby
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University
| | | | - Timothy H Webster
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah
| | | | - Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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30
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Gowing SD, Cool-Lartigue JJ, Spicer JD, Seely AJE, Ferri LE. Toll-like receptors: exploring their potential connection with post-operative infectious complications and cancer recurrence. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:225-239. [PMID: 31975313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in North America. Despite modern advances in cancer therapy, many patients will ultimately develop cancer metastasis resulting in mortality. Surgery to resect early stage solid malignancies remains the cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, surgery places patients at risk of developing post-operative infectious complications that are linked to earlier cancer metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily-conserved sentinel receptors of the innate immune system that are activated by microbial products present during infection, leading to activation of innate immunity. Numerous types of solid cancer cells also express TLRs, with their activation augmenting their ability to metastasize. Similarly, healthy host-tissue TLRs activated during infection induce a prometastatic environment in the host. Cancer cells additionally secrete TLR activating ligands that activate both cancer TLRs and host TLRs to promote metastasis. Consequently, TLRs are an attractive therapeutic candidate to target infection-induced cancer metastasis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gowing
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - J J Cool-Lartigue
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J D Spicer
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - A J E Seely
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Ferri
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
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31
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Zeng X, Zhang X, Wei D. Toonaciliatin K attenuates the lung injury induced by lung infection of H1N1 influenza virus by regulating the NF-κB/MyD88/TLR-7 pathway in mice. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1387-1393. [PMID: 33224338 PMCID: PMC7667422 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION H1N1 infection has a high mortality rate due to lung injury and respiratory distress. The present study determines the protective effect of toonaciliatin K against the lung injury induced by the lung infection of H1N1 influenza mice and also postulates the molecular mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Infection was induced by exposing the anesthetized mice to H1N1 virus (10 LD50 in a volume of 30 ml) intranasally at day zero and mice were treated with toonaciliatin K 16.5 and 33 mg/kg intragastrically for 2 weeks. The effect of toonaciliatin K was assessed by estimating survival rate and lung edema by the lung index. Histopathological changes were determined by H + E staining and western blot and an RT-PCR study was also performed on the lung tissue homogenate. RESULTS Data of the study suggest that toonaciliatin K treatment enhances the survival rate and reduces the lung index compared to infected mice. There was a decrease in the level of chemokines and cytokines in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. Moreover, expression of TLR-7, NF-κB p65 and MyD88 protein was found to be reduced in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Data of the study suggested that toonaciliatin K protects against lung injury in lung H1N1 lung infection by regulating the TLR-7/Myd88/NF-κB p65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dongsheng Wei
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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32
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Liu D, Mariman R, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Boere JF, Folkerts G, Cassee FR, Pinelli E. Microbiome composition of airborne particulate matter from livestock farms and their effect on innate immune receptors and cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1298-1307. [PMID: 31726559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with respiratory diseases in rural areas have been reported to have enhanced responsiveness to ambient particulate matter (PM). In addition to the physical and chemical components, ambient PM can contain microorganisms or parts thereof, referred here as BioPM, that can also contribute to the adverse health effects. This study aimed to characterize the microbial composition of BioPM originating from livestock, and to investigate whether these BioPM can trigger the activation of innate receptors and cells. Coarse (PM2.5-10 μm) and fine (PM<2.5 μm) BioPM samples were collected from indoor chicken, pig and goat farms using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) connected to a Biosampler. The fungal and bacterial communities were assessed with an amplicon based approach using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In parallel, HEK-Blue cells expressing different pattern recognition receptors (Toll like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and NOD 1, 2) and a human monocytic cell line (MM6) were exposed to BioPM samples from these sites. Distinct airborne microbiota profiles associated with the corresponding animal farm were observed. Moreover, the various BioPM contained mainly ligands for TLR2 and TLR4 resulting in a concentration-dependent increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by MM6 cells. In addition, we show for the first time that only the pig-derived BioPM induced TLR5 activation. These findings suggest that animal farm specific BioPM trigger distinct inflammatory responses, which may contribute to airway diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Liu
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob Mariman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - John F Boere
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elena Pinelli
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands.
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, Bosque A. Targeting Cellular and Tissue HIV Reservoirs With Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2450. [PMID: 31681325 PMCID: PMC6804373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a successful HIV cure. "Shock and Kill" are among the therapeutic strategies that have been more extensively studied to target these reservoirs. These strategies are aimed toward the reactivation of the latent reservoir using a latency-reversal agent (LRA) with the subsequent killing of the reactivated cell either by the cytotoxic arm of the immune system, including NK and CD8 T cells, or by viral cytopathic mechanisms. Numerous LRAs are currently being investigated in vitro, ex vivo as well as in vivo for their ability to reactivate and reduce latent reservoirs. Among those, several toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to reactivate latent HIV. In humans, there are 10 TLRs that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are present in several cell types, including CD4 T cells, the cell compartment that harbors the majority of the latent reservoir. Besides their ability to reactivate latent HIV, TLR agonists also increase immune activation and promote an antiviral response. These combined properties make TLR agonists unique among the different LRAs characterized to date. Additionally, some of these agonists have shown promise toward finding an HIV cure in animal models. When in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies, TLR-7 agonists have shown to impact the SIV latent reservoir and delay viral rebound. Moreover, there are FDA-approved TLR agonists that are currently being investigated for cancer therapy and other diseases. All these has prompted clinical trials using TLR agonists either alone or in combination toward HIV eradication approaches. In this review, we provide an extensive characterization of the state-of-the-art of the use of TLR agonists toward HIV eradication strategies and the mechanism behind how TLR agonists target both cellular and tissue HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Zandi Z, Kashani B, Bashash D, Poursani EM, Mousavi SA, Chahardoli B, Ghaffari SH. The anticancer effect of the TLR4 inhibition using TAK‐242 (resatorvid) either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy: A novel therapeutic potential for breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1623-1634. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zandi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ensieh M. Poursani
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed A. Mousavi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Bahram Chahardoli
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Huang Y, Zhang G, Ren Q. Molecular Characterization of Two Toll Receptors in Hyriopsis cumingii and Their Potential Roles in Antibacterial Response. Front Physiol 2019; 10:952. [PMID: 31404151 PMCID: PMC6672746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immunity by detecting the invading microbes and subsequently activating downstream signaling cascades. In this study, two new molluscan Toll members (designed as HcToll6 and HcToll7) were identified from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). The obtained HcToll6 full-length cDNA was 3207 bp consisting of a 2223 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a peptide of 740 amino acids. HcToll7 cDNA is a 3216 bp molecule that contains an ORF of 2139 bp encoding a protein of 712 amino acids. The deduced HcToll6 and HcToll7 proteins share two common structures: extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and the gills, and they responded rapidly to bacterial stimulation. RNA interference by dsRNA results revealed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 RNAi strongly decreased the expression of lysozyme (HcLyso) and defensin (HcDef) in the gills of RNAi-treated mussels with Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. As a pattern recognition receptor, the prokaryotic expressed the recombinant LRR domains of HcToll6 and HcToll7 (rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR) could bind to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and had a strong tendency to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PNG). rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR exhibited a significant in vitro bactericidal activity against V. parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide useful information to characterize Tolls in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.,School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Guosong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China.,College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Sun W, Liu R, Li P, Li Q, Cui H, Zheng M, Wen J, Zhao G. Chicken gga-miR-1306-5p targets Tollip and plays an important role in host response against Salmonella enteritidis infection. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 31338187 PMCID: PMC6628503 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in inflammatory response and immune regulation following pathogen invasion. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the roles played by Gallus gallus microRNA-1306-5p (gga-miR-1306-5p) in host responses against potential invasion by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in chickens and the underlying mechanisms. Results In present study, the expression levels of gga-miR-1306-5p were determined in both tissues and HD11 cells. The results showed that gga-miR-1306-5p was significantly increased following SE infection or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The dual luciferase reporter assay further validated that gga-miR-1306-5p targeted the Toll-interacting protein (Tollip), and thereby participated in the regulation of immune response against SE or LPS stimulation through binding with the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of Tollip. Additionally, the expression of Tollip was significantly blocked by over-expressed gga-miR-1306-5p. The underlying mechanisms by which gga-miR-1306-5p modulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also investigated. Molecular biological assays demonstrated that overexpression of gga-miR-1306-5p promoted the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which produced effects similar to those of Tollip knockdown. Conclusions Taken together, gga-miR-1306-5p induced by SE or LPS, regulates the immune response by inhibiting Tollip, which activates the production of inflammatory cytokines. This study has provided the first direct evidence that gga-miR-1306-5p targets Tollip, and is involved in the host response against SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing, 100193 China
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Ayala‐Cuellar AP, Cho J, Choi K. Toll‐like receptors: A pathway alluding to cancer control. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21707-21715. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Ayala‐Cuellar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Bio‐Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
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Toll-Like Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5286358. [PMID: 31240216 PMCID: PMC6556293 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5286358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, progress has been made in understanding the pathological, genetic, and molecular heterogeneity of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However, improvements in risk classification, prognosis, and treatment have not been sufficient. Currently, great importance has been placed to the tumor microenvironment and the immune system, which are very important components that influence the establishment and development of tumors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunite system sensors of a wide variety of molecules, such as those associated with microorganisms and danger signals. TLRs are expressed on many cells, including immune cells and nonimmune cells such as neurons and cancer cells. In the tumor microenvironment, activation of TLRs plays dual antitumoral (dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells activation) and protumoral effects (tumor cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy) and constitutes an area of opportunities and challenges in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Several clinical trials have been carried out, and others are currently in process; however, the results obtained to date have been contradictory and have not led to a definitive position about the use of TLR agonists in adjuvant therapy during the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In this review, we focus on recent advances in TLR agonists as immunotherapies for treatment of CNS tumors.
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Macedo AB, Novis CL, De Assis CM, Sorensen ES, Moszczynski P, Huang SH, Ren Y, Spivak AM, Jones RB, Planelles V, Bosque A. Dual TLR2 and TLR7 agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122673. [PMID: 30282829 PMCID: PMC6237480 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a reservoir of latently infected cells in HIV-infected patients is a major barrier towards finding a cure. One active cure strategy is to find latency-reversing agents that induce viral reactivation, thus leading to immune cell recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, known as the shock-and-kill strategy. Therefore, the identification of molecules that reactivate latent HIV and increase immune activation has the potential to further these strategies into the clinic. Here, we characterized synthetic molecules composed of a TLR2 and a TLR7 agonist (dual TLR2/7 agonists) as latency-reversing agents and compared their activity with that of the TLR2 agonist Pam2CSK4 and the TLR7 agonist GS-9620. We found that these dual TLR2/7 agonists reactivate latency by 2 complementary mechanisms. The TLR2 component reactivates HIV by inducing NF-κB activation in memory CD4+ T cells, while the TLR7 component induces the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, promoting viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the TLR2 component induces the secretion of IL-22, which promotes an antiviral state and blocks HIV infection in CD4+ T cells. Our study provides insight into the use of these agonists as a multipronged approach targeting eradication of latent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Caroline M. De Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric S. Sorensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paula Moszczynski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Szu-han Huang
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Disease Division, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Bi D, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Chu Q, Cui J, Xu T. Recognition of Lipopolysaccharide and Activation of NF-κB by Cytosolic Sensor NOD1 in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1413. [PMID: 30013548 PMCID: PMC6036275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This molecule can induce strong immune response and various biological effects. In mammals, TLR4 can recognize LPS and induce inflammatory response. However, the innate receptor in fish for recognizing LPS remains ambiguous. LPS can invade the cytoplasm via outer membrane vesicles produced by Gram-negative bacteria and could be detected by intracellular receptor caspase-11 in mammals, so, there may also exist the intracellular receptors that can recognize LPS in fish. NOD1 is a member of NOD-like receptors family and can recognize the iE-DAP in the cytoplasm in mammals. In fish, NOD1 can also respond to infection of Gram-negative bacteria and may play an important role in the identification of bacterial components. In this study, to study whether NOD1 is a recognition receptor for LPS, we detected the expression of NOD1 and several cytokines at transcript levels to determine whether LPS can induce inflammatory response in teleost fish and NOD1 can respond to LPS. Then, we perform the binding analysis between NOD1 and ultrapure LPS by using Streptavidin pulldown assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to prove that NOD1 can be combined with LPS, and using dual luciferase reporter gene assay to verify the signal pathways activated by NOD1. Next, through cell viability analysis, we proved that LPS-induced cytotoxicity can be mediated by NOD1 in fish. The results showed that NOD1 can identify LPS and activate the NF-κB signal pathway by recruiting RIPK2 and then promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines to induce the resistance of organism against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Bi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Vidyant S, Chatterjee A, Agarwal V, Dhole TN. Susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is influenced by toll like receptor-2 (-196 to -174) polymorphism in a north Indian population. J Gene Med 2018; 19. [PMID: 28730622 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize molecular patterns of pathogens and play an important role in innate immunity. Recent studies have identified that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TLR gene impairs the response to TLR ligands in some individuals and is associated with susceptibility to various infectious diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the role of four SNPs in the TLR2 gene [-196 to -174 Ins/Del, 2258 G/A (Arg753Gln), 2029 C/T (Arg677Trp) and 1892 C/A (Pro631His)] with respect to susceptibility and progression to HIV-1 in North Indian individuals. METHODS The study population consisted of 160 HIV-1 seropositive patients stratified on the basis of disease severity (stages I, II and III) and 270 HIV-1 seronegative individuals. The subjects were genotyped for TLR2 gene polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS In the present study, we found that the TLR2 Del mutant genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.138; p = 0.001] and allele (OR = 1.562; p = 0.002) was at a higher frequency in patients with HIV-1 infection compared to healthy controls and was significantly associated with the risk of HIV-1 infection and disease susceptibility. Furthermore, we also found that TLR2 Del homozygous genotype was at a lower frequency in stage III (19.35%) compared to stage I (50.87%; OR = 1.901) and stage II (43.05%; OR = 1.514) and was associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The present study reports for the first time that the TLR2-196 to -174 Ins/Del polymorphism is a risk factor for HIV-1 transmission in HIV-1 infected North Indian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Vidyant
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan N Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Loots AK, Cardoso-Vermaak E, Venter EH, Mitchell E, Kotzé A, Dalton DL. The role of toll-like receptor polymorphisms in susceptibility to canine distemper virus. Mamm Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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43
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Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:771-779. [PMID: 29273951 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are complex and not fully understood. They involve various cellular and molecular players and associate interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Amyloid peptides within the senile plaques and abnormally phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles are able to initiate inflammatory responses, in brain of AD patients and in mouse models of this disease. The outcome of these responses on the pathophysiology of AD depends on several factors and can be either beneficial or detrimental. Thus, understanding the role of neuroinflammation in AD could help to develop safer and more efficient therapeutic strategies. This review discusses recent knowledge on microglia responses toward amyloid and tau pathology in AD, focusing on the role of Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in microglial cells.
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Zettel K, Korff S, Zamora R, Morelli AE, Darwiche S, Loughran PA, Elson G, Shang L, Salgado-Pires S, Scott MJ, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Toll-Like Receptor 4 on both Myeloid Cells and Dendritic Cells Is Required for Systemic Inflammation and Organ Damage after Hemorrhagic Shock with Tissue Trauma in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1672. [PMID: 29234326 PMCID: PMC5712321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma combined with hemorrhagic shock (HS/T) leads to systemic inflammation, which results in organ injury. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-signaling activation contributes to the initiation of inflammatory pathways following HS/T but its cell-specific roles in this setting are not known. We assessed the importance of TLR4 on leukocytes of myeloid lineage and dendritic cells (DCs) to the early systemic inflammatory response following HS/T. Mice were subjected to HS/T and 20 inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma followed by Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) Analysis. Organ damage was assessed by histology and plasma ALT levels. The role of TLR4 was determined using TLR4−/−, MyD88−/−, and Trif−/− C57BL/6 (B6) mice, and by in vivo administration of a TLR4-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The contribution of TLR4 expressed by myeloid leukocytes and DC was determined by generating cell-specific TLR4−/− B6 mice, including Lyz-Cre × TLR4loxP/loxP, and CD11c-Cre × TLR4loxP/loxP B6 mice. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived TLR4+/+ or TLR4−/− DC into TLR4−/− mice confirmed the contribution of TLR4 on DC to the systemic inflammatory response after HS/T. Using both global knockout mice and the TLR4-blocking mAb 1A6 we established a central role for TLR4 in driving systemic inflammation. Using cell-selective TLR4−/− B6 mice, we found that TLR4 expression on both myeloid cells and CD11chigh DC is required for increases in systemic cytokine levels and organ damage after HS/T. We confirmed the capacity of TLR4 on CD11chigh DC to promote inflammation and liver damage using adoptive transfer of TLR4+/+ conventional (CD11chigh) DC into TLR4−/− mice. DBN inference identified CXC chemokines as proximal drivers of dynamic changes in the circulating levels of cytokines/chemokines after HS/T. TLR4 on DC was found to contribute selectively to the elevations in these proximal drivers. TLR4 on both myeloid cells and conventional DC is required for the initial systemic inflammation and organ damage in a mouse model of HS/T. This includes a role for TLR4 on DC in promoting increases in the early inflammatory networks identified in HS/T. These data establish DC along with macrophages as essential to the recognition of tissue damage and stress following tissue trauma with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Zettel
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sophie Darwiche
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Greg Elson
- Novimmune SA, Geneva, Switzerland.,Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Wenzel P, Kossmann S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox regulation of cardiovascular inflammation - Immunomodulatory function of mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:48-60. [PMID: 28108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major hallmark of cardiovascular diseases although a causal link was so far not proven by large clinical trials. However, there is a close association between oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing evidence for a causal role of (low-grade) inflammation for the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, which may serve as the missing link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the present review we would like to highlight the multiple redox regulated pathways in inflammation, discuss the sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are of interest for these processes and finally discuss the importance of angiotensin II (AT-II) as a trigger of cardiovascular inflammation and the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany.
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Tian B, Yang J, Zhao Y, Ivanciuc T, Sun H, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. BRD4 Couples NF-κB/RelA with Airway Inflammation and the IRF-RIG-I Amplification Loop in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e00007-17. [PMID: 28077651 PMCID: PMC5331805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway mucosa expresses protective interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this study, we examine the role of bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) in mediating this innate immune response in human small airway epithelial cells. We observe that RSV induces BRD4 to complex with NF-κB/RelA. BRD4 is functionally required for expression of the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory gene regulatory network (GRN), including the IFN response factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF7, which mediate a cross talk pathway for RIG-I upregulation. Mechanistically, BRD4 is required for cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) recruitment and phospho-Ser 2 carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) RNA polymerase (Pol) II formation on the promoters of IRF1, IRF7, and RIG-I, producing their enhanced expression by transcriptional elongation. We also find that BRD4 independently regulates CDK9/phospho-Ser 2 CTD RNA Pol II recruitment to the IRF3-dependent IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In vivo, poly(I·C)-induced neutrophilia and mucosal chemokine production are blocked by a small-molecule BRD4 bromodomain inhibitor. Similarly, BRD4 inhibition reduces RSV-induced neutrophilia, mucosal CXC chemokine expression, activation of the IRF7-RIG-I autoamplification loop, mucosal IFN expression, and airway obstruction. RSV infection activates BRD4 acetyltransferase activity on histone H3 Lys (K) 122, demonstrating that RSV infection activates BRD4 in vivo These data validate BRD4 as a major effector of RSV-induced inflammation and disease. BRD4 is required for coupling NF-κB to expression of inflammatory genes and the IRF-RIG-I autoamplification pathway and independently facilitates antiviral ISG expression. BRD4 inhibition may be a strategy to reduce exuberant virus-induced mucosal airway inflammation.IMPORTANCE In the United States, 2.1 million children annually require medical attention for RSV infections. A first line of defense is the expression of the innate gene network by infected epithelial cells. Expression of the innate response requires the recruitment of transcriptional elongation factors to rapidly induce innate response genes through an unknown mechanism. We discovered that RSV infection induces a complex of bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) with NF-κB and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9). BRD4 is required for stable CDK9 binding, phospho-Ser 2 RNA Pol II formation, and histone acetyltransferase activity. Inhibition of BRD4 blocks Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dependent neutrophilia and RSV-induced inflammation, demonstrating its importance in the mucosal innate response in vivo Our study shows that BRD4 plays a central role in inflammation and activation of the IRF7-RIG-I amplification loop vital for mucosal interferon expression. BRD4 inhibition may be a strategy for modulating exuberant mucosal airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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47
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Bi D, Cui J, Xu T. Up-regulated of miR-8159-5p and miR-217-5p by LPS stimulation negatively co-regulate TLR1 in miiuy croaker. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:117-125. [PMID: 27832948 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern-recognition receptors which play vital roles in ligand recognition and activation of the innate immune response. As an important member of TLRs family, TLR1 is mainly responsible for PAMPs from bacteria and play a pivotal role in sensing microbial products. Recent studies revealed that TLR1 could perceive LPS stimulation and transfer signals to activate the NF-κB pathway, whereas ligands and signaling pathway of TLR1 are still unclear in fish. Growing evidence has shown that miRNAs (microRNAs) play as negative regulators in controlling the diverse of biophysical and biochemical processes at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we used a combination of bioinformatics and experimental techniques to exhibit that both miR-8159-5p and miR-217-5p were the direct negative regulators of TLR1 in miiuy croaker. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that combining miR-8159-5p and miR-217-5p exhibited a greater negative regulatory effect on TLR1 than only miR-8159-5p or miR-217-5p. Additionally, we also demonstrated that the expression of both the two miRNAs could be up-regulated by LPS stimulation in either LPS-stimulation spleen tissue or LPS-treated cultured macrophage, which indicating that miR-8159-5p and miR-217-5p could be induced by LPS and may be as the negative regulators of TLR1 involved in the immune response to LPS stimulation. These results would enhance our understanding of the miRNA regulation in fish TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Dekun Bi
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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48
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Sun WW, Zhang XX, Wan WS, Wang SQ, Wen XB, Zheng HP, Zhang YL, Li SK. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) participates in anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) gene expression in mud crab. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:361-376. [PMID: 27581742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key cytoplasm signal adaptor that mediates signals activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and the Interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. The full-length 2492 bp TRAF6 (Sp-TRAF6) from Scylla paramamosain contains 1800 bp of open reading frame (ORF) encoding 598 amino acids, including an N-terminal RING-type zinc finger, two TRAF-type zinc fingers and a conserved C-terminal meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain. Multiple alignment analysis shows that the putative amino acid sequence of Sp-TRAf6 has highest identity of 88% with Pt-TRAF6 from Portunus trituberculatus, while the similarity of Sp-TRAF6 with other crustacean sequences was 54-55%. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Sp-TRAF6 transcripts were predominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas and stomach, whereas it was barely detected in the heart and hemocytes in our study. Moreover, Sp-TRAF6 transcripts were significantly up-regulated after Vibrio parahemolyticus and LPS challenges. RNA interference assay was carried out used by siRNA to investigate the genes expression patterns regulated by Sp-TRAF6. The qRT-PCR results showed that silencing Sp-TRAF6 gene could inhibit SpALF1, SpALF2, SpALF5 and SpALF6 expression in hemocytes, while inhibit SpALF1, SpALF3, SpALF4, SpALF5 and SpALF6 expression in hepatopancreas. Taken together, the acute-phase response to immune challenges and the inhibition of SpALFs gene expression indicate that Sp-TRAF6 plays an important role in host defense against pathogen invasions via regulation of ALF gene expression in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xin-Xu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei-Song Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shu-Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huai-Ping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yue-Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Sheng-Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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49
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Mandala WL, Msefula CL, Gondwe EN, Drayson MT, Molyneux ME, MacLennan CA. Monocyte activation and cytokine production in Malawian children presenting with P. falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:317-25. [PMID: 27027867 PMCID: PMC4850749 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria in malaria‐naïve adults is associated with an inflammatory response characterized by expression of specific activation markers on innate immune cells. Here, we investigate activation and adhesion marker expression, and cytokine production in monocytes from children presenting with cerebral malaria (CM, n = 36), severe malarial anaemia (SMA, n = 42) or uncomplicated malaria (UM, n = 66), and healthy aparasitemic children (n = 52) in Blantyre, Malawi. In all malaria groups, but particularly in the two severe malaria groups, monocyte expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD18, HLA‐DR and CD86, and percentages of TNF‐α‐ and IL‐6‐producing monocytes were lower than in healthy controls, while expression of CD11a, TLR2 and TLR4 was lower in children with severe malaria compared with controls. These levels mostly normalized during convalescence, but percentages of cytokine‐producing monocytes remained suppressed in children with SMA. In all malaria groups, especially the SMA group, a greater proportion of monocytes were loaded with haemozoin than among controls. In a P. falciparum hyperendemic area, monocytes in children with acute symptomatic malaria have reduced expression of adhesion molecules and activation markers and reduced inflammatory cytokine production. This immune suppression could be due to accumulation of haemozoin and/or previous exposure to P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Mandala
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C L Msefula
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E N Gondwe
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M T Drayson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M E Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C A MacLennan
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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50
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Bi D, Cui J, Chu Q, Xu T. MicroRNA-21 contributes to suppress cytokines production by targeting TLR28 in teleost fish. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:107-114. [PMID: 28129531 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as important pattern recognition receptors, play critical roles in identifying pathogens and activating the immune response. However, when the dysregulation was occurred in this process, it could lead to excessive immune response, so it need many regulatory factors to control this process. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to act as an important regulator in TLRs signaling pathway. As a member of TLRs family, TLR28 has been newly discovered in teleost fish, and play an important role in the immune response. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-21 was up-regulated after poly(I:C) stimulation, and miR-21 could inhibit the expression of cytokines. Then we predicted the target genes of miR-21, and found that TLR28 is a direct target of miR-21, which could be significantly down-regulated by both miR-21 mimics and pre-miR-21. These results suggested that miR-21 can inhibit the expression of cytokines by negative regulation of TLR28, thereby inhibiting the generation of excessive immunity and maintaining the balance of the body. This study is the first to demonstrate that miRNA can suppresses cytokines by regulating the TLR signaling pathway in teleost fish, and also can provides some new ideas for the research of the regulation of miRNA and immune system in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Bi
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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